Form

Modal verb + Verb (bare infinitive)

Modal
verbs Usages Examples
Ability I can play the piano very well.
Permission Can I go now?
It can be a very good day
Possibility tomorrow.
I can help you with this
Offer homework. Don’t worry!
Can Request Can you please pass me the salt?
I could play the piano well when I
Ability in the past was 9.

Polite permission Excuse me, could I come in?

A hailstorm could come here
Possibility tomorrow.
No problem. I could give you a
Polite offer lift.
Could you please move to the next
Could Polite request slide?
Permission May I leave early?
Astronauts may discover life in
May Possibility other planets.
Polite permission Might I take you home?
I might visit him tomorrow if the
Might Possibility weather is nice.
Obligation You must do homework.
 Modal
verbs Usages Examples
Must He must be at the cinema now. He
Certainty told me about that yesterday.
You mustn’t play here. It’s
Mustn't Prohibition dangerous.
The weather forecast predicts that
Prediction it’ll rain tonight.
I’ll finish all the homework by
Promise Friday.

Spontaneous decision I’ll lend you some money.

Will Request/ demand Will you please give me that book?

My dad said that he would give me
Used as the past form of “will” some toys on my birthday.
Would you mind closing the door,
Would Polite request/ demand please?
This time tomorrow I shall be in
Prediction London.
Shall we discuss this further with
Shall Offer/ suggestion him?
You should see the doctor. It’s
Advice swollen.

The project should be done before

Prediction/ expectation May.

Should Polite suggestion Should I call her to say sorry?

You ought to say good bye to your
Obligation parents when you leave.
 Modal
verbs Usages Examples
Ought to You ought to sleep early. You
Advice look really tired.
You needn’give him any advice.
Needn't Used to talk about something not necessary He won’t listen.

Question
Usages Examples
words
- What are you doing?
What Used to ask about things
- What do you think about the movie?
- When will the meeting start?
When Used to ask about time
- When are you leaving?
- Where’s my bag?
Where Used to ask about places
- Where do you live?
- Who do you love the most in your family?
Who Used to ask about people
- Who told you that story?
- Whom did you see in the morning? I saw Mr.
Used to ask about people Mark, my English teacher.
Whom
(object of verb) - Whom was Jim talking to? He was talking to
Jack, his new roommate.
- Which one do you choose? The left or right?
Which Used to ask about choices - Of all the drinks in the menu, which one would
you like?
- Whose pencil is this? Is it yours?
Whose Used to ask about possession
- Whose books are these?
Used to ask about reasons/ - Why did it happen? I didn’t understand.
Why
causes - Why is he crying?

Used to ask about manner/ - How can you explain this problem? Please tell
How
process us.
Question
Usages Examples
words
- How can you get here?

I. How to form WH-questions?

1. with an auxiliary
Wh-word + auxiliary + subject + main verb …?
 Auxiliary verbs are helping verbs (not main verbs).
 Common auxiliary verbs include be, do, have. Others are will, shall, would,
can, could, must, should, may, might, etc.

 What do you do for a living?

 Why should we read books?
 When is she coming?

2. without any auxiliary

(when WH-words replace subjects already)

Wh-word + main verb …?

 What happened to Peter?
 A bad accident happened to him today.

 Who won the game?

 Tio won the game.

 Who gave you this present?

 My cousin gave me this present.

II. Responding to WH-questions

1. What
 What is it?
 It’s a table.
 What color is your dress?
 It’s purple.

 What is your mom doing?

 She’s cooking in the kitchen.

 What do you think about the party?

 Well. It’s fun. I like the music best.

 What will happen if our team loses this time?

 We’ll be out of the game.

2. When
 When will the train arrive?
 The train will arrive in 30 minutes.

 When does she get up?

 She gets up at 6 am.

 When did the party end?

 It ended before 8 pm.

 When are you going to visit James?

 I’m going to see him tomorrow.

3. Where
 Where do you live?
 I live in Washington D.C.

 Where are you going?

 I’m going to the zoo.

 Where’s the coffee bar?

 It’s between the supermarket and the cinema.
 Where did you leave my jacket?
 I left it in my bedroom.

 Where have you been?

