2019 International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM)

Development of Mini Hydroelectric Power Station in

Tobol River in Republic of Kazakhstan for Supply of
Low-Power Consumers

Valentina Kushnir Igor Koshkin Nikolay Gavrilov

Department of cars, tractors and cars
A. Baitursynov Kostanay State University
Kostanay, 110000, Kazakhstan
valkush@mail.ru
Department of Electricity energetics and
physics
A. Baitursynov Kostanay State University
Kostanay, 110000, Kazakhstan
elektroenergetika@mail.ru
Department of Electricity energetics and
physics
A. Baitursynov Kostanay State University
Kostanay, 110000, Kazakhstan
nik_gavrilov_1958@mail.ru

Abstract––The purpose of our paper is to justify the choice of
using the working body of the mini-hydroelectric power plant for
supplying electricity to the power supply system of low power
consumers on the Tobol River in the city of Kostanay. The
potential of hydropower resources of the Tobol River near the
installation site of mini HPP is analyzed in this paper. The results
on the optimization of parameters of hydraulic turbine blades for
obtaining the greatest efficiency are given. The correction of the
parameters of the blade twist angle along its length performed by
this method confirmed that the most effective is a 3-blade
hydraulic turbine with a correction angle of a = 5º at a
watercourse speed of 1.0; 1.5 and 2 m/s.
Key words–– River, mini hydro power plant, speed, flow, power,
rotor.
I. INTRODUCTION
The potential of small hydropower is quite large in
Kazakhstan, so hydropower is a promising direction for the
introduction of new alternative energy sources. The Northern,
Central and southern regions of the Republic are the most
promising regions for the development of small hydropower
plants. [1 ,2]
Kazakhstan has a high potential for the development of
large hydropower plants. Kazakhstan can successfully adopt
the first experience of mini-HPP implementation, partially
tested in the Soviet period. The potential of small hydropower
plants reaches about 6.5 billion kW / h per year (from an
economic point of view throughout the Republic of
Kazakhstan). [2]
Such outstanding scientists as: N.I. Lenev, B.S.
Kvyatkovsky, B.B. Kazhinsky, Yu.S. Kozlovsky, M.P.
Fedorov and others contributed to optimize the design
characteristics of mini hydroelectric power plants. The work of
many foreign scientists is also devoted to this problem, among
them: Yildiz V, Ana B. Berrocal-Menárguez, Jui, Fahmida
Sharmin, etc.
The first development of mini hydroelectric power station
was developed by B. B. Kazhinskiy and implemented on the
territory of Kazakhstan. They were semi-stationary free-flow
mini HPP with horizontal two coaxial Savonius rotors, which
were deployed at an angle of 90° relative to each other to
facilitate self-start. Well-known scientists and inventors offered
other original designs of mini-hydroelectric power plants. N. I.
Lenev offered a free mini-hydroelectric power plant of a new
generation. [5]
The latest developments of Kazakh scientists were
presented at the international exhibition of technological
achievements EXPO-2017. Mini-hydroelectric bi-rotor station
was presented among the latest scientific developments in the
field of small hydropower. Scientists from Almaty A. Jamalov
and Murat Kunelbayev developed the mini-hydro plants. [15]
Another modern development presented at EXPO-2017
was a mini-HPP printed on a 3D printer with a volume-screw
turbine made of composite material. All these studies suggest
the relevance of the chosen subjects of our scientific work.
[1,10,15]
The conclusion was drawn from the results of studies of
hydro-climatic conditions of the region. The Tobol River has
all the favorable conditions for the construction of a mini-
hydroelectric power station to illuminate the roadway of the
bridge. It gives impetus to the development of renewable
energy in Kostanay region, corresponds to the concept of
Kazakhstan's transition to "green" energy and the introduction
of innovative technologies. [1, 2]
The purpose of the study is to develop and study an
Autonomous mini-hydroelectric power plant on the example of
the plain river Tobol of Kostanay region of Kazakhstan.
II. COMMON PART
The object of study is a hydroelectric installation as a
working element of Mini-hydroelectric power station. The
methodology of the work was based on the application of
mathematical and physical modeling. Analytical methods of
calculation in theoretical studies were used by us.
The calculation of the power potential of the water flowing
in the flow is determined by the flow rate and the amount of
water resource consumption. [15] The power of the water flow
can be calculated using the following formulas [12,15]:

