FUNDAMENTALS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE CHAPTER 1-3

Traditional Approach The approach of Political science is a

Normative It deals not only with what was and is, but also with siveral views of what ought to be.
Theoretical, historical, Other approaches of political science
institutional, Traditional
Political Science It began as a political speculation.
Arthashastra A book written by a Brahman advisor to an Indian King in the 4th Century which is full of
pragmatic advice on how to govern successfully and is a resemblance to The Prince.
The Prince A 16th century work written by Niccolo Machiavelli.
Arthashastra
The Prince Are good examples of Non-western Political Theory.
Writings of Confucius
The Republic (Plato)
Politics (Aristotle) Early western studies of Government. Practical and Theoritical.

Cicero A Roman writer who emphasized the practical aspect of government, especially in the
areas of administration and law.
Medieval period During this period the church became the locus of much of what passed for the
government and the approach became extremely normative.
The New Science Least known but most illustrative work during Renaissance period which is written by
Giovanni Battista.
The Political Class Book A book written in 1831 by William Sullivan which was used as a tool in formal teaching of
the higher classes in schools.
Geopolitics A combination of geographical principles and those of political power (Halford Mackinder)
“Economic Policy” By John Maynard Keynes, An idea that governments, by manipulating such variables as
taxes, spending and the supply of money, could keep the entire economy on even keel.
Traditional approach Emphasized institutions of government
Behavioralism Focused on individuals and their behaviour in social circumstances.
Alfred de Grazia “Political science as I would like it to be.”
Behavioralists According to the traditionalists, they spend too much time measuring inconsequential
aspects of government and that they offer no practical advice on how to govern better.
Behavioralists They are labelled as “ logical positivists”, by definition, limit the scope of inquiry to
observable behaviour.
“Straussian” A label given to the older institutional and normative school of Political science by
professor Leo Strauss.
Leo Strauss Asserted that the fundamental purpose of the study of government remains to help
people better understand government institutions and processes so as to operate them for
the better benefit of all and for the preservation of traditional values such as freedom.
Behavioralists They argue that the measuring with numbers and symbols does not necessarily reduce
what is measured to numbers and symbols. Rather, numbers and measurements enable
one to view governmental phenomena in new ways and not in substitute ways.

Political Will Doing things that is right.

Popular Will Doing things base on number of people.

State A community of persons more or less numerous , permanently occupying a definite

portion of territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of
inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying freedom from external control.
People
Territory 4 fundamental elements of a state
Government
Sovereignty
Government Consists of institutions responsible for making collective decisions for the society.
Conflict and Cooperation Politics involves..
July 4, 1946 Exact date of the Philippine Independence
RA 4166 An act changing the date of Philippine Independence
Nation State Concept Man’s highest state of political development. Remained unchanged.
Nation-state Concept A system of organization in which people with a common identity live inside a country
(Georg Hegel) with firm borders and a single government believing that they are all connected to each
other.
World-state From Aldous Huxley’s dystopia Novel, “ Brave New world.” It is a unified government in
which the government dictates what the people do, how they think and intelligence they
posses.
COMMUNITY. IDENTITY. STABILITY.
Biology Political Science is not a true science because unlike biology, we can’t dissect government
or politics.

BASIC CONCEPTS OF POLITICS

Political Government Highest and most civilized form of government. ( Aristotle)

Aristotle While men and women are by nature gregarious ( they have an instinct to live with their
fellow in order to be fully human), they are also by nature quarrelsome, selfish and a bit
greedy.

3 POSSIBLE OUTCOMES OF HUMAN CONFLICT

(JOHN AND DAVID)

1. Fight
2. Ignore
3. Compromise

Politics The peaceful resolution of human disputes through compromise.

Government An institution whose purpose is to solve human disputes through law and enforce those
solutions or laws through superior power
law A solution to public conflict.
Power The capacity to cause a thing to happen that would not happen without that capacity.

3 KINDS OF POWER

1. Military Power Power which is associated with force and is not a very reliable kind of power.
2. Economic Power Power which is more reliable than military power but is elastic in nature which means one
never knows how much is adequate for one’s purposes or how far it will “stretch”.
3. Psychological Power

Legitimacy The popular perception of a justifiable and acceptable use of public power.
Authority The right to use public power deemed to be legitimate.

