Ma6251 QB With Ans

www.Vidyarthiplus.
com
Subject Name: MATHEMATICS II Subject Code: MA6251 Question Bank 2014 - 2015
MA6251 – MATHEMATICS-II
(Common to all branches)
UNIT-I VECTOR CALCULUS
PART-A
→ _
1. Define solenoidal vector function . If V = (x + 3y)i + ( y − 2z) j + (x + 2λz)k is solenoidal, find
the value of λ .
→
A vector function F is said to be solenoidal if ∇ · V =0 Given
_ _ _ _
V = (x + 3y)i + ( y − 2z) j + (x + 2λz)k is solenoidal.
∂ _ _ _
 ∂
 i +
∂
j+
∂z 
 (
k . (x + 3y)i + ( y − 2z) j + (x + 2λ z)k = 0
 ∂x ∂y
∂ ∂ ∂ 
 (x + 3y) + ( y − 2z) + (x + 2λz) = 0 ⇒ 1 + 1 + 2λ = 0 ⇒ λ = −1
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
_ _
2. Find the directional derivative of φ = xyz at (1,1,1) in the direction of i + j + k . (May/June 2014)
∂ _ ∂ _ ∂  _ _
Given φ = xyz , ∇φ =  i + j + k (xyz )= i ( yz) + j(xz) + k (xy)
∂x ∂y ∂z 
_
∇φ at (1,1,1) = i + j + k
_ _
_ _ (i + j + k )
i + j + k = ∇ φ·
The directional derivative of φ in the direction of
12 +_ 12 +1
_ _
2
_ _ (i + j + k ) 3
= (i + j + k) · = = 3
_ _ _
3 3
3. Prove that F = yzi + zxj + xyk is irrotational.
_ _
i j k
_ _ ∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = ∇ × F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
( yz) (zx) (xy)
→ ∂ ∂  → ∂ ∂  → ∂ ∂  _
= i  (xy) − (zx)  − j  (xy) − ( yz)  + k  (xz) − ( yz)  = 0 . ∴ F is irrotational.
 ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂z  ∂x ∂y 
_ _
4. 2 2
Show that a vector field F = (x − y + x)i − (2xy + y) j is irrotational.
_
_
i j k
_ _ ∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = ∇ × F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
2 2
(x − y + x) − (2xy + y) 0
 ∂  _ ∂ 2 2  _∂ ∂ 2 2 
= i − (−2xy + y)  − j 0 − (x − y + x)  + k  (−2xy − y) − (x − y + x) 
 ∂z   ∂z   ∂x ∂y 
_ _
= 0 +0 + k − 2y + 2y = 0 ∴ F is irrotational .
2015
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
2015 Page No. 1
5. 2
Find the unit normal vector to the surface x + y = z at (1,-2,5).
2
(May/June 2014)
_ ∂ _ ∂ → ∂  2 _ _
∇φ = i + j +k [ ]
x + y 2 − z = i (2x) + j(2 y) + k (−1)
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
_ _
φ at (1,−2,5) = 2 i − 4 j − k ,
_ _
∇φ 2 i - 4j − k 2 i - 4j −k
Unit normal to the surface = = 2 2 + (−4) 2 + (−1) 2 = 21
∇φ
_
6. Prove that div =3 and curl r = 0.
_ _ _ _
div = ∇ r_ =  ∂ i +
∂x
∂ j_ + ∂ k ·
∂y ∂z   ( )
xi + yj + z k =1+1 + 1= 3
_ _ _
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂ _ _
curl = ∇ × r = = i (0 − 0) + j (0 − 0) + k (0 − 0) = 0
_ ∂x ∂y ∂z _ _
z
x y
_
7. If F = (x + 2y + az)i + (bx − 3y − z) j + (4x + cy + 2z)k is irrotational, find the constants a,b and c.
_ _
_
Given F is irrotational then ∇ × F = 0
_ _ _
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
=0
∂x ∂y ∂z
(x + 2 y + az) (bx − 3y − z) (4x + cy + 2z)
_ _ _
i[c + 1 − j [4 − a ] + k [b − 2] = 0 ⇒ a = 4 ; b=2 ; c = –1
1
8. Prove that the area bounded by a simple closed curve C is given by ∫ (xdy − ydx) , using Green’s theorem.
1 x y y x  ∂Q ∂P 
∫ ( xdy − ydx) = ∫ dy − dx = ∫ − dx + dy = ∫ P dx + Qdy = ∫∫  −  dx dy
2 C
2 2 C
2 2 C R 
∂x ∂ y 
1 1
= ∫∫  +  dx dy = ∫∫ dx dy = Area of the region R
R 
2 2 R
9. State Green’s theorem.
If R is a closed region in the xy-plane bounded by a simple closed curve C and if P(x,y) and Q(x,y) are continuous
function of x and y having continuous derivatives in R , then
 ∂Q ∂P 
∫ P dx + Qdy = ∫∫  ∂x − ∂y  dx dy
C R
2015
2015 Page No. 2
_ _
10. If A and B are irrotational , prove that A × B is solenoidal. (May/June 2013)
_ _ → →
Given A and B are irrotational then ∇ × A= 0 and ∇ × B = 0
→ → →
To prove A × B is solenoidal ⇒ ∇ · ( A× B ) = 0
→ → → → → → _
∇ · ( A× B ) = (∇ × A) · B − ∇× B ·A = 0 - 0 = 0 ⇒ A × B is solenoidal.
 
11. State Gauss divergence theorem.
The surface integral of the normal component of a vector function F over a closed surface S enclosing volume V
→
is equal to the volume integral of the divergence of F taken throughout the volume V
∫∫ F · n_dS = ∫∫∫ divF_ dv = ∫∫∫ ∇ · F_ dv where , n is the unit out ward normal to the surface S
S
→
V V
∧
12. Find ∇φ if φ =x 2 + y 2 + z 2 at (1,-1,1)
 ∂_ ∂_ ∂ _ _ _ _
∇φ =  i+ +j ( )
k · x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2xi + 2 yj + 2zk ( )
∂x ∂y ∂z  _
_ _
∇ φ ]at (1,−1,1) = 2i − 2 j + 2k
_ _
13. If F = (xy)i + ( yz) j + (zx)k , find div(curl F )
_ _
i j k
∂ ∂
(∇ × F ) = = i (0 − y) − j (z − 0) + k (0 − x)
_ _ _
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂
xy yz zx
 →
  ∂ ∂ _ ∂  _ _ _
div(curl F )= ∇ · ∇ × F =
  i + j + k .( i (0 − y) − j (z − 0) + k (0 − x) )=0
  ∂x
 ∂y ∂z 
∧
_
14. Use Gauss divergence theorem , prove that ∫∫ r.n ds = 3V , where V is the volume enclosed by the surface S.
S
_ ∂ _ ∂  _ _ _  ∂
By Gauss divergence theorem ∫∫ r.n ds = ∫∫∫ ∇ · r dv
+j =
+ k z  · (xi +yj + zk )dv
S ∫∫∫  i
V
 
 ∂(x) ∂( y) ∂(z)  V
∂x ∂y ∂ 
= ∫∫∫  + + dv = ∫∫∫ (1 + 1 + 1) dv = 3∫∫∫ dv = 3V
V  ∂x ∂y ∂z  V V
15. Prove that φ∇φ · dr _ = 0
∫ C
Use Stoke’s theorem for the function φ∇φ

_
∫ φ∇ φ · dr = ∫∫ curl ( φ ∇ φ ) · n ds
ˆ = ∫∫ φ curl ∇ φ + ∇ φ × ∇ φ ) · n ds ˆ = 0 C S
S
16. State Stokes theorem.

2015
2015 Page No. 3
The surface integral of the normal component of the curl of a vector function F over an open surface S is equal to
the line integral of the tangential component of F around the closed curve C bounding S
_ _
∫ F · dr = ∫∫ curl F · n ds =
S
∫∫ (∇ × F )· n ds
S
C
_ _ _ _
17. If F = 3i + x j + yk , show that curl curl F =0.
_ _ _
i j k i j k
_
∂ ∂ ∂ = ∇ × (i _ + 0 j_ + k ) = ∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × (∇ × F) = ∇ =0
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x1 ∂y ∂z
3 x y 0 1
_ _ _
18. If S is any closed surface enclosing a volume V and F = axi + byj + czk , prove that
∫∫ F.nˆ ds = (a + b + c)V
S
_ _ _ _ ∂ _ _ _ →
∫∫ ˆ ds =
F.n ∇
∫∫∫ dv =
· F ∫∫∫ ( i+ j + k ) · (axi + byj + cz k )dv
S V V ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂ 
= ∫∫∫
V
 (ax) + (by) + (cz) dv = (a + b + c)V
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
19. Define divergence and curl of a vector point function.
_
Divergence of the vector function F is defined as
_  ∂ _∂ _∂  _ _ ∂F1 ∂F2 F3
∇ · F = i +j
∂y
(
+ k z · F i1 + F2 j + F3 k =
∂ 
+ + )
 ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂z
Curl or Rotation of F(x, y, z) is defined as
_  ∂ _∂ _∂  _ _ _
∇ × F = i
 ∂x
+j + k z × F i1 + F 2j + F k3 

( )
∂y ∂

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂ = i_∂F 3 − ∂F2  + _j∂F 1 − ∂F3  + k  ∂F2 − ∂F1 
=
∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   ∂x ∂y 
F1 F2 F3
20. Find div (grad φ) and curl (grad ) ( May/June 2014)
 ∂φ _ ∂φ _ ∂φ _ 
Div (grad φ ) = ∇ · gradφ = ∇ ·  i + j+ k 
 ∂x ∂y ∂k 
 _ ∂ _ ∂ _ ∂   ∂φ _ ∂φ ∂φ   ∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ  2

= i + j + k  ·  i + j + k =  + + = ∇ φ
 ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2 
2015
2015 Page No. 4
_ _ _
i j k
curl (grad φ ) = ∇ × (∇φ ) = ∂ ∂ ∂ _  ∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ  _ _
= ∑ i  −  = ∑ i (0) = 0 .
∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂y∂z ∂z∂y 
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
∂x ∂y ∂z
PART-B
_
_ _
1. 2
(i)Show that the vector field F = y i + 2xyj + 2zk is irrotational and find its scalar potential.
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂ _ _ _
Solution: ∇× F = = i (0 − 0) − j (0 − 0) + k (2 y − 2y) = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
y2 2xy 2z
Therefore, the given F is irrotational_ ⇒ ∇φ = F
∂φ _ ∂φ φ 2
_ _
Find its scalar potential i + j+ k = ( y )i + (2xy) j + (2z)k
∂x ∂y ∂k
φ 2
=y
∂x ⇒ φ = ∫ y 2 ∂x = xy 2 + f ( y, z) − − − (1)
∂φ
= 2xy
∂y y 2 
⇒ φ = ∫2xy ∂y = 2x + f (x, z) − − − (2)
 2 
φ
= 2z
z  z2 
⇒ φ = ∫ 2z ∂z = 2 + f (x, y) − − − (3)
2 
2 2
From (1) ,(2),(3) φ = xy + z + c
n
(ii)Find the value of n such that the vector r r is both solenoidal and irrotational (May/June 2014)
_ _
Solution: Let F = r r = r
n _ n
(xi_ + yj_ + zk _ _
= xr n i + yr n j + zr n k
_ _
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂ _ ∂r ∂r  _ y z
∇×F = = ∑ i  znr n−1 − ynr n−1  = ∑ i znr n−1 − ynr n−1 
∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂y ∂z   r r
xr n yr n zr n
_ _ _
[
= ∑ i zyr
n−2
]
− zynr n −2 = ∑ i(0) = 0 i + 0 j + 0k =0
Therefore for all values of n F is irrotational.
_ ∂  ∂r  n−2 x
∇ · F = ∑ (r n x) = ∑ r n + xnr n−1 
n
= ∑ r + nr = ∑ r n + nr n−2 x 2
∂x  ∂x 
2015
2015 Page No. 5
n
= 3r 3r + nr
n −2
r 2 = 3r n + nr n = (3 + n)r n ⇒ n = −3 we get ∇ · F =0
r n r is solenoidal only if n = -3
_ _ _
2. (i) (a)Find the directional derivative of φ = x 2 yz + 4xyz 2 + xyz at (1,2,3) in the direction 2i + j − k
Solution:
2 2
Directional derivative D.D= Given φ = x yz + 4xyz + xyz
∂ _ ∂ ∂ 
φ =  i + j + k  ( x 2 yz + 4xyz 2 + xyz )
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
∂ 2 2 ∂ 2 2
_ ∂ _
= ( x yz + 4xyz + xyz ) i + ( x yz + 4xyz + xyz ) j + ( x 2 yz + 4xyz 2 + xyz ) k
∂x ∂y ∂z
2 2 2
= (2xyz + 4z + yz)i + (x z + xz) j + (x y + 8xz + xy)k
_ _
( Δφ ) (1,2,3) = 54i + 6 j + 28k
_ _
(2i + j − k )
D.D= Δφ ·
2 2 + 12 +12
_ _ (2i_ + _j − k ) 1 86
= (54 i + 6 j + 28k ) · = [108 + 6 − 28] =
6 6 6
2 2
(b)(i) Find the angle between the normal to the surface z = x + y − 3 and x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 at (2,-1,2)
Solution:
_ _ _ _
Given:- φ1 = x 2 + y 2 − z − 3 , ∇φ1 = 2xi + 2 yj − k , [∇ φ1 ( 2,−1,2 ) = 4i − 2 j − k
∇φ1 = 16 + 4 + 1 = 21
_ _ _ _
φ 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 9 , ∇φ 2 = 2xi + 2 yj + 2zk , ∇φ 2 ](2,−1,2 ) = 4i − 2 j + 4k
∇φ 2 = 16 + 4 + 16 = 36 = 6
_ _ _ _
cos θ =
∇φ1 · ∇φ 2
=
( ) (
4i − 2 j − k · 4i − 2 j + 4k )= 8
∇φ1 ∇φ 2 21 36 3 21
(ii)Using Stoke’s theorem evaluate ∫ (xy dx + xy 2 dy) taking C to be a square in xy plane with vertices
C
(1,0),(-1,0) (0,1) and (0,-1).
Solution:
Stoke theorem is ------(1)
2015
2015 Page No. 6
_ 2
_ _ 2
_
Given F · dr = xydx + xy dy therefore F = xyi + xy j and dr = i dx + jdy
_ _ _ _
Curl F = ∇ × F = ∫ F · dr = ∫∫ curl F · n ds = ∫∫ ∇ × F · n ds C ( )
S S
_ _ _ _
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂ _ _ _
= i (0 − 0) − j (0 − 0) + k ( y 2 − x) = ( y 2 − x)k
∂x ∂y ∂z
_
xy xy 2 0
_
Here the square ABCD which lies on X0Y plane. Hence the unit normal vector to the surface is k
_ _ _ _
( ) (
ˆ = kdxdy curlF.n ds = y 2 − x 2 k · kdxdy = y 2 − x 2 dxdy = ∫ F.dr = ∫∫ y 2 − x dxdy
nds ( )
C R
2 1
1 1 1 1
 2 x  4
∫ F.dr = ∫∫ (y − x dxdy = ∫ ∫ ( y − x)dxdy = ∫  y x − 2  dy
2 2 2
∫
= 2 y dy =
C R −1 −1 −1   −1 −1
3
_ _ _ _
3. 2 2 2
(i)Verify Gauss divergence theorem for F = x i + y j + z k taken over the cube bounded by the planes x= 0,
y=0 , z=0 ,x=1 ,y=1 and z=1. (May/June 2014)
Solution: Gauss Divergence Theorem is

