IDMT 3P OVER CURRENT RELAY (TYPE CDG)

GEC / English Electric / Alstom /Areva identification:

Labelling the model from left to right, using letter 'a' thru 'j'
eg CDG31 etc a=C, b=D c=G etc:

a = operating quantity
C - current, D - differential, V- voltage there are 19 altogether.

b = basic movement
D - induction disc, M - balanced armature, T - static, there are 13 altogehter

c = Application
G- general or generator, E - earth, U - definite time, F - flag, M - motor, D -
directional

so far, CDG = current operated, induction disc general

d= number of units
ie CDG3x is a 3 element / unit CDG relay

e = characteristic
depends on relay, but for CDG, 1= std inverse (3-sec), 2= long time delay,
3=very inverse (1.55sec)

f = case size
15 different cases, A=size 1 drawout, 10 terminal etc.

g = case mounting
F=flush etc

h = identification
identifies rating, contact arrangement etc. 2= 'metricated'

j = sudffix
where relays vary only in detail, this identifies them. '5' is for 50Hz only
relays, '6' for 60Hz.
Refer to publication MS/5100/2 from English Electric (now probably long
out of print!

SO, CDG31EG2012JD5 is 3 element std inverse current operated induction

disk general relay , size 3 drawout single ended 10 terminal, flush mounted
horizontal, the 2012JD is the 'h' identification that only GEC know (but I
think th D indicates hand reset flag), and the 5 at the end indicates it is a
50Hz relay.

SUPERVISION RELAY(TYPE VAX)

Supervision of trip circuits.

The trip circuit extends beyond the relay enclosure and passes
through more components, such as fuses, links, relay contacts, auxiliary
switch contacts and so on, and in some cases through a considerable
amount of circuit wiring with intermediate terminal boards.
These complications, coupled with the importance of the circuit,
have directed attention to its supervision.
The simplest arrangement contains a healthy trip lamp, as shown in
Figure 8(a).
The resistance in series with the lamp prevents the breaker being
tripped by an internal short circuit caused by failure of the lamp. This
provides super-vision while the circuit breaker is closed; a simple
extension gives pre-closing supervision.
Figure 1.8(b) shows how, by the addition of a normally closed
auxiliary switch and a resistance unit, supervision can be obtained while
the breaker is both open and closed.
I n either case, the addition of a normally open push-button contact
in series with the lamp will make the supervision indication available
only when required.
Schemes using a lamp to indicate continuity are suitable for locally
controlled installations, but when control is exercised from a distance it is
necessary to use a relay system. Figure 8(c) illustrates such a scheme,
which is applicable wherever a remote signal is required.
With the circuit healthy either or both of relays A and B are operated and
energize relay C. Both A and B must reset to allow C to drop-off. Relays
A and C are time-delayed by copper slugs to prevent spurious alarms
during tripping or closing operations. The resistors are mounted
separately from the relays and their values are chosen such that if any one
component is inadvertently short-circuited, a tripping operation will not
take place.
The alarm supply should be independent of the tripping supply so that
indication will be obtained in the event of the failure of the tripping
battery.
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

Differential protection is a very reliable method of protecting generators, transformers,

buses, and transmission lines from the effects of internal faults.

Figure: Differential Protection of a Generator

In a differential protection scheme in the above figure, currents on both sides of the
equipment are compared. The figure shows the connection only for one phase, but a
similar connection is usually used in each phase of the protected equipment. Under
normal conditions, or for a fault outside of the protected zone, current I1 is equal to
current I2 . Therefore the currents in the current transformers secondaries are also equal,
i.e. i1 = i2 and no current flows through the current relay.

If a fault develops inside of the protected zone, currents I1 and I2 are no longer equal,
therefore i1 and i2 are not equal and there is a current flowing through the current relay.

Differential Protection of a Station Bus

The principle of the differential protection of a station bus is the same as for generators.
The sum of all currents entering and leaving the bus must be equal to zero under normal
conditions or if the fault is outside of the protected zone. If there is a fault on the bus,
there will be a net flow of current to the bus and the differential relay will operate.
Figure: Single Line Diagram of Bus Differential Protection

Percentage Differential Relays

The disadvantage of the current differential protection is that current transformers must
be identical, otherwise there will be current flowing through the current relays for faults
outside of the protected zone or even under normal conditions. Sensitivity to the
differential current due to the current transformer errors is reduced by percentage
differential relays.
Figure: Percentage Differential Relay

In percentage differential relays, the current from each current transformer flows through
a restraint coil. The purpose of the restraint coil is to prevent undesired relay operation
due to current transformer errors. The operating coil current | i1 - i2 | required for tripping
is a percentage of the average current through the restraint coils. It is given by

where k is the proportion of the operating coil current to the restraint coil current. For
example if k = 0.1, the operating coil current must be more than 10% of the average
restraint coil current in order for the relay to operate.