REASONS OF ACHIEVEING LEGITIMACY

Religion Saul used Temporal power. To believe in God is to accept Saul as God’s legitimate agent
on earth.
Wisdom Plato believed that ‘Philosopher Kings” are to be leaders whose use of power is legitimized
by virtue of their long education and training for government.
Force Hitler for example, used military power to achieve obedience from the people.
Bloodline Used by European royalties.
Ideology A form of legitimacy through wisdom
Political Culture People’s understanding or orientation of their government.
Political ethos A part of society’s common value system. Also known as public ethos.
Public ethos Consists of the society’s public attitudes, moral code and customary habits.
Public Ethos Constitutes a behaviour pattern that is supposed to be repeated by most members of that
society in a fairly regular manner.
Socialization Achieved by interaction with family, neighbours, teachers and other public groups.
POLITICS This arises from accepting the fact of the simultaneous existence of different groups or
people, with different interests and traditions, all within the same society.
Political society This provides a means of articulation--- a forum for expressing ideas: a free press, freedom
of speech, a parliamentary body, etc.
Politics Is the public actions of free men and women intent on being heard and involved in public
questions.

2 APPROACHES TO DEMOCRACY

1. Political Democracy
2. Egalitarian Democracy

EGALITARIAN DEMOCRACY POLITICAL DEMOCRACY

1. Government is for the people. 1. Government is of, for, and by the people.
2. there is an enforced standard of equality 2. There is an equal opportunity to achieve any standard.
3. The emphasis is on output. 3. The emphasis is on input,
4. Participation is enforced. 4. Participation is encouraged but optional.

THE TIME OF SOVEREIGNTY

Theory of the Time of This is when civil breakdown or an outside emergency or threat arises in genuine form
Sovereignty then a certain extraordinary actions may be allowed and even indeed be required by the
government of a political democracy.

What distinguishes a political democracy from other form of government at such a time is not so much the actions
taken, but the way in which they were taken.

Read THE TIME OF SOVEREIGNTY!!!!!

PREREQUISITES OF THE TIME OF SOVEREIGNTY:

1. The emergency or civil breakdown must be clearly apparent to the vast majority of the citizens. If it is not, then
the seizure of power, generally by the executive part of the government, will not be supported.
2. The leaders who use extraordinary powers during a time of sovereignty must be prepared to relinquish those
powers and return government to the people.
3.

OTHER DEFINITIONS OF POLITICS

Politics Is essentially an activity that must lead in some way to deliberate conciliation of differing
viewpoints in the quest for nonviolent resolutions of human conflict.
The Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle’s book which givs solution to the search for good government.
The Nicomachean Ethics The whole point of politics is not so much “how to rule” as it is “how to rule well”.

Good laws can help make good people, and that good government makes good laws only through politics

Politician A persons of high social responsibility and enormous utility in a pluralistic society that
desperately needs him or her to work out the compromise of good government necessary
to help keep a humane peace in the society.
Constitution Highest law.
Good Conduct Time GCTA
Allowance
Philippine Politics (CBCP “most hurtful for us people”
1997) “Biggest bane in our life as a nation.”
“Pernicious obstacle.”

CONDITIONS THAT DEVELOPED INTO A POLITICAL CANCER

 Lack of understanding of what politics is all about

 Absence or lack of responsible and accountable political parties
 Wholesale failure of the people to vote responsibly
 Erosion of Moral Values

Politics It is about good governance and authentic public service. (Mabuting pamamahala at tapat
na paglilingkod)

Good citizens ----- Good leaders----- good governance

Politics It is the dynamic organization of society for the common good. (pamamaraan ng lipunan
para sa kabutihan ng lahat)
Politics (Vatican II) It is difficult but a noble art”

ABSENCE OF RESPONSIBLE POLITICAL PARTIES

 Butterfly Candidates
 Erring members, either elected or appointed are not punished for wrong doing
 Many politicians look at public office as a means of enrichment
 No clear platform

WHOLESALE FAILURE OF PEOPLE TO VOTE RESPONSIBLY

 Patronage Politics
 Celebrity Politics
 Politics of Pay-Off
 Political Family dynasties

HOW TO GET RID OF POLITICAL CANCER

1. EDUCATION
 Values education, character change
 Awareness of electoral process and dynamics of government structure
2. POLITICAL ACTION
 Active participation in electoral process
 Advocacy on electoral reforms
CHAPTER 3:
THE STATE

State A relatively well-defined piece of territory inhabited by a group of people who have been
traditionally associated with that territory.

