Eco-Niwas Samhita Part 2 Electromechanical System

ECO-NIWAS SAMHITA
Part 2: Electro-Mechanical and Renewable Energy Systems

(Energy Conservation Building Code for Residential Buildings)
CONSULTATION WORKSHOP
Session 1: Code Scope and Content of ENS Part 2
1
Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Power, Government of India
Two Parts of ENS: Envelope & Active Measures
ENS Part 1: Draft ENS: Part 2

Building Envelope Electro-Mechanical and
Renewable System
Already
developed, and is
now getting Currently under development
implemented → Primary and Secondary study and
stakeholder consultations
2
ECO Niwas Samhita (ENS) 2018
ECO Niwas Samhita was launched on 14
December 2018 on the occasion of National
Energy Conservation Day 2018
• For “Residential buildings”with plot area ≥ 500m2 and
“Residential part of Mixed-land use building projects”
with plot area ≥ 500m2
• Minimum performance standards for residential building
envelope to limit heat gains and heat loss
• Provisions include
• Maximum residential envelope transmittance value
(RETV) for building envelope except roof for all climate
• Maximum thermal transmittance value (Ucold) for building
envelope except roof for cold climate
• Maximum thermal transmittance value (Uroof) for building
envelope for all climate
• Minimum openable window-to-floor area ratio (WFRop)
• Minimum visible light transmittance (VLT) for non-opaque
building envelope components
3
Proposed Content of the ENS Part 2
Scope of the code
• Chapter 1: Building services
• Chapter 2: Indoor electrical end use
• Chapter 3: Renewable energy integration
• Chapter 4: Compliance and implementation framework
• Appendix A: Annualized Embodied Energy

• Appendix B: Better Construction Practices
• Appendix C: Retrofitting of Residential Buildings
• Appendix D: Improved air cooling
4
Scope of the code
Description:
Scope of the code can be defined based on the following criteria:
1. Definition of criteria based on the built-up area and/or plot area
2. Based on the type of building
3. Addition, alteration and repair of existing building
4. The code does not apply to ancillary facilities and spaces used for non-residential
purposes
5
Scope of the code
1. Definition of criteria based on the built-up area and/or plot area
→ Suggestion
Like ECBC-R: Part 1, it may be useful to harmonize the scope of
ECBC-R: Part 2 with the scope mentioned in the Real Estate
(Regulation and Development) Act, 2016.
This will be useful to bring clarity among the stakeholders (building
owner, Third Party Assessors, ULBs etc.) to be involved in code
compliance
The following projects do not require to be registered under the Act:
Area of land does not exceed 500 m²

No. of apartments does not exceed 8
In case of Renovation/Repair/Re-development
6
Scope of the Code
→ Suggestion
Building types in terms of detached housing, low rise and high rise have different requirements for building services
(water pumping, outdoor lighting, vertical transportation, power back-up options) and renewable energy potential
(lower solar fraction/DU on taller buildings).
It will important for the code to distinguish the provisions based on the building types.
• Multi-storey residential buildings

• Low rise apartments
• Farm house and villas
• EWS apartments with residential complexes
• Affordable housing
7
Scope of the code

→ Codes & Standards (international)
International Energy Conservation Code, USA (2015)
• “Three storey or less in height and comprise of detached one- and two-family dwelling or multiple single-family
dwellings”
National Construction Code, Australia (2016)
• This code covers all new residential buildings which are –
• single dwelling being a detached house; or one of a group of two or more attached dwellings, each being a building,
separated by a fire-resisting wall, including a row house, terrace house, town house or villa unit;
• a building containing two or more sole-occupancy units each being a separate dwelling.
8
Scope of the code
3. Addition, alteration and repair of existing building

→ Codes & Standards (national, international)
• Environmental Sustainability of Buildings, Singapore (2013)
• increasing the gross floor area of the existing buildings by 2,000 m2 or more..
4. The code does not apply to ancillary facilities and spaces used for non-residential purposes.
→ Suggestion
The function and the energy consumption pattern of the ancillary facilities like community hall, club house, departmental
store, vegetable market etc. will be very different from the residential part of projects and their configuration will also
highly differ among residential complexes.
It is suggested to consider the applicability of the code only to residential part of the housing complex.
9
ENS Part 2 – Proposed Chapters
Renewable Energy
Indoor electrical end use
Integration
(Indoor lighting,
Comfort systems,
Service hot water, Appliances)
Building Services
(Common area lighting,
Elevators, Pumps,
Power back-up, Transformers,
Power distribution loses, Electrical
Vehicle Supply Equipment, STP, APFC)
10
Types of code compliance options
• Prescriptive
• Trade-offs code
• Performance code
• Outcome based code
Part 1 is based on Prescriptive and Trade-offs code