978-1-5386-8119-0/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE

 2019 International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM)
 P = 9,81    Q  H 

Where: -density of water, kg / m3

Q-water flow, m3/s
H-dynamic head, m
Water flow through the projection area of the working unit
is [12,15]:

 Q = S   

High-speed or dynamic pressure is [12,15]:


 H =  
·
Fig. 1. A graph of the calculated energy from the water velocity for the two
Power hydroelectric plant, which is produced by the force options
of the river:
2) The power of the hydraulic unit increases with the
increase of the river flow rate. If the flow rate increases by 2
 P(
) = 9,81    Q  H    times, the power of the hydraulic unit will increase by 8 times.
 - is the efficiency of the hydraulic installation.
During the analysis of the optimal design of the Mini-HPP
for its installation on the Tobol River, it was assumed that the
projection area of the rotor blades would cover approximately
an equal area of water flow.
The choice of the main working body in two variants:
propeller and rotor types to justify the use of Mini-HPP are
made.
In the design of the installation of mini hydroelectric
propeller-type received that the dynamic head is 0,23 m. (3),
the water flow through the projection area of the working unit
formula (2) was 3,69 m3 / s.
The projection area of propeller-type rotor blades was 1.76
m2. The capacity of the hydro rigs, which is produced from a
given area of water flow per unit of time amounted to R1 = 5
kW*h. calculate the specific speed of the turbine z for a single
blade of the propeller was 5, and the frequency of rotation of
the turbine was equal to 134 rpm.
Based on the above calculations, it was concluded that in
relation to the design of the mini-hydroelectric power station
on the Tobol River, a propeller-type installation is a more
profitable option.
The choice in favor of this type of installation is made on
the basis of qualitative characteristics, such as: the efficiency
factor of which is much higher than that of the Savonius type
installation, due to the greater power produced from the
incoming water flow, a greater number of revolutions at the
outlet of the hydraulic turbine rotor. On the basis of the
theoretical and experimental studies presented in the above,
intermediate results were obtained, which contributed to the
solution of a number of issues on the design of mini-HPP, but
it is also necessary to take into account the further
improvement of this design.
The main conclusion of these studies is the fact that the
transfer of the rotary turbine of the air environment in a water
environment has highlighted the benefits to him of the
hydraulic medium in front of the air. This is due to the fact that
the density of water (
= 102 kg · sec /m ) is 846 times
When designing the installation of a mini hydroelectric
power station of the type Savonius rotor got a square projection
of the blades of the rotor is equal to 2 m2, the water flow
through the projected area of the working unit was 4.2 m3 /s,
and the velocity head was equal to 0.23 m.
The power of the hydraulic plant, which from this area of
water flow is produced [15,18] per unit time was equal to P2 =
4,73 kW·h, and the estimated turbine speed is 80 rpm.
The results of the design of the compared hydroelectric
installations depending on the seasonal changes in the water
flow velocities are shown in figure 1.
The graph in the figure shows that:
1) The speed of the river flow will be greatly increased
during floods
greater than the density of air ( = 0,121 kg · sec /m ),
in the same time, the area of the vertical projection of the water
rotor may be less than the same area equal to the power of the
air rotor at the same speed of water and air flows. For mini-
HPP of small capacity, which is free-flow, this fact is very
important. [2, 8, 10]
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Development of a device that enhances the water flow
It is a device designed to amplify water flow from a larger
cross-sectional area, amplifying device and guiding it through a
smaller cross-section amplifying device. This system is similar
to the flow of water through pipes of different cross-sections
connected in series. Through these pipes, the volume of water
passing per unit of time will be the same, and the flow rate in
the pipe of a smaller section will be greater than in the pipe of a
 2019 International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM)
larger section. The ratio of water flow rates in the pipes will be
inversely proportional to the cross section of the pipes based on
Bernoulli's law.
From the law of conservation of energy, it follows that the
speed of the water flow behind the rotating blades of the hydro-
rotor will always be less than before it. Thus, the water flow
moving to the hydro-rotor at a speed 
, should turn into the
same flow, but moving at a lower speed  . This pattern of
change in velocities is the basis for the design of the device that
enhances the water flow. The volume of water flow is
proportional to the velocity and the cross-sectional area
through which it passes. This is illustrated by formulas 5 and 6
[12, 15].
 