_ _
F ˆ =
∫ ∫ .nds ∫∫∫ ∇.Fdv S
V
_ _ ∂ _ ∂ _ ∂  2 _
div.F = ∇⋅ F = i + j + k .x i + y 2 j + z 2 k )=
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
2x + 2 y + 2z
1 1 1
∫∫∫ div F .dv = ∫ ∫ ∫ (2 x + 2 y + 2 z )dxdydz

V 0 0 0
1 1 1
[ 2
= ∫ ∫ x + 2xy + 2xz dydz ]
0 0 0
2015
2015 Page No. 7
1 1
= ∫ [y + y 2 + 2 zy ] dz
0 0
= [2z + z ]
2 1
0 = 3 → (1)
_
ˆ = ∫∫ + ∫∫ + ∫∫ + ∫∫ + ∫∫ + ∫∫
= ∫ ∫ .nds
F
S s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6
Now ; S1 is the Surface OABC
nˆ k; z = 0; ds = dxdy
_ _
∫∫ ˆ
F.nds = ∫∫ x 2
i + y 2
j +(z 2
k − k .dxdy )( )
S1 S1
= ∫∫ z 2 dxdy = 0
S1
1 1
∫∫ ˆ =
F .nds ∫∫ z 2 dxdy = ∫ ∫ dxdy
S2 S2 0 0
1 1 1
1
== ∫[ x] 0
dy = dy = ∫ dy = [ y] = 1
0 0 0
_
S 3 is AOGD , nˆ = − j ;y=0,ds=dzdx
∫∫ = ∫∫ y 2 dzdx = 0
S3 S3
_
S 4 is BCFE nˆ = − j ;y=1,ds=dxdz
1 1 1 1
2
∫∫ = ∫∫ y dxdz = ∫ ∫ dxdz
S 4 0 0 0 0
1 1
∫ [x ] dz ∫ dz = [z ]
1 1
= 0 = 0 =1
0 0
S 5 is ABED nˆ = iˆ ;x=1,ds=dydz
2015
2015 Page No. 8
1 1 1 1 1
∫ [ y ] dz
2
∫∫ = ∫∫ x dydz = = ∫ dz
S5 0 0 0 0 0
= [z
1
0 =1
S 6 is OCFG nˆ = − iˆ ;x=0,ds=dydz
∫∫ ∫∫ = − x 2 dydz = 0
S6 S6
ˆ = 1+ 0 +1+ 0 +1+ 0
∫ ∫ F .nds
S
=3 (2
∴ 1) = (2
Hence:Gauss Divergence Theorem is Verified

_ 2 2
_ _
(ii)Verify the Stokes theorem for F = (x + y )i − 2xy j in the rectangular region of z = 0 plane bounded by the
lines x= 0 , x = a, y = 0 and , y = b.
_ _
Solution : Stoke’s theorem is ∫ F.dr = ∫ ∫ ∇ ×F.nds
ˆ C
S
_ _ _
Given F = x 2
+ y 2
i −(2xyj )
_ _
i j k
_ ∂ ∂ ∂
∇× F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
x + y2
2
− 2xy 0
_ _ _
= i [0 − 0 - j [0 0 + k [− 2y − 2y
0i − 0 j − 4 yk = −4 yk
_ _
R.H.S= ∫ ∫ ∇ ×F.nds
ˆ = ∫ ∫ − 4 yk .kdxdy S ( )
S
b a
= ∫ ∫ − 4 ydxdy
0 −a
2015
2015 Page No. 9
b b
 y2 
= − 4 2aydy = −8a 
∫
0

 2 0
_
Given : F = x 2 + y 2 dx − 2 xydy y
D(-a,b) y=b
C(a,b)
x=-a X=0
A (-a,0) O y=0 B(a,0)
_
∫ F.dr = ∫ (x )
2
+ y 2 dx − 2xydy
C C
L.H.S = ∫+ ∫ + ∫ + ∫
AB BC CD DA
∫ = ∫ (x + y 2 )dx − 2xydy
2
AB AB
Along AB side y=0;dy=0;
a a
2 x3 
∫ x dx =  
−a  3  −a
2a 3
=
3
∫ = ∫ (x + y 2 )dx − 2xydy
2
BC BC
Along BC side x=a; dx=0
b b
 y2 
= = ∫ − 2aydy = −2a  
0  a 0
= −ab 2
∫ = ∫ (x
2
+ y 2 dx − 2xydy
CD CD
Along CD side y=b ,dy=0

2015
2015 Page No. 10
−a −a
 x3 
∫( )
x + y dx =  + b 2 x 
2 2
=
a 3 a
 − a3 2   a3  − 2a 3
 − ab  −  + ab 2  = − 2ab 2
 3   3  3
   
∫ = ∫ (x )
2
+ y 2 dx − 2xydy
DA DA
Along DA side x=-a ,dx=0
0 0
 y2 
= ∫ 2aydy = 2a  
b  2 b
∴∫= ∫+ ∫ + ∫ + ∫ c
AB BC CD DA
a3 a3 2
=2 − ab 2 − 2 − 2ab 2 − ab = −4ab 2
3
L.H.S = R.H.S Hence Stokes theorem verified
4. 2
)dx + x 2 dy where C is formed by y= x and y = x2
(i) Verify Green’s theorem for ∫ (xy + y
C
Solution :Green’s Theorem in the XY plane is
 ∂v ∂u 
∫ (udx + vdy) ) = ∫∫  ∂x − ∂y dxdy
C R
Here u =xy+ y 2 v = x2
∂u ∂v
= x+2y =2x
∂y ∂x
Evaluation of ∫ (udx + vdy))

C
To Evaluate ∫ (udx + vdy)) ,we shall take C in two different paths viz.
C
(i)along OA (y= x 2 ), (ii) along AO (y=x).
∫ (udx + vdy)) = ∫ + ∫
C OA OA
2015
2015 Page No. 11
(i) Along OA [y = x 2 ,dy=2xdx]
∫ = ∫ {x(x ) +(x ) }dx+ x .2xdx]

2 2 2 2
y = x , dy = 2xdx ]
OA OA
1
y Y=1 A(1,1) [( )
= ∫ x 3 + x 4 dx + 2x 3 dx ]
0
x=y
y=0 x
o (o,o)
[Along OA ,x varies from 0 t0 1]

1
= ∫ (3x 3 + x 4 )dx
0
1
3x 4 x 5  3 1 19
= +  = + =
 4 5 0 5 20
(ii) Along AO [y=x , dy= dx]
∫[ x ) ]
2
∫ = + x 2 dx + x 2 .dx [∵ y=x,dy=dx]
AO AO
0
= ∫ 3x 2 dx [Along AO x varies from 1 to 0 ]
1
0
 x3 
= 3  = -1.
 3 1
19 1
∫ {(xy + y )dx + x dy}
2 2
Hence = ∫+ ∫ =
20
−1 = −
20
…….(1)
C OA AO
 ∂v ∂u 
Evaluation of ∫∫  ∂x − ∂y dxdy
R


 ∂v ∂u 
∫∫  ∂x − ∂y dxdy = ∫∫ 2x − (x + 2 y )]dxdy
R R
2015
2015 Page No. 12
1
∫ (x − 2 y dxdy
y
= ∫ y )
0
Here first integration is w.r.t x keeping y as constant .Therefore we consider horizontal strip.In the
horizontal strip x varies from y to y and if we move this strip vertically y varies from 0 to 1.
1 1 y
x   y  y2 
= − 2 yx dy =  − 2 y y  −  − 2 y 2 dy
∫ 2  ∫ 2  2 
0 y 0    
1
 5 
1 3
y 3   y 2
y 2
3 y 3 
= ∫  − 2 y + y 2 dy =  − 2.
2
+ . 
0 2 2  4 5 2 3
 2 0
= −1
…..(2)
20
(1)= (2)
Hence Green’s theorem is verified
_ 2
_ _
(ii)Verify Gauss divergence theorem for F = 4xzi − y j + yz k taken over the cube bounded by the planes
x= 0, y=0, z=0, x=1 ,y=1 and z=1. (May/June 2014)
_
Solution :G.D.T is ˆ = ∫ ∫ ∫ ∇.Fdv
∫ ∫ F.nds S
V
_ _ _
F = 4xzi − y 2 j + yzk
∇.F = 4z − 2 y + y = 4z − y
Now
_ 1 1 1
∫∫∫ ∇.Fdv = ∫ ∫ ∫ (4z − y)dxdydz ∵ dv = dxdydz]

V 0 0 0
1 1 1
= ∫ ∫ [4zx − yx ] dydz
0 0 0
1 1 1 1
 y2 
= ∫ ∫ (4z − y )dydz = ∫  4zy −  dz
0 0 0
2  0
2015
2015 Page No. 13
1 1
 1  z2 1 
= ∫  4z − dz = 4 − z
0 2  2 2 0
 1  3
=2 − −0 =
 2 2
_
Now ∫ ∫ F.nds
ˆ = ∫∫ + ∫∫ + ∫∫ + ∫∫ + ∫∫ + ∫∫ Z
S s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6
_
(i) ∫ ∫ F.nds
ˆ D C G F
S1
A B Y
X E
_ _ _ _
∫∫ (4xzi − y
2
= j + yzk .i dydz
AEGD
= ∫∫ 4xzdydz
AEGD
1 1
= ∫ ∫ 4zdydz [∵ x = 1 on S1 ]
0 0
1 1 1
= ∫ (4 yz ) dz = ∫ 4zdz
0 0 0
1
 z2  4
= 4  = =2
 2 0 2
(ii) ∫ ∫ F.nds
ˆ
S2
_
= ∫∫ 4xzi − y
2
)
j + yzk ..(− i )dydz
OBFC
1 1
= ∫ ∫ − 4xzdydz
0 0
= 0 [ x = 0 on S 2 ]
(iii) ∫ ∫ F.nds
ˆ
S3
2015
2015 Page No. 14
_ _
∫∫ (4xzi − y )
2
= j + yzk .. jdxdz
EBFG
1 1
= ∫ ∫ − y dxdz [∵ y = 1
2
on S 3 ]
0 0
1 1 1 1
=− ∫ ∫ dxdz = − ∫ (x ) dz
0 0 0 0
1 1
= − 1dz = −(z ) = −1
∫
0 0
_ _ _ _
∫∫ (4xzi − y )
j + yzk .(− J )dxdz
2
(iv) ∫ ∫ ˆ =
F.nds
S4 OADC
2
= ∫∫ y dxdz
OADC
= 0 [∵ y = 0 on this surface
_
(v) ∫ ∫ F.nds
ˆ
S5
_ _
= ∫∫ 4xzi − y
2
j + yzk .kdxdy )
DEFC
1 1
= ∫ ∫ yzdxdy [∵ z 1 on S 5 ]
0 0
1 1 1 1
= ∫ ∫ ydxdy = ∫ [yx ] dy
0 0 0 0
1 1
 y2  1
= ydy =   =
∫0  2 0 2
_
(vi) ∫ ∫ F.nds
ˆ
S6
_ _ _
∫∫ (4xzi − y
2
= j + yzk .. − k dxdy
OAEB
1 1
= ∫ ∫ − yzdxdy [∵ z = 0 on this surface 0
0
=0
_
∫ ∫ F.nds
ˆ = ∫∫ + ∫∫ + ∫∫ + ∫∫ + ∫∫ + ∫∫
S s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6
2015
2015 Page No. 15
1 3
= 2 + 0 −1+ 0 + +0=
2 2
ˆ = ∫ ∫ ∫ ∇.Fdv
∫ ∫ F.nds S
V
Hence G.D.T is verified
5. (i)(a)Using Green’s theorem , Evaluate ∫ ( y − sin x)dx + cos x dy where C is the plane triangle bounded by the
C
π 2
lines y= 0, x = 2 and y=  π x
 
Solution: Using Green’s theorem we convert the line integral into double integral over the given region.
__ __ _
i.e _______ + ___
=_ _ ___ − __ _ dxdy ( _ ,1)

Here u=y-sin __ v=cos _ y=  2 
x
 π 
_
x=
_
_
(0,0) ( _ ,0)
__ __
__
=1 __
= -sin _
Hence _(___ − !" # *

_$# + %& #_$___' =
_− !" # − )
$#_$_
Where R is the triangle as shown in figure. Note that the point of intersection of the line x= and , y=
 2  _ ,_ ,
  x
is _ , )_.To cover the region we consider the horizontal strip PQ where x varies from to
_ - -
 π 
and1 then move this horizontal
1
strip vertically from y=0 to y=1
/
__
∴ πy 0
_− *!" # − ) 2 _
)
$#_$_ =_
_/1_− !" # − )
$#_$_ 0
π 2
2
= ∫ [cos x − x]
0
dy= ∫
0
 π π πy 
 0 − − cos + dy
 2 2 2 
2015
2015 Page No. 16
1
 πy 
−π sin 2

