Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1st-Semester 2011-2012
Maximum day Amount of water required during Useful for peak capacity of
demand the day production and treatment
facilities
Peak hour Amount of water required during Useful for analyzing peak
demand the maximum consumption hour capacity requirement of
in a given day distribution system
Annual maximum Maximum daily demand over a This estimate is important
daily demand period of one year to meet the worst-case
water demand.
• All water demand types are expressed as ratio of mean average daily
flow
(
Q = 3.86 − 0.01P* + P* ) (2)
P* Population in thousands
Maximum day Using Eq. (1) (Slide 10) to determine percentage value of
demand average daily water demand:
=180(1)-0.10 =180%
= (180/100)*(50.83 m3/min)=91.49 m3/min (answer)
P2 − P1 (2c)
Ka =
T2 − T1
Pt Population in year t (generally, time interval is 10 years)
P1 and P2 Populations in year T1 and T2 (say, for example in year 1980 and
1990, it would be P1980 and P1990)
ln Pt = ln P2 + K a (T − T2 ) (3b)
or Pt = P2 e [K a (T −T2 )]
P2
ln
P1 (3c)
Ka =
T2 − T1
Z=
( )
2 P0 P1 P2 − P12 (P0 + P2 )
P P − (P ) 2 (4b)
0 2 1
Z − P0 1 P0 (Z − P1 )
a= ; b = ln (4c)
P0 (
n P1 Z − P0 )
a, b Model constants
Z Saturated population
n Constant interval between T0, T1, and T2 (generally 10 years, but see the
data also; (T2-T1)=(T1-T0) years)
Z=
( )
2 P0 P1 P2 − P12 (P0 + P2 ) (5c)
P P − (P )
0 2 1
2
1 Z − P2
K a = − ln (5d)
T2 − T1 Z − P1
Ka Constant for decreasing rate of increase
Z Saturated population
Question: Using arithmetic method, calculate population of the class at the start of
September?
Solution: Here, T0= 0 days (say), T2= Duration from T0 time= 31 days (total days
in august).
So, PSep = PAug+Ka(T2-T0)
= (28)+(0.067)*(31-0)
=30 students (answer)
Solution: Here, T0= 0 days (say), T2= Duration from T0 time= 31 days (total days
in august).
So, PSep = (PAug)*e[Ka(T2-T0)]
= (28)e[0.0187*(31-0)]
=50 students (answer)
August 3, 2011 (C) Arun Kumar, IIT Delhi 22
Class Problem 4: Population Prediction
Data
Time Population
1970 (T0) 10000 (P0)
1980 (T1) 15000 (P1)
1990 (T2) 18000 (P2)
2000 (T) ??? (P)