So, EPI approach has been proposed considering its advantages
11
Annual Energy Performance
Energy Performance Index (EPI) [kWh/m2.year] or
Annual energy consumption [kWh/Dwelling Unit]
can be considered as a unified matrix to show compliance to ENS: Part 2
• To arrive at the EPI, each applicable component’s specific energy consumption will be translated
to annual net energy consumption and is normalized with dwelling super built-up area (m2)
• Energy Performance Index (in kWh/m2.year) is a widely accepted matrix used worldwide to
measure and benchmark the energy performance of buildings. The matrix is especially useful
for considering primary energy use where a mix of fuel supplies (like electricity, gas and
renewable etc.) are part of the energy use in buildings.
• EPI can be translated to GHG emission matrix, which is used widely to measure the
environmental performance of a ULB, state or the country.
• EPI can be considered both at the component level for electro-mechanical equipment and at
the combined solution set/building level.
12
Consultation document: overall structure
For each building component, the consultation document discusses the
following
Description of the Energy efficient Mapping of Indian Mapping and The formula for
component and its technologies and initiatives, codes synthesis of arriving at EPI
energy use strategies and standards International codes
13
Prototypes considered for calculation of annual energy
consumption
Prototype - 2
Prototype - 1
Prototype - 3
Prototype - 4
Features Prototype-1 Prototype-2 Prototype-3 Prototype-4
Allowed Ground Coverage 21.0% 25.0% 18.2% 14.3%
Built-up area per dwelling (m2) 100 100 100 100
Corridor area per dwelling (m2) 5 30 20 16.67
Super built-up area per dwelling (m2) 105 130 120 116.67
No. of dwelling units per floor 1 2 4 6
No. of floors 4 4 11 21
14
Sample prototypes used for calculating annual energy
consumption
G+3 G+3 G+10 G+20
(1 dwelling (2 dwelling (4 dwelling (6 dwelling
Units
unit per units per units per units per
floor) floor) floors) floor)
Allowed Ground Coverage % 21.0% 25.0% 18.2% 14.3%
FAR 0.84 1 2 3
Plot area m2 500 1040 2640 4900
Built-up area per dwelling unit m2 100 100 100 100
Corridor area per dwelling unit m2 5 30 20 16.67
Super built-up area per dwelling unit m2 105 130 120 116.67
No. of dwelling units per floor Nos 1 2 4 6
Super built-up area per floor m2 105 260 480 700
Corridor area per floor m2 5 60 80 100
No. of floors Nos 4 4 11 21
Basement Parking Area m2 0 0 1920 7840
Total built-up area m2 420 1040 5280 14700
Total number of dwelling units in the building Nos 4 8 44 126
Height per floor m 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
Occupant per dwelling unit Nos 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5
Electrical Load per dwelling unit kW 7 7 7 7
Tank height m 5 5 5 5
Litres per capita per
Service water requirements per person 135 135 135 135
day
Operating hours of pump hours 1 1 1 1
Total number of occupants in the buildings Nos. 18 36 198 567
Roof Area m2 105 260 480 700
Total service water requirement litres/day 2430 4860 26730 76545
15
Approach for MEPS
ECBC Max. Business as Usual
EPI limit EPI
20-30%
Reduction
Min. Max.
EPI EPI
Practical Range
*Final EPI Range will be obtained based on following activities:

1. Site visits
2. Expert interviews
3. Consultation workshops
4. Primary data analysis
16
Summary of all Equipment
EPI range for below given systems/equipment have been found using similar approach
as shown in the previous slide for common area lighting:
Chapter 1: Chapter 2: Chapter 3:

Building Services Indoor Appliances Renewable Energy Systems
Common area lighting Indoor lighting Solar hot water
Elevators Ceiling fans Solar PV
Pumps Air conditioners
UPS Losses Refrigerators
Distribution transformer Television
Power distribution losses Service hot water
Basement car parking
Electric vehicle supply equipment
17
Common Area Lighting
→ Description
• Lighting of common areas inside the building, such as corridors,
staircases, and basements;
• lighting of outdoor areas, such as roads and parks.
• Lamps used for outdoor lighting are incandescent lamps, compact
fluorescent lamps, halogen lamps and Light emitting diode (LED) lamps.
→ EE strategies
Lumen output table
• Daylighting
Lumen Output 450 800 1,100 1,600
• Optimization of height Incandescent 40 W 60 W 75 W 100 W
and distance Halogen 29 W 43 W 53 W 72 W
CFL 10 W 13 W 16 W 20 W
• Automatic controls LED 5W 10 W 15 W 19 W
18
Common Area Lighting
Lighting Power Density (in W/m2) = Illuminance (in lm/m2) / {Lamp Efficacy (in lm/W) * Lamp Lumen
maintenance Percentage * maintenance Factor * Coefficienct of Utilization (except outdoor)}
EPI (in kWh/m2.year) = Lighting Power Density (in W/m2) * Area (in m2) * Annual Hours of operation / (1000 *
Super Built-up Area (in m2) )
Annual Energy Consumption = EPI x Super Built-up Area
• Common Area Lighting: EPI Range in kWh/m2.year
0.46 16.06
• Common Area Lighting: Annual Energy Consumption Range per dwelling unit in kWh/year. dwelling unit
48 2,088
19
Common Area Lighting - Assumptions
• 20% floor reflectance, 80% ceiling reflectance and 50% wall reflectance
• Expert Advice has been taken to consider 10% energy consumption reduction for
Photosensor
• Summer is considered for 4 months and outdoor lights will operate for 8 hours
• Spring, Autumn & Monsoon is considered for 4 months and outdoor lights will
operate for 11 hours
• Winter is considered for 4 months and outdoor lights will operate for 12 hours
• Basement lighting is always switched on
20
Elevators
→ Description
• Traction elevators
• geared traction elevator
• gearless traction elevator
• machine-room less traction elevator
• Hydraulic elevators
→ EE strategies
Component Energy Conservation Measures
Hoist drive Permanent magnet gearless
Car Elevator PU-coated belts, multiple rope
Controls Software-defined, e.g., destination dispatch
Lighting/HVAC LEDs, efficient fans, occupancy sensors
Energy sources Regeneration plus solar
Other considerations Standby mode, variable door motors, power
factor near 1, Machine-room less
21
Elevators-using NBC method
Motor Power Rating in kW = Assumed Weight per passenger (in kgs) * Acceleration due to gravity
i.e. 9.81 m/s2 * Assumed speed of Elevator (in m/s) * Capacity of Elevators * (1 –
Counterweight Factor) * Motor efficiency * Mechanical efficiency
EPI (in kWh/m2.year) = {[Motor Power Rating (in kW) * Hours of operation per year) * Motor
efficiency* 365] + [Wattage of fan and luminaire (in kW) * Annual Hours of operation]} *
No. of lifts / Super Built-up Area (in m2)
ASSUMPTIONS:
• Lift parameters assumed to have been tested to fulfil the service requirement of Interval, 5 minute
handling capacity, average waiting time and nominal travel time as provided in NBC
• Counterweight Factor assumed to be between 40% and 50%
• Mechanical efficiency assumed to be between 60% and 80%
22
Elevators-using VDI method
EPI (in kWh/m2.year) = {[Specific Travel Energy (in mWh/m.kg) * Carrying Capacity (in kg) * Velocity of lift (in
m/s) * Travel time (in seconds per day) / 1000000 + [Standby Power (in kW) * Standby time (in hours
per day)]} * 365 * No. of lifts / Super Built-up Area (in m2)
• Elevators: EPI Range in kWh/m2.year
0.5 11.1
• Elevators : Annual Energy Consumption Range per dwelling unit in kWh/year.dwelling unit
63 1,290
23
Pumps
→ Description
• Centrifugal pumps
• Positive displacement pumps
• Rotary-type positive displacement
• Reciprocating-type positive displacementCentrifugal pump
• Linear-type positive displacement
→ EE strategies
• Avoiding the oversizing of motors and pumps
• Piping design to overcome losses
• Use of positive displacement pumps where head is low to moderate
and constant flow is required
• Use of Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)s Careful design of pressure Positive
tanks, pumps and controls displacement
• Solar water pumps pump
24
Pumps
Total head (in m) = Total Building Height + Tank Height
Discharge Rate (in m3/s) = Water requirement (in LPD) / (Density of Water * Operating Hours i.e. 1 hour/day *
3600 seconds/hour)
Pump Power (Hydraulic) (in kW) = Density of Water * Discharge Rate (in m3/s) * Acceleration due to gravity i.e.
9.81 m/s2 * Total head (in m)
EPI (in kWh/m2.year) = [Pump Power (Hydraulic) (in kW) / η] * Pumping System Energy Saving Potential * Annual
Hours of Operation / Super Built-up Area (in m2)
*Where η - Motor Efficiency x Mechanical Efficiency
25
EPI Range
• Pumps: EPI Range in kWh/m2.year
0.08 1.24
• Pumps: Annual Energy Consumption Range per dwelling unit in kWh/year.dwelling unit
10.6 144.5
ASSUMPTIONS:
• Loss of power due to friction will be 30% for G+3, 50% for G+10 & 70% for G+20
• Hydro-pneumatic pumps can save 50% energy
26
Uninterruptible Power Supply
→ Description
• Emergency instantaneous power to critical devices e.g. emergency lighting, alarm system
• Protection against power surges, voltage drops, and frequency distortions.
• UPS with battery backup systems has been used in residential buildings as a power backup for operating the
essential services like lighting, ventilation and low power rated appliances like TVs
• Technologies
• on-line
• line-interactive
• standby
→ Assumptions
• It is assumed that UPS will run for 100 hours annually
• Battery Charging Losses vary from 40% to 50%
27
Uninterruptible Power Supply
Power required for charging UPS (in kW) = Electric discharge load per dwelling unit per hour (in
kW) / (Efficiency of UPS * battery charging losses)
EPI (in kWh/m2.year) = [Power required for charging UPS (in kW) + Electric discharge load per
dwelling unit per hour (in kW)] * Annual hours of discharging operation / Super Built-up Area (in m2)
• UPS: EPI Range in kWh/m2.year
0.58 6.19
• UPS: Annual Energy Consumption Range per dwelling unit in kWh/year.dwelling unit
76 650
28
DG Set
→ Description
Diesel generator set convert some of the chemical energy, contained by the diesel fuel, to mechanical
energy through combustion. This mechanical energy then rotates a crank to produce electricity. Single/three-phase
diesel-generating (DG) sets consisting of an internal combustion (IC) engine driven by diesel as fuel, alternating
current (AC) generator, associated control gear, switch gear, and auxiliary equipment.
The main parameter for design of DG sets is the specific fuel consumption (SFC), which determines the fuel
efficiency of the diesel engine. The BEE Standards and Labelling for DG sets has defined the Star labels upto 19 kW
based on this factor
29
DG Set
EPI (in kWh/m2.year) (Energy Output) = [Generator Rating (in kVA) * Power Factor *
Annual hours of operation] / [(specific fuel consumption / minimum specific fuel
consumption of the DG Set) * Super Built-up Area (in m2) ]
• DG Set : EPI Range in kWh/m2.year
0.81 5.88
• DG Set : Annual Energy Consumption Range per dwelling unit in kWh/year.dwelling unit
105.3 617.4
30
Transformers
→ Description
• Electrical device using electromagnetic induction to pass an alternating
current (AC) signal from one electric circuit to another, often changing (or
"transforming") the voltage and electric current
• During the step down or step up process transformers generate a lot of

heat that must be dissipated to keep them running safely
• 2 types of transformers being used in the industry currently: Dry-type
transformers and oil-cooled transformers
→ Differences:
• Location
• Voltage Capabilities
• Efficiency
• Noise
• Maintenance
• Recyclability
Oil cooled
→ Assumptions
• Transformers are sized to cater to 1.5 times or 2 times the total connected load
31
Transformer
For any given transformer, manufacturer provides No-Load Loss, PNo-Load (in Watts) and Losses at
full load, Pfull-Load (in Watts).
At any percent part load, losses, Ppart-Load (in Watts) can be calculated by,
PPart-Load = PNo-Load + (percent part load)2 * (Pfull-Load - PNo-Load)

EPI (in kWh/m2.year) = Calculated hourly power losses at part load (in kW) * percentage hourly
loading on transformer * average monthly loading factor * Hours of operation/ Super Built-up
Area (in m2)