2 π y π 2 π
= y− + .  = -− − +
 2
π 2 2 π 4
 2 0
− 2π 2 − 8 + π 2 = − π 2 − 8
=
π π
π 2 
= −2 +π 
 
_ _ _ _
(b) Verify Stokes theorem for the vector F = xyi − 2 yz j − xzk ,where S is the open surface of the rectangular
parallelopiped formed by the planes x= 0, y=0,x=1 ,y=2 and z=3 above the XOY plane.
Solution :
Stoke’s theorem
_ _
∫ F .d r = ∫∫ ∇ × F .d s C
S
_ _
F.dr = xydx− 2yzdy− xzdz
_ _ _ _
∫ F .d r = ∫ F .d r + ∫ F .d r + ∫ F .d r + ∫ F .d r
C OA AB BC CD
Along OA y=0,dy=0,z=0,dz=0
_ _
∫ F .d r = 0
OA
Along AB ,x=1,dx=0,z=0,dz=0
_ _
∫ F .d r = 0
AB
Along BC,y=2,dy=0,z=0,dz=0
2015
2015 Page No. 17
_ _ 0
∫ F .d r = ∫ 2 xdx = −1 Z
BC 1
Along CO x=0,dx=0,z=0,dz=0 F
_
∫ F .d r =0 G E
CO
_ _
∫ .dr = −1
F A 0 C
C
B Y
X
_ _ _
i j k
_ ∂ ∂ ∂
∇× F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
xy − 2 yz − xz
= iˆ(2y − ˆj − j ) + kˆ − x)
= 2 y iˆ + z ˆj − x kˆ
∫∫ ∇ × F ⋅ n ds
ˆ = ∫∫ + ∫∫ + .... + ∫∫
S S1 S2 S5
x = 0 , nˆ = − iˆ
3 2 2
_ 3
∫∫ ∇ × F .nds
ˆ = − ∫ ∫ 2 ydydz = −∫ y ( ) dz
2
S 0 0 0 0
= 4 × 3 = 12
x = 1, nˆ = iˆ
_ 3 2
∫∫ ∇ × F ⋅ ˆ
ndS = − ∫ ∫ 2 ydydz = 12
S2 0 0
y = 0, nˆ = − ˆj
2015
2015 Page No. 18
_ 3 1 3
∫∫ ∇ × F ⋅ ndS
ˆ = − ∫ ∫ zdxdz = − ∫ zdz
S3 0 0 0
9
=−
y = 2 , nˆ = ˆj
_ 3 1
9
∫∫ ∇ × F ⋅ ndS
ˆ = ∫ ∫ zdxdz = S
2
4 0 0
z = 3 nˆ = kˆ
2 1 2
1
∫∫ ∇ × F ⋅ n ˆdS S = − ∫ ∫ xdxdy = −∫ dy
5 0 0 0
2
= -1
9 9
∫∫ ∇ × F .nds
S
ˆ = −12 + 12 − + − 1
2 2
= -1
L.H.S = R.H.S
2
(ii)Verify Green’s theorem for ∫ (3x − 8 y 2 )dx + (4 y − 6xy)dy where C is the boundary of the region defined
C
by the lines x=0,y=0 and x+y =1.
Solution : Green’s theorem states that
 ∂Q ∂P 
∫ Pdx + Pdy = ∫∫  ∂x − ∂y dxdy
c R
∫ (3x )
− 8y 2 dx + (4 y − 6xy )dy
2
Given :
c
here p = 3x 2 − 8 y 2 B(0,1)
and q 4 y − 6xy
2015
2015 Page No. 19
p q
= −16 y , = −6 y
∂y ∂x
To evaluate
∫ pdx + qdy
c
O A(1,0)
∫ pdx + qdy [
= ∫ 3x 2 − 8y 2 dx + (4 y − 6xy )dy
C c
= ∫+ ∫+ ∫
OA AB BO
∫ [(3x ]
− 8y 2 )dx + (4y − 6xy )dy = ∫ 3x 2 dx, (On OA,y=0,dy=0 x varies from 0 to 1)
2
=
OA 0
3x3 1
= 0
3
=1
0
[( ) ]
∫ = ∫ 3x − 8 (1 − x ) dx + [4 (1 − x ) − 6x (1 − x ) ](− dx )
2 2
AB 1
(On AB,y=1-x,dy=-dx x varies from 1 to 0)

0
∫ (3x )
2
− 8 + 16x − 8x 2 − 4 + 4x + 6x − 6x 2 dx
1
0
(
= ∫ − 11x 2 + 26x − 12 dx )
1
0
 x3 x2 
 − 11 + 26 − 12x 
 3 2 1
11
= − 13 + 12
3
8
=
3
0
∫ (3x )
− 8y 2 dx + (4 y − 6xy )dy = ∫ 4 ydy (On BO ,x=0 dx=0 y varies from 1 to 0.)
2
2015
2015 Page No. 20
y 2 0
=4 1
2
8 5
Hence ∫ pdx + qdy = 1 + 3 − 2 = 3 ............ (1)
c
 ∂Q ∂P 
Tofind ∫∫  − dxdy
R  ∂x ∂y 
 ∂Q ∂P 
∫∫  ∂x − ∂y dxdy = ∫∫ (− 6 y + 16 y )dxdy
R R
1 1− y
= ∫ ∫ 10ydxdy
0 0
1− y
= ∫ 10
1
0
yx dy
0
1
= ∫ 10y(1 − y)dy
0
1
 y2 y3 
= 10  − 
 2 3 0
1 1 5
= 10 −  = ........................................(2 )
 2 3 3
From (1) & (2)
 ∂Q ∂P 
∫ Pdx + Pdy = ∫∫  ∂x − ∂y dxdy
c R
Hence GREEN’S Theorem is verified.
2015
2015 Page No. 21
UNIT-II ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PART-A
d2y dy
1. Solve 2
−6 +13y =0. (Nov/Dec. 2009)
dx dx
(D 2 − 6D +13)y = 0
2
A.E is m – 6m + 13= 0
6 ± −16
m= = 3 ± 2i
2
3x
Hence the solution is y = e ( A Cos2x + B Sin2x)
2
2. Solve (D – 4)y = 4.
A.E is m -4=0
m=2,-2
2x -2x
C.F=Ae +Be
1 1
P.I = 2
4= 2
4.e 0 x = −1
D −4 −
2x -2x
The solution is y= Ae +Be -1
2 5x
3. Find the particular integral of ( D + 5D + 6) y = 11 e
11e 5x
P.I = 2
D + D 6
11e 5x 1 1e 5x
Put D = 5 hence P.I = =
25 + 25 + 6 56
2
4. Find the Particular integral of (D + 4) y = sin2x (Nov/Dec. 2011)
sin 2x
P.I =
D2 + 4
sin 2x x sin 2x − x
Put D2 = -22 , P.I = = = cos 2x
−4+4 2D
5. 2
Find the Particular Integral of ( D - 2D + 1 )y = cosh x (April/May 2013)
cosh x 1 (e x + e − x ) 1 ex 1 e−x
P.I = = = 2 +
D 2 2D + 1 D 2 2D + 1 2 2 2D + 1 2 D 2 - 2D +
1 ex 1 ex 1 xe x 1 xe x 1 x 2 e x
P.I 1 = = = = =
2 D 2 - 2D + 1 2 1− 2 +1 2 2D − 2 2 2 − 2 2 2
1 e−x 1 e−x e−x
P.I 2 = = =
D 2 2D + 1 1+ 2 +1 8
x 2 e x e−x
P.I = +
2 2
6. Find the particular integral of ( D + 2) y = x
x2 x2 1 D 2 −1 2
P.I = = = [1 + ] x
D2 + 2 D2 2 2
2(1 + )
2
2015
2015 Page No. 22
1 D2 1
= [1 − + ...]x 2 = [x 2 −1]
2 2
2 2
7. Find the Particular integral of (D + 1)y = sin x
1 - cos2x
sin 2 x =
2
2
sin x 1 1 − cos 2x 1 1 cos 2x
P.I = 2 = 2 = [ 2 − 2 ]
D + 2 D +1 2 D +1 D +
1 1
P.I = + cos 2x
d2y dy
8. Solve 2
− 4 + 3y = sin 3xcos 2x.
dx dx
(D2 - 4D + 3) y = 0
A.E is m2 – 4m + 3 = 0 => m= 3, m = 1.
C.F = Ae3x + Bex
1
sin3x cos2x = [sin 5x + sin x]
2
1 sin 5x 1 sin x
P.I = 2 + 2
2 D 4D + 3 2 D − 4D +
1 sin 5x 1 sin x
P.I 1 = 2 P.I 2 =
2 D 4D + 2
2 D 4D + 3
Put D2 = -52 =-25 Put D2 = -12 = -1
1  sin 5x  1  sin x 
=   =  
2  − 22 − 4D  2  − 4D + 2 
1  (22 − 4D) sin 5x  1  (2 + 4D) sin x 

=   =  
− 2  22 2 −16D 2  2  2 2 −16D 2 
1 1
P.I = [10cos5x −11sin 5x] + [sin x + 2 cos x]
884 20
1 1
y = Ae3x + Bex + [10cos5x −11sin 5x] + [sin x + 2cos x]
884 20
9. Find the Particular integral of (D – 3)2 y = e3x cosx
e 3x cos x 3x cos x c os x
P.I = 2
= e 2
= e3x 2
= - e3x cosx
(D − 3) (D + 3 − 3) D
2 -2x
10. Find the Particular integral of (D + 2) (D – 1) = e
1 e −2 x 1 e −2 x 1 e −2 x xe −2 x
P.I = [ ] = = =
(D + 2) (D − 1) 2 (D + 2) 9 9 (D + 2)
2 -2x
11. Find the Particular integral of (D + 4D + 4)y = e x
−2 x 3
e −2 x x x 1 e x
P.I = = e −2 x = e −2 x 2 (x) =
(D + 2) 2 ((D − 2) + 2) 2 D 6
2015
2015 Page No. 23
12. Write Cauchy’s homogeneous linear differential equation.
n− 1 n− 2
dny n−1 d y n−2 d y
xn n
+ a1 x n− 1
+ a 2 x n− 2
+ ........+a n y = X , where ai’s are constants and X is a function of x.
dx dx dx
13. Write Legendre’s linear differential equation.
n n−1 n−2
d y d y d y
(a + bx) n n
+ A1 (a + bx) n−1 n−1 + A2 (a + bx) n−2 n−2 + ........+ A n y = f (x) , where Ai’s are constants.
dx dx dx
14. Write the formula to find the particular integral by method of variation of parameter.
If C.F.=Ay1+By2
Then P.I =Py1+Qy2
y2 R y1 R
Where P = − ∫yy '
−y y
'
dx Q= ∫yy '
−y y
'
dx , where R is R.H.S.
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 d 2y dy
15. Solve x 2
+ 4x + 2y = 0
dx dx (April/May 2013)
2 2
(x D + 4xD + 2) y = 0
Put x = ez ,z = logx, xD = θ ,x2 D2 = θ (θ - 1)
(θ (θ - 1)+ 4 θ + 2) z = 0 => (θ2 + 3 θ + 2) z = 0
A.E is m2 + 3m + 2 = 0 => m = -2, -1.
Z = A e–2z + B e-z
A B
=> y = A e-2(logx) + B e-(logx) => y = +
x2 x
2 d 2y dy
16. Transform the equation x 2
+ 6x + 2 y = x log x into linear differential equation with constant
dx dx
coefficients.
Put x = ez , z = logx, xD = θ ,x2 D2 = (θ-1)
the given equation becomes (θ (θ 1) + 6θ + 2) y ez z
(θ2 + 5θ + 2) y = z ez
17. Transform the equation x 2 y '' + xy ' = x into linear differential equation with constant coefficients.
(x 2 D 2 + xD) y = x
d
Put x = e z , z = log x, xD = θ , x 2 D 2 = θ (θ −1), where θ =
dx
Hence the D.E is (θ 2 − θ + θ ) y = e z ⇒ θ 2y = ez

2
2 2  log x 
18. Transform the equation (x D − xD +1) y =   into linear differential equation with constant
 x 
coefficients.
Put x = e ,z = logx, xD = θ ,x2 D2 = θ (θ-1)
2015
2015 Page No. 24
2
( - 2θ + 1) y = (z e-z)
19. Transform the equation ((2x + 3)2 D2 –2(2x + 3) D -12) y = 6x into linear differential equation with constant
coefficients. (May/June 2012)
z
e −3
Put 2x + 3 = ez => x = , z = log ( 2x +3)
2
(2x +3)2 D2 =4 (θ2 - θ )
(2x +3)D = 2θ
ez − 3
Hence the given eqn becomes (4(θ 2 − θ ) − 4θ − 12) y = 6
2
⇒ (4θ 2 − 4θ − 4θ − 12) y = 3(e z − 3)
⇒ (4θ − 8θ − 12) y = 3e − 9
2 z
dy dx
20. Solve = x, = y
dt dt
Dy – x = 0……….(1)
y – Dx = 0………..(2)
2
Eliminate y from these two equations we get (D – 1)x = 0
2
A.E is m – 1 = 0 => m = 1, -1.
⇒ x = Ae + B e
t -t
dx
⇒ = Ae t − B e -t = y
dt
t -t t -t
Hence x = Ae + B e , y = Ae - B e
PART-B
1. (i) Solve (D2+4)y=x +cos x
The A.E. is m 2 + 4 = 0
m = ±2i
C.F.: A cos 2x + B sin 2x
1 1  1+ cos 2x 
P.I = x4 + 2
D2 + 4 D + 4  2 

1 1 1 1 1 1
= x4 + e0 x + cos 2x
4 D
2
 2 ( D + 4)
2
2 D2 + 4
 1+ 
 4 
−1
1  D2  4
= 1+
1 ( x sin 2x )
 x + +
4 4  2 ( 4 ) 2 ( 2 )( 2 )
1  D2 D4  4 1 x sin 2x
= 1− + x + +
4 4 16  8 8
2015
2015 Page No. 25
x 4 12x 2 4.3.2.1 1 x sin 2x