 I’ve been in the library reading books.

4. Who
 Who’s this?
 She’s my new roommate.

 Who wants to be a scientist in the future?

 My sister does. I don’t.

 Who would you like to travel with?

 I would like to travel with my best friend, Kim.

 Who told you that secret?

 Jenny did. She told me everything.

 Who do you like the most in this class?

 I like Henry. He’s so friendly.

5. Whom
 Whom should we talk to?
 We should talk to the principal. She’s responsible for student issues.

 Whom did you see yesterday?

 I saw Kevin and his girlfriend.

 Whom would you like to interview?

 I would like to interview Mr.Patrick, the director.

 Whom do we have to contact?

 We have to contact the representative of that company.
 Whom did you meet in front of the building last week?
 That was Annie, my secretary.

 Whom do you know in this class?

 I only know Danny.

 Whom are you going to invite?

 I’m going to invite all of my classmates

 With whom do you agree?

 I agree with Henry’s team.

6. Which
 Which shirt do you like?
 I like the one with the big yellow star on it.

 Which color do you choose?

 I choose red.

 Which part do you like the most in this story?

 I love the 2nd part when the prince came and proposed to the princess.

 Which is the longest river in the world?

 That’s the Nile.

 Which one is yours?

 Mine is the biggest one.

7. Whose
 Whose jacket is this?
 It’s my mom’s.

 Whose birthday is today?

 It’s Jenny’s.
 Whose pencil is on the floor?
 That’s mine.

 Whose team is better?

 Will’s team is much better.

8. Why
 Why don’t we visit him now?
 It’s a good idea.

 Why did you leave so early?

 Because I didn’t enjoy the party.

 Why do you think that he loves you?

 Because he’s given me lots of chocolate on Valentine’s day.

 Why do people celebrate Thanksgiving?

 Because it’s a special day.

 Why can’t I go to the cinema now?

 Because you haven’t done your homework.

 Why are you so late?

 Sorry, teacher. I missed the bus.

9. How
 How’s the weather?
 It’s sunny and hot.

 How do you feel?

 I feel much better now.

 How did you know him?

 We were old friends.
 How’s your new job?
 It’s interesting. I enjoy it.

 How often do you go to the movie theater?

 I sometimes go there. I’m quite busy.

 How far is it from your house to school?

 Not too far. I walk to school every day.

 How much did it cost?

 It cost $4.

 How many people are there in your class?

 There are 30 of them.

 How come you lost the game?

 I couldn’t answer the first question well enough.

Question tags
(1 votes, average: 5.00 out of 5)

 Are questions at the end of the statement

 Used in spoken language
 Used for confirming information or asking for someone’s agreement or
disagreement
 Form: Question tag = Auxiliary + Subject
A POSITIVE STATEMENT, A NEGATIVE QUESTION TAG?
A POSITIVE STATEMENT A NEGATIVE QUESTION TAG
You are (a doctor) aren’t you?
She is (a doctor) isn’t she?
A POSITIVE STATEMENT A NEGATIVE QUESTION TAG
They were (doctors) weren’t they?
She was (a doctor) wasn’t she?

You run (very fast) don’t you?

He runs (very fast) doesn’t he?
They ran (very fast) didn’t they?

You have (finished the homework) haven’t you?

She has (finished the homework) hasn’t she?
They had (finished the homework) hadn’t they?

He can (swim well) can’t he?

She could (swim well) couldn’t she?
They will (come early) won’t they?
They would (come early) wouldn’t they?
They must (come early) mustn’t they?
They should (come early) shouldn’t they?
 He’s 6 years old, isn’t he?
 You’re reading, aren’t you?
 They’ve just had breakfast, haven’t they?
A NEGATIVE STATEMENT, A POSITIVE QUESTION TAG?
A NEGATIVE STATEMENT A POSITIVE QUESTION TAG
You aren’t (a doctor) are you?
She isn’t (a doctor) is she?
They weren’t (doctors) were they?
She wasn’t (a doctor) was she?
A NEGATIVE STATEMENT A POSITIVE QUESTION TAG

You don’t run (very fast) do you?

He doesn’t run (very fast) does he?
They didn’t run (very fast) did they?

You haven’t (finished the homework) have you?