• Transformer: EPI Range in kWh/m2.year
0.41 1.09
• Transformer: Annual Energy Consumption Range per dwelling unit in kWh/year.dwelling unit
54 130
32
Basement Ventilation Fans
→ Description
• When cars enter, exit and drive through enclosed parking garage, they release toxic
and non-toxic gases. If car engines were perfect, the vehicles would release carbon
dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and Nitrogen (N). Unfortunately, car engines are not
perfect, and they typically release unburned fuel and fuel particles, various nitrogen
oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
• There are broadly two methods of complying with the Building Regulations regarding
ventilation and these are by natural or mechanical ventilation
→ EE strategies
In normal day-to-day operation, the Jet fans are controlled by the CO system – in
accordance with the concentration threshold setting. In this way, carbon monoxide-
contaminated air is extracted from the car park
ASSUMPTIONS:
• Ducts would add 0.5 in wg (125 Pa) of pressure drop as per ASHRAE 90.1 which
is elimminated by using Jet Fans
• Pressure drop across the fan is assumed to be 0.5 in wg (125 Pa)
• Fan effiiciency is assued to be 60% 33

Basement Ventilation Fans
Motor Power Rating (in kW) = Basement Volume (in m3) * Number of Air Changes per hour * Pressure
Drop (in Pa) / (Motor efficiency * Mechanical efficiency * 3600)
If CO sensor is used and interlocked with VSD on fan,

EPI (in kWh/m2.year) = {[Motor Power Rating (in kW) * 365 * (8.4 + 15.6 * Power at part load with VSD
on fan) ]/ Super Built-up Area (in m2)}
Else
EPI (in kWh/m2.year) = Motor Power Rating (in kW) * 365 * 24/ Super Built-up Area (in m2)
• Basement Ventilation Fans: EPI Range in kWh/m2.year
1.9 25.2
• Basement Ventilation Fans : Annual Energy Consumption Range per dwelling unit in kWh/year.dwelling
unit
229 2,934
34
Power distribution loses
→ Description
• The distribution system includes the 230 V lines,
connections and supporting equipment, which carry
electricity from the transformer to the consumer premises
• The extent of the system depends upon the capacity and
position of the transformer and the location of the
consumers
• Losses occur in this part of the system due to line resistance
• Primary reason for the technical losses: poor network
configuration of the system and inappropriate
network/equipment maintenance
• Copper losses
• Dielectric losses
• Induction and radiation losses
35
Power distribution loses
The power distribution losses inside the residential building(s)/ complex shall be based on
restriction of voltage drop of 3% for the distance between the transformer and panel
EPI (in kWh/m2.year) =

System Voltage (in Volts) * 1.732 * Full Load Current (in Amps) * (Conductor Resistance (in
ohm/km) * Power Factor + Conductor Reactance (in mho/km) * SinØ) * Length (in meters) * 100
* Full Load Current (in Amps) * Power Factor / (Line Voltage * No of Run * 1000 * 2 * Super
Built-up Area (in m2))
• Power Distribution Losses: EPI Range in kWh/m2.year

0.06 0.62
• Power Distribution Losses : Annual Energy Consumption Range per dwelling unit in kWh/year.dwelling unit
6.8 72.0
36
Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE)
→ Description
An Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE), is a component that
provides electric energy for recharging electric vehicles.
For charging at home or work, a few EVs have installed converters that
can connect to a standard electrical outlet or a high-limit apparatus
outlet. Others either require or can utilize a charging station that gives
electrical transformation, monitoring, or safety features. These stations
are additionally required when travelling long distances, and many
provide quicker charging at higher voltages and flows than that are
accessible from private EVSEs. Open charging stations are given by
electric service organizations
Energy Efficient Strategies for EVSE

Reduce the standby losses: Standby losses are due to No Vehicle Mode,
Partial On Mode and Idle Mode
37
Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE)
Charging Time for 0 to 100 State of Charge (SOC) (hours) =
Battery Capacity (in Ah) /(EVSE Output Current (in Amp) x Efficiency)
Energy loss per day assuming single 0 to 100 SOC charging per day (kWh) = Maximum Output
Power (kW) * Charging Time (hours) * (1-EVSE efficiency) * No. of EVSE
Annual Energy Losses (in kWh/m2.year) = Energy Loss per day (kWh) * 365
Annual Energy Losses per dwelling unit (in kWh/m2.year) = Annual Energy Loss (kWh) * No. of dwelling
units
EPI (in kWh/m2.year) = Annual Energy Loss per dwelling unit (kWh) * No. of dwelling units
38
EPI Range & Q&A
• Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment: EPI Range in kWh/m2.year
1.7 2.5
• Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment: : Annual Energy Consumption Range per dwelling unit in kWh/year.dwelling
unit
208.2 290.8
39
Questions: Building Services
• Which BAU technology/ies are used?
• Which advanced energy efficiency technologies are available?
• Are there any challenges in adopting the energy efficient technologies?
• Are there good design strategies/practices for the component?
• What is the duration of operation of the component? (daily, monthly, yearly)
• What would be service life of the component?
40
Indoor electrical end use
41
Indoor lighting
→ EE strategies
• In order to reduce lighting energy use, it is Efficiency
pertinent that home designers and builders Lamp
(lumen/W)
use windows and skylights to bring daylight
into the home 15W 40
• Designers should choose appropriate >15W-40W 50
lighting fixtures, lamps that use energy
more efficiently and install controls to >40W 60
reduce the number of time lights are on
Lighting Power Density (in W/m2) = Illuminance (in lm/m2) / {Lamp Efficacy (in lm/W) * Lamp Lumen
Maintenance * maintenance Factor * Coefficienct of Utilization}
EPI (in kWh/m2.year) = Lighting Power Density (in W/m2) * Area (in m2) * Annual Hours of operation /
Super Built-up Area (in m2)

