Che 301 Heat Transfer: Shoeb Ahmed, PHD

14‐Sep‐15
CHE 301
Heat Transfer
Shoeb Ahmed, PhD
Assistant Professor
Chemical Engineering Department
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
September 12th, 2015
Conduction Heat Transfer
• The rate of heat conduction through a medium in a specified direction
(say, in the x-direction) is expressed by Fourier’s law of heat
conduction for one-dimensional heat conduction as:
Heat is conducted in the direction

of decreasing temperature, and
thus the temperature gradient is
negative when heat is conducted
in the positive x -direction.
© 2015 Shoeb Ahmed, PhD
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Steady State Conduction
1 2
1 2
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Heat Flow and Resistance
The heat-transfer rate may be considered as a flow, and the combination of thermal
conductivity, thickness of material, and area as a resistance to this flow. The
temperature is the potential, or driving, function for the heat flow, and the Fourier equation
may be written as
a relation quite like Ohm’s law in electric-circuit theory
where the Rth are the thermal resistances of the various materials. The units for the
thermal resistance are °C/ W or °F. h/Btu
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The heat-transfer rate may be considered as a flow, and the combination of thermal
conductivity, thickness of material, and area as a resistance to this flow. The
temperature is the potential, or driving, function for the heat flow, and the Fourier equation
may be written as
a relation quite like Ohm’s law in electric-circuit theory
where the Rth are the thermal resistances of the various materials. The units for the
thermal resistance are °C/ W or °F. h/Btu
In classifying the insulation, it is common practice to use a term called R value, which is
defined as,
The units for R are °C・m2/W or °F・ft2・h/Btu. Note that this differs from the thermal
resistance concept discussed above in that a heat flow per unit area is used.
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Conduction in Radial System
Consider a long cylinder of inside radius ri, outside radius ro, and length L.We expose this
cylinder to a temperature differential Ti −To and ask what the heat flow will be.
For a cylinder with length very large compared to diameter, it may be assumed that the heat
flows only in a radial direction, so that the only space coordinate needed to specify the
system is r.
Again, Fourier’s law is used by inserting the proper area relation.
The area for heat flow in the cylindrical system is
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Consider a long cylinder of inside radius ri, outside radius ro, and length L.We expose this
cylinder to a temperature differential Ti −To and ask what the heat flow will be.
For a cylinder with length very large compared to diameter, it may be assumed that the heat
flows only in a radial direction, so that the only space coordinate needed to specify the
system is r.
Again, Fourier’s law is used by inserting the proper area relation.
The area for heat flow in the cylindrical system is
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The thermal-resistance concept may be used for multiple-layer cylindrical walls just as it
was used for plane walls. For the three-layer system shown in Figure
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A thick-walled tube of stainless steel [18% Cr, 8% Ni, k =19 W/m・°C] with 2-cm inner
diameter (ID) and 4-cm outer diameter (OD) is covered with a 3-cm layer of asbestos
insulation [k =0.2 W/m・°C]. If the inside wall temperature of the pipe is maintained at 600
°C, calculate the heat loss per meter of length. Also calculate the tube–insulation interface
temperature. Outside temperature is 100 °C.
The heat flow is given by
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The heat flow is given by
This heat flow can be used to calculate the interface

temperature between the outside tube wall and the
insulation. We have
where Ta is the interface temperature, which may be obtained as
Ta=595.8 °C
Boundary Conditions
• Specified Temperature Boundary Condition
• Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition
• Convection Boundary Condition
• Radiation Boundary Condition
• Interface Boundary Conditions
• Generalized Boundary Conditions
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CHE 301
Heat Transfer
Shoeb Ahmed, PhD
Assistant Professor
Boundary Conditions
For one-dimensional heat transfer through a plane wall of thickness L, for example,
the specified temperature boundary conditions can be expressed as
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Boundary Conditions
The heat flux in the positive x-direction anywhere in the medium, including the
boundaries, can be expressed by
For a plate of thickness L subjected to heat flux of 50 W/m2 into the medium from both
sides, for example, the specified heat flux boundary conditions can be expressed as
Boundary Conditions
A well-insulated surface can be modeled as a surface with a specified heat flux of

zero. Then the boundary condition on a perfectly insulated surface (at x = 0, for
example) can be expressed as
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Boundary Conditions
For one-dimensional heat transfer in the x-direction in a plate of

thickness L, the convection boundary conditions on both surfaces:
Boundary Conditions
For one-dimensional heat transfer in the x-direction in

a plate of thickness L, the radiation boundary
conditions on both surfaces can be expressed as
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Boundary Conditions
The boundary conditions at an interface are based on

the requirements that
(1) two bodies in contact must have the same The boundary conditions at the
temperature at the area of contact and interface of two bodies A and B in
perfect contact at x = x0 can be
(2) an interface (which is a surface) cannot store any expressed as
energy, and thus the heat flux on the two sides of an
interface must be the same.
Overall Heat‐transfer Coefficient
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CHE 301
Heat Transfer
Shoeb Ahmed, PhD
Assistant Professor
Critical Thickness of Insulation
If we add more insulation, it will decrease the conduction heat transfer.
However, increasing insulation thickness will increase the convection heat
transfer by increasing outer surface area. So there exist an insulation
thickness that will minimize the overall heat transfer.
Assumption:
1. Steady state condition
2. 1D heat transfer, in r-direction
3. Negligible wall thermal resistance
4. Constant properties of insulation
5. Negligible radiation exchange
between wall and surrounding
From thermal network, the heat transfer is,
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What will be the critical thickness of insulation?
What will be the critical thickness of insulation?
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If the outer radius is less than the value given by this

equation, then the heat transfer will be increased by
adding more insulation.
For outer radii greater than the critical value an

increase in insulation thickness will cause a decrease in
heat transfer.
The central concept is that for sufficiently small values

of h the convection heat loss may actually increase with
the addition of insulation because of increased surface
area.
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Overall Heat Transfer
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Overall Heat Transfer
Conservation of Energy
Consider a thin element of thickness x in a
large plane wall. Assume the density of the wall
is , the specific heat is C, and the area of the
wall normal to the direction of heat transfer is
A. An energy balance on this thin element
during a small time interval t can be
expressed as
q
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Plane Wall with Heat Sources
The general conduction heat transfer equation
at steady state condition:
The general solution of this equation,
Boundary condition,
at x= 0, T= T0
at x= L, T=TW
at x= -L, T=TW
Thus,
C2 = T0
and C1 must be zero, since temperature of the

both wall must be same
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Cylindrical System with Heat Sources
General heat of conduction in cylindrical
system
1
0
Boundary Condition,
0,
0, 0
The final solution

for temperature distribution

2
1
0 0
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Che 301 Heat Transfer: Shoeb Ahmed, PHD

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14‐Sep‐15

Heat is conducted in the direction

a relation quite like Ohm’s law in electric-circuit theory

a relation quite like Ohm’s law in electric-circuit theory

The heat flow is given by

The heat flow is given by

This heat flow can be used to calculate the interface

where Ta is the interface temperature, which may be obtained as

A well-insulated surface can be modeled as a surface with a specified heat flux of

For one-dimensional heat transfer in the x-direction in a plate of

For one-dimensional heat transfer in the x-direction in

The boundary conditions at an interface are based on

From thermal network, the heat transfer is,

What will be the critical thickness of insulation?

What will be the critical thickness of insulation?

If the outer radius is less than the value given by this

For outer radii greater than the critical value an

The central concept is that for sufficiently small values

The general solution of this equation,

and C1 must be zero, since temperature of the

The final solution

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