G9 SCIENCE

HEAT, WORK AND EFFICIENCY

 THERMODYNAMICS

In ancient times, fire

was first produced by
rubbing objects. This
eventually led to the
understanding of how
heat and work are
related.

Thermodynamics is the study of heat and its

transformation into mechanical energy. (Greek words
therme, meaning “heat”, and dynamicos, meaning
“movement”)
JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE

He concluded that work

could be converted into heat
and heat into work.
 WORK TO HEAT

Try this!

You are doing work on your skin. You can

see that work can easily be converted to
thermal energy. Is thermal energy as
easily converted into work?
HEAT TO WORK

 Work done by the hot air

comes from the heat that
was supplied by the flame.
 The work done on or by the
hot air or gas in general
produces pressure and
changes the volume of the
balloon.
 THE QUESTIONS ARE…

How can HEAT transfer be

used to do WORK?

How can WORK be

involved in releasing
HEAT?
Let’s Talk About…

HEAT
 LET’S HAVE A REVIEW!

Conduction (heat
is transferred by
direct contact)
Convection (heat
is transferred by
the mass motion
of the molecules)

Radiation (heat is
transferred by
electromagnetic
radiation)
 QUANTIFYING HEAT

Applying heat to a
substance may result in
an increase in
temperature.

The amount of heat

needed to increase the
temperature of a
substance is dependent
on the mass of the It will take more heat to
substance being heated. boil a big pot of water than
a cup of water.
 QUANTIFYING HEAT

This amount of heat needed to change the temperature of

a certain mass of a substance by 1° is called its specific
heat capacity. In equation,

c = specific heat (J/KgC)

Q = amount of heat (J)
m = mass (kg)
Tf = final temperature (°C)
Ti = initial temperature (°C)

It is constant to each type of substance in a certain

condition.
 Specific Heat
of Common Substances

For consistency, our class will

use the values of specific heat
in J/KgC in all computations
though there are other
convertible units.
 QUANTIFYING HEAT

Rearranging the equation,

Q = mc(Tf – Ti)
c = specific heat (J/KgC)
Q = amount of heat (J)
m = mass (kg)
Tf = final temperature (°C)
Ti = initial temperature (°C)

This equation is used to compute for the amount of heat

being absorbed or released by a substance based on the
differences in temperature.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

The specific heat of

aluminum is 900 J/KgC.
How much heat is needed
to change the temperature
of 2.0 kg object made of
aluminum from 25C to
35C?
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

How much heat is released

to change the temperature
of a 2.0 kg copper from
110C to 10C? The
specific heat of copper is
390 J/KgC.
Let’s Talk About…

WORK
 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

The heat added to the system is equal to an increase in

the internal energy of the system plus the external work
done on or by the system.

ΔQ =ΔU + W
 ΔQ = Heat transferred to or
from the system
 ΔU = change in the internal
energy
 W = external work done on or
by the system.

A system is any group of atoms, Internal energy (or thermal) is the

molecules, particles or objects total energy of all the particles in
we wish to deal with. an object.
 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

ΔQ =ΔU + W
From the equation, it can also be analyzed that the
system’s internal energy can be changed by adding or
removing heat or doing work or both, thus,

ΔU =ΔQ - W
ΔQ is + if heat is added W is + if done by the system
ΔQ is – if heat is removed W is – if done on the system
 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

ΔQ W ΔU
+650 J +330 J
- 320 J - 250 J
+ 110 J - 245 J
- 48 J + 25 J
257 J is added to 312 J is done on
the system the system
315 J is removed 532 J is done by
from the system the system
125 J is added to 65 J is done by
the system the system
215 J is removed 65 J is done on
from the system the system
 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

This added energy does one or both of two things:

1. Increases the internal energy of the system if it
remains in the system; and
2. Does external work if it leaves the system.

 All the heat going to the can

increases the internal energy of
the enclosed air, so its
temperature rises.
 Since the can has a fixed
volume, nothing moves, so no
work is done.

Air tight can filled with air on a grill How can the can do work?
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

If 150 J of energy is added

to a system that does not
apply external work, by Given:
how much the thermal Q = 150 J
energy of the system be W=0
raised? Find: U

Solution:
ΔU = ΔQ – W
= 150 J – 0
= 150 J
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

1. A certain system
absorbs 400 J of
energy and it does 350
J of work. How much is
the change in the
internal energy of the
system.
2. If 10 J of energy is
added to a system that
does 4 J of external
work, by how much will
the internal energy of
that system be raised?
 HOW WORK CAN BE DETERMINED?