3 BASIC INGREDIENTS OF A STATE

1. Bounded territory
2. Unified population
3. Government

THEORIES OF THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE

The Divine Theory Oldest theory of the origin of the state.

This theory states that God created the state and that he had a reason for doing so.
St. Augustine Declared that obedience to the state even when ruled by unjust men and women is a
divine remedy for sin, in that God created the state as a chastisement for original sin.
Thomas Paine Common Sense, “Government like dress is the badge of lost innocence”
Concept of Divine Right If God created the state, God also created the government and decided who should
Rule govern.

DIVINE THEORY IS SEEN ON:

 Ancient Jewish State
 Feudal state of the medieval period
 Theocratic states as Tibet (Leader- Dalai Lama)
 Monarchies of the Middle East (Saudi Arabia)

The Charismatic Theory According to this theory, the state comes about by virtue of a superior being or group of
beings who enforce their will over other people. These people decide to create an
institution for their own purposes and they bind the people together through force.
Adolf Hitler Most dramatic modern manifestation of a charismatic theory statist.

CHARISMATIC LEADERS
 Genghis Khan
 Attila the Hun
 Napoleon Bonaparte

The Natural Theory A benign theory suggested by Aristotle which is the simplest of all.
The state is nothing more than a stage in the evolution of human society.
1. First came men and women
2. Then the horde
3. Family
4. Tribe
5. State

The Sportive Theory (Jose The state is merely the result of an instinct for play, adventure, and sexual conquest
Ortega y Gasset) common to young men who lived in primitive societies that can be defined as loose
hordes. (Pre-family and Pre tribal society)
Social Contract An agreement that creates a state and its government.
According to Hobbes:

THOMAS HOBBES is a British philosopher who sought both to justify the claim to absolute rule of King Charles 1 of Great
Britain and also to describe the nature of monarchy.
 He began his theory with the assertion that in early days people lived in a primitive society which is called, “the
state of nature.”
State of Nature – a time and place where everyone was at war with everyone else- where greed and violence so
undermined the hope for stability that people fell into a state of despair.
 The Leviathan- a book which stated that “life is nasty, brutish and short.”
 The people made a contract but is was ONE-WAY.
 People created the state, under an AUTHORITARIAN RULER
 FEAR was the major motivation.

According to Locke:

JOHN LOCKE a British philosopher who attempted to explain how a king of Great Britain had been deposited prior to the
Glorious Revolution
 The state of nature was not quite bad. There were danger but there were rational people as well
 People made a contract with the monarch, it was TWO-WAY CONTRACT. The people would obey the law, pay
their taxes, and other reasonable things while the monarch owed something to the people, protection, liberty
and prosperity.
 The monarch, by breaking the contract, gives the people the, right of revolution.
 Preatise of Civil Government- a book written by John Locke.

According to Jean Jacques Rousseau:

JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU is a Frenchman.
 In the state of nature, life was pleasant.
 It was simply a state of unstructured humankind
 A “noble savage” inhabited this rational and pleasant world and that savage was KIND and GENEROUS: GOOD
PERSON
 He argued that it was the so called PROCESS OF CIVILIZATION that created the phenomena of greed, lust and
violence
 Consensus would arise making it known as ‘GENERAL WILL and once the GENERAL WILL was known it was
SOVEREIGN.
 He gave the US an idea that government could exist by consent of the people without necessity for having a king
and queen.

