UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST

College of Business Administration

LESSON SUMMARY

Submitted By:
GALANG, Mary Rozweld S.
BSA – 5B

Submitted To:
Prof. Peter Go-monilla

March 21, 2019

 LESSON 1: Ethics and Philosophical Inquiry

The word Ethics came from the Greek word ‘Ethos’ which means “customs” and

from the Latin word ‘mos’ which means “moral/mores”. Ethics is defined as the set of

standards of right and wrong. It is also the study of morality, good, bad, right and wrong.

The 2 major areas of Ethics that was mentioned are Meta-ethics and Normative Ethics.

Meta-ethics attempts to determine the meanings of terms such as right, good, virtue and

justice and it is not just simply determining the meaning but it goes beyond what is

expected. The approaches in Meta-ethics are cognitivism, intuitionism, naturalism and

subjectivism. The next one is the Normative Ethics is the study of ethical action and it

has a standard for the rightness and wrongness of an action. Under Normative Ethics,

theories are classified as consequentialism, deontological ethics and virtue ethics. On

the other hand, philosophical inquiry aims to gain answers to questions about truth,

reality and other concepts in life.

At the end of the lesson, I’ve learned that humans have 2 fundamental

obligations in life and it is to do what is good and to avoid what is evil. In that way, they

will be considered as a moral person. Also, a man can only attain the truth if he/she is

sure that his/her philosophy is based on facts or evidences. I also learned that in

philosophical inquiry, methodology is needed because it will serve as a guide to an

inquiry.
 LESSON 2: Moral Dilemma

Moral dilemma is a conflict wherein you will have to choose between two or more

actions and have moral reason for each action. The moral dilemma is also called the

‘principle of double effect’. According to St. Thomas, if one’s intention is to save one’s

own life then the act is not unlawful. Another one is the act of self-defense may be

rendered unlawful if a man in self-defense uses more than the necessary violence.

There are four important elements in making moral decisions: ‘The evil effect must not

precede the good effect’, ’There must be a reason sufficiently grave calling for the act in

its good effect’, ‘The intention of the agent, person or doer must be honest’ and the last

one is ‘The act itself must be indifferent’.

At the end of the lesson, I’ve learned that in making moral decision you must not

just choose what’s the best but you must choose what you think is right and moral. If

you are in that kind of situation, you must examine the acts first and determine what will

be the possible consequences of the act and you as a person must decide in

accordance to divine and natural laws which governs moral life. We must also keep in

mind that every conflict has opposing values, beliefs and norms. So, we must not only

think of ourselves but also for our society. Also, we must also apply the 7 steps in moral

reasoning which are: Stop and Think, Clarify Goals, Determine Facts, Develop Options,

Consider Consequences, Choose and last but not the least Monitor and Modify. I

believe when we apply all of these, our moral decision will not be wrong and we will not

surely regret whatever decision that we will make because we are able to apply the

elements and apply the 7 steps in moral reasoning.

 LESSON 3: Ethics and Culture

Ethics is concerned with questions of how people ought to act and the search of

definition of right conduct and the good life while culture according to Daft is a set of

common values, norms, beliefs, and ideas shared by members of the same group and

not written. There are 6 characteristics of culture: Culture is shared and transmitted;

Culture is learned and acquired; Culture is a social phenomenon; Culture gratifies

human needs; Culture is dynamic and culture is integrated. Aside from the

characteristics of culture there are also 2 types of cultural views. The first one is the

Ethnocentrism which is the tendency to perceive and judge others according to one’s

cultural standards and the second one is the Xenocentrism which means that you value

other cultures more highly than your own culture.

At the end of the lesson, I learned that in a culture there is an ethical standard

which is an explicit code of conduct required by the organization for all those within it to

follow. I also learned that there is no culture superior/inferior to other culture because

every culture is equal and we must know how to respect each culture. I also learned

that an infant becomes human through culture because the right conduct and character

are a result of culture but an infant cannot acquire it without the help of his/her parents.

Moral norms are necessary for one culture so that all of us may live peacefully and

happily with each other. Debt of Gratitude or Utang na loob means freely helping

someone without expecting something in return. Utang na loob is defined as normative

concept of right and wrong when it is consider as a moral obligation.