She hasn’t (finished the homework) has she?
They hadn’t (finished the homework) had they?

He can’t (swim well) can he?

She couldn’t (swim well) could she?
They won’t (come early) will they?
They wouldn’t (come early) would they?
They mustn’t (come early) must they?
They shouldn’t (come early) should they?
 You haven’t answers all the questions in the test, have you?
 Kelly didn’t help you, did she?
 Tom couldn’t pass the exam, could he?
Exceptions:
Pay attention to the following question tags. They don’t follow any rules.

Statements Question tags Examples

I am … aren’t I? I am too loud, aren’t I?
Let’s … shall we? Let’s go to the beach, shall we?
Statements without subjects - Open the door, will you?
Ex: - Listen, will you?
- Open the door. will you? - Don’t come any closer, will you?
Statements Question tags Examples
- Don’t come any closer.
Positive statements with negative
senses - She can hardly understand what I have
Ex: experienced, can she?
- She can hardly understand what I - George could hardly speak any English
have experienced. words, could he?
- Nobody remembered to turn off the Positive - Nobody remembered to turn off the
light. question tags light, did they?
Intonation
Depending on the speaker’s purposes, intonations for question tags are different.

He should review the whole lessons, shouldn’t he?

Intonation falling, voice goes down rising, voice goes up
You’re sure about the information. You You’re not sure about the information.
Meanings want to confirm. You want to check.

Prepositions of time: in, on, at, etc.

 Preposition of time refers to the time.
Preposition Usages Examples
The event happened in the 20th century.
She was the only writer born in the 19th century.
Centuries
I’m going to France in the winter.
He likes going to the beach in the summer.
Seasons
He was born in 1990.
This house was built in 2000.
Years
In Months We’ll take the test in June.
 Preposition Usages Examples
They are going to get married in December.

He usually has a snack in the afternoon.

I get up at 6 am in the morning.
Parts of day
My mom always goes shopping on Mondays.
He doesn’t go to school on Sundays.
Days
Her birthday is on the first of May.
He’s leaving on the fifth of October.
Dates
I wish to get a doll on my birthday.
Jim gave his girlfriend a rose on Valentine’s day.
On Particular days
My grandpa goes to bed at 9 pm.
My wife starts working at 8am.
Clock time
at night, at noon, at lunchtime, at sunset
Don’t stay up late at night.
At Short and precise times See you at lunchtime.

Prepositions of place: in, on, at, behind,

above, in front of, under,...
 Preposition of place refers to the position and direction.
Preposition Usages Examples
The baby has
gone. She isn’t in
the room.
He’s working in
New York now.
Room, town, country Nina is an
Preposition Usages Examples
American. She
was born in
America.
In
There’s a doll in
the car.
I’m in the
taxi now. I’ll get
there in 5
minutes.
Car, taxi
Who’s this sexy
lady in the
picture?
What can you
see in the picture?
Picture
I saw this writer in
the book Harry
Potter.
There are lots of
lively
illustrations in the
book.
Book
Which is the
longest river in the
world?
Have a look at 3
best countries in
the world. What
do you think?
The World
Streets My house is on
Preposition Usages Examples
Jackson street.
The kids are
playing on the
street.

He lives on this
island.
On
There are not
many people
living on that
island.
Islands
My teacher put the
books on the
table.
Please put your
shoes on the floor.
Surfaces: The picture on the
table, floor, wall wall is fantastic.
Max is the tall boy
standing on the
right.
Human heart is on
the left side.
A certain side (left, right)
We’re on the bus.
Please switch your
phone into
airplane mode if
you’re on a plane.
Public transports
I saw her
TV, radio yesterday on TV.
Preposition Usages Examples
There have been
lots of
advertisements on
radio these days.

My grandpa goes
to bed at 9 pm.
My wife starts
working at 8am.
For events
at night, at noon,
at lunchtime, at
sunset
Don’t stay up late
at night.
See you at
Meaning “next to” lunchtime.
I am at school,
while my parents
are at work.
Jim is watching
movie at the
cinema.
At Somewhere typical
There is a big
box behind the
car.
Can you see the
street behind the
building?
Behind At/ toward the back of something/ someone
The rabbit is in
In front of The opposite of behind front of the tree.
Preposition Usages Examples
The girl is
standing in front
of the mirror.