= − + + + .
4 16 64 8 8
4 3x 2 x 4 x sin 2x
The General Solution is y = A cos 2x + B sin 2x + − + + .
8 4 4 8
d 2y
(ii) Solve by the method of variation of parameters + 4y = sec 2x . (Nov/Dec 2010)
dx 2
he A.E is m 2 + 4 = 0
m = ±2i
C.F = A cos 2x + B sin 2x .
To Find Particular Integral
P.I = Py1 + Qy2
y1 = cos 2x ; y2 = sin 2x
y1′ = −2sin 2x ; y2′ = 2 cos 2x
y1 y2' − y1' y2 = 2
y2 R
Now, P = − ∫yy 1
'
2 − y1' y 2
dx
sin 2 x
= −∫ sec 2 xdx
2
= − 1 ∫ tan 2 xdx = 1 log ( cos 2 x )

2 4
y1 R
Q= ∫yy 1
'
2 − y1' y 2
dx
1 1
=
2∫
cos 2 x sec 2 xdx = x
2
∴ y = C.F + P.I
y = C.F + Py1 + Qy2
1
= Acos 2x + B sin 2x + 1 log ( cos 2 x ) cos 2 x + x sin 2 x .
4 2
2. (i) Solve ( D2 -3D+ 2 ) y = 2cos(2x+3)+2ex (Nov/Dec. 2011)
A.E is m2 − 3m + 2 = 0
2015
2015 Page No. 26
(m − 2)(m −1) = 0
m = 1, 2
C.F = Ae2 x + Be x
1
P.I = 2
2 cos(2x + 3) + 2e x
D − 3D + 2
P.I = P.I1 + P.I2
1
P.I1 = 2
2 cos(2x + 3)
D − 3D + 2
1
= 2
2cos(2x + 3)
−2 − 3D + 2
1
= −2 cos(2x + 3)
3D + 2
1 3D − 2
= −2 × cos(2x + 3)
3D + 2 3D − 2
3D − 2
= −2 cos(2x + 3)
2
9D − 4
3D cos(2x + 3) − 2 cos(2x + 3)
= −2
9(−4) − 4
−6sin(2x + 3) − 2 cos(2x + 3)
= −2
−40
1
=− (3sin(2x + 3) + cos(2x + 3))
10
1
P.I2 = 2
2e x
D − 3D + 2
1
= 2e x ∵D =1
1− 3 + 2
1
= 2e x
0
x
= 2e x = −2xe x
2D − 3
General Solution is
y = C.F + P.I1 + P.I 2
2015
2015 Page No. 27
1
y = Ae2 x + Be x − (3sin(2x + 3) + cos(2x + 3)) − 2xe x
10
2 2
(ii) Solve the differential equation (x D – x D + 4 ) y = x sin(logx). (May/June 2012)
x 2 D 2 − xD + 4 y = x 2 sin ( log x ) → (1)
Put x = e z or z = log x
xD = θ → 2 )
d
x 2 D 2 = θ (θ −1 → ( 3) Where θ denotes
dz
Sub (2) & (3) in (1) we get
θ θ −1 − θ + 4 ) y = e 2 z sin z
i.e θ 2 − θ − θ + 4 ) y = e 2 z sin z
θ 2 − 2θ + 4 y = e 2 z sin z → ( 4
The A.E is m 2 − 2m + 4 = 0
2 ± 4 −16
m=
2
2 ± −12
m=
2
m = 1± i 3
C.F = e z ( A cos 3z + B sin 3z )
1
P.I = 2
θ − 2θ + 4
( e 2 z sin z )
1
= e2 z 2
sin z
(θ + 2 ) − 2 (θ + 2 ) + 4
1
= e2z 2
sin z
θ + 2θ + 4
1
= e2 z 2
sin z
−1 + 2θ + 4
2015
2015 Page No. 28
1
= e 2z sin z
2θ + 3
1 2θ − 3
= e2z × sin z
2θ + 3 2θ − 3
2θ − 3
= e 2z 2 sin z
4θ − 9
2 θ sin z − 3sin z
= e 2z
4(−1) − 9
2 cos z − 3sin z
= e 2z
−13
∴The General solution of (4) is
2cos z − 3sin z
y = e z ( A cos 3z + B sin 3z ) + e2 z
−13
Sub z = log x or x = e z , we get
log x ( e log x )2
y=e [ A cos( 3 log x) + B sin( 3 log x)] + [2 cos(log x) − 3sin(log x)]
−13
x2
y = x[ A cos( 3 log x) + B sin( 3 log x)] + [cos(log x) − 3sin(log x)]
−13
2 x
3. (i) Solve ( D + 5D+4 ) y = e sin2x (Nov/Dec. 2012)
The A.E m 2 + 5m + 4 = 0
m = −4 , −1
C.F = Ae −4 x + Be − x
1
P.I = 2
D + 5D + 4
( e − x sin 2x )
1
= e− x sin 2x
( D −1)2 + 5( D −1) + 4
1
= e− x 2
sin 2x
D + 3D
1
= e− x sin 2x
−4 + 3D
1 3D + 4
= e− x sin 2x
3D − 4 3D + 4
2015
2015 Page No. 29
3D sin 2x + 4sin 2x
= e− x
9D 2 −16
6cos 2x + 4sin 2x
= e− x
−52
−e − x
= [ 2 sin 2x + 3cos2x ]
26
The general Solution is
y = C.F. + P.I
e− x
y = Ae −4 x + Be − x − ( 2 sin 2x + 3cos 2x )
26
d 2 y 1 dy 12 log x
(ii) Solve the equation + = (Nov/Dec 2012)
dx 2 x dx x2
d 2 y 1 dy 12 log x
The Given ODE is + =
dx 2 x dx x2
i.e., (x 2 D 2 + xD) y = 12 log x
d
Put x = e z , z = log x, xD = θ , x 2 D 2 = θ (θ −1), where θ =
dx
[θ (θ −1) + θ ]y = 12z
θ 2 y = 12z
The A.E is m2 = 0
m = 0, 0.
C.F =A+Bz
1
P.I = 2 12z
D
12
D∫
= zdz
12 z 2
=
D 2
= 6∫ z 2 dz
z3
=6
3
=2z3
The General solution is
y = C. F + P.I
y = A+Bz + 2z3
Put z = logx,
y = A + Blogx + 2(logx)3 .
2015
2015 Page No. 30
4. 2
(i) Solve (1+ x ) y ′′ + (1 + x ) y ′ + y = 2sin log
 (1+ x )  (May/June 2014)
Let 1+ x = e z or z = log 1+ x )
1+ x ) D = θ
2
(1+ x ) D 2 = θ (θ −1)
θ (θ −1) + θ +1 y = 2sin z
θ 2 − θ + θ +1 y = 2 sin z
θ 2 +1 y = 2sin z
The A.E. is m 2 +1 = 0
m = ±i
C.F.: A cos z + B sin z
1
P.I = 2
2sin z
θ +1
1
= 2
2 sin z ( Replacing θ by - 1)
−1 +1
1
= 2sin z ( since Dr is 0 multiply z in Nr and Diff Dr w.r.t θ )
0
z
= 2sin z
2θ
= z ∫ sin z dz
= −z cos z
The General Solution is y = C.F + P.I
Y = A cos z + B sin z −z cos z
Y=Acos(log(1+x))+Bsin(log(1+x)) − log(1+ x) cos(log(1+ x))
(ii) Solve _33 − 4_3 + 4_ = _ #

5_# by the method of variation of parameter. (May/June. 2014)
The A.E is m 2 − 4m + 4 = 0
m = 2, 2
2015
2015 Page No. 31
2x 2x
C.F = Ae + Bxe .
To Find Particular Integral
P.I = Py1 + Qy2
y1 = e 2 x ; y2 = xe 2 x
y1′ = 2e 2 x ; y2′ = 2xe 2 x + e 2 x = (2x +1) e 2 x
y1 y 2' − y1' y2 = (2 x+1)(e 2 x ) 2 − 2x(e 2 x ) 2 = e 4 x
y2 R
Now, P = − ∫yy 1
'
2 − y1' y 2
dx
2x 2x
= − ∫ xe (1 +4 x x)e dx
e
= − ∫ ( x + x 2 )dx
 x2 x3 
= − + 
 2 3 
y1 R
Q= ∫yy 1
'
2 − y1' y 2
dx
e 2 x (1 + x)e 2 x
= ∫ dx
e4 x
= ∫ (1 + x)dx
 x2 
=x+ 
 2 
The General Solution is
∴ y = C.F + Py1 + Qy2
2x 2x  x 2 x3   2
x  2x
= Ae + Bxe −  +  e2 x +  x +  xe .
 2 3   2 
5 _ $ $_
(i) Solve 6# + _ + 6_6# + _ − 67_ = 6# + 4# + ) (Apr/May 2013)
$#_ $#
2
Let ( 3x + 2 ) D 2 + 3 ( 3x + 2 ) D − 36  y = 3x 2 + 4x +1
 
Let 3x + 2 = e z or z = log ( 3x + 2 )
1 2
x = ez −
3 3
2015
2015 Page No. 32
Let ( 3x + 2 ) D = 3θ
2
( 3x + 2 ) D 2 = 9θ (θ −1)
1 2 1 2
9θ (θ −1) + 3 ( 3θ ) − 36 y = 3  e z −  + 4  e z −  +1
3 3 3 3
1 4 4  4 8
9θ 2 − 9θ + 9θ − 36 y = 3  e 2 z + − e z  + e z − +1
9 9 9  3 3
1 4 4 4 8
9θ 2 − 36 y = e 2 z + − e z + e z − +1
3 3 3 3 3
1 2z 1
= e −
3 3
A.E is 9m 2 − 36 = 0
9m 2 = 36
m2 = 4
m=± 2
C.F = Ae 2 z + Be −2 z
2 −2
= A ( 3x + 2 ) + B ( 3x + 2 )
1 e2 z
P.I1 =
9θ 2 − 36 3
1 1
= . e 2z
3 36 − 36
1 1 2z
= z e
3 18θ
1 e2z
= z
54 2
1
= ze 2z
108
1
= [log(3x + 2)] ( 3x + 2 )2
108
1 e0z
P.I 2 =
9θ 2 − 36 3
2015
2015 Page No. 33
1 1 0z 1
= . e =−
3 −36 108
y = C.F + P.I1 − PI 2
2 −2 1 2 1
= A ( 3x + 2 ) + B ( 3x + 2 ) + ( 3x + 2 ) log ( 3x + 2 ) +
108 108
2 −2 1  2
= A ( 3x + 2 ) + B ( 3x + 2 ) + ( 3x + 2 ) log ( 3x + 2 ) +1 .
108  
dx dy
(ii) Solve the simultaneous differential equations + 5x − 2 y = t, + 2x + y = 0 . (Apr/May 2013)
dt dt
9
Let 8 =
9:
;ℎ=_>?_@ABCD_E@D_F=_GHBAA=D_@I
8_ + 5_ − 2 = A_, 8_ + 2_ + =0
_8 + 5 = A_ → _1
_−2
2_ + _8 + 1 = 0 → _2
Here we Eliminate _
_1 = 2A → _3
× 2_; _____________________________________________2_8 + 5
_−4
= 0_ → _4
_2
× _8 + 5
_; ____2_8 + 5
_ + _8 + 5
_8 + 1
_4
− _ _3
⇒
_8 + 5
_8 + 1
+ 4 = −2A
_8- + 58 + 8 + 5
+ 4 = −2A
_8- + 68 + 5
+ 4 = −2A
_8- + 68 + 5 + 4
= −2A
_8- + 68 + 9
= −2A
The auxillary equation is V - + 6V + 9 = 0
V = −3, −3
W. Y = _ _ZA + [
= \]:
^
P.I = _ 0 à_`b _−2A
^
=- 2
b a_`_ 0
2015
2015 Page No. 34
1
=− 2t
 6D D 2 
9  1+ + 
 9 9 

2 1
=− t
9  6D D 2 
1+ + 
 9 9 
−1
2  6D D 2 
= − 1 + +  t
9  9 9 
2
2   6D D 
2
  6D D 2 
= − 1 +  + +
  9 + 9
 + .......t

9   9 9    

2  6D 
= −  1+ t
9 9 
2 6Dt 
= − t + 
9 9 
2 6
= −  t + 
9 9
2 2
P.I = −  t + 
9 3
The General Solution is
y = C.F + P.I
2 2
Y = (At+B) e −3t −  t + 
9 3
To find x :
6y − D + 4 ( D + 5 y = 2t − D + 4 ) e 2t
6 − D 2 − 9D − 20  y = 2t − 2e 2t − 4e zt
D 2 + 9D +14 y = 6e 2t − 2t
The A.E. is m 2 + 9m +14 = 0
m + 7 m + 2) = 0
2015
2015 Page No. 35
m = −2, − 7
C.F.: Ae −2t + Be −7t
6 2
P.I. = e 2t − t
(D 2
+ 9D +14 ) (D 2
+ 9D +14 )
6e 2t 2 1
= − (t )
4 +18 +14 14 9D D 2
1+ +
14 14
−1
6e 2t 1  9D D 2 
= − 1 + +  (t )
36 7  14 14 
e 2t 1  9D  e 2t 1  9 
= − 1−  ( t ) = − t − 
6 7 14  6 7  14 
e 2t t 9
G.S. is y = Ae −2t + Be −7t + − +
6 7 98
To Calculate x
2e 2t 1
Dy = −2 Ae −2t − 7Be −7t + −
6 7
5e 2t 5t 45
5 y = 5Ae −2t + 5Be −7t + − +
6 7 98
7e 2t 5t 1 45
( D + 5 ) y = 3Ae −2t − 2Be −7t + − − +
6 7 7 98
2 ) ⇒ 2x = − ( D + 5) y + e2t
7e 2t 5t 31 2t
= −3Ae −2t + 2Be −7t − + − +e
6 7 98
−3 A −2t 7 5t 31
x= e + Be −7t − e 2t + −
2 72 14 196
The General solution is
− 3 A −2t e 2t 5t 31
x= e + Be −7t − + −
2 12 14 196
e 2t t 9
y = Ae −2t + Be −7t + − + .
6 7 98
UNIT –III LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