 LESSON 4: Human Beings and Culture

Family is a product of a particular culture as the basic unit of the society and it is

therefore our primary source of morality. Our parents are our first teachers of right and

wrong that’s why good character should start at home. Charles Darwin recognized that

what makes us most unique and our most important characteristic is the moral sense

which is the ability to know what is good and bad. It is said that culture is influenced

largely by the speed, attractiveness, and accessibility of the mass media, television and

social media. Morality is rooted on the basic personhood of the whole humanity and it is

fundamentally anchored on the understanding of the individual self and personhood of

others.

At the end of the lesson, I learned that a human being has a characteristic of

knowing what is good and bad which is called moral sense. We can also acquire moral

values by having an interaction of persons in the society. Nowadays, our culture is very

different from the past culture. Like for the past culture, parents are very strict with their

children and if they don’t follow the rules of their parents there will be a consequence for

that. In today’s culture, parents give more freedom to their children and allow them to

learn from their own mistakes and teach them to become independent. That is why a

person will not be considered as human being if he/she doesn’t know what it means to

be a human. Everything starts at home and everything that we learned before we enroll

in school came from our parents. So if we learn good things from them there is a

possibility that we will be a good person but we must not depend on our parents

because at the end of the day if we get old we will be the one to decide for ourselves

and we will be the one who will choose what kind of attitude what we want to have.
 LESSON 5: Cultural Relativism

It is said that Cultural Relativism is the idea that a person’s beliefs, values, and

practices should be understood based on that person’s own culture rather than be

judged against the criteria of another. It is also said that Cultural Relativism challenges

our belief in the objectivity and universality of moral truth. Different societies have moral

codes and the moral code of a society determines what is right within the society; that

is, if the moral code of the society says that a certain action is right then that action is

right at least within that society. The strengths of relativism are: Relativism helps to

avoid the attitude of moral dictatorship; Relativism respects the wisdom of different

cultures and Relativism promotes unity and harmony among cultures. Meanwhile,

Relativism has also its problems which are: Toleration and acceptance of social

injustice and inhumane activities; Rejection of higher universal or common moral

standards; Assumption that knowledge of other culture is impossible and Vulnerability to

racial discrimination.

At the end of the lesson, I learned that we should not judge other cultures instead

we must respect it. There are some moral rules that all societies must embrace,

because those rules are necessary for society to exist. At the end of the day we have

our differences and that differences can be our beliefs, norms and also culture. What we

can do about it is just respect because we are all equal so we must treat everyone

equally. We should always be tolerant at all times because there are people who easily

get hurt and offended so to avoid that kind of scenario we must act right.
 LESSON 6: Feelings and Values

According to Immanuel Kant’s View of Feelings, Moral Feeling is defined as the

susceptibility to feel pleasure or displeasure merely from being aware that actions are

consistent or contrary to the law of duty. On the other side, Values are a culture’s

standard for discerning what is good and bad, right and wrong, beautiful and ugly,

desirable and undesirable, and what ought to perform and not to perform. There are 4

essential characteristics by which a value is higher than another: The first one is

Duration which means that a value must contain in its essence the ability to endure

through time qualitatively not quantitatively; Extensive which means that higher values

are less divisible; Value must not generate other values and the last one is depth of

contentment or fulfillment accompanies higher values. According to Thomas Andres,

there are 5 Hierarchy of Filipino Values which are Closeness in the Family, Debt of

Gratitude, Social Acceptance, Social Mobility and Self-Esteem.

At the end of the lesson, I learned that values are very important in a person and

it is very useful in every situation especially in making moral decisions. I also learned

that values can provide peace, order and cohesion in society. Thus, when a person has

values he/she knows what to do and what to not do. It is true that in Thomas Andres’

Hierarchy of Filipino Values the most important is the closeness in the family because

family is the basic unity in Philippine Society. We all know that we Filipinos are very

family-oriented and we will do anything for our family. Filipinos have an attitude called

utang-na-loob in which the Filipino returns the favor he receives. The highest type of

value of Filipino is the self-esteem because it is used to describe a person’s overall

sense of self-worth and personal value and we must respect it no matter what.
 LESSON 7: Scheler’s Hierarchy of Values

Max Ferdinand Scheler is a German Philosopher and he is the proponent of the

Value-Modalities Hierarchy of Values. Reason, consciousness and ego are

characteristics of human being and the pure form of the mentioned characteristics

cannot be found outside of human species. They said that a human being is essentially

a loving creature and the existence of a human being is due to his heart not ego, will or

reason. The 4 levels of Value-Modalities are: Sensory Value-Modality which means that

people who conform to these values agrees to what is pleasurable to them and disagree

to what is painful and this feeling-state relates to hedonistic and utilitarian values; Vital

Value-Modality which means that people who conform to these values are already

aware of the vital value of this modality; Spiritual Value-Modality which is connected to

spiritual feelings specifically love and hatred, beautiful and ugly etc.; Value of Holiness

Modality in which this level includes the highest type of values that appear only on

objects given intentionally as “absolute objects”.