The board is
below the picture.
Jimmy has a
scar below his
right eye.
Under Below the surface of something/ covered by something
The plane is
flying above the
tree.
Please turn on the
projector above
To a higher level than something/ someone (opposite with your head.
Above below)
The duck is
swimming across
the lake.
The boy helped
his grandma
walk across the
Across From one side to the other side of something crowded street.
Throw the
trash into the
dustbin please.
I can’t go into the
water since it’s
too cold.
Into To a position in/ inside something
So, too, either, neither
(2 votes, average: 3.00 out of 5)

 “So” and “too” are used in positive sentences to show agreement.

SO +
AUXILIARY +
SUBJECT
Auxiliary (do/
POSITIVE
does/ have/
SENTENCE,
should/…)
TOO

Person A Person B Person B

I love
I love football. football, too. So do I.

I can
Jack can swim. swim, too. So can I.

I have done
Hana and Jim have done their tasks. my tasks, too. So have I.

 “Either” and “neither” are used in negative sentence to show

agreement.(NEITHER = NOT EITHER)
 NEITHER +
AUXILIARY
+ SUBJECT
Auxiliary (do/
NEGATIVE
does/ have/
SENTENCE,
should/…)
EITHER.

Person A Person B Person B

I don’t (love
I don’t love football. football), either. Neither do I.

I can’t
Jack can’t swim. (swim), neither. Neither can I.

I haven’t (done
Hana and Jim haven’t done their my
tasks. tasks), neither. Neither have I.

Some and any

Some Any

 used when we don’t know the amount

 used with both countable and uncountable nouns

Similarities  Please give me some apples.

 Some Any

 I don’t have any free paper to share.

 Used in positive sentences

 She’s earned some money by working as a  Used in negative sentences and

waitress. questions

 Used in questions when offering/  She doesn’t eat any fish. She
requesting hates fish.

 Would you like some coffee?  Is there any milk in the fridge?
Differences

Much and many

Much Many

 Used to show an amount of something

 Used with a noun or without a noun
 Used in all positive, negative sentences and questions

 She has many stories to tell us.

 There are not enough bananas left. Don’t take so many.
 How many people are there in your family?
 Drinking too much alcohol will harm your health.
 How much does it cost?
Similarities

 Used with singular  Used with plural (countable) nouns

uncountable nouns
 Many journalists are here today.
 I don’t have much money.  There are many rules we have to follow in
Differences  You should drink much water. class.
 Much Many

 Hurry up! We don’t  I need to buy many things to prepare for the
have much time left. birthday party.

A lot of and lots of

"A lot of" and "lots of" are used similarly.

 Used in informal styles

 Used with both plural countable or singular uncountable nouns
 Used in all positive, negative sentences and questions
 I bought a lot of/ lots of presents for him.
 My little hamster eats a lot of/ lots of cheese.
 Harry didn’t know a lot of/ lots of English words.
 My baby sister drinks a lot of/ lots of milk every day.
 Have you answered a lot of/ lots of questions?

Few, a few and little, a little

 A few, a little mean some.
 Few, little (without article “a”) mean not as much/ many as expected or not
enough. They have negative meanings.
 Few, a few: used with countable plural nouns.
 Little, a little: used with uncountable nouns.
Few and a few Explanation

 Meaning: some, a small number

 The noun goes after “a few” is people: countable,
There are a few people attending the plural noun.
meeting.

There are very few people attending the  Meaning: not many as expected/ almost none.
 Few and a few Explanation
meeting.  The noun goes after “few” is people: countable,
plural noun.

Little and a little Explanation

 Meaning: some, a small amount

 The noun goes after “a little” is attention:
The kids pay a little attention to the uncountable noun.
lessons.

 Meaning: not much/ almost none

 The noun goes after “little” is attention:
The kids pay very little attention to the uncountable noun.
lessons.

More examples
 He has a few friends. He’s not a sociable person.
 He has few friends. He’s a lonely person.
 I have a little money. I can buy a small toy with this amount.
 I have little money. It isn’t enough to buy anything.