42
EPI Range & Questions
• Indoor Lighting: EPI Range in kWh/m2.year
2.78 21.51
• Indoor Lighting: Annual Energy Consumption Range per dwelling unit in kWh/year.dwelling unit
362 2,259
→ Questions
• What key factors do you keep in mind while designing the indoor lighting system for a dwelling unit?
• Do you provide a mix of lighting technologies? Or have any preferred choice?
• What would be the typical lighting power density of a dwelling unit?
• What is the typical illuminance/lux level which is kept in a dwelling unit?
• Do you follow any standards/guidelines while selecting the lighting system?
43
Fans
→ Description
• Attached to the ceiling using an electric motor to rotate
blades or paddles in circular motion HVLS
→ EE strategies Fan
• Brushless DC (BLDC) Motor:

• permanent magnets (instead of electromagnets) for the Rotor → magnetic field → interacts with the
magnetic field of the Stator to generate motion
• Improved Blades:
• Improving fan blade design has been shown to have significant influence on fan efficiency, e.g.
• Incorporation of aerodynamic attachments for conventional blades;
• decrease in the angle of attack using twisted, tapered (TT) blades;
• and use of TT blades with an air foil.
• High Volume Low Speed (HVLS):
• Optimised 3d-aerofoil blades, an active self-balancing system and electronically controlled high-
efficiency DC motors use only a fractional 15-20% of the electricity consumed by conventional
ceiling fans
44
Fans
The energy consumption and EPI of the ceiling/ table/ pedestal fans in the residential buildings
can be directly estimated using the wattage of the fan(s)
EPI (in kWh/m2.year) = Total Wattage of fan(s) * Annual Hours of operation/ 1000* Super
Built-up Area (in m2)
(or)
The BEE star labelling uses the Service Value to determine the efficiency of the fan(s).
The EPI shall be estimated from the Service Value:
EPI (in kWh/m2.year) = [Air delivery rate in m3 per minute/Service Value of a fan] *
No. of fans * Annual Hours of operation/ (1000*Super Built-up Area (in m2))
Service Value of a fan is the sum that we get after dividing the air delivery (in cubic meter/minute) by its power
consumption. For example, if a fan gives air delivery of 220 CMM while consuming 50 Watts, its service value
will be: 220/50 = 4.4
45
• Fans: EPI Range in kWh/m2.year
1.76 9.19
• Fans: Annual Energy Consumption Range per dwelling unit in kWh/year.dwelling unit
229 965
46
Air-Conditioning
→ Description
• Works by collecting hot air from a given space, processing
it within itself with the help of a refrigerant and a bunch of
coils
• Releasing cool air into the same space where hot air had
originally been collected
→ EE strategies
• Window and Split AC
• EER represents the amount of cooling an air conditioner can provide
per watt of electricity it consumes (BEE rates air conditioners based
on EER)
• Inverter AC
• Motor of the inverter compressor has a variable speed
• Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) System
• Direct expansion (DX) multi-split system with variable speed
compressor, capable of delivering capacity according to variable
load requirement
47
Air-Conditioning
• The EPI ranges for air-conditioner has been proposed

based on the simulation study performed for the
development of “Residential building energy labelling
programme”.
• Two models that are used to define EPI ranges are
– RETV 22.5 W/m2 + COP 3.1
– RETV of 5.4 W/m2 + COP 5.5
EPI (in kWh/m2.year) = EPI for air conditioned spaces (20% area) with 24 °C as set point (E1) + EPI for
other spaces (80% area) with natural ventilation (E2) set points defined by IMAC with Air
conditioner switched ON* + EPI for other appliances: E3
48
EPI Range in kWh/m2.year
• Air conditioners: Annual Energy Consumption Range

• Air conditioners : EPI Range in kWh/m2.year per dwelling unit in kWh/year.dwelling unit
49
Air-Conditioning: Q&A
• What key factors do you keep in mind while selecting an air-conditioner for a room
• Which types of air conditioners are common in a dwelling unit
• Which star rating is widely used while used in residences? (5/4/3/2/1 star)
• How do you size/select the AC in a house? (eg.1 ton per 150 Sqft)
• Does dwelling unit floor area determines the type of air-conditioning unit?
• What is the cost implication of selecting an energy efficient technology like inverter AC’s?
50
Service Hot Water
→ Description
• The typical electric water heater unit is wired to a 220-volt circuit.
• The current passes through electrical-resistance heating elements to heat the water
• Power is delivered to each element through a thermostat
→ EE strategies
• Increasing the amount of water drawn
→Increase in amount of energy delivered and ratio of useful energy
(delivered hot water) to wasted energy (tank losses)
• Energy consumption is much greater in cases with colder mains
temperature because more energy is required to bring the water up to a
useful temperature
• Avoid unconditioned spaces so as to reduce the tank losses
EPI (in kWh/m2.year) = [Total Wattage of water heater (s)]

* Annual Hours of operation based on 35 degree temperature difference/ Super Built-up Area (in m2)
51
• Service Hot Water: EPI Range in kWh/m2.year
8.45 41.39
• Service Hot Water : Annual Energy Consumption Range per dwelling unit in kWh/year.dwelling unit
1099 4346
52
Appliances
Two Products considered
→ Refrigerators
• EE of refrigerators has improved considerably over the