At the end of the lesson, I learned that love is the center of our emotion. Love

and feelings have their own type of logic which is different from the logic of reason. If I

would classify myself according to the levels of value-modalities, I would classify myself

in the Vital Value-Modality because in that level all modes of feelings in life are included

in that level. In my situation, I already experienced a lot of problems with different

feelings. For example, I already experienced being left behind by my old friends so I felt

sad during that time. I am confidently saying that I am already in this stage because I

am already aware of the vital value of this modality.

 LESSON 8: Moral Character and Moral Development

The English word “character” is derived from the Greek character which was

originally used of a mark impressed upon a coin. Then the word character came to

imply a distinctive mark by which one thing is different from others, and then basically to

mean the collection of qualities that distinguish one individual from another. Moral

Development is defined as the gradual development of an individuals’ concept of right

or wrong, conscious, religious values, social attitudes and certain behavior. Aristotle

tells us of the two different kinds of human excellences: The excellences of thought and

the excellences of character. Meanwhile, Lawrence Kohlberg developed the theory that

the development of one’s moral character plays a very vital role in the moral

development of an individual. Kohlberg’s Theory has 6 stages and it includes the Pre-

Conventional Stage, Conventional Stage and Post-Conventional stage. The theory of

Kohlberg is a stage theory so it means that everyone goes through the stages

sequentially without skipping any stage.

At the end of the lesson, I learned that every person have different moral

character. I also learned that to be a moral person is to think morally and act

accordingly. Fr. Dionisio Miranda’s three basic needs and values was very helpful

because I was able to know the needs and values of a person and one of it is the

personal identity that is to be someone rather than being nobody. Next one is personal

autonomy which is to make free decisions and assume responsibility for them and lastly

the meaning to one’s becoming a human being. Still, at the end of the day we are

unique in our way and we have different characters in life.

 LESSON 9: Understanding the Human Acts

Human acts are actions performed by man with full knowledge, with free will, and

with voluntariness while Acts of man as opposed to human acts are those actions done

instinctively as opposed to human acts are those actions done instinctively without

reflection and free will. In order to call an act a human act the 3 important elements

should always be present which are the Knowledge, Freedom and Voluntariness. There

are 5 modifiers of human acts: Ignorance, Passion, Fear, Violence and Habit. This

means that the 5 modifies of human acts can influence people’s actions negatively.

Meanwhile, there are 2 classifications of human acts which are the Acts of the will and

Acts of reason. Acts of the will are those actions that humans perform with freedom or

under the control of their will while Acts of reason are those actions conceived by

reason as morally good or morally bad.

At the end of the lesson, I learned that human has a freedom to choose and a

freedom to act. Since a person has a free will, he/she is responsible for his/her actions

because he/she chooses to do them. I also learned that in order to consider the act

moral the object, the intention and the circumstance should be good. If any one of the

three is evil, then the human act is already considered evil. As person, we must know

what is right and what is wrong and we encounter someone doing something that is

contrary to our law we must do something and we should not tolerate bad deeds. If you

do something, you must know the possible consequences of your acts. If people cannot

make decisions freely then they cannot act freely. I also believe that freedom is

achieved when we abide the law.

 LESSON 10: Fundamental Option and Fundamental Stance

Fundamental Option is described as a basic commitment, an extraordinary

choice that would eventually be a part of all our other choices while Fundamental

Stance is an expression of what kind of person you want to be in line with your

fundamental choice. There are 7 aspects of the Fundamental Option or Basic Choice: It

is conscious and non-reflexive; It involves one’s basic or transcendental freedom; It is a

lifetime process that includes particular choices; It is predominant but not total; It is a

rare thing; It is only a moral adult can make and lastly it has a religious and Christian

aspect. Fundamental Stance or Basic Stance has 3 aspects: It is a state and not a

process; One’s fundamental stance is caused only by a basic choice and lastly it is

more important than the basic choice.