Differential Protection of Three Phase Transformers

Differential protection of three phase transformers must take into account the change in
magnitude and phase angle of the transformed current.

Transformers Connected Y-Y or Delta-Delta

In these two connections, the primary and secondary currents are in phase, but their
magnitudes are different. The difference in the current magnitude must be balanced out
by the current transformer ratios.
Figure: Differential Protection for a Y-Y Connected Transformer

If the transformer ratio is

The secondary currents of the current transformers are

During normal operating conditions or when the fault is outside of the protection zone,

Therefore, the ratios of the current transformers on the two sides of the power
transformer must be
 .

Sometimes standard current transformers with the ratios that satisfy the above equation
are not available. In that case auxiliary transformers between one of the current
transformers and the relay are used.

Transformers Connected Y- or  -Y.

The primary and secondary currents have different magnitudes and they also have 30
phase shift. Both, the magnitude and the phase shift must be balanced by appropriate ratio
and connection of the current transformers. The phase shift on a Y- bank is corrected by
connecting the C.T.’s on the  in Y, and on the Y side in  .

Refer to the following drawing. The full load current on the 66 kV side is

The full load current on the 230 kV side is

The secondary currents in the current transformers on the 66 kV side then are

The magnitude of the currents coming out of the differential relay should be the same

From that, the current in the  arms of the  connected C.T.’s should be
Ideally, the CTR on the 230 kV side of the transformer should be

The closest to that is the ratio

which is the ratio that will be used.. Using this ratio, the secondary current of the current
transformers on the 230 kV side is

The current through the operating coil of the differential relay is then

The average current through the current restraint coil is

From that, the current through the operating coil as a percentage of the restraint current
under normal full load conditions is

The percentage differential relays have settings for the allowable percentage difference.
Examples of the percentage values are 15%, 30%, 40%, etc. Any of these relays could
accommodate the 0.46% operating coil current without operating.
Connection of Differential Relays to a  -Y Connected Transformer.

Another problem that the differential relays used for transformer protection must
overcome is the magnetizing inrush current.

The inrush current occurs when a transformer is being energized. Since during the
energization of the transformer there is only current in and no current out, the inrush
current appears to the differential relays as an internal fault. The inrush current has some
characteristic properties. Its magnitude may be as high as sixteen times the full load
current. It decays very slowly - from around ten cycles for small units to 1 minute for
large units. The harmonic content of the inrush current is different from normal load
current and from fault currents. A typical waveform of inrush current has a large
fundamental frequency component, a significant d.c. component, and 2nd and 3rd
harmonic components. The 2nd harmonic component does not appear in the transformers
under any other conditions except during energization. Desensitizing of the differential
relay to the inrush current involves the use of the second harmonic component to restrain
the relay from operating.

(a)
(b)

Figure: Harmonic Restraint Circuit: (a) connection to current transformer (b) tripping circuit
 EARTHING TR OIL TEMP HIGH TRIP(TYPE VAA)

TR.BUCH. WINDING TEMP. HIGH TRIP(TYPE VAA)
TR.OIL.TEMP.OIL.PRE OIL LVL LOW TRIP(TYPE VAA)

This used for Auxiliary relay (Conduct Multiplication)

110V DC SUPPLY
(+) (-)

BUCHHOLZ RELAY ALARM(63Q-1)

BUCHHOLZ RELAY TRIP(63Q-2)

PRESURE RELASE VALVE TRIP(63PRD)

WINDING TEMP. RELAY ALARM(49WT-1)

WINDING TEMP. RELAY TRIP(49WT-2)

OSR TRIP(80 OSR)

OIL TEMP.RELAY ALARM(49 OT-1)

OIL TEMP.RELAY TRIP(49 OT-2)

LOW OIL LEVEL ALARM(71 LOA)

MASTER TRIP RELAY

STAND BY EARTH FAULT RELAY LV(CDG)

RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT RELAY LV(CAG)

STAND BY EARTH FAULT RELAY LV(CDG).