By simplest description of work in a
thermodynamic setting, work is a
product of the pressure applied on
or by the gas and the change in
volume.
P = pressure in pascal
(Pa)
F = force in newtons (N)
A = cross sectional area
in square metres (m2)
d = distance moved by
the piston
ΔV = change in the
volume in liter (L) or
cubic decimeter (dm3)

W = F(Δd)
W = (AP)Δd
W = P(AΔh)
W = PΔV
ΔV = Vf - Vi
HEAT AND WORK
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

1. A gas is expanded at a
constant pressure of 0.7 atm
from 1.5 dm3 to 8.0 dm3 and
releases 600 J of thermal
energy. A. What is the work
done by the gas? B. How
much heat was released?
(1 atm = 101325 Pa)
2. What is the work done on the
gas in a container at a pressure
of 2.5 atm and a volume of 12
dm3 if it is compressed at a
constant pressure to ¼ of its
initial volume?
Let’s Talk About…

EFFICIENCY
REVIEW: LAW OF ENERGY CONSERVATION

 “Energy can neither be created or destroyed, it just

changed into other form.”

 Whenever energy is changed from one form to

another, some energy is always wasted. Energy is
usually wasted in the form of heat and sound.
Can you name devices that waste energy as heat or sound?
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Efficiency is a measure of how good a device is at

changing energy from one form to another.

 All devices waste energy so the efficiency of a device

is never 100%
 The more efficient the device, the less energy is
wasted.
 INPUT AND OUTPUT

The following are some forms of energy transformation.

DEVICE INPUT OUTPUT

Dynamo Kinetic Electrical
Solar Cell Light Electrical
Bulb Electrical Light
Speaker Electrical Sound
Kettle Electrical Heat
Fan Electrical Kinetic
Pendulum Gravitational Kinetic
 INPUT AND OUTPUT

In a perfect machine, the work input would equal the

work output. However, there aren’t any perfect
machines. Most machines lose some input work to
friction.
 INPUT AND OUTPUT

Useful Energy
Output
Energy Input
Energy
Conversion
Device
Energy
Dissipated to the
Surroundings
HOW IS ENERGY EFFICIENCY CALCULATED?

Efficiency is the ratio of work output to work input. It is

expressed as a percent.

useful output energy

energy efficiency =
total input energy

 Useful energy is measured in joules (J).

 Total energy is measured in joules (J).
 Energy efficiency does not have any units. It is a
number between 0 and 1 which can be converted into
percentage by multiplying by 100.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

If you have a radio and it is (a) Energy wasted is

supplied with 300 J of Input – Output
electrical energy which it 300 J – 96 J
converts to 96 J of sound 204 J
energy.
(b) Heat
a. How much energy is
(c) Efficiency is
wasted?
b. In what form is the = Output
energy wasted? Input
c. What is the efficiency of = 96 J x100
the radio? 300J
= 32%
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

If you have a filament bulb

and it is supplied with 100J
of electrical energy which it
converts to 45J of light
energy.

a. How much energy is

wasted?
b. In what form is the
energy wasted?
c. What is the efficiency of
the bulb?
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

A cell phone charger uses

4.83 joules per second when
plugged into an outlet, but
only 1.31 joules per second
actually goes into the cell
phone battery. The
remaining joules are lost as
heat. That’s why the battery
feels warm after it has been
charging for a while. How
efficient is the charger?
SAMPLE PROBLEM
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

An automobile engine is 15
percent efficient. How many
joules of input work are
required to produce 15,000
joules of output work to move
the car?
 HEAT ENGINE

Heat engine is any device that converts heat into

mechanical work.

For a heat engine to

perform, the following
requirements must be
present:
1. Heat source (QH) (high
temperature reservoir)
2. Heat sink (QL) (low
temperature reservoir)
3. Engine must perform
W =QH - QC useful work (W)
 HEAT ENGINE

Heat engine is any device that converts heat into

mechanical work.

W =QH - QL
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

A certain engine turns 800 J

of input energy into 560 J of
useful work and the rest of
the energy is released to the
surroundings. How much
energy is released to the
surroundings?
 HEAT PUMPS

Are devices that

transfer heat energy
from a low
temperature reservoir
to a high temperature
reservoir. Its function
is basically the reverse
of that of a heat
engine.