At the end of the lesson, I learned that there is only one thing that can destroy

our relationship with God which is the fundamental choice to go against him. We will

always have a choice no matter what and that choice is to be good or to be bad. There

will always be an option to take a concrete stance or attitude which is better than a

‘come what mays attitude’. At the end, we will be the one to decide on what kind of

person what we want us to be. If we choose to help other people without expecting

something return then that’s it because it is our choice and not the choice of the people

around us.
 LESSON 11: Moral Courage

Courage came from the Latin word ‘cor’ which means heart. Thus, the definition

indicates “to speak one’s mind by telling all one’s heart”. In Aristotle’s Nicomachean

Ethics, courage is a mean with respect to things that inspire confidence or fear, in the

circumstances that have been stated. They said that the human virtues are rooted in

theological virtues. Theological virtues are a strong foundation for moral courage. They

are guides which helps man discerns what is moral and immoral. These theological

virtues are Faith, Hope and Charity. Moral Courage is defined as the result of morally

developed will and it is a kind of virtue that enables one to be ethical not just in thought

but more importantly in deed. A person has immoral courage if he/she commits acts that

violate the Commandment of God while a coward person that “shrinks back” from fear,

pain, humiliation, danger, difficulties and suffering lacks courage or he/she has no

courage.

At the end of the lesson, I learned that if a person has moral courage he/she has

the willingness to face not only physical danger but also emotional pain, disapproval

and uncertainty. In short, a person with courage is considered as a brave person.

Theological virtues can help me to know what is right and what is wrong. The virtue

Charity will be my basis in deciding what is good or evil while Hope will be the one to

keep me from discouragement and by having Hope it can help me to stay positive at all

times especially during my hard times and Faith will be the one responsible for my trust

in God and it can help me turn away from the dangers and temptations to commit sins

against Him.
 LESSON 12: Reason and Impartiality

Impartiality means freedom from any bias or favoritism. It requires one not to be

swayed by any circumstance or factor to favor an individual. Impartiality also assures

that everyone is treated in accord with what is fair and just and according to what each

deserves and needs. Under partiality, there is a conscientious moral agent and it is

someone who is concerned impartially with the interests of everyone affected by what

he or she does; the one who carefully examines facts and their implications; one who is

willing to “listen to reason” even when it means revising prior convictions and one who is

willing to act on results of this deliberation. Meanwhile, there is a minimum conception

of morality and it is: Morality is, at the very least the effort to guide one’s conduct by

reason and to do what are the best reasons for doing while giving equal weight to the

interests of each individual.

At the end of the lesson, I learned that we should be fair and equal in all aspects

and situations. That’s why there are requirements of impartiality so that we are aware of

what does impartiality really means. First, we should not make moral decision that is

supported by our feelings or emotions because there is a higher possibility that the

decision is not good for everyone and we might hurt the feelings of other people or

ourselves. In impartiality, each individual’s interests are equally important and there

must be no special treatment in all cases. I also learned that in impartiality we should

avoid discrimination and racism to other culture. We must not let our feelings or

emotions overpowered our decisions because our feelings may be irrational and we

might regret it the end. In short, Impartiality proposes that we should always be fair and

equal at all times.

 LESSON 13: Virtue Ethics of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics

Aristotle is an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist considered as one of the

greatest thinkers in philosophy, politics, psychology and ethics. Aristotle’s definition if

Ethics is it is a matter of living well through the habitual practice of virtue which is

essentially translated into having a virtuous or excellent character. The human arete or

virtue is activity of the soul in accordance with virtue (over a lifetime). In Aristotle’s

Ethics, the character is the most essential component of ethics. Aristotle also proposed

the Theory of the Golden Mean which is the mean is the right balance between two

extremes: The extreme of excess and the extreme of deficiency. Both extremes are

considered vices so we have to choose and decide what is good and virtuous according

to the dictate of reason. It is also said that there are some actions/emotions whose very

name implies wickedness and one example of it is shamelessness.

At the end of the lesson, I learned that a good person knows to weigh the

consequences and options and a good person always makes the right decision. In order

for a person to have a good character he/she must have good habits and also a good

character can attain happiness at the end. Arete or virtue will only be achieved if and

only if we have an excellent character. Using arete as a principle for living life means

that we are focused on the quality of everything we do and experience. We should start

taking actions that focuses on Arete or excellence.