liberty The right to be heard by government without fear of reprisal and the right to be
represented in some way before government.
Thomas Jefferson Used the theory of John Locke in drafting the Declaration of Independence in US.
Preatise of Civil John Locke
Government
 Idea of Rousseau
 John Locke’s
concept of Right to Led to the establishment of the first of our nation’s constitutions, the Articles of
Revolution Confederation and later led to the current AMERICAN CONSTITUTION.
 John Locke’s
concept of social
contract
English Dissenters They left Great Britain in order to seek religious freedom and self government in the
(Pilgrims) colony of Jamestown in Virginia.
Mayflower The ship on which the Pilgrims travelled, got lost.
Mayflower compact A document drew up by the pilgrims.
In the compact are all the ingredients of a modern constitution: who shall rule, what the
structure of government shall be, and what the basic laws shall be.
Fundamental Constitution A charter Written by John Locke used in the case of the colony that became South
Carolina

FEUDAL STATE AND NATION STATE

Kinds of States:
 Tribal state
 City state
 Vast Empire states

Modern nation state It derives its beginning from the medieval feudal states or feudal kingdoms of Europe
which developed because of the fall of the Roman Empire, 500-700 A.D.
Pax Romana “the great of Rome” One code of law, under the protection of one military
structure, enjoyed one form of money, practiced one form of religion.
Norsemen
Vikings Invaders of Central and western Europe
Danes
And etc

WHAT HAPPENED

 One code of law, under the protection of one military structure, enjoyed one form of money, practiced one form
of religion.
 There was uniformity in administration, one common language (Latin) an a general awareness of the unity of
civilization
 Invaders came which left uncertainty, fear and danger
 The dangers came primarily because of the Invaders of Central and western Europe in the face of Norsemen,
Vikings, Danes and other invaders in the extreme north part of Europe.
 Small groups of people banned together and chose a leader who would protect them. In exchange for his
protection, the people gave the leader a portion of the products of their farms or fruits of the hunt. In return the
leader spent his time organizing defense and preparing for a possible encounter with invading forces.

Lesser leaders and greater leaders relationship: reciprocal

 The church was left without protection. So they sought an alliance with the knights, Duke and King.
 The king, duke and knights would protect the church buildings, watch over the priests in their travels and
encourage the people who lived under them to participate in religious activities. In exchange the church would
support the secular leaders.
 The king was not completely free to do as they wished because there is always representative of the church to
tell them that they could not go to war under certain circumstances for an unjust cause.
 Tension was build up so a reformation was made, in effect, a split in the church.
 Thus a 30 years war which began at 1618 and lasted until 1648. War between the secular leaders and religious
leaders.
 Treaty of Westphalia------- birth of the Nation State

Lesser Leaders They owed the greater leader their combined efforts to protect the fortress “on call” pay
him with their agricultural produce and whatever wealth they control.
Greater leaders Owed the lesser leaders protection. They consulted among themselves and choose a super
leader
Super leaders They lived in castles and controls the lesser and greater leaders.
Duke Comes from the Latin word, “ducto” meaning, Leader.
Knights Lesser leaders who controlled a group of farms and village and lived in manor houses and
become known as the controllers of their territory.
Dukes Greater leader who protects the knights and controlled the combined territories of the
knights including many farms and several villages
Kings Super leaders who protects the dukes and owns the entire territory.

POPE

King Archbishop

Dukes Bishop

Knights Priest

Common people, farmers, serfs

Vassal Relationship

Sovereignty Highest power in the state to command and enforce obedience. It is absolute, Complete
and indivisible.
Nationalism Is people’s identity with the nation as the perfect community and the insistence that Is
purpose be served by the system of nation-state.

EVOLUTION OF NATIONALISM
1. Form of liberating movement in which a group of people different from it who felt themselves from an outside
ruler rose up, united by their feelings of separateness and seized their own government becoming a new nation-
state
2. IN the 19th century when under the guise of national competition, various unorganized parts of AFRICA and ASIA
were colonized
3. In the 20th century, nationalism has been the backbone of the anti-colonial experience which began to assert
itself most prominently at the end of World War II.