PART - A
2015
2015 Page No. 36
1. Find the Laplace Transform of _ _ (Nov/ Dec 2013)

e m
= . i
d
i
L _1
Lg = ds n
t
m ^ ^ m
= _n _ − _ ds _= plog s − log_s − 1
n n\^
sn
m
n m ^ ^ n n \^
= tlog _ _u = vlog w k = log 1 − log w =0 log =log .
n\ n ^ ^\ n\^ n
n
2. %& d
Is Laplace transform of t d
u exist?
z{ni z{ni
Since lim = ∞ , the Laplace transform of L _ does not exist.
i
t →0
z{ni
So, L t i
u does not exist.
3. Find the Laplace Transform of ~ _e6d (May/June 2012)
~ ~
L•~t e i € = �L•~t€‚ ƒ … † = … .
n→n\ n0 -_n\
n n\]
0_
( May/june 2012)
4. State and prove first shifting theorem on Laplace Transforms.
If Lpf_t s = F_s , then Lpe‰i f_t s F_s − a

m
Proof: Lpf_t _
s = | e\ni f_t
dt = F_s
m \ni ‰i m \_n\‰
Lpe‰i f_t s = _ |
pe f_t sdt _ = _|
i f_t dt, _ _ > 0_ =_ _s − a
5. Verify Initial Value theorem for _

= \ _ !"d %& d (May/June 2012)
Initial value theorem states lim f t lim sF_s

t →0 s→∞
L.H.S. lim f_t

=_ lim _1 + e\i _sint + cost
= 1+0+1=2 t →0 t →0
R.H.S. lim sF_s _e _= = lim

^ ^ n`
s→∞ lim 0
= spL_1 + e\i _sint + cost
s→∞
s= s t n + _n`^
s→∞
0 `^
+ _n`^
^
`^
u
0
^ n`- n_n`-
= lim s t + u= lim �1 + 0
n _n`^ 0 n→m n0 _^`
w n→m w 0 w
`^ � =lim �1 + x
�=1+1=2 s→∞ Žn0 _^`x _ `^�
n0 Ž_^` x _ ` 0 �
x
Hence Initial Value theorem is verified.
6. Find ‘_e\6d !"d%& d
]i \]i n’“-i ^ - ^
L_e sintcost
- - n0 `” n→n ] _n`]
= 0 `”
•–
7. Find the inverse Laplace transform of .
2015
2015 Page No. 37
We know that Lpu t 0_when_ @

˜•™x ‰_ =š _
s
n
where 1_when_ @
˜•™x
Therefore L\^ t u_= u‰ _t
n
8. State the conditions under which Laplace transforms of f(t) exists.
The Laplace transform of f(t) exists , if

(i) f(t) is continuous or piecewise continuous in the interval [a,b] where a 0
(ii) f(t) is of exponential order i.e. lim e\ni f_t
= Ÿinite quantity. t →∞
9. Find the inverse Laplace Transform of %&d ) (April/May 2011)
^
L\ [F s
]= L\ pY 3 _s s
i
^ ¢ ^ \^ ^
_ _ L\^ pcot \^ ss = − i L\^ ¢n
_cot \^
u_=_L\^ tn0 ` u = i sint
i
_
10. Find _%& £–d
^
˜™¤ ` •™¤ = t +_ = t = u=
L_coshat -
=L
^ ^ ^ ^ n`‰`n\‰ ^ -n n
=
-
L_e‰i - n ‰ `‰ - n\ -_ n0 \_‰ n0 \_ 0
+ L_e\‰i n`
11 )
Find the inverse Laplace transform of _ `4 `4
^ ^ ^
L\^ t 0 `”n ”
u =_ L ^
t n`- 0 = e\-i L\^ tn u |=e\-i t
12 )
Find the inverse Laplace transform of
\
^ ^ ^ ^ i -i ˜0¤ ˜0¤
L\^ t e dt =t u = −_
n_n -
|
u= L\ t . u _ L\^ tn\-u dt =
n n\-
d \d
13 Find the Laplace transform of de ¥d
2
i ^ ^
L t_ t \i dt = _ Lp e\i s = pL t
n
^
sn→n`^ = t 0 u =
n n→n` n_n ^
0
14 `_
Find the inverse Laplace transform
… of _ _
• `4 `¦€
n`
- u L ^ n`- `^ 0
L\^ t 0
n`-
n`”n §
=
n i n i
= e\-i L\^ = e -i
n0 `^ 0
sint t∵ _ L\ t_n0
` 0
0 u = -‰
sinatu
15 If ‘ c_ )
s ©
, prove that ‘p _6d
s ©_
6 6
Lpf t
m \ni
s= e f t
dt = F s
xª
m \ni m \
Lpf 3t |
f_3t dt _ e f u
s= ¢«
put u 3 _ ⇒ du = 3dts
]
2015
2015 Page No. 38
^ m \_ _« ^ n
= ] _| e … f_u du_= ] F
]
16 State convolution theorem on Laplace transforms
If f(t) and g(t) are Laplace transformable, then L_f_

g_t ' L_f_t ' g_
'.
17 Give an example for a function that do not have Laplace transform

0 0
Since limi→m e\ni ei = ∞ , ei is not of exponential order. So the function f_t
0
= ei does not have Laplace transform.
18 d
Evaluate 2
!"®%& d − ®
¥®
i
L t_| sinucos_t − u
duu = Lpsint ∗ costs = LpsintsLpcosts (by convolution theorem)
^ n n i n i
=tn0 `û tn0 ` u_ _ = n0 `^ 0 |
sinu_cos_t − u du = L\^ _ n0`^ 0
= - sint
19 ¥°
Solve using Laplace transform ¥d
+ ° = e\d , given y(0) = 0
Taking Laplace transforms on both sides,

^ ^ ^
L_y 3 + y
= L_e\i
⇒ L_y 3
+ L_y
= n`^ ⇒ sL_y
− y_0
+ L_y
= n`^ ⇒ _s + 1 0
L_y
=
n`^
^ ^
L_y = _n`^ 0
⇒ y L\^ _ _ te\i
n`^ 0
20. Define a periodic function and give examples
A function f (t) is said to be periodic function if f (t + p) =f(t) for all t, where the least value of p> 0 such
that f (t + p) =f(t) is called the period of p. For example sint and cost are periodic functions with period
2π
PART B
]n `ân`-a
1.(i) Evaluate L\ t 0
n_n `”n ^]
__ _ (Nov/Dec 2013)
Solution:
]n0 `ân`-a ± ²n`³
= +
n_n0`”n`^]
n n0 `”n`^]
3s - + 16s + 26 = A_s - + 4s + 13
+__Bs + C
s 3s- + 16s + 26 = As- + 4As + 13A +_Bs- +
Cs Equating the coefficients on both sides, we get
A + B = 3__
4A + C = 16
13A = 26_ ⟹ A =
2 B=1, C=8
] 0 `ân`-a - n`
n_n ` n`^]
= +
n n0 ”n`^]
2015
2015 Page No. 39
n0 `ân`-a - n`·
L\^ t u = L\^ t u
n_n0 ` n`^] n0 ` n`^]
n
- n`·
= L\^ t + u
n n0 `”n`”`b
- n`·
= L\^ t +
n _n`-
0 `b uL t + u
\^ - n`-à
= n _n`-
0 `b
= - n`- a
L\^ t +
n _n`-
= 0 `b +
_n`-
0 `bu
=
- n`- a
L\^ t u + L\^ t
n _n`-
0 `b u + L\^ t_n`-
0 `b u
2 + e\-i sin3t + 2e\-i cos3t
n`^ -
(ii) Find the inverse Laplace transform of (a).log _ ____( b). tan\^ _ _
n\^ n`^
Solution:
n`^
(a).log _n\^_
^ ¢
L\^ pφ_s
s = − L\^ t _φ_s
i ¢n
u
n`^
L\^ tlog _n\^_u = L\^ p_log_s + 1
− log__s − 1
s
^ ¢
= − _L\^ ƒ p_log_s + 1
i ¢n
− log__s − 1
s†
^ ^ ^
=_− i L\^ tn`^ − _ n\û
^
=_− (e\i − _ ei
i
-
( b). tan\^ _n`^_
^ ¢
L\^ pφ_s
s = − L\^ t _φ_s
i ¢n
- ^ ¢ -
L\^ ttan\^ _ _u = − L\^ t Žtan\^ _ _�u
n`^ i ¢n n`^
^ ^ \-
= − L\^ v 0 0 __
i ^`_ _ _ _n`^
0
_y x¸w
^ \^ -
= i
L t_n`^
0 `” _u
^ \i \^ -
= e L t 0 _u
i n `”
^ \i \^ -
= e L t 0 0 _u
i n `-
^ \i
= e sin2t
i
2. (i) Find the Laplace transform of (April /May 2011)
2015 2015
Page No. 40
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _when_ < 2 @
f t and f(t+2a)=f(t).
= _ _ _ _ when a < 2@
Solution:
^ º
Lpf_t _
s= e\ni f_t
^\_˜•¹x |
dt
^ ‰ -‰
= t_| e\ni tdt + _‰ e\ni _2a − t
^\_˜•0™x
dtu
‰
^ ˜•x¤ ˜ •x¤
= ^\_˜•0™x
_»_t \n
−_ _
n0 |
+ _ g_2a −t \n n0
˜•x¤
_−
1
˜•x¤
= _ _
-
k
‰
¼‰
^ ˜•x™ ˜•x™ ^ ˜•0™x ˜•x™ ˜•x™
= ^\_˜•0™x
_t_a −_ + _ n0 _ + _ _ −a − _u
\n n0 n0 \n n0
^ ^\-˜•™x `˜•0™x
=__ _t u
^\_ ˜•0™x n0
_^\_˜•™x
= 0
_^\_˜•0™x
_n0
_^\_˜•™x
= 0 _^\__˜•™x
0
_n0
_^\_˜•™x
= 0
_^\_˜•™x
__^`_˜•™x
_n0
™x •™x
^ ^\_˜•™x ^ ˜ 0 \_˜ 0 ^ ‰n
= g ™x •™x k = tanh _ _
n0 ^`_˜•™x n0 ˜ 0 `_˜ 0 n0 -
π
(ii) Using Laplace transform solve_y ′′ + 9y = _18t, given_that_y_0
= _0 = y _-_ Solution:
Taking Laplace transforms on both sides we have,

L_y ′′ + 9y
= L_18t
s- y¿_s
n0
_– sy_0
− y ′ _0
+ 9y¿_s
^·
= Gℎ=H=_y¿_s
= L_y_t
Let ′_0
=Z
s- y¿_s
n0
− A + 9y¿_s
^·
=
_s- + 9
n0
y¿_s
^·
_= + A
^· ±
y¿_s
_ = n0 _n0 `b
+ _n0 `b
^· ±
y_t
_ = L\^ _
n0 _n0 `b
+ _n0 `b
_
i i ±
y(t) =6 _| _| sin3tdtdt + sin3t
]
i \z{n]i ^ ±
= 6 _| _ + __dt + sin3t
] ] ]
\n’“]i ±
y(t) =2 _ _ + 2t + sin3t (1)
] ]
π - ± π
y _-_ = _ ] + π − ] = 0 ty _-_ = 0_is_givenu
⇒ = π+2 (2)
2015
2015 Page No. 41
(Subject Name: MATHEMATICS II Subject Code: MA6251 Question Bank 2014 - 2015
By substituting (2) in (1) we get,

y_
= t + πsin3
3. (i)Find Lpt - e\]i sin2ts
Lpt - e\]i sin2ts = e\]i �Lpt - sin2ts‚n→n`]

¢
Lptf_t
s=− Lpf_t
¢n
s
¢0
Lpt - f_t
s = 0 _Lpf_t
¢n
s
¢0
Lpt - sin2ts = ¢n0
Lpsin2ts
•n0 `”€_-n0 `·\·n0 ·\an0
= −2e\]i t _n0 `” 0
u =−2e\]i t
_n0 `”
0
u
·\an0
Lpt - e\]i sin2ts = e\]i �Lpt - sin2ts‚ = −2e\]i t u
n→n`] _n0 `” 0 n→n`]
\]i ·\a_n`]
= −2e t0 __n`] u
0 `”
0
ii) Find the Laplace transform of the square-wave function (or Meoander function) of period ‘a’ defined
‰
1___________when_0 < A <
-
as f_t ‰
=Â (May/June 2013)
−1________when_ < A < @
Solution: -
º
1
Lpf_t l
s= \ni
e f_t
1 − _ e\ºn |
dt
‰
1
Lpf_t l
s= \ni
e f_t
1 − _ e\‰n |
dt
‰
1 - ‰
= \ni dt + l −e\ni dt¼
1 −_e \‰n »l e ‰
|
‰
‰
1 e\ni - e\ni
= _Ãg _k − _g k Ä
1 − _ e\‰n −s | −s ‰
-
•™x
^ ^\-˜ 0 `˜•™x
= _v y
^\_˜•™x n
_™ x 0
Ž^\_ ˜ • 0 � • _™ x
^ ^\_˜ 0 ^ ‰n
= ™x ™x = g _™xk = tanh _ _
Ž^\_˜ •_ •_
0 �Ž^`_˜ 0 �n n •
^`_˜ 0 n ”
”
4. (i) Using convolution theorem find the inverse Laplace transform of _n0 (May/June 2013)
` n`§ 0
2015
2015 Page No. 42
” ”
L\^ _ = \^
n0 `-n § _ n`
0 0 `”
0 _
”
= L\^ _
__n`^
0 `-0
0
_
” - -
L\^ _
__n`^
0 `-0
0
_ = L\^ _
_n`^
0 `-0
_∗L _
\^
_n`^
0 `-0
_ =e sin2t ∗
\i e\i sin2t
i
=_| e\« sin2u_e\_i\«
sin2_t − u
du
i
=_| e\i sin2u_sin2_t − u
du
^ i ^ i ^ i
=- _| _e\i _cos2_2u − t _ _
− cos2t
du = - |
e\i cos2_2u − t
du − _ e\i cos2t_du
- |
˜•¤ n’“_”«\-i
= ƒ_ |
- ” i
_ − cos2t_t
i
†|
˜•¤ n’“-i ˜•¤ iz{ni

