Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Complex Numbers and

Operations between
Them
Objectives:

To define the set of complex numbers and its properties

To obtain integer powers of i and conjugates of a complex

number

To perform operations involving complex numbers

Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Definition
The set of complex numbers C is
defined as:
C = {a + bi|a, b ∈ R, i2 = −1}
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Properties of Complex Numbers

Let z = a + bi ∈ C
• Standard or Rectangular Form: z = a + bi
• Real Part of z: Re(z) = a
• Imaginary Part of z: Im(z) = b
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Properties of Complex Numbers

Let z = a + bi ∈ C
• Standard or Rectangular Form: z = a + bi
• Real Part of z: Re(z) = a
• Imaginary Part of z: Im(z) = b

Example:
z = 3 − 7i

• Re(z) = 3
• Im(z) = −7
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Properties of Complex Numbers

Given z = a + bi, z ∈ C
• if b = 0, z is a Real Number: a = a + 0i.
• if b 6= 0, z is an Imaginary Number.
• if a = 0, z is a Pure Imaginary Number:
bi = 0 + bi.

Examples:
• 5 is a real number.
• 2 + 3i is an imaginary number.
• 7i is a pure imaginary number.
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Definition
If p > 0, then the principal square root of −p,
√
denoted by −p, is given by
√ √
−p = i p

Examples:
√ √
• −4 = i 4 = 2i
• 3i and −3i are square roots of -9 since
(−3i)2 = −9 and (3i)2 = −9. The principal
square root of −9 is 3i.
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Powers of i
Given n ∈ N, n 6= 1.

in
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Powers of i
Given n ∈ N, n 6= 1.
If r is the remainder when n is divided by 4, then


 1 if r = 0
i if r = 1

in =

 −1 if r = 2
−i if r = 3

Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Powers of i
Given n ∈ N, n 6= 1.
If r is the remainder when n is divided by 4, then


 1 if r = 0
i if r = 1

in =

 −1 if r = 2
−i if r = 3


Note: The laws of integer exponents apply to

complex numbers.
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

The Powers of i

Example:

−7i13 + 10i6 − 5i3 + 4i

Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

The Powers of i

Example:

−7i13 + 10i6 − 5i3 + 4i

= −7i4·3+1 + 10i4·1+2 − 5i4·0+3 + 4i
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

The Powers of i

Example:

−7i13 + 10i6 − 5i3 + 4i

= −7i4·3+1 + 10i4·1+2 − 5i4·0+3 + 4i
= −7i − 10 + 5i + 4i
= −10 + 2i
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Conjugate of a Complex Number

Definition
The conjugate of z = a + bi:

z̄ = a + bi = a − bi.

Examples:
• 7 + 2i = 7 − 2i
• 9=9
• 5i = −5i
• i − 1 = −1 − i
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Operations on Complex Numbers

Note:
1. Two complex numbers a + bi and c + di are
equal if a = c and b = d.
2. The axioms for the real number system hold for
C, except for the order axioms.
3. There is no concept of ‘order’ in C.
4. Identity Element of Addition in C: 0 = 0 + 0i
5. Identity Element of Multiplication in C:
1 = 1 + 0i
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

Definition
Let z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di ∈ C.
Then

z1 + z2 = (a + bi) + (c + di)
= (a + c) + (b + d)i

z1 − z2 = (a + bi) − (c + di)
= (a − c) + (b − d)i
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

Example: Let z1 = 3 + 2i and z2 = 4 − 3i.

1.
z1 + z2
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

Example: Let z1 = 3 + 2i and z2 = 4 − 3i.

1.
z1 + z2 = (3 + 2i) + (4 + (−3)i)
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

Example: Let z1 = 3 + 2i and z2 = 4 − 3i.

1.
z1 + z2 = (3 + 2i) + (4 + (−3)i)
= (3 + 4) + (2 + (−3))i
= 7−i
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

Example: Let z1 = 3 + 2i and z2 = 4 − 3i.

1.
z1 + z2 = (3 + 2i) + (4 + (−3)i)
= (3 + 4) + (2 + (−3))i
= 7−i

2.
z1 − z2
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

Example: Let z1 = 3 + 2i and z2 = 4 − 3i.

