Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Wilhelm Hofmann t
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duction by photocopyiug machine or similar means, and storage in data banks.
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payable to the publisher, the amount of the fee to be determined by agreement with thc publisher_
© by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1970.
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1970.
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1970
Wilhelm Hofmann t
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, repro-
duction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks.
Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is
payable to the publisher, the amount of the fee to be determined by agreement with the publisher.
© by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1970.
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1970.
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1970
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trade marks, etc. in this publication even if the
former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as underslood by
thc Trade Marks, and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone.
Title-No.1550
}""oreword
The first edition of this monograph (1941) arose from the research
work which I conducted in the Bleiforschungsstelle (Lead Research
Centre), Berlin, together with Professor HANEMANN and Dr. ANGELICA
SCHRADER.
After World War II literature on lead had expanded considerably
and preparatory work of almost ten years' duration was necessary before
the 2nd edition of the book "Blei und Bleilegierungen" could be published
in 1962. I welcomed proposals made by the Lead Development Associa-
tion and the Springer-Verlag to have an EngIish translation pubIished
and at the same time to bring it up to date. While the English edition
is in preparation, international research on lead is being actively pursued.
This is due to the initiative of the International Lead Zinc Research
Organization under Dr. S. F. RADTKE, to the collaboration of American,
European and Australian research centres and to the International Lead
Conferences.
A book on lead and lead alloys would have been impossible without
the cooperation of the lead industry and I should like to thank sincerely
all those firms who have freely supplied data and information for it
as weIl as the many co-workers in the Institut für Werkstoffkunde of
the Technical University of Brunswick.
Special thanks are due to the Lead Development Association of Lon-
don, the Lead Industries Association Inc. and the International Lead Zinc
Research Organization of New York which drew up the original plans
for an English edition and provided the necessary financial support
for the translation. I should also like to acknowledge the work of Mr.
B. FULLMAN who has translated the volume with expert thoroughness
and that of Messrs. HUGHES and WESSON of the LDA who have been
responsible for the organisational planning and detailed supervision of
all aspects of the translation.
With the translation of this volume I hope to have brought the report
on my systematic work on lead to a certain conclusion. I would be grate-
ful if the book could be read with understanding, for our knowledge of
lead and its alloys has grown so extensively that in a work of moderate
proportions as this, many details must necessarily be excluded; the
decision on subject matter was not always easy and many items could
VI Foreword
be improved if more time had been available. If the book on lead were
to be rewritten thermochemists, electrochemists and theoreticians on
elasticity would be required, besides technologists, to support the work
of the metallurgist.
In recent years the pace of research and development has increased
enormously, resulting in the evolution of completely new technologies.
In spite of the demand thereby created for new and exotic mate-
rials with special properties, industry will continue to depend in large
measure on classical materials and conventional processes.
The older metals, including lead, will therefore always maintain
their importance alongside the new materials, even in a world of rapidly
changing technologies.
Brunswick (Braunschweig),
.July 1965
Wilhelm Hofmann
Editor's Foreword
Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. WILHELM HOFMANN, who died suddenlyon
16th November, 1965, had already completed the manuscript of the
English edition before his death, together with the main Foreword repro-
duced here. I have made every attempt to ensure that publication should
be carried out as Prof. HOFMANN would himself have wished. This has
been done with the cooperation of Frau Dr. MARGARETE BLUTH and the
support of Frau AURELIE HOFMANN.
Brunswick (Braunschweig),
July 1969
Gerwig Vibrans
Contents
A. General
I. History, Geochemistry, Production 1
II. Smelter Production 5
Types of Lead. . . 5
IH. Physical Properties . 9
1. Atomic Weight . 9
2. Crystal Structure, Density, Thermal Expansion 10
3. Elastic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4. Melting Point, Boiling Point, Vapour Pressure 13
5. Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion and of Evaporation, Self-Diffu-
sion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6. Surface Tension, Grain Boundary Energy and Internal Friction 16
7. Thermal and Electrical Conductivity, Heat Transfer 19
8. Magnetic, Acoustic and Optical Properties 20
9. Use of Lead for Radiation Protection . . . . 21
Lead, together with gold, silver, eopper, iron, tin and mereury, was
used teehnieaHy before the birth of Christ. The Egyptians probably used
lead, as weH as eopper, silver and gold, as early as 5,000 years B. C;
the Phoenieians developed the lead deposits at Rio Tinto in Spain in
2,300 B. C. and the Chinese probably made lead eoins in 2,000 B. C.
Lead deposits in the Mediterranean and in Great Britain were worked
in antiquity. Roman water pipes are partieularly weH known; they
were produeed by rolling sheet lead (whieh had been made by hammering)
into tubes, and filling the joint with molten lead, thereby forming a
weId (HOFMANN [552]). In the early Middle Ages, lead produetion began
in Bohemia (Pribram about 750) and in the Unterharz (Rammelsberg
since 968) and, in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the lead deposits
in Saxony (Freiberg), in the Rhineland and in the Oberharz were dis-
covered.
Statistics of world production and use of lead are available from 1801
onwards. Between 1826 and 1850, world production of lead had already
risen above 100,000 tons per year, and in the following quarter of a eent-
ury reached 225,000 tons. Great Britain, Spain, Germany and the United
States of America were the most important producers. The London Metal
Exchange was founded in 1862. With the beginning of the present
century, the volume of production in Europe had already been overtaken
by that from overseas (U.S.A., Canada, Mexico, Australia). After the
first World War, world production (if the falls of 1931/32 and 1945 are
disregarded) rose above 1.5 million metric tons per year and has now
almost reached the 3 million mark. The Paley Committee, set up by
President Truman in 1951, made certain assumptions and calculated that
the lead requirements of the Western World (disregarding scrap) would
amount to 2,700,000 tons in 1975 as compared with 1,628,000 tons in
1950. The consumption of refined lead in the Western World for 1963
is reported as 2.3 million tons (metrie) [844]. Even though the shortage
of lead (which was forecast) has not occurred, much of this report still
deserves attention today (KETZER [658]). The reasons for the temporary
over-supply of lead are diseussed by FRIEDENSBURG [342].
1 Hofmann, Lead
2 I. History, Geochemistry, Production
• Telefhermal o
• lepfofhermal
, Hesofhermal
• Pyromefasomafic
• Hypofhermal
• IJne/assiried
Scale af fhe [quafar :
1:400. 000. 000
Fig.2. Distribution 01 the prineipallead and zine mines 01 the world. (Aecording to DUNHAM [262]).
1*
4 1. History, Geochemistry, Production
I
t I
% I Use I
I
t 0/
m
Types of Lead
The production of metallic lead from ore and scrap will be summarised
only, since the subject is outside the scope of this book. For a thorough
study reference should be made, for example, to the publications of
FEISER [309], TAFEL [1158] and THEWS [1179].
1 Including remelted lead, lead in alloys, and lead-content of Ores directly
converted to paints and salts.
2 Including lead-content of zine oxide containing lead.
6 II. Smelter Production
I
Ag
I
As
I
Bi
I Cd
I
Cu
I
Fe
I
I I
Electrolytic
Trail (Tadanac)
-- ---~ -
Lead (Norddeutsche I
Affinerie) 0.0006 0.040 0.0003 0.0001
Feinblei Harz 0.003 to
99.99 (Lautenthai) 0.0007 0.0003 0.005 0.0001 0.0002 0.0005
Smelter Lead 0.001 0.0003 0.008 to 0.0003 0.0005
Hüttenblei Oker 0.05
~---