past two decades
• Room for improvements remains especially in
developing countries
• Successful strategies for improving average EE of a
country's refrigerator stock include MEPS and
mandatory energy labels linked with financial incentives
for consumers
→ Televisions
• Product relies upon one of the following technologies:
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) with
Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp (CCFL) backlight, and
Light Emitting Diode (LED) backlight and Plasma Display
53
EPI Range & Q&A
EPI (in kWh/m2.year) = Average Annual Energy Consumption of the TV(s) or Refrigerator(s) (in kWh)/ Super
The EPI (in kWh/m2.year) of the refrigerator or TV can be estimated by finding out the average annual energy
consumption provided by BEE Standards & Labelling
20 inches size of TV and 55 inches size of TV and
BEE 5 star rated TV BEE 1 star rated TV
2.17
0.16 4.4
0.82
Direct Cool [gross volume: 150
Frost Free [gross volume: 695
Litres] and 5 star BEE rating
Litres] and 1 star BEE rating
54
Questions: Indoor Appliance
• Which BAU technology/star rating are used?
• What are the advanced energy efficiency technologies available?
• Which star rating can be considered as adoptable/affordable in the residential buildings?
55
Solar Water Heating
→ Description
• Requirement for hot water varies from 6 to 12 months in a year
• Average daily demand for hot water (at 40°C) per flat is around 300 litres
• two configurations:
• smaller individual systems for each flat
• larger community system, which supplies hot water through a common
pipe network to a group of flats
→ EE strategies
• Flat Plate Collectors (FPC)
• Evacuated Tube Collectors (ETC)
56
Solar Hot Water
The EPI for the Solar Water Heating (SWH) systems can be evaluated as shown as below:
Average Daily Solar Heat Requirement (in kWh/day) = Total Hot water requirement per day (in LPD) * 1000 L/m3 * Specific
heat capacity of water i.e. 0.00116 kWh/kg °C [Outlet water temperature(in °C) - Inlet water temperature (in °C) / Density of
Water i.e. 1000 kg/m3
Average Daily Collector Yield (in kWh/m2.day) = Average Daily Global Horizontal Irradiance (in kWh/m2.day) * Solar Fraction
* Hot Water distribution efficiency
Collector Area Required to supply Average Daily Solar Heat Requirement (in m2) = Average Daily Solar Heat
Requirement (in kWh/day) / Average Daily Collector Yield (in kWh/m2.day)
EPI (in kWh/m2.year)(SWH) savings = Collector Area Required (in m2) * Annual Energy consumption of
electric geysers (in kWh/year) / (Available Roof Area (in m2) * Super Built-up Area (in m2) )
where Collector Area Required ≤ Available Roof Area
57
EPI Range & Q&A
• Solar Hot Water: EPI Range in kWh/m2.year
-8.5 -41.4
• Solar Hot Water : Annual Energy Consumption Range per dwelling unit in kWh/year.dwelling unit
-1,099 -4,346
58
Solar Photovoltaic
→ Description & EE Strategies
→ EE strategies
Stand-alone (off-grid) solar PV Grid-connected solar PV system Hybrid system (system with grid
system with dedicated loads with net metering back-up power)
Components
Array
• Solar Photovoltaic Panels Junction
• Inverters box
• Batteries
• Charge Controller
• Array Junction box Monocrystalline & Polycrystalline panels
59
Solar PV
The energy generation and EPI of the solar PV system in the residential buildings can be estimated using the
following inputs:
EPI (in kWh/m2.year) =
• % of available roof area % of available roof area * Average annual Solar
• Average annual Solar irradiance irradiance
• Efficiency of Solar PV Cells * Efficiency of Solar PV Cells * Inverter Efficiency / Super
• Inverter Efficiency
Annual Energy Generation = EPI x Super Built-up Area
• Solar PV: EPI Range in kWh/m2.year

-2.82 -82.16
• Solar PV: Annual Energy Consumption Range per dwelling unit in kWh/year.dwelling unit
-329 -10,681
60
Questions: Renewable Energy Integration
Solar Hot Water:
• What key factors do you keep in mind while designing solar water heater system for residential building?
• Which types of collectors for Solar water heaters are preferred for any system in a residential building? (Flat Plate,
Evacuated tube etc.)
• Measures for insulating the storage tank for efficient storage of hot water?
• What is the service life of a typical solar water heater system?
• What is the cost of installing a solar water heater system of certain capacity?
• Do you follow any standards/guidelines while selecting the solar water system?
Solar Photovoltaics:
• What key factors do you keep in mind while designing the solar PV system for a building?
• Which types of PV module technologies are common in residential buildings? (e.g. Mono-Crystalline, Poly-Crystalline etc.)
• Which types of invertor are generally preferred in residential buildings?
• Which type of system is more often used, Grid connected or Stand alone?
• What is the service life of a typical SPV system?
• What is the cost of designing a solar PV system? How much extra cost it would take to buy an energy efficient technology
cell as compared to the conventional cells?
• Do you follow any standards/guidelines while designing the SPV system?
61
EPI Range Summary
- For each prototype define saving potential
- Based on energy saving potential and incremental cost define MEPS for individual components
60.00
40.00
20.00
EPI (in kWh/m2.year)
0.00
-20.00
-40.00
-60.00
-80.00
-100.00
Car
Commo Comfort Comfort Service Applian Solar
Elevator UPS Transfor Parking Indoor Applian
n Area Pump EVSE System_ System_ Hot ce_Refri Water Solar PV
s Losses mer Baseme lighting ce_TV
Lighting Fans AC Water gerator Heating
nt Fans
High EPI case 16.06 13.50 1.24 6.19 1.09 25.15 2.5 21.51 4.59 40.70 41.39 4.40 2.17 -8.45 -2.82
Low EPI Case 0.46 7.49 0.08 0.58 0.41 1.91 1.7 1.69 1.58 2.20 8.45 0.82 0.16 -41.39 -82.16
62
Discussion
63
Thank You
64
ECO-NIWAS SAMHITA
Part 2: Electro-Mechanical and Renewable Energy Systems
(Energy Conservation Building Code for Residential Buildings)
CONSULTATION WORKSHOP
1
Energy Rating Index (ERI) Approach: Integration of Part 1 and
Part 2
2
Introduction: Energy Rating Index
• The ERI score is defined as a numerical score where 100 is equivalent to the 2006
IECC and 0 is equivalent to a net-zero home. Each integer value on the scale
represents a one percent change in the total energy use of the rated design relative
to the total energy use of the ERI reference design.
3
Introduction: ERI Concept
4
Example: Illustrating ERI
• 0-100 point system, where 0 represents a net-zero-energy building, and 100 represents reference
building baseline usage
• Assumption: Target point score in the ERI system is 55 (this is comparable to the current IECC target)
→ Developers would thus have to achieve 45 points in savings from the various measure categories.
Achieved
Measure category Maximum points Minimum points points
Envelope 30 12 15
Comfort systems 15 5 10
Appliances 15 5 10
Common services 15 5 10
Renewables 15 0 0
Low embodied energy 10 0 0
Total points 45
5
ERI based on Life Cycle Cost
Indoor electrical use Building services Renewable Envelope
20 25 20 35
5 7 4 2 11 7 6 313 5 8 12 35
₹ 0.08
Indoor Lighting AC Common Area Lighting