PROBLEMS OF NATIONALISM
1. Egocentrism
2. Loss of objectivity
3. Confusion of terminology
4. Universal assertion of values
5. Overcommitment to secondary interest
6. Neotribalism
 7. Enforced limitation on the growth of human personality

Egocentrism
Loss of objectivity
Confusion of terminology
Universal Assertion of
Values
Overcommitment to
secondary Interests
National Interest
Vital interest and
Secondary interest
Vital Interest
Secondary Interest
Nationalist
Ultranationalist
Neotribalism
Totem
taboo
Ostracism
Enforced limitation on the
Growth of Human
Personality
Id, ego and super ego
Id
Ego
Super Ego
Expresses itself in the propensity for nations to view the world from their own central
perspective- to identify good and evil, right or wrong from the point of view of those
things that are beneficial to their own nation, even though those same things may not be
beneficial to others.
Many nations are unable to see the other side of a particular international question. The
only side that is of importance to a nation-state is its own.
Concept of defense. A nation-state’s weapons are felt to be defensive whereas the
weapons of antagonists are always offensive.
The values of a state are asserted as the proper values for all other state.
A problem of nationalism. An ultranationalist cannot distinguish what is secondary from
vital interest. To an ultranationalist, all interest are vital hence are willing to risk to go to
war for anything desired by the nation-state.
The nations goals, interest and values
Division of National Interest
Defined as the things that would primarily and fundamentally affect the nation state’s
territory, people and its economy.
Are things that are not necessarily vital to a nation state’s well being. These are things that
a nation state would like to see occur or posses.
These are interests that are compromiseable
A person who is unable to distinguish between things that are of a secondary interest and
those that are vital
A person who views all interest as vital and that no interest should be compromised. He is
willing to go to war, or at least willing to risk war for anything that is desired by the nation
state.
Obey the general totems and taboos of the society or get out. Do not attempt to change
the ideas, values or customs or even to question them
Is something that must be done.
Is something that must not be done.
When a totem or a taboo in a primitive society is broken, this is the general punishment
which is the casting out of the individual from the particular tribe.
It is wrong to identify with all human beings, because humanity consists of different
cultures and different ideas and people can never be united into a single life form
By Sigmund Freud
It is the personality of a child. It is entirely self-centered
The awareness of others: parents, siblings, neighbours, the community. A child realizes
that although he or she has wants, the society also has wants, and these must somehow
be brought into harmony
The individual identifies not only with those with whom he or she is most familiar but also
with humanity in general.

BENEFITS OF NATIONALISM

1. It can unify a diverse population toward a common beneficial ends

2. It can become part of a persons identity and help him or her understand his/her own life in the context of
history of the society and its future goals.

Cross Symbols for Christians

Statue of Buddha Symbol for Buddhist
Star of David Symbol for Jew
Geometric form Symbol for Muslims
flag Greatest symbol for nation state
National Anthems
Language Other symbols
Folklores
Nationalism Is an abstraction. It does not exist in physical, measurable or empirical world.

NATIONALISM IN TODAY’S WORLD:ISSUES

 The limits of Self-Determination- Can all groups of people who come to share common language, culture, races,
or histories become a nation state?
 Identifying a Nation- what is an American? Answer: Symbol of Uncle Sam. WASP
W- White
A- Anglo
S -Saxon
P- Protestant
 National Boundaries

 Irridentias- an Italian word describing the territory of the Trieste Peninsula. Italia Irridentia, “unredeemed Italy”

- Once a territory falls under the sovereign control of a nation-state, no matter that territory is lost
through war remains forever a part of its original sovereign government.
 Divided Nations-
Example: North and South Korea
German wall- iron curtain

 Temptation towards Aggression- if there is no higher authority or limitation on the desires and goals of
national government itself, there is a temptation to go to war for territorial expansion or to achieve economic
goals

STATES:
 City state
 Empire state
 Feudal state
 Modern nation state
George Orwell In his book 1984, he envisioned the most popular prediction in this regard- “regional
state”.
In his concept of Oceania, Eurasia, Eastasia, a highly technological government that unites
people formerly divided by their nationality into an enterprise of larger goals and greater
economic unity.

SOCIAL CONTRACT
HOBBES LOCKE ROUSSEAU
STATE OF NATURE  Nasty It was not as bad as how Unstructured human-kind
 Brutish Hobbes viewed it
 Short
PEOPLE Rational Rational Rational
SOVERISM Ruler People Idea/General Will
MOTIVATION Fear Practicality Practicality
CONTRACT One way Two way Consensus
Patriotism The rational approach to nationalism.
Patriot A person who loves his or her nation state.
Superpatriot Another term for ultranationalist.
Liberty
Equality French phrase or slogan
Fraternity
Steven Decatur “My country, may she always be in the right, but my country right or wrong.”