= −_
” -
(ii) Solve y ′′ + 5y ′ + 6y = 2 given y ′ _0

= 0_and_y_0
= 0 using Laplace transform.
Solution:
Taking Laplace on both sides,
L_y ′′ + 5y ′ + 6y
= L_2 2
s - y¿_s
– sy_0
− y ′ _0
+ 5•sy¿_s
− y_0
€ + 6y¿_s
=
s
2
s - y¿_s
+ 5sy¿_s
+ 6y¿_s
=
s
2
_s- + 5s + 6
y¿_s
=
s
2
y¿_s
=
s_s- + 5s + 6
-
=_
n_n`]
_n`-
- Å Ç È
n_n`]
_n`-
= + _ _n`]
Æ
+
_n`-
2 = Z_s + 3
_s + 2
+ [I_s + 2
+ Ws_s + 3
(1)
-
Put s=-3 in (1) we get B= ]
Put s=-2 in (1) we get C= -1

^
Put s=0 in (1) we get Z =
]
^ - ^
y¿_s
= +_
]Æ ]_n`]
−
_n`-
^ -
_A
= _ + = \]: − = \-:
] ]
∞ : _ÉÆÊ:\_ÉÆË: \ : :
5.(i) Evaluate a)_ = _ :
_ _A b) _ _IBD3A__A
2015
2015 Page No. 43
∞ _ÉÆÊ:\_ÉÆË:
a)_| = \: _ _ _A
:
_ÉÆÊ:\_ÉÆË: ∞
Ì_ _ = _Æ Ì_ECI@A − ECIFA
:
_I
∞ Æ Æ
_Æ _Æ 0 `Ê 0 − _ Æ 0 `Ë0 _ _I
^ ^ ∞
=__t_- log_I - + @-
− log_I - + F -
_-
u
Æ
∞
^ Æ 0`Ê 0 ^ Æ 0`Ê 0
= _tÍCÎ _ _u = − _ ÍCÎ _ _
- Æ0 `Ë 0
Æ - Æ0 `Ë0
^ Æ 0 `Ë 0
ÍCÎ _ _
- Æ 0 `Ê 0
∞ _ÉÆÊ:\_ÉÆË: ^ ^`Ë0
_| = \: _ :
_ _A = ÍCÎ _
- ^`Ê 0
_
^`Ë 0
_= ÍCÎÏ_ _
^`Ê 0
:
b)= \”: _| A_IBD3A__A
: :
Ì _= \”: _ A_IBD3A__A_ = tÌ _ _ A_IBD3A__A_u Æ→Æ`”
| |
^
=_t Ì_A_IBD3A
Æ
u
Æ→Æ`”
^ 9
= t _− Ì_IBD3A
Æ 9Æ
_u
Æ→Æ`”
^ 9 ] aÆ
= t Æ Ž− 9Æ _Æ0 _�u =
`]0 Æ→Æ`”
0
Æ_Æ`] 0
a a a
= t_Æ 0
`]0
0 u = __Æ`”
Æ→Æ`”
0 `]0
0 = _Æ 0
`·Æ`-§
0
Æ
(ii) Use convolution theorem to evaluate Ì\^ t_Æ 0 `Ê 0
_Æ0 `Ë 0
u Solution:
Æ Æ ^
Ì\^ t_Æ 0 `Ê 0
_Æ0 `Ë 0 :
Ë Ë
_
u = Ì\^ t_Æ 0 `Ê 0
^ :
u * Ì\^ t_Æ 0 `Ë0
ÆÐÑË: ^
u =cos @A ∗ _ = _ |
ECI@__IBDF_A − _
__
= _| psin_FA − F_ + @_
Ë
− _sin__FA − F_ − @_
= t −_ u
s __ ^ \_ÉÆ_Ë:\Ë_`Ê_
z{n__Ë:\Ë_\Ê_
:
Ë _Ê\Ë
_Ê`Ë
|
^ z{n Ê: _ÉÆÊ: _ÉÆË: _ÉÆË:
= t_ − _ −_ _ −_ _u
Ë Ë\Ê Ê`Ë Ë\Ê Ê`Ë
- Ë_ÉÆË:\Ê_ÉÆÊ:
= u
Ë Ê 0 \Ë 0
UNIT-IV ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS

1. Define an analytic function (or) holomorphic function (or) Regular function.
2015
2015 Page No. 44
A function is said to be analytic at a point if its derivative exists not only at that point but also in some neighborhood of
that point.
2. Define an entire or an integral function.
A function which is analytic everywhere in the finite plane is called an entire function. An entire function is analytic
everywhere except at z = ∞
Ex. ez, sinz, cosz, sinhz, coshz
3. State the necessary condition for f(z) to be analytic [Cauchy – Riemann Equations]
The necessary conditions for a complex function f(z) = u(x,y) + iv(x,y) to be analytic in a region R are
u ∂v ∂v ∂u
= and =−
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y (i.e) ux = vy and vx = - uy
4 State the sufficient conditions for f(z) to be analytic
If the partial derivatives ux, uy, vx and vy are all continuous in D and ux = vy and uy= - vx. Then the function f(z) is
analytic in a domain D.
5. State the polar form of the C – R equation.
In Cartesian co – ordinates any point z is z = x + iy
In polar co – ordinates it is z = rei θ where r is the modulus and θ is the argument. Then the C- R equation in polar
co – ordinates is given by
u 1 v ∂v 1 u
= , =−
∂ r ∂θ ∂r ∂θ
6. State the basic difference between the limit of a function of a real variable and that of complex variable.
In the real variable, x →x0 implies that x approaches x0 along the X – axis (or) a line parallel to the X – axis.
In complex variable, z →z0 implies that z approaches z0 along any path joining the points z and z0 that lie in the Z –
plane.
7. Define harmonic function.
A real function of two real variables x and y that possesses continuous second order partial derivatives and that
satisfies Laplace equation is called a harmonic function.
8. Show that an analytic function with constant imajinary part is constant. (Nov/Dec 2011)
Let f(z) = u + iv is analytic
Given v = constant. vx = 0 and vy = 0
u x = v y : u y = vx
By CR equations
Given v is constant. To prove f(z) is constant
f1(z) = ux + ivx = 0 + i0
f1(z) = 0 ⇒ f(z) = c => f(z) is a constant.
2015
2015 Page No. 45
9. Define conformal transformation.
Consider the transformation w = f(z), where f(z) is a single valued function of z, a point z0 and any two curves C1 and
C2 passing through z0 in the Z plane,will be mapped onto a point w0 and two curves
C'1 and C ' 2 in the W plane. If
the angle between C1 and C2 at z0 is the same as the angle between 1 and
C' C2' at w0 both in magnitude and direction,
then the transformation w = f(z) is said to be conformed at the point z0.
10. Define Isogonal transformation.
A transformation under which angles between every pair of curves through a point are preserved in magnitude but
opposite in direction is said to be isogonal at that point.
11. Define Bilinear transformation.
az + b
w=
The transformation cz + d ’ ad – bc ≠ 0 where a, b,c,d are complex numbers is called a bilinear transformation.
This is also called as Mobius or linear fractional transformation.
12. Define Cross Ratio.
z1 − z 2 )( z 3 − z 4 )
Given four points

z1 , z 2 , z 3 , z 4
in this order , the ratio
(z1 − z 4 )(z 3 − z 2 ) is called the cross ratio of the four points.
2
z
13. Show that f(z) = is differentiable at z = 0 but not analytic at z = 0.
Let z = x + iy and
= x − iy
2
z = zz = x 2 + y 2
2
f (z) = z = (x 2 + y 2 ) + i0
u = x2 + y2 , v=0
u x = 2x , vx = 0
uy = 2y , vy = 0
So the CR equations ux = vy and uy= - vx are not satisfied everywhere except at z = 0. So f(z) may be differentiable
only at z = 0. Now ux = 2y, vy = 0 and uy = 2y, vx = 0 are continuous everywhere and in particular at (0, 0). So f(z) is
differentiable at z = 0 only and not analytic there.
14. Determine whether the function 2xy + i(x2 – y2) is analytic or not.
Let f(z) = 2xy + i(x2 – y2)
u = 2xy ; v = x2 – y2
ux = 2y, vy = -2y and uy = 2x , vx = 2x
ux ≠ vy and uy ≠ - vx
CR equations are not satisfied.
Hence f(z) is not an analytic function
15. Prove that an analytic function whose real part is constant must itself be a constant.
2015
2015 Page No. 46
Let f(z) = u + iv
Given u = constant. ⇒ ux = 0 and uy = 0
By CR equations
ux = 0 ⇒ , vy = 0 ; uy = 0 vx = 0
f1(z) = ux + ivx = 0 + i0
f1(z) = 0 ⇒ f(z) = c
f(z) is a constant.
16. Show that the function u = 2x – x3 + 3xy2 is harmonic

Given u = 2x – x3 + 3xy2
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
= −6x = 6x
ux = 2 – 3x2 + 3y2 and ∂x
2
; uy = 6xy and
∂y 2
2
∂ 2u ∂ u
2
x + ∂y = -6x + 6x = 0
2
Hence u is harmonic
17. Find a function w such that w = u + iv is analytic, if u = exsiny

Given u = exsiny
φ1 (x, y) = u x = e x sin y ; φ 2 (x, y) = u y = e x cos y

φ1 (z,0) = e z (0) = 0 ; φ 2 (z,0) = e z
By Milne Thomson’s method
f (z) = ∫ φ1 (z,0)dz − i φ 2 (z,0)dz = 0 − i ∫ e z dz = −ie z + C
18. Find the image of the hyperbola x2 – y2 = 10 under the transformation w = z2
⇒ u + iv = x + iy ) = x 2 − y 2 + i2xy
2
w = z2
u = x2 – y2 and v = 2xy ; x2 – y2 = 10 (i.e) u = 10
Hence the image of the hyperbola x2 – y2 = 10 under the transformation w = z2 is u = 10 which is a straight line in w
plane.
1 z
w=
19. 1−
Obtain the invariant points of the transformation (Nov/Dec 2011)
1+ z 1+ z
w= z= ⇒ z 2 + 1 = 0 ∴ z = ±i
1 − z , The invariant points are given by 1− z
2015
2015 Page No. 47
20. Define a critical point of the bilinear transformation.
The point at which the mapping w = f(z) is not conformal, (i.e) f1(z) = 0 is called a critical point of the mapping.
PART B
 ∂2 ∂ 2  2 ' 2
1a  + f (z) = 4 f (z)
 2 2
If
f (z) is an analytic function prove that  ∂x ∂y  (Apr/May 2011)
Solution:
∂2 ∂2 ∂2
+ =4
First let us prove
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z∂z
Let z = x + iy and z = x − iy
z+z
Now z + z = 2x ⇒ x = _(1)
2
z−z
Also z − z = 2iy ⇒ y = _(2)
2i
∂ ∂ ∂x ∂ ∂y 1 ∂ 1 ∂  ∂x 1 ∂y 1 
By total derivative, = + = +
∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z 2 ∂x 2i ∂y ∵ From (1), ∂z = 2 & ∂z = 2i 
 
∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂  1 ∂ ∂ 
⇒ =  +  =  −i 
∂z 2  ∂x i ∂y  2  ∂x ∂y 
∂ = ∂ ∂x + ∂ ∂y = 1 ∂ − 1 ∂  ∂x 1 ∂y 1
∵ From (2), = & =−
∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z 2 ∂x 2i ∂y  ∂z 2 ∂z 2i  
∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂  1 ∂ ∂ 
⇒ =  −  =  +i 
∂z 2  ∂x i ∂y  2  ∂x ∂y 
∂2 1  ∂2 ∂2 
∴ =  2+ 2
∂z∂z 4  ∂x ∂y 
∂2 ∂2 ∂2
⇒ + = 4
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z∂z
 ∂2 ∂2  2 2
 2 + 2 
f (z) = 4 f ' (z)
Now we prove  ∂x ∂y 
 ∂2 ∂2  2 ∂2
 f (z) f (z)  ∵ zz = z 2 
 2 + 2  f (z) = 4    
 ∂x ∂y  ∂z∂z
2015 2015
Page No. 48
∂2 2
=4 [ f (z) f (z )] ∵ zz = z  
∂z∂z
∂
=4  f (z) f '(z) 
∂z  
= 4  f '(z) f '(z) 
2
= 4 f '(z)
 ∂2 ∂2  2 2
∴  2 + 2  f (z) = 4 f '(z)
 ∂x ∂y 
1b Give an example such that u and v are harmonic but u+iv is not analytic.
Solution:
Let u = x and v= –y
ux = 1, uxx= 0, uy= 0, uyy = 0
vx = 0, vxx = 0, vy= –1, vyy=0
from the above uxx + uyy = 0 and vxx + vyy = 0
⇒ u and v are harmonic.
But ux ≠ vy
Therefore, u+iv is not an analytic function.
2a If u + iv is analytic, then prove that v –iu is analytic.
Solution:
Given that u + iv is analytic.
⇒ ux= vy and uy = –vx.
Let f(z) = U + iV, with U = v and V = –u
then Ux = vx and Uy = vy also Vx = –ux and Vy = –uy.
From the C–R equations, Ux =Vy and Uy = –Vx
⇒f(z) is analytic
⇒ v–iu is analytic
2b −2 y
Find the analytic function w u iv when v = e ( y cos 2x + x sin 2x) and find u.
(Nov/Dec 2011)
Solution:
2015
2015 Page No. 49
Given: v = e −2 y ( y cos 2x + x sin 2x)
If v is given, then f (z) = ∫ v y ( z, 0 )dz + i ∫ vx ( z,0 )dz _(1)
Now, vx = e −2 y { y ( −2 sin 2x ) + x 2 cos 2x ) + sin 2x 1)}
= e −2 y {−2 y sin 2x + 2x cos 2x + sin 2x}