 LESSON 14: Aquinas and Natural Law Ethics

Thomas Aquinas or Thomas Aquino was a Dominican priest who is considered

as the great philosopher and classical proponent of natural theology during the period of

Scholasticism. Aquinas is the proponent of the Natural Law Ethics and Natural Law is

that “unwritten law” that is more or less the same for everyone everywhere. It is a

concept of body of moral principles that is common to all humankind and is generally

posited and is recognizable by human reason alone. The 2 key features of Natural Law

are God as the giver of natural law and Human Role as the recipient of natural law.

Aquinas’ principle is to do what is good and to avoid what is evil. We are by nature

inclined toward the good but according to Thomas Aquinas we cannot pursue the good

directly because it is abstract and we must pursue concrete goods which we know

immediately by inclination and those goods are: Preservation of life, procreation,

knowledge, society and reasonable conduct.

At the end of the lesson, I learned that natural law is common to all nations and it

doesn’t matter if in what religion do you belong. It is also enough that if a human person

followed natural law perfectly, he would not attain to Heaven because sanctifying grace

is needed to enter the Beatific Vision of Vision of God. Even if there is technology

advancements we must not use it to modify our body, our genes and many more

because our life is given by God and we must know how to preserve it and we should

be thankful for it. The reason why God designed natural law is so that humans will

participate in God’s eternal law. I also believe that the human beings’ ultimate end is the

happiness in God.
 LESSON 15: Kant’s Categorical Imperative

Kant’s Theory of Categorical Imperative is saying that “Act only according to that

maxim whereby we can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.”

Imperative pertains to that which is a necessary action in a particular situation.

Categorical Imperative has 3 formulations: The Formula of Humanity which proposes

the “Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the

person of any other, never merely as a means to an end but always at the same time as

an end.”, The Formula of Autonomy which proposes “The third practical principle follows

from the first two as the ultimate condition of their harmony with practical reason: the

idea of the will of every rational being as a universally legislating will.” and lastly, The

Kingdom of Ends Formulation which proposes the “Act according to maxims of a

universally legislating members of a merely possible kingdom of ends.”

At the end of the lesson, I learned that lying under any circumstances is the

eradication of one’s dignity. For me, lying is not a good thing because we must be

honest at all times and I believe everyone deserves to know the truth and it is very

wrong to tell a lie because it can lessen our dignity. If we know that an act to be

performed will contradict the established law on morals then the act is not ought to be

done.
 LESSON 16: Utilitarianism

Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher, political radical, legal, and social

reformer of the early modern period. He is best known as the founder of Utilitarianism

which he saw as the underlying moral principle on which his legal and social reforms

should be based. Utilitarianism is the ethical theory that tells one to choose which will

give the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people. This means to

say that people should maximize human welfare or well-being. The aim of utilitarianism

is to promote a moral way of life that considers the welfare of the community and not

just one’s own. Bentham said that if one aims to do the right thing, one also has to take

into account what kind of happiness one’s action will bring into the lives of others.

Meanwhile the principle of Stuart Mill about utilitarianism is that “Actions are right in

proportion as they tend to promote happiness and wrong as they tend to produce the

reverse of happiness”

At the end of the lesson, I learned that utilitarianism is better than hedonism

because in utilitarianism choose to acknowledge not only the happiness of the self but

also the happiness of everyone and I think that is a good thing. You don’t only care for

yourself but you also care for other people around you. I hope that the people in highest

position will have utilitarianism like attitude because today those people only think of

themselves and they don’t think what will we the best for the people in their place. I

believe that we will achieve pure happiness when we think the happiness of other

people.
 LESSON 17: Virtue of Justice

The word Justice is derived from the Latin word ‘jus’ which means right. Justice

means giving each person what he or she deserves or giving each person his or her

due. The three characteristics of Justice are: Justice is a social norm that is directive for

guiding men in their actions toward one another, justice is approbative in the sense that

judging an action to be just manifests approval of that action and justice is obligatory in

that judging a certain course of action to be just entails that a person in the like situation

ought to do the same thing. On the other hand, justice as fairness was defined as any

inequalities that exist in a social system should favor the least well-off because this

levels the playing field of society. There are 3 theories of justice which are: Positive Law

Theory, Social Good Theory and Natural Right Theory. There are theories of justice so

that if people will be in a hypothetical situation they can use the theories to support their

claims. Meanwhile, there are 10 classifications of justice which are: Attributive Justice,

Procedural Justice, Proportional Justice, Social Justice, Retributive Justice,

Compensatory Justice, Commutative Justice, Contributive Justice, Restorative Justice

and Distributive Justice.