CHAPTER 4: THE NATURE OF GOVERNMENT

ARISTOTLE’S CLASSIFICATION

3 Basic Kinds of Government

1. Government based on Rule by One

2. Government based on Rule by the Few
3. Government based on Rule by the Many

Monarchy A government in which only the King participates.

Monarchy Aristotle describes this as a government in which the monarchy (Archon in Greek city
states rules for the benefit of the people. (Good form of Government)
Monarchy This form of government is concerned for the good law, order, and social justice.
Tyranny A perverse form of monarchy.
Tyranny A government in which the monarch rules not for the good of the subjects but rather for
the benefit of his own ego to accumulate wealth and to satisfy a lust for power.
Tyranny The ruler of this form of government is not legitimate, and the people of the society not
only have the right but also the duty to do against with him.
Aristocracy From the Greek words, “aris” and “archy” which means, “rule by the best”
Aristocracy A form of government in which quite a few people participate (10-20) and are all
considered to be the wisest, the most just, and the most honest people in the particular
state.
Aristocracy Rulers of this from of government tend to be more contemplative and careful with their
actions
Oligarchy The perverse form of aristocracy.
Oligarchy From Greek meaning, “rule of the few”
Oligarchy A form of government in which only a few people collectively takes over the power of the
government not for the benefit of the people, not for the pursuit of wise and just
government but rather for their own material benefit and for their own vainglory.
Polity The best possible form of government although not always probable and indeed most
difficult to achieve in any fashion according to Aristotle
Polity A form of government in which justice is sought, the highest form of wisdom is distilled
through compromise and conciliation and government generally works for the benefit of
all.
Democracy Perverse form for polity
Democracy From Greek meaning, “Rule of the people”.
Democracy In this form of government the citizens go into the chambers of government not to do
social justice or to try and achieve solutions to problems that will maximize public benefits
but rather each goes to seek his or her own ends. (mob rule or anarchy)
Thucydides “ when one rises to power, the existing power is challenged”
Kyro God’s perfect time

Aristotle’s Classification of Governments

Rule by One Rule by the Few Rule by the Many

Proper Form Monarchy Aristocracy Polity (Democracy
Perverse Form Tyranny Oligarchy Democracy ( Mob Rule)

Classification by Constitution

1. It describes the basic organs of government

2. It divides the powers of government by describing where they shall exist and how they shall be used.
3. It sets limits on the use of governmental power, including the use of sovereignty within the nation-state.

NOTE!
Governments that seek political democracy are more apt to be truly constitutional

2 OTHER FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

1. Authoritarian Government – most common form of government
2. Totalitarian Government

NOTE!
American political democracy has chosen a FEDERAL FORM with a PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM of Government.

IN THE PHILIPPINE CONTEXT

UNITARY SET-UP

National Government

Vertical Sharing of Power

Local Government

FEDERAL SET-UP

National Government State Government

Horizontal Sharing of Power

Constitutions They seem to describe the basic points of division

 FORMS OF POLITICAL DEMOCRACY
1. THE UNITARY FORM
 All governing power, including sovereign power, exists in a single government over the entire nation.
 Any public issue, public service or public activity within the boundaries of the nation-state is under the
direct control of the central, sovereign, unitary government
 Many have subdivisions but will be merely extensions or local government of the central government
 Most government of the feudal period and the early nation-state period in Europe were classified in
this form

2. THE CONFEDERAL FORM

 Major Alternative to Unitary Government
 When several sovereign states with unitary form of government come together under a central
government that is assigned to make as uniform as possible the major laws of each of the parts of the
confederation
 Each unit can choose to recognize the power of the confederacy, free to decide if they will or will not
abide by the general law proposed.