twist of the blade in cross section located on its radius or to the
plane of rotation of the rotor, as shown in Figure 3 (a, b). The
water flow enters the rotor blades in the axial direction. The
rotor blades are made of a composite material with a
hydrodynamic profile. The most common profile of the GT
blade for the aquatic environment is the profile similar to the
ship propeller or propeller of the aircraft. [10].
Figure 4 shows the contours of the sections of the projected
blades, at the bases and ends of the rotor. In Figure 3 it can be
seen that at different radii, the transverse lines in the directions
do not coincide. The angles Ki between these lines and the
plane of rotation of the rotor are the angles of the twist of the
blade on any radius.
The most common profile of the blade GT, for the aquatic
 =   environment is a profile similar to the ship's propeller or
  propeller aircraft. [10]
·  The main parameter affecting the efficiency of the rotor in
  =  
 this technique is a single step of rotation of the blade over the
entire radius.
Assuming that, 
= 2 m/sec , S
= 4 m , S =
2 m , the output of artificial enhancement, it is possible to
reach the speed of water flow is theoretically amplified to 2
times (fig. 2):

  =   


Where,  is the slope angle of the amplifying device

Fig. 3. The projected rotor of the hydraulic turbine a) a rotor with three
blades; b) rotor with two blades

Fig. 2. Scheme of the device enhancing the water flow

·
As the results of the calculation  = = 4m/sec and

  /!
= = 2.
  /!
Fig. 4. Contours of the sections of the projected blades
The water flow rate is theoretically increased by 2 times,
but taking into account the friction losses on the wall of the
In Figure 4 the contours of the sections of the projected
water flow amplifier actual in

2 will be less. Due to the
friction loss of water velocity, the actual gain will reach 1.2
times.
B. Optimization of parameters of a rotor of the turbine
The main task necessary to improve the energy indicators
of the turbine is the orientation of the transverse line of the
rotor blade of the propeller type, with respect to the angle of
blades 1- at the base of the blade; 2 - in the center of the
scapula; 3- transverse lines defining the angle of twist; K_1 - the
angle of twist at the base of the scapula; K_2 - the angle of twist
at the end of the scapula; O – O/ is the plane of rotation of the
rotor.
The maximum performance of the rotor occurs when the
inclination angle U and the angle of attack of the water flow H
 2019 International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM)
become stabilized to the water course on any blade radius.
Figure 5 shows the plan of the angles and speeds of the turbine
blade.
achievement of the maximum efficiency of work of rotor
blades in a water stream.
To obtain the maximum efficiency of the hydraulic unit, it
is necessary to adjust the angle of rotation of the rotor blades of
the mini-HPP along its length. For this purpose, three variants
of the initial data on the hydro-climatic conditions of the Tobol
River were analyzed.
1 version of the calculations was performed at the
watercourse speed ‡= 2 m / s = 120 m/ min, the diameter of the
hydraulic turbine D = 1.5 m correction angle 5

the hydraulic turbine n = 134 rpm;
2 version of the calculations was performed at the
watercourse speed ‡= 1.5 m / s = 90 m/min and the turbine
rotation frequency n = 134 rpm.
Fig. 5. The plan of the angles and speeds of the turbine blade
3 version of the calculations was performed at the
As a result, the trajectory of the rotor blade ends in the watercourse speed ‡= 1 m / s = 60 m/min and a turbine speed n
aqueous medium will be a uniform helix, shown in figure 6, = 134 rpm.
with step b and a diameter equal to the diameter of the turbine. The calculation algorithm is proposed.
[1,2,8,12,16]
The rotation step of the mini-HPP rotor is calculated by the
formula, meters [15,17]:

# =  
$

The tangent of the blade angle is [15]:

*
 &' =  
+- ·.