∴vx ( z, 0 ) = e −0 {0 + 2z cos 2z + sin 2z} = 2z cos 2z + sin 2z
(
Also, v y = e −2 y {cos 2x (1)} + { y cos 2x + x sin 2x} −2e −2 y )
= e−2 y {cos 2x − 2 y cos 2x − 2x sin 2 x}
∴v y ( z, 0 ) = e −0 {cos 2z − 0 − 2z sin 2z} = cos 2z − 2z sin 2z
(1) ⇒ f (z) = ∫ ( cos 2z − 2z sin 2z )dz + i ∫ ( 2z cos 2z + sin 2z )dz
= ∫ {(1+ 2iz ) cos 2z + (i − 2z) sin 2z}dz

 sin 2z  − cos 2z     − cos 2z   − sin 2z  
= (1+ 2iz ) − ( 2i )    + ( i − 2z )   − ( −2 )  
 2  4    2   4 
sin 2z i cos 2 z i cos 2z sin 2z
= + iz sin 2z + − + z cos 2z −
2 2 2 2
= z ( cos 2z + i sin 2z ) = ze i2 z
f (z) = zei2z = z cos 2z + iz sin 2 z
⇒ u+ iv = x + iy ) cos ( 2x + i2y ) + i(x + iy)sin(2x + i2y)
= x + iy ) cos 2x cos i2y − sin 2x sin i2y ) + (ix − y)(sin 2x cos i2y + cos 2x sin i2 y)
= x + iy ) cos 2x cosh 2y − sin 2xi sinh 2 y ) + (ix − y)(sin 2x cosh 2 y + cos 2xi sinh 2y)
= x cos 2x cosh 2y − ix sin 2x sinh 2y + iy cos 2x cosh 2 y − i 2 y sin 2x sinh 2y
+ ix sin 2x cosh 2y + i 2 x cos 2x sinh 2y − y sin 2x cosh 2 y − iy cos 2x sinh 2y
= x cos 2x cosh 2 y − ix sin 2x sinh 2 y + iy cos 2x cosh 2 y + y sin 2x sinh 2 y
+ ix sin 2x cosh 2 y − x cos 2x sinh 2 y − y sin 2x cosh 2 y − iy cos 2x sinh 2 y
= x cos 2x cosh 2 y + y sin 2x sinh 2 y − x cos 2x sinh 2 y − y sin 2x cosh 2 y
+ i(x sin 2x cosh 2 y + y cos 2x cosh 2 y − x sin 2x sinh 2y − y cos 2x sinh 2 y)
⇒ u = x cos 2x cosh 2 y + y sin 2x sinh 2 y − x cos 2x sinh 2 y − y sin 2x cosh 2 y
⇒ u = x cos 2x(cosh 2 y − sinh 2 y) − y sin 2x(cosh 2 y − sinh 2 y)
2015
2015 Page No. 50
⇒ u = (x cos 2x − y sin 2x)(cosh 2 y − sinh 2 y)
 e2 y + e −2 y e 2 y − e −2 y 
⇒ u = e −2 y (x cos 2x − y sin 2x) ∵ cosh 2 y = & sinh 2 y = 
 2 2 
z
3a w=
Prove that + z maps the upper half of the z-plane on to the upper half of the w-plane.
(Nov/Dec2010)
Solution:
z
w= ⇒ w(1+ z) = z
1+ z
w + wz = z
w = 1− w z
w
z=
1− w
Put
z = x + iy, w = u + iv
u + iv
x + iy =
1− u − iv
u + iv{(1− u + iv}
=
( u + iv −1) {(1− u ) + iv}
u 1− u ) + iuv + iv (1− u − v 2
= 2
(1− u ) + v2
=
(u − u 2
− v 2 + iv
2
( u −1) + v2
Equating real and imaginary parts
u − u 2 − v2 v
x= 2 , y= 2
(1− u ) +v
2
(1− u ) +v
2
v
y =0⇒ =0
2
( u −1) +v
2
v
y >0⇒ >0
2
( u −1) +v
2
⇒v>0
Thus the upper half of the z plane is mapped onto the upper half of the w plane.
2015
2015 Page No. 51
1
3b w=
Find the image of the circle |z-1|=1 in the complex plane under the mapping (Apr 2011)
Solution:
1 1
Given w = ⇒z=
z w
Given region : z −1 = 1
Its image :
1
−1 = 1
w
1− w
⇒ =1
w
⇒ 1− w = w
⇒ 1− u − iv = u + iv
2
⇒ (1− u ) + v2 = u 2 + v2
⇒1+ u 2 − 2u + v 2 = u 2 + v 2
⇒ 1 − 2u = 0
∴ The image of the circle z −1 = 1 is the straight line 1-2u=0.
4a 1
w=
Show that the map z maps the totality of circles and straight lines as circles or straight lines.
(Nov/Dec 2011)
Solution:
1 1
w= ⇒z=
z w
1 u − iv
⇒ x + iy = = 2 2
u + iv u + v
u −v
⇒x= 22
and y = 2 2
u +v u +v
Consider the equation a(x2+y2)+bx+cy+d=0 ------------(1)
This equation represents a circle if a ≠ 0 and a straight line if a = 0
2015
2015 Page No. 52
1
w=
Under the transformation z equation (1) becomes
d(u2+v2)+bu – cv + a = 0---------------(2)
This equation represents a circle if d ≠ 0 and a straight line if d = 0
Value of a and d Equation (1) and (2) Conclusion
a ≠ 0, d≠ 0 Equation (1) and (2) represents a The transformation maps a circle not
circle, not passing through the origin, passing through the origin in z–plane into a
in the z–plane and w–plane circle not passing through the origin in w–
plane
a ≠ 0, d = 0 Equation (1) represents a circle The transformation maps a circle passing

passing through the origin in the z– through the origin in z–plane into a straight
plane and equation (2) represents a line not passing through the origin in w–
straight line not passing through the plane
origin in w–plane
a = 0, d≠ 0 Equation (1) represents a straight line The transformation maps a straight line not
not passing through the origin in the passing through the origin in the z–plane
z–plane and equation (2) represents a into a circle passing through the origin in
circle passing through the origin in w– w–plane
plane
a = 0, d = 0 Equation (1) and (2) represents a The transformation maps represents a

straight line passing through the straight line passing through the origin in z–
origin in the z–plane and w–plane plane into a straight line passing through
the origin in w–plane
1
w=
Thus the transformation z maps the totality of circles and straight lines as circles or straight lines.
4b Construct the analytic function f(z) = u+iv given that 2u+3v = ex(cos y – sin y).
Solution:
2u + 3v = e x [ cos y − sin y
Given
f ( z = u + iv............... (1
3if z ) = 3iu − 3v............... ( 2 )
1) × 2 ⇒ 2 f ( z = 2u + i2v...........(3)
3 − ( 2 ) ⇒ (2 − 3i) f ( z ) = ( 2u + 3v ) + i ( 2v − 3u ) ............(4)
2015
2015 Page No. 53
F z ) = U + iV
∴2u + 3v = U = e x cos y − sin y ]
∂U
φ1 ( x, y ) = = e x cos y − e x sin y
∂x
φ1 ( z, o = e z
∂u
φ2 ( x, y ) = = −e x sin y − e x cos y
∂x
φ2 ( z,o ) = −e z
By Milne Thomson method
F ′ ( z = φ1 ( z, o ) − iφ2 ( z, o )
∫ F ′ z ) dz = ∫ e dz − i ∫ −e dz
z z
F ( z ) = 1+ i e z + C − − − − − (5)
From (4) & (5)
1+ i e z + C = ( 2 − 3i f z
1+ i z C
f (z) = e +
2 − 3i 2 − 3i
−1+ 5i z C
f ( z) = e +
13 2 − 3i
5a Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z=(1,i,-1) into the points
w=( i,0,-i). Hence find the image of |z|<1 (June 2011)
Solution:
We know that
w − w1 w2 − w3
=
( z − z1 )( z2 − z3 )
( w1 − w2 )( w3 − w ) ( z1 − z2 )( z3 − z )
⇒
( w − i ) 0 + i = ( z −1)( i +1)
( i − 0 )( −i − w ) (1− i )( −1− z )
⇒
( w − i i ) = ( z −1 (1+ i )
− ( i )( w + i ) − (1− i )( z +1)
2015
2015 Page No. 54
⇒
( w − i = ( z −1)(1+ i ) × (1+ i )
( w + i ) ( z +1)(1− i ) (1+ i )
⇒
( w − i = z −1 × 1−1+ 2i )
( w + i ) ( z +1) (1+1)
⇒
( w − i = ( z −1 × 2i
( w + i ) ( z +1) ( 2 )
(w − i ) i ( z −1)
⇒ = ........( A)
( w + i) ( z +1)
⇒
( w − i = iz − i
( w + i ) z +1
Applying componendo and dividendo rule, we get
w − i + w + i iz − i + z +1
⇒ =
w − i − w − i iz − i − z −1
2w iz − i + z +1
⇒ =
−2i iz − i − z −1
 (1+ i ) z +1− i  (1− i ) z −1− i

⇒ w = −i  =
 ( i −1) z −1− i  ( i −1) z −1− i
To find the image of z < 1
From (A),
z −1 w−i −iw −1
= −i =
( z +1) (w + i) w+i
Applying Componendo and dividendo rule, we get
z −1+ z +1 −iw −1+ w + i

=
z −1− z −1 −iw −1− w − i
2z 1− i w + i −1
⇒ =
−2 ( −1− i ) w −1− i
⇒ z=
(1− i ) w + i −1
(1+ i ) w +1+ i
2015
2015 Page No. 55
Now z < 1 ⇒
(1− i w + i −1 <1
(1+ i ) w +1+ i
⇒ 1− i w + i −1 < 1+ i w +1+ i
⇒ 1− i ( u + iv + i −1 < (1+ i )( u + iv +1+ i
⇒ u + iv − iu + v + i −1 < u + iv + iu − v +1+ i
⇒ u + v −1+ i 1− u + v < u − v +1+ i(1+ u + v)
2 2 2 2
⇒ ( u + v −1) + (1− u + v ) < ( u − v +1) + (1+ u + v )
⇒ u 2 + v 2 +1− 2u − 2v + 2uv +1+ u 2 + v 2 − 2u + 2v − 2uv <
u 2 + v 2 +1+ 2u − 2v − 2uv +1+ u 2 + v 2 + 2u + 2v + 2uv
⇒ −2u − 2u < 2u + 2u
⇒ −4u < 4u
⇒ −8u < 0
⇒ u>0
∴the image of z < 1 in z-plane is right half of w-plane u > 0.
1
5b u= log(x 2 + y 2 )
Show that is harmonic. Determine its analytic function. Find also its conjugate.
(Apr/May 2011)
Solution:
1
Given u =
2
(
log x 2 + y 2 )
To prove 'u' is harmonic:
1 1 x
u = . .2x =
x
2 x2 + y2 2
x +y
2
u xx =
( x 2 + y 2 )1− x(2x) x 2 + y 2 − 2x 2
= =
y2 − x2
2 2 2
( x2 + y2 ) ( x2 + y 2 ) ( x2 + y2 )
1 1 y
u = . .2 y =
y
2 x2 + y2 2
x +y
2
2015
2015 Page No. 56
u yy =
( x 2 + y 2 )1− y(2 y) x 2 + y 2 − 2 y 2
= =
x2 − y2
2 2 2
( x2 + y 2 ) ( x2 + y 2 ) ( x 2 + y 2 )
∴ u xx + u yy = 0
So, u is harmonic.
To find analytic function f(z):
f (z) = ∫ u x ( z, 0 ) dz − i ∫ u y ( z, 0 dz
z 1
Here,u x ( z, 0 ) = = & u x ( z, 0 ) = 0
z2 z
1
∴ f (z) = ∫ dz = log z
z
To find its conjugate:
f (z) = log z
⇒ u + iv = log ( x + iy
1  y
= log x 2 + y 2 + i tan −1
( )  
2 x
 y
∴ v = tan −1 
 
x
UNIT – V COMPLEX INTEGRATION

PART – A
1. State Cauchy’s Integral Theorem
If f (z) is analytic and f '(z) is continuous inside and on a simple closed curve C, then ∫ f (z) dz = 0
C
3z 2 + 7z + 1 1
2. What is the value of the integral ∫ z +1
dz, where C is | z | = ?
C
3z 2 + 7z + 1
Let I = ∫ z + 1 dz
C
Singular points are given by z + 1 = 0 ⇒ z = –1

1
C is |z| =
1
Put z = –1 | z | = | –1 | = 1 >
2
2015
2015 Page No. 57
∴ z = –1 lies outside C.
3z 2 + 7z +1
f(z) = is analytic inside and on C.
z +1
3z 2 + 7z + 1
By Cauchy’s integral theorem ∫ f (z)dz = 0 ⇒ ∫ dz = 0
C C z +1
3. State Cauchy’s integral formula for nth derivative of an analytic function.
If f(z) is analytic inside and on a simple closed curve C and z = a is any interior point of the region R enclosed by
C, then f (n) n! f (z)
(a) = dz , the integration around C being taken in anti - clockwise direction.
∫ n +1
2πi
C
(z − a )
4. c os πz
Evaluate ∫ z −1
dz if C is | z | = 2.
C
cos πz
Let I = ∫ dz . Singular point is given by z – 1 = 0 ⇒ z = 1
C z −1
Let f(z) = cos πz which is analytic inside and on C.
c os πz f (z)
∴ I= ∫ z −1 dz ⇒ I = ∫z − 1 dz = 2πi f(1) = 2πi cos π = –2πi.
C C
n
5. Evaluate ∫ (z − 2) dz, n > 0 where C is the circle whose centre is 2 and radius 4.
C
n
Given I = ∫ (z − 2) dz, n > 0
C
C is | z – 2 | = 4
n
Since n > 0, (z – 2) is analytic inside and on C.
n
∴ by Cauchy’s theorem ∫ (z − 2) dz = 0 C
1
6. Expand at z = 1 as a Taylor’s series.
z+
1
Let f(z) = . z = 1 is a regular point so, we can find Taylor’s series about z = 1.
+
Put t = z – 1 ⇒ z = t + 1
−1
1   t 2 t 3  t
∴ f(z) = 1 = 1 = = 3 1 + t  = 3 1− t+ 2 − 3 + ... , where <1⇒ t < 3
t +1+ 2 t + 3  t 3  3   3
3 1 +     3 3 
3

 (z −1) (z −1) 2 (z − 1) 3 
= 31 − + 2
− 3
+ ...
 3 3 3 
7. Obtain the Taylor’s series expansion of log (1+ z when | z | = 0.
Let f ( z ) = log 1+ z ) f 0 ) = log1 = 0

1 1
f ′(z) = f ′(0) = =1
1 z 1+ 0
2015
2015 Page No. 58
−1
f ′′(z) = f ′(0) = −1
(1 + z )2
2 f ′′(0) = 2
f ′′′(z) =
(1 + z ) 3
−6 f iv (0) = −6
iv
f (z) = 4
(1 + z)
f ′(0) f ′′(0) 2 z2 z3 z4
log(1 + z) = f (0) + z+ z + ...= z − + − + ....
1! 2 3 4
8. Obtain the Laurent expansion of the function e z in the neighborhood of its singular point. Hence find
(z − 1)2
the residue at that point
ez e.e u e  u 2 u 3 
z = 1 is a pole of order 2. Put z −1 = u ∴ f (z) = = 2
= 1
2 
+ u + + + ... =
( z −1) 2
u u  !2 !3 
e. e e u 2u 3 
+2 + 2 
+ + ... ∴Residue
 of f(z) = coefficient of = e1
u u u ! 2 ! 3  u
9. State Laurent’s series

If C1,C2 are two concentric circles with centre at z = a and radii r1 and r2 (r1 < r2) and if f(z) is analytic inside and
on the circles and within the annular region between C1 andC2, then for any z in the annular region, we have
∞ ∞
f (z) = ∑ an (z − a) n + ∑ bn (z − a) − n ,where
n=0 n=1
an = 1 ∫ f (z) dz and b = 1 f (z) dz where C is any circle lying between C 1 and C 2 with
n ∫
2πi C (z − a) n+1
2πi C (z − a) −n+1
centre at z = a for all n and the integration being taken in positive direction.
10. State Cauchy’s residue theorem.
If f(z) is analytic inside a closed curve C except at a finite number of isolated singular points a1,a2,…an inside C,
then ∫ f (z)dz = 2π i (sum of the residues of f(z) at these singular points).
C
11. Determine the poles and residues at each pole of the function f(z) = cot z
cos z
Given f(z) = cot z =
sin z
The poles of f(z) are given by sin z = 0 ⇒ z = nπ when n = 0, ± 1, ± 2,...
 