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1787

o The US founding fathers invented a third form of government which fell between the extremes of unitary and
confederal government------- FEDERAL FORM

PROBLEM:
 Self-evident
 General laws over sovereign entities are seldom satisfactory
 General or central government generally lacks the power to make them prevail when sufficient number of
sovereign subunits disagree with them

Athenian Confederacy- a confederacy formed in Ancient Greece

3. THE FEDERAL FORM

 A central sovereign government that would have the power to make laws over the entire federal union
but this sovereign government would be limited to certain specific purposes.

NOTE!
SYSTEM- refers to the pattern of distribution of the functions of the government (Executive, Legislative and Judiciary)
FORMS - Describes the division of power within a government structure.

Articles of Confederation First national constitution of the Americans

Federalism Distribution of power between the central authority and its constituent in a government.
As a layer cake and a Marble cake

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

1. National Defense
2. Foreign Relations
3. Promotion of the general welfare (Taxation)

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT

1. Administration (administrative power)

 2. Supplying the basic needs through taxation (services)
3. Protection of public health, safety and morality (Police Protection)
 States would take care of health needs through the establishment of country health departments which
would administer immunization and quarantine activities.
 The keeping of public morality in terms of prevailing codes of the day would fall under local law
enforcement
 Most crimes fall under the jurisdiction of the states
 Most criminals would be tried in state courts and punished by state institutions.

Police Power
Police Protection
Division of Power
Boundaries of the Local
Units
Defined as the protection of the public health, safety and morality
The state would provide this generally in the form of county sheriffs
Two principles of Federalism1

FEDERALISM IN THE PHILIPPINES

LUZON- 4 Federal States

1. Federal State of Northern Luzon
No. of Provinces No. of Cities No. of Municipalities No of Barangays
15 14 284 5,950

2. Federal State of Central Luzon

7 13 118 3,094

3.Federal State of Bicol

5 6 87 2,920

4. Federal State of Southern Tagalog

5 12 131 4,007

VISAYAS- 4 Federal States

1. Federal State of Minparom

5 2 71 1,526

2.Federal State of Eastern Visayas

6 7 136 4, 390

3. Federal State of Central Visayas

5 17 136 3, 549

4. Federal State of Western Visayas

6 16 130 4, 047

MINDANAO-3 Federal States

1. Federal State of Northern Mindanao

11 16 189 4,552

2.Federal State of Southern Mindanao

10 13 119 3, 849
 3. Federal State of BangsaMoro
6 4 107 2, 522

SEATS OF POWER DISPERSED

 EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT- Metro Manila
 LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT- Central Visayas
 JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT- Northern Mindanao

SHARING OF NATIONAL TAXES

PERCENTAGE SHARE OF
20% Federal Government
80% States

SHARING OF 80% ACCORDING TO STATES

PERCENTAGE SHARE OF
30% State Government
70% Provinces, Cities, Municipalities and
Barangays

Federalism is to Accomplish two major Things

1. Cause the speedy development of the entire country by unleashing the forces of competitiveness among the States
2. Dissipate the causes of rebellion in the country and particularly in Mindanao

Presidential System A system of government where an executive branch exists and presides separately from
the legislature, to which it is not accountable and which cannot, in normal circumstances,
dismiss it.

AMERICA’S PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM

STATE GOVERNMENT FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

 PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM (US)

LEGISLATIVE POWER

(Congress)

EXECUTIVE STRICT Judicial

SEPARATION OF

POWER POWERS power

THE PHILIPPINES ADOPTS A PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM

The President Is the final point of a political career in the Philippines.

LEGISLATIVE EXECUTIVE JUDICIARY

HEAD OF STATE
PRESIDENT
HEAD OF
GOVERNMENT
GOVERNOR
CABINET MEMBERS

VICE GOVERNOR

CITY/MUNICIPAL MAYOR

VICE MAYOR

BARANGAY CAPTAIN
 PRESIDENT IN THE 1987 CONSTITUTION

THE PRESIDENT

MEMBERS 1

TERM 6 YEARS

TERM LIMIT NO REELECTION

DISTRICT NATIONAL CONSTITUENCY

METHOD OF ELECTION PLURAL

REMOVAL FROM THE OFFICE IMPEACHMENT

CHARACTERISTICS:
 The President does not propose bills. However the president has the power to veto.
 The president has a fixed term of office Elections are held at scheduled times
 The executive branch is unipersonal
 The power to pardon or commute sentences of convicted criminals

