NUTRIENTS

WATER AND BIOMOLECULES

BIOMOLECULES
PROTEINS
are organic
molecules made up
of the elements
carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen and
nitrogen. Another
element, sulfur,
may also be
present.
STRUCTURAL PROTEINS
necessary components of our body

Collagen –foundin muscles, bones, tendons,

shin, cartilage

Keratin – found in hair, nails, teeth and skin

 HORMONAL PROTEINS
Chemical signals

that control
growth and
development of
our body, as well
as metabolism &
reproduction
H U M A N INSULIN –secreted by
pancreas to regulate blood sugar
level in the blood
 Enzymatic Proteins
Speed up the metabolic processes in
our cell (Catalyst)

Amylase

Maltase
 Defense
Proteins
Proteins that are part
of immune system

White Blood Cells

(Soldiers of the body)
 STORAGE PROTEINS
store mineral ions (such as potassium)
and amino acids in our body

Casein – main
proteins in milk. It
Ovalbumin contains essential
-main protein
amino acids.
present in egg
white.
-it has 385
amino acids
 Transport Proteins

Carry vital materials to

the cells

HEMOGLOBIN
carries oxygen tothe body
 Receptor Proteins
These are located in the outer part of the cell.
They control what enters and leaves the cell.

LDLreceptor
protein
Contractile Proteins

known as “motorproteins”

*actin and myosin (found

in the muscles)

*tubulin (found in
microtubule)
Protein Structure
Proteins are made up of
Amino Acids
Human body needs 20 amino acids

9 are essential amino acids

(it means they can’t be synthesized by our body)

11 can be synthesized by an
adult body
The Side Chain ‘R’ can be ONE
atom or a GROUP of atoms
attached to the central Carbon

 It determines the
identity of the amino
acid.
Condensation reaction
in Amino acids
Protein Folding

Before proteins can carry out their functions, they

must first assemble themselves and fold

Structural Level of Proteins - describes how

proteins are formed (folds and take on shape)
 38

Nucleic Acids
2 Types:

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

 Double strand
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
 Single strand

Nucleic acids are

composed of long chains
of nucleotides linked
by dehydration
synthesis.
What is the main function of
Nucleic Acids?
 NUCLEOTIDES
3 components:

1. Phosphate group
2. Pentose sugar (5 Carbon sugar)
3. Nitrogenous bases:
a. Adenine
b. Thymine
c. Guanine
d. Cytosine
e. Uracil
Nucleotide 43

Phosphate
Group

O 5
O=P-O CH2
O
O
Nitrogenous base
N (A, G, C, or T)
C4 C1
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
C3 C2
Nitrogenous Bases
Dehydration Synthesis (Combination
Reaction)
 DNA - double helix 49
5
O 3

3 O
P 5 P
5 O
1 G C 3
2
4 4
2 1
3 5
O
P P
5
T A 3

O
5
P 3 P
DNA code for PROTEINS