Cumulative Cash Flow (Million
₹ 0.06
₹ 0.04
INR/year)
₹ 0.02
₹ 0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
-₹ 0.02
years
-₹ 0.04
6
ENS Part 2 Compliance Framework
7
Overview of incentives and target groups
Concessional
finance Floor Area Bonus-
(Soft loan, Ratio Malus
Grants,
Awards Carbon
Revolving Standards &
Fee and
Energy funds, Energy Labelling
Dividend
Management performance
Consulting contracting)
End-user
Building owner
Developer
Compliance with
ECBC-R
Design and construction Consumption stage
stage
8
Incentives
Incentive Description Existing practice in India
Standards & Standards for EE appliances and labels for Standards & Labelling programme for
Labelling consumer information; labels/certificates for equipment and appliances initiated by BEE,
(Regulatory) ECBC-R compliant buildings Super-Efficient Equipment Programme
Energy Wide range of subsidised energy consulting Corporate Energy Audit Program as part of
Management services to support compliance with ECBC-R the Partnership to Accelerate Clean Energy –
Consulting involving on-site visits Deployment (PACE-D) by USAID
(Reward)
Floor Area Ratio Additional FAR awarded for compliance with Additional FAR in several Indian states
(Reward) ECBC-R (mostly for GRIHA, in some states also for
IGBC, LEED)
Awards Award money for promotors, developers, National Energy Conservation Awards;
(Reward) architects whose buildings comply with ECBC-R or Haryana: Awards to promoters and architects
have higher standards than ECBC-R
Bonus-Malus Fee / reward system with ECBC-R as reference No scheme currently in place
(Reward) value
9
Incentives
Incentive Description Existing practice in India
Carbon Fee and Gradual increase of fee on fossil fuels, revenues No scheme currently in place
Dividend are refunded to consumers
(Fiscal)
Soft loans Loan with interest below market rate ("soft JICA&SIDBI: Financing Scheme in MSME
(Concessional finance) financing") to facilitate the compliance with ECBC-R Sector;
IREDA EE Financing Scheme (part of EIB
credit line)
Grants (Concessional Grants to facilitate the compliance with ECBC-R Grants by Indian public-sector banks; GEF
finance) grant provided to BEE
Revolving Funds Fund providing loans for EE measures in buildings Energy Efficiency Revolving Fund (EERF)
(Concessional finance) to facilitate ECBC-R compliance, repayment launched by GEF
through energy savings
EPC (Concessional ESCO implements EE measures for compliance Energy Efficiency Enhancement Project,
finance) with ECBC-R uses cost savings to repay costs of Standard Offer by distribution companies
project
10
Discussion
11
Background slides
ENS Part 2 Compliance Framework
12
Appendix A: Annualised Embodied Energy
Rationale
• Embodied energy in construction in India (especially in “formal’ residential buildings of the sort that are covered by
ENS code) can sometimes be of the order of magnitude of many decades of operating energy use and therefore is very
significant to consider when such a code is being developed.
• However, this was true for non-air-conditioned housing stock, and it seems likely that, like in the developed
economies, increasing consumption of operating energy (e.g., for appliances, common area services, air-conditioning
etc.) may cause the embodied energy to become less significant compared to operating energy. Still this is an
important area to include in the code.
• Embodied energy is also important because much of it is consumed in the form of primary energy (coal, oil, fuels)
causing direct pollution and carbon emissions.
Extraction of End of Life/

Processing & Use Phase/
Raw Transporting Construction Demolition/
Manufacturing Maintenance
materials Recycling
Embodied Energy
20
Appendix B: Better Construction Practices
Rationale
Energy can be consumed in bad practices that may be observed on
building sites. This needs to be stopped but is currently outside the
scope of this code. Typical bad practices include excessive
requirement of movement of fluids or solids on site due to bad
layout, improper sizing of pipes to save initial costs but causing
greater pumping power due to friction, over or under-reliance on
assisted manual labour (which may be seen as a form of renewable
energy), and industry having got used to fuel-based services or
energy-on-tap and so unable to convert to a renewable energy such
as solar photovoltaic systems due to their being inform. Often
machinery is also designed so as to have very high starting surge
loads. These four areas below need to be improved and then can be
codified.
Picture Source: https://www.raconteur.net/business-innovation/seven-construction-innovations

21
Appendix C: Retrofitting of Residential Buildings
Rationale
• Retrofitting consists of additions and alterations to
existing (in this context residential) building stock and
typically this is set into motion by house owners.
• This code is silent on retrofit provisions and this

appendix is created because given the right conditions
this situation can change. This code is silent on retrofit
provisions because of the principle that laws (and codes)
should preferably to be applied retroactively, but in
doing so we lose out a large potential of building stock,
even if we do assume that a majority of India’s
residential building stock is yet to be built.
Picture Source: https://clearviewtinting.com/wp-content/uploads/upgrade-cycle-600.png