At the end of the lesson, I learned that justice is really important especially here

in our country because justice is really unfair nowadays like for example the decision of

the Supreme Court is sometimes very unfair. Those families who want to have justice

for their loved ones who died without any valid reason. In justice, the principle of

fairness and equality should also apply. Human beings are equal and that they ought to

be treated equally. I really hope that justice will prevail in all situations.
 LESSON 18: Taxation

Tax was defined as “a mandatory financial charge or some other type of levy

imposed upon a taxpayer by a governmental organization in order to fund various public

expenditures.” Tax is derived from the Latin word Taxare which means to censure,

charge or compute. Taxation is said to be the most pervasive and the strongest of all

the powers of the government because taxes are considered as the lifeblood of the

government without which, it cannot subsist. The main purpose of taxation is to

accumulate funds for the functioning of the government machineries. The government’s

ability to serve the people depends upon the taxes that they will collect. The Four R’s of

Taxation are: Revenue, Redistribution, Repricing and Representation. The common

type of tax is the income tax which is a tax imposed on individuals or entities that is

earning a respective income or profits (taxable income). Meanwhile, there is a term

called Tax Morale which is referred to as the motivation of a country’s citizens to pay

taxes in addition to legal obligations that comes with it.

At the end of the lesson, I learned that paying tax is very important because it is

the lifeblood of the government and without tax collection our government will be

paralyzed. Paying taxes is our moral obligation because we will also be the one who will

benefit from it. The taxes that we are paying will be used to improve the service and

machineries here in our country. If all of us will just pay the correct amount of taxes then

I think this world will be a better place for everyone. I just wished that our government

will also use the money in good activity and will not use it for their own vices and

happiness
 LESSON 19: Faith and Religion

The Bible articulates that faith is “being sure of what we hope for and certain of

what we do not see.” In Christian ethics, faith is a personal encounter with God, a self-

disclosure of the Divine Father and personal adherence to Him. The Catechism of the

Catholic Church described the characteristics of Faith as: Faith is a grace or gift from

God; Faith is a human act; Faith seeks understanding; the act of faith is a free act; Faith

is necessary for obtaining salvation; Faith requires perseverance and Faith is the

beginning of eternal life. On the other hand, Religion was derived from the Latin word

religare which means “to bind together” that is a bond between humans and gods.

Religion is defined as a cultural system of behaviors and practices that relate man to

supernatural, sacred and spiritual. There are 5 major religions in the world: Judaism,

this is a religion where they believe that there is only one true God and followers of

Judaism live in accordance with the 10 Commandments; Christianity who believes that

the Trinity of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit are one God; Hinduism, a religion who

believes in reincarnation and believe that all actions have direct effects; Islam is the

belief that Allah is their only true God and Muhammad is God’s messenger and

Buddhism who believes in the teachings of Guatama Buddha.

At the end of the lesson, I learned that we all have our own religion and we must

respect each religion that other people have. I also believe that if we have faith in God

nothing would be impossible. Faith is a gift from God that we must be thankful for. Faith

helps me to discover my purpose in life and that is to be good and to follow my parents

at all cost. If ever I feel down, as long as my faith is with me I know that God will never

abandon me.
 LESSON 20: Ethical Challenges of Millenials

The dynamic force of globalization will continue to rise and change people’s lives.

With these changes arise many problems such as crimes, diseases, and environmental

problems. Those who were born in the years 1995-2010 or what we called Generation

Z, they will faced more political, social, and environmental issues. Some ethical

challenges that the adolescence and youth are facing are: Respect for Human Life and

the Dignity of the Human Person; Early Sex, Early Pregnancy, and Abortion;

Homosexuality; HIV and other Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Drug Addiction; Abuse

and Misuse of Technology and Extrajudicial Killings, Terrorism and Human Rights. On

the other hand, since the major cause of climate change is the human acts,

environmental deterioration and ecological challenges thus becomes an ethical issue

and a moral challenge to people to respect the earthly goods created by God.

At the end of the lesson, I realized that we are really facing a lot of ethical

challenges and I think we should not ignore this kind of problems because it is very

dangerous. We should always keep in mind that we should always think first before

doing something so that in the end we will not regret doing it. For example, those

teenagers who are engaged in pre-marital sex when they get pregnant and they don’t

want an obligation they will just want to abort the baby and I think it is not right. So for all

the millennials like me, they should follow their parents because our parents know best.