ˆ‰<

%

Fig. 6. Distribution of water flow from the rotor blades of the hydraulic
6 = 2 · : · ;  
motor: 1-rotor; 2-direction of flow; 3-trajectory; O - the axis of rotation of the
rotor; b – step rotation of the blades; L0 is the circumference described by the Initial data for the third option are:
- a virtual trace of the blade end in the water flow,
described in one revolution. The results of the analytical findings on the options are
presented in figure 7.
The hydro-rotor in the aqueous medium cannot use all the
!#%&+
<>
?Z%\^<
%`


1 - the efficiency of the rotor is:

" = 0,35 · 100% = 35%

The effectiveness of the rotor blade without twist is ~ 55%

|}|<|+<%|!€

 " = 0,35  0,55 = 0,193 

The efficiency of the GT blade with a uniform twist of 7


Fig. 7. The graph of change of the tangent of the angle from the radius of the
‚ƒ„|}|<|+<%ƒ†`€
" = 0,35 · 0,72 = 0,252
The plot of efficiency of a twist of blades, defines at what
site of a blade it is necessary to change a twist angle, for
blade section by options: 1 - Option 1 - blade twist angles along its length
during the step of rotation of the 0.9 m; with the correction angle is 5° and the
speed of stream is 2 m/s.; 2-Option 2-blade twist angles along its length at a
rotation step of 0.672 m, with a correction angle of 5° and a watercourse
speed of 1.5 m/s.; 3-Option 3-blade twist angles along its length at a rotation
step of 0.271 m, with a correction angle of 5° and a watercourse speed of 1.0
m / s.
 2019 International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM)
C. Calculation of the parameters of the rotor blades free-flow Angle E 22011 200311 180421 170231 160151 150101
mini-hydro Correctio 17011 150311 130421 120231 110151 100101
n angle
To obtain maximum efficiency, it is necessary to adjust the 50
angle of twist of the miniHPP rotor blades along its length.
Initial data: From the above calculations, it is confirmed that with given
x the estimated speed of the water flow ‡ = 2 m / s = 120 velocity head in the Tobol rivers, taking into account the blade
m /min; twist angles along its length at a certain rotor pitch of the
hydroturbine, the best option is a three-blade hydroturbine with
x diameter of the turbine D = 1.5 m; a correction angle a = 5 ° at a waterway speed of about 1, 1.5 ,
2 m/s.
x correction angle of 5 °;
IV. CONCLUSION
x the frequency of rotation of the turbine n = 134 rpm.
The potential of hydropower resources of the Tobol River
The rotational pitch of the mini HPP rotor is calculated by near the installation site of mini-HPP is analyzed in the article.
the formula (11): A technique for optimizing the parameters of hydraulic turbine
blades to obtain the greatest efficiency has been developed.


b= = = 0,9m  The correction of the parameters of the blade twist angle along
$
<
its length and the experimental data have confirmed that the
The length of the turbine blade is determined by the most effective is a 3-blade hydraulic turbine with a = 5º
formula (10) and is equal to: correction angle at a watercourse speed of about 1, 1.5, 2
m/sec.
L = 2 · 3.14 · 0.75 = 4.71 According to the results of the research, it was concluded
that the mini-hydro power plants can be installed in any water
Given the loss, the angle between the direction of the flow (river, channel, stream, sea and ocean surface currents,
relative watercourse and the plane of rotation of the rotor at the etc.) at a flow rate of 0.8 m/s. there is no need for the
end of the blade will be equal to: construction of dams and other hydraulic structures. Dynamic
head is the main parameter in the absence of a dam. It
0,9 characterizes the watercourse power.
tg? = = 0,545
4,71 · 0,35
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