22
Appendix D: Improved air cooling
Rationale
• Residential buildings sector accounts for 24% of the electricity consumption and is the second largest consumer after
industries. Within the building sector, the residential electricity consumption amounts to 259 TWh (Within this sector,
with increasing affluence in the Indian middle class, there is a tendency (in warm humid, hot dry, composite and even
moderate climates which always have some hot days) to create comfort by installing an air-conditioner or two.
• Often the rationale for a lower middle class family, who realize that the energy bills are not easy to manage, is that
they will use it minimally, only in the night and only in extreme weather, or by setting the thermostat up to higher
temperatures. However, air-conditioning, with its superior performance in terms of managing humidity, is addictive,
and there is a tendency for its use to increase to the limit of the users’ paying capacity.
• It is worse that in this economic class, the tendency is to procure cheap, lower rated inefficient equipment, and install
it in poorly insulated houses, which uses even more electricity than it could. This causes residential air-conditioning to
become a major barrier in energy efficiency (USAID, 2014).
23
Ventilation: Natural & Mechanical
Ventilation
Ventilation in residential buildings can be

provided by one of the following methods:
a) Natural supply and natural exhaust of
air;
b) Natural supply and mechanical exhaust

of air;
c) Mechanical supply and natural exhaust

of air; and
d) Mechanical supply and mechanical

exhaust of air.
Picture Source: Assisted Ventilation: https://energycodeace.com/

Site ventilation and kitchen exhaust: Indo-Swiss BEEP
24
Evaporative Cooling: Evaporative cooling is a process that uses the effect of evaporation as a natural heat sink.
Sensible heat from the air is absorbed to be used as latent heat necessary to evaporate water. The amount of
sensible heat absorbed depends on the amount of water that can be evaporated.
Direct Evaporative cooling (DEC): In this system the outdoor air is brought into direct
contact with water, cooling the air by converting sensible heat to latent heat. DEC
systems could be divided into: Active DECs which are electrically powered to operate
and Passive DECs that are naturally operated systems with zero power consumption. In
DEC, the water content of the cooled air increases because air is in contact with the
evaporated water. This strategy will be useful in dry and hot climates.
Indirect Evaporative Cooling: Indirect evaporative coolers operates by decreasing air

sensible heat without changing its humidity, which is a distinct advantage over DEC
systems. In indirect evaporative cooling, evaporation occurs inside a heat exchanger
and the water content of the cooled air remains unchanged. This strategy will be
mostly useful in warm and humid climates.
Picture Source: http://ategroup.com/hmx/why-evaporative/

25
Thank You
26

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ECO-NIWAS SAMHITA

Part 2: Electro-Mechanical and Renewable Energy Systems

ENS Part 1: Draft ENS: Part 2

• Appendix A: Annualized Embodied Energy

The following projects do not require to be registered under the Act:

Area of land does not exceed 500 m²

• Multi-storey residential buildings

2. Based on the type of building

National Construction Code, Australia (2016)

• This code covers all new residential buildings which are –

3. Addition, alteration and repair of existing building

Part 1 is based on Prescriptive and Trade-offs code

*Final EPI Range will be obtained based on following activities:

Chapter 1: Chapter 2: Chapter 3:

Annual Energy Consumption = EPI x Super Built-up Area

• Common Area Lighting: EPI Range in kWh/m2.year

Annual Energy Consumption = EPI x Super Built-up Area

Annual Energy Consumption = EPI x Super Built-up Area

• Elevators: EPI Range in kWh/m2.year

*Where η - Motor Efficiency x Mechanical Efficiency

Annual Energy Consumption = EPI x Super Built-up Area

• Pumps: EPI Range in kWh/m2.year

• UPS: EPI Range in kWh/m2.year

Annual Energy Consumption = EPI x Super Built-up Area

• DG Set : EPI Range in kWh/m2.year

• During the step down or step up process transformers generate a lot of

PPart-Load = PNo-Load + (percent part load)2 * (Pfull-Load - PNo-Load)

Annual Energy Consumption = EPI x Super Built-up Area

• Pressure drop across the fan is assumed to be 0.5 in wg (125 Pa)

• Fan effiiciency is assued to be 60% 33

If CO sensor is used and interlocked with VSD on fan,

• Induction and radiation losses

EPI (in kWh/m2.year) =

• Power Distribution Losses: EPI Range in kWh/m2.year

Energy Efficient Strategies for EVSE

• Which BAU technology/ies are used?

• Which advanced energy efficiency technologies are available?

• Are there any challenges in adopting the energy efficient technologies?

• Are there good design strategies/practices for the component?

• What is the duration of operation of the component? (daily, monthly, yearly)

• What would be service life of the component?

Annual Energy Consumption = EPI x Super Built-up Area

• Do you provide a mix of lighting technologies? Or have any preferred choice?

• What would be the typical lighting power density of a dwelling unit?

• What is the typical illuminance/lux level which is kept in a dwelling unit?

• Do you follow any standards/guidelines while selecting the lighting system?

• Brushless DC (BLDC) Motor:

Annual Energy Consumption = EPI x Super Built-up Area

• Fans: EPI Range in kWh/m2.year

• The EPI ranges for air-conditioner has been proposed

• Air conditioners: Annual Energy Consumption Range

• Which types of air conditioners are common in a dwelling unit

EPI (in kWh/m2.year) = [Total Wattage of water heater (s)]

• EE of refrigerators has improved considerably over the

• What are the advanced energy efficiency technologies available?

• Which star rating can be considered as adoptable/affordable in the residential buildings?

Annual Energy Generation = EPI x Super Built-up Area

• Solar PV: EPI Range in kWh/m2.year

Indoor Lighting AC Common Area Lighting

ENS Part 2 Compliance Framework

Extraction of End of Life/

Picture Source: https://www.raconteur.net/business-innovation/seven-construction-innovations

• This code is silent on retrofit provisions and this