DISADVANTAGES:
 Tendency towards authoritarianism
 Separation of powers
 Impediments to leadership change

ADVANTAGES:
 Direct mandate
 Separation of powers
 Speed and decisiveness

DISADVANTAGES: FILIPINO PERSPECTIVE

 Tripartite system
 Weak institutions
 Dominant force
 The president and legislature
 Impact of constitution
  Public administration
Parliamentary system
Vote of No confidence
PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM
A system of government where the powers that are considered executive and those that
are considered legislative in nature are vested in the same person or group of persons.
NO PRINCIPLE OF SEPARATION OF POWERS.
Dependent on the direct or indirect support of the parliament often expressed through a
_____________________.
The Parliamentary System Is essentially the outgrowth of an evolution that began in the thirteenth century when Kin
John of Great Britain called together a few discreet knights and other nobles to advise him
on the necessity and methods for tax collection.
Parliaments The meetings were called as _______.
Cabinet Ministers or a kind of collegial executive group.

Characteristics of Parliamentary Government:

 Fusion of the executive and the legislative functions
 Party responsibility
 Indefinite term of office
 Temporary irrelevance of the minority
 Collegial executive
 Separation of heads of government and state

Bye-elections Occurs when there is a death or resignation of a member of parliament

A loss of the majority A more frequent cause for a premature termination of a term of government in a
through bye-elections parliamentary system.
A vote of No confidence/a
loss on a vote of no Occurs if there has been corruption or other wrongdoing by the cabinet members.
confidence
Loss of a majority vote on Occur when a new issue which was not anticipated in the party platform rises to major
a major issue importance and results in a split among the members of the majority party.
Shadow Cabinet Other term for the minority party.
Collegial executive Is a collection of ministers (cabinet) who must make decisions as a group and must be in
general agreement before legislation is recommended or policies are proposed.
Prime Minister In Great Britain, he is commonly referred to as, “first among equas”.
20 and 25 members A cabinet generally numbers ______________.
Inner-cabinet It is generally made up of very important ministers such as those concerned with defense,
finance, foreign relations and internal police.
Prime minister In a parliamentary system, he is the head of the government.
Prime minister He leads the cabinet and therefore leads the government.
Prime Minister or premier His function is to make policy and suggest laws through his or her subordinates.
King or Queen In Great Britain, he or she is the head of state.
Netherlands
Denmark Other constitutional monarchies in which a royal figure also serves as the head of state.
Japan
Italy and India Are examples of parliamentary countries that lacks a constitutional monarchy and has a
separate head of state (President)
Head of State (King or He reigns but does not rule.
Queen)
See that there is a
government and is in the 2 important functions of the head of the state
area of ceremony
Head of state Popular symbol of the government
coalition Grouping together of several parties whose leaders combine into a single cabinet and
whose members agree to vote in accordance with whatever common principles may exists
among their collective platforms.

COMPARISONS OF PARLIAMENTARY AND PRESIDENTIAL

 STRENGTH
 PUBLIC CONFIDENCE
 FLEXIBILITY
PROBLEMS WITH PARLIAMENTARY
- Instability
- Dominant Role of the Cabinet
- Distance between Constituents and representatives

PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM

 Separation of powers between the 3 branches of
government
 Principle of check and balance
 Head of state is also the head of the government
 Voters elect directly their representatives
 The elected president chooses his own cabinet
secretaries to be department heads
 Term of office is limited
 Can be remove in an office thru IMPEACHMENT
 Multiple party system
 There is fusion of powers between executive and
legislative
 Principle of collective ministerial responsibility
 Head of state is the monarch, head of
government is the Prime Minister
 Voters directly elect the representatives of the
party
 The party that won more seats will be the
majority party
 The majority party will choose their prime
minister
 No fixed term of office
 Can be removed thru vote of no confidence or
vote of censure
 Strong two party system

UK PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM
FEATURES:
 Executive derived from legislature
 Fusion of powers
 Parliamentary sovereignty
 Unitary system
 Centralisation and decentralisation (devolution)