1.
z1 + z2 = (3 + 2i) + (4 + (−3)i)
= (3 + 4) + (2 + (−3))i
= 7−i

2.
z1 − z2 = (3 + 2i) − (4 + (−3)i)
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

Example: Let z1 = 3 + 2i and z2 = 4 − 3i.

1.
z1 + z2 = (3 + 2i) + (4 + (−3)i)
= (3 + 4) + (2 + (−3))i
= 7−i

2.
z1 − z2 = (3 + 2i) − (4 + (−3)i)
= (3 − 4) + (2 − (−3))i
= −1 + 5i
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers

Definition
If z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di ∈ C, then

z1 · z2 = (a + bi) · (c + di)
= (ac − bd) + (ad + bc)i

z1 a + bi c − di
= ·
z2 c + di c − di
ac + bd bc − ad
= 2 + 2 i, z2 6= 0
c + d2 c + d2
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers

Example: Let z1 = 2 − 3i and z2 = 1 + 5i.

1. z1 · z2
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers

Example: Let z1 = 2 − 3i and z2 = 1 + 5i.

1. z1 · z2 = (2 + (−3)i) · (1 + 5i)
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers

Example: Let z1 = 2 − 3i and z2 = 1 + 5i.

1. z1 · z2 = (2 + (−3)i) · (1 + 5i)

= (2 · 1 − (−3) · 5) + (2 · 5 + (−3) · 1)i

Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers

Example: Let z1 = 2 − 3i and z2 = 1 + 5i.

1. z1 · z2 = (2 + (−3)i) · (1 + 5i)

= (2 · 1 − (−3) · 5) + (2 · 5 + (−3) · 1)i

= (2 − (−15)) + (10 − 3)i
= 17 + 7i
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers

Example: Let z1 = 2 − 3i and z2 = 1 + 5i.

1. z1 · z2 = (2 + (−3)i) · (1 + 5i)

= (2 · 1 − (−3) · 5) + (2 · 5 + (−3) · 1)i

= (2 − (−15)) + (10 − 3)i
= 17 + 7i

2.
z1
z2
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers

Example: Let z1 = 2 − 3i and z2 = 1 + 5i.

1. z1 · z2 = (2 + (−3)i) · (1 + 5i)

= (2 · 1 − (−3) · 5) + (2 · 5 + (−3) · 1)i

= (2 − (−15)) + (10 − 3)i
= 17 + 7i

2.
z1 2 − 3i
=
z2 1 + 5i
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers

Example: Let z1 = 2 − 3i and z2 = 1 + 5i.

1. z1 · z2 = (2 + (−3)i) · (1 + 5i)

= (2 · 1 − (−3) · 5) + (2 · 5 + (−3) · 1)i

= (2 − (−15)) + (10 − 3)i
= 17 + 7i

2.
z1 2 − 3i 1 − 5i
= ·
z2 1 + 5i 1 − 5i
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers

Example: Let z1 = 2 − 3i and z2 = 1 + 5i.

1. z1 · z2 = (2 + (−3)i) · (1 + 5i)

= (2 · 1 − (−3) · 5) + (2 · 5 + (−3) · 1)i

= (2 − (−15)) + (10 − 3)i
= 17 + 7i

2.
z1 2 − 3i 1 − 5i 2 − 15 + (−3 − 10)i
= · =
z2 1 + 5i 1 − 5i 1 + 25
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers

Example: Let z1 = 2 − 3i and z2 = 1 + 5i.

1. z1 · z2 = (2 + (−3)i) · (1 + 5i)

= (2 · 1 − (−3) · 5) + (2 · 5 + (−3) · 1)i

= (2 − (−15)) + (10 − 3)i
= 17 + 7i

2.
z1 2 − 3i 1 − 5i 2 − 15 + (−3 − 10)i
= · =
z2 1 + 5i 1 − 5i 1 + 25
−13 − 13i 1 1
= =− − i
26 2 2
Complex Numbers Powers and Conjugates Operations on C

Exercise:

Perform the following operations and simplify.

1. 3i(i2012 − i67 + 5i5 − i−2 )
√ ! √ √ !
−1 3 2 2
2. + i − i
2 2 2 2

3i − 2 2 − i75 − 2(i + 1)
3. 5. √
3i + 2 2 − −4
7 + i − 4(3 − i)
4.
6 − 5i51