P(nπ )  cos z  cos nπ
Residue of f(z) at z = nπ is = = =1
Q '( nπ )  d  cos nπ
 (sin z ) 
 dz  z=nπ
1
12. Find the residue of f(z) = z 2 sin   at z = 0
z
2015
2015 Page No. 59
 1  1 3 
   
2 1 2 z  z  z 1
Given f(z) = z sin   = z − + ... = − + ...
z  1! 3!  1! 6z
 
 
1 1 −1
Residue of f(z) = z sin   at z = 0 is the coefficient of =
2
z z
13.
sin z − z
Discuss the nature of singularities of 3 at z = 0
z
sin z − z
f (z) = .The function f(z) is not defined at z = 0 .
z3
sin z − z cos z −1 − sin z − cos z −1
But by L’Hopital’s rule, lim = lim 2
= lim = lim =
z3 3z 6z 6 6
z →0 z→0 z→0 z →0
Since the limit exists and is finite, the singularity at z = 0 is a removable singularity.
14. Evaluate e 2z where C is z = 1 using Cauchy’s integral formula.

∫ (z + 2) 4 dz
C
Z = −2 is out of the given circle z = 1 , e2z

∫( dz = 0
z + 2)
4
C
1
15. If f(z) = − [ ]
− 2 1 + (z − 1) + (z −1) 2 + ... , find the residue of f(z) at z = 1.
z −1
1
Given the series expansion of f(z) about z = 1 is = −
z−
− 2 1 + (z − 1) + (z − 1) 2 + ... ]
Residue at z = 1 is the coefficient of (z – 1)–1
∴ Residue of f(z) at z= 1 = –1
4
16. Find the value of ∫ (z − 4)
C
3
(z − 2)
dz where C is | z | < 3
4
Given f (z) = ,
(z − 4) 3 (z − 2)
The poles are given by( z – 4) (z – 2) = 0 ⇒ z = 2 or z = 4 (3 times)
3
z = 2 is a simple pole and lies inside C.

4 4 4 1
[Res of f(z)] z=2= lim (z − 2) f (z) = lim (z − 2) = lim = =
3 3 3
z (z − 2) z 2 2
z→2 z→2 z→2
4 1
By Cauchy Residue theorem,
C
∫ (z − 4) 3
(z − 2)
dz = 2π i   = π i
2
z
17. Find the poles and residues of f (z) = 2
.
z −3
2015
2015 Page No. 60
The poles of f (z) are obtained by z − 3z + 2 = 0 ⇒ (z −1)(z − 2) = 0

2
∴The Poles are z = 1,2

[Res of f(z)] z=1=
z
lt (z − 1) (z − 1)(z − 2) = −1
z→1
[Res of f(z)]z=2= z
lt ( z − 2) =2
z→2 (z − 1)(z − 2)
1− e 2 z
18. Calculate the residue of f ( z ) = at the poles.
z3
1− e 2 z
Given, f ( z ) = . Here z = 0 is a pole of order 3
z3
Lt 1 d2  31 −e2 z 
∴ Re
 s f ( ) z=0
z  = ( )
z − 0 
z →0 2! dz 2  z 3 
1 Lt d 2
= 1− e2 z 
2 
2! z → 0 dz
1 Lt d 1 Lt 1
= −2e 2 z  =
 − 4e 2 z = ( −4 ) = −2
2! z → 0 dz 2! z → 0 2
19. Define removable singularity with an example.
If the principal part of Laurents series expansion of f(z) around z0 contains no terms, that is bn=0 for all n, then the
singularity z = z0 is known as the removable singularity of f(z).
3 5
sin z 1  z z  2 4
z + z − ....
Eg: f (z) = = z − + − ...  =1 –
z z 3! 5! 3 5

There is no negative power of z.∴ z = 0 is a removable singularity.
20. Define essential singularity with an example
If the principal part contains an infinite number of non - zero terms, then z = z0 is known as essential singularity.
1 1
1
2
f (z) = e z = 1 + z + z + ... has z = 0 as an essential singularity.
1! 2!
Since f(z) is an infinite series of negative powers of z.
PART – B
(z + 4) dz
1. (i) Evaluate ∫z 2
+ 2z + 5
where C is the circle (i) | z + 1 + i | = 2, (ii) | z + 1 – i | = 2 by Cauchy Integral
C
Formula.
Solution:
2
The singular points are given by z + 2z + 5 = 0
− 2 ± 4 − 20 − 2 ± 4i
⇒z= = = −1 ± 2i
2 2
2015
2015 Page No. 61
∴ z1 = –1 + 2i and z2 = –1– 2i are the singular points.
∴ z 2 + 2z + 5 = (z − z1 )(z − z 2 ) = [z − (−1 + 2i) [z − (−1 − 2i) ]
(i) Given C is the circle | z + 1 + i | = 2 ⇒ | z – (–1 –i) | = 2
⇒ C is a circle with centre (–1 , –1) and radius = 2.
If z1 = –1 + 2i, then | z + 1 + i | = | –1 + 2i + 1 + i | = | 3i | = 3 > 2
∴ z1 = –1 + 2i lies outside C.
If z1 = –1 – 2i, then | z + 1 + i | = | –1 – 2i + 1 + i | = | –i | = 1 < 2
∴ z2 = –1 – 2i lies inside C.
z+4
(z + 4) dz (z + 4) dz z − z1
Now ∫ 2 =∫ =∫ dz
C
z + 2z + 5 C (z − z1 )(z − z 2 ) C z − z 2
z+4 z+4
Here f (z) = = is analytic inside and on C and a = −1 − 2i
z − z1 z − (−1 + 2i)
−1 2i + 4 3 − 2i
f (a) = f (−1 − 2i) = =
−1 − 2i − (−1 + 2i) − 4i
z( + 4) dz 3 − 2i π
∴ ∫z 2
= 2 πi = (2i − 3)
C
+ 2z + 5 − 4i 2
(ii) Given C is the circle | z + 1 – i | = 2 ⇒ | z – (–1 + i) | = 2
⇒ C is a circle with centre (–1 ,1) and radius = 2.
If z1 = –1 + 2i, then | z + 1 – i | = | –1 + 2i + 1 – i | = | i | = 1 < 2
∴ z1 = –1 + 2i lies inside C.
If z1 = –1 – 2i, then | z + 1 – i | = | –1 – 2i + 1 – i | = | –3i | = 3 > 2
∴ z2 = –1 – 2i lies outside C.
z 4
(z + 4) dz (z + 4) dz z − z2
Now ∫z 2
+ 2z + 5 C (z − z1 )(z − z 2 ) C∫
=∫ =
z − z1
dz
C
z 4 z+4
Here f (z) = = is analytic inside and on C and a = −1 + 2i
z − z 2 z − (−1 − 2i)
−1 + 2i + 4 3 + 2i
f (a) = f (−1 + 2i) = =
− 1 + 2i − (−1 − 2i) 4i
(z + 4) dz 3 + 2i π
∴ ∫z 2
= 2 πi = (3 + 2i)
C
+ 2z + 5 4i 2
2015
2015 Page No. 62
si n π z 2 + cos π z 2
(ii) Evaluate ∫ (z − 2) (z − 3) dz, where C is | z | = 4 by Cauchy Integral Formula.
C
Solution:
The singular points are given by (z – 2) (z – 3) = 0 ⇒ z = 2 , 3
Given C is | z | = 4
If z = 2 then | z | = | 2 | = 2 < 4
If z = 3 then | z | = | 3 | = 3 < 4
∴ z = 2 and 3 are singular points inside C.
1 A B
Let = +
(z − 2)(z − 3) z − 2 z − 3
⇒ 1 = A (z – 3) + B (z – 2)
Put z = 2, then 1 = A (2 – 3) ⇒ A = –1
Put z = 3, then 1 = B (3 – 2) B=1
1 1 1
∴ = +
(z − 2)(z − 3) z − 2 z − 3
Let f (z) = sin π z 2 + cos π z 2
f (z)  1 1  f (z) f (z)

∴ ∫ (z − 2)(z − 3) dz = ∫  − z − 2 + z − 3  f ( z ) dz = − ∫ z − 2 dz + ∫ z − 3 dz
C C C C
By Cauchy’s Integral Formula,

f (z)
∫ z − 2 dz = 2 π i f (a) =2 π i f (2) = 2 π i [sin 4π + cos 4π ] = 2 π i
C
f (z)
∫ z − 3 dz = 2 π i f (a) =2 π i f (3) = 2 π i [sin 9π + cos 9π ] = −2 π i
C
sin π z 2 + cos π z 2
∫ (z − 2) (z − 3) dz = −2 π i − 2 π i = − − 4 π i
C
z dz 1
2. (i) Evaluate ∫ (z −1) ( z − 2)
C
2
, where C is the circle | z – 2 | =
2
by Cauchy Residue Theorem.
Solution:
The poles are obtained by (z – 1) (z – 2)2 = 0
⇒ z = 1 is a simple pole and z = 2 is a double pole.
1
C is the circle | z – 2 | =
2015
2015 Page No. 63
For z = 1, | z – 2 | = | 1 – 2 | = | –1 | = 1 > 1/2
For z = 2, | z – 2 | = | 2 – 2 | = 0 < ½
z = 1 lies outside C and z = 2 lies inside C.

d z z −1 z
Re s f (z) = lt (z − 2) 2 2
= lt = −1
z=2 dz ( z − 1)( z − 2 ) ( z − 1)2
z→2 z→2
By Cauchy Residue theorem,
z dz
∫ (z −1) (z − 2) 2
= 2 π i (−1) = −2 π i
C
3z 2 + 7z + 1
(ii) If f(a) = ∫ z−a
dz , where C is | z | = 2, find f ( 3 ), f ( 1 ), f’ ( 1 – i ), f’’( 1 – i )
C
Solution:
3z 2 + 7z + 1 1 2 π i 3 z 2 + 7z + 1
Given f(a) = ∫ z−a dz =
2 π i C∫ z−a
dz
C
By Cauchy Integral formula
1 f ( z)
2π i ∫ z − a
f (a) = dz
C
Here f (z) = 2π i (3z 2 7z 1)

C is the circle | z | = 2 with centre ( 0 , 0 ) and radius = 2
(i) If z = 2 then | z | = | 3 | = 3 > 2
f (z) is analytic inside and on C.

∴ z−
f (z)
∴∫ dz = 0 ⇒ f (3) = 0 C
z−3
(ii) Now z = 1 lies inside C, since | z | = | 1 | = 1 < 3
∴ f(1) = 2 π i ( 3 . 1 + 7 . 1 + 1 ) = 22 π i
(iii) We have f (z ) = 2 π i (3 z2 + 7z + 1)
∴ f’(z) = 2 π i(6z + 7)
f’’(z) = 2 π i(6) = 12 π i
If z = 1 – i, | z | = | 1 – i | = <
∴ 1 – i lies inside C.
∴ f’(1 – i) = 2 π i(6(1 – i) + 7) = 2 π i(13 – 6i) = 2 π (6 + 13 i)
2015
2015 Page No. 64
f’’(z) = 12 π i
z2 −1
3. (i) Expand the function as a Laurent’s series in (i) | z | < 2 (ii) 2 < | z | < 3 (iii) | z | > 3
(z + 2)(z + 3)
Solution:
z 2 −1 3 8
Let f (z) = = 1+ −
(z + 2)(z + 3) z+2 z+3
z z
(i) Given | z | < 2 ⇒ < 1 and <1
2 3
3 8
f (z) = 1 + −
 z  z
2 1 +  3 1 + 
2 3
   
−1 −1
3 z 8 z
= 1 + 1 +  − 1 + 
2 2 3 3
2 3 2 3
3  z z z  8 z z z 
= 1 + 1 − +   −   + ... − 1 − +   −   + ... 
 
 2  2  2   
2  3  3 3 3 
(ii) Given 2 < | z | < 3
This region is annular about z = 0 and f (z) is analytic in this region.
z 2
|z|<3 ⇒ < 1 and 2 < | z | ⇒ <1
3 z
3 8
f (z) = 1 + −
 2   z 
z 1+ z 3 1+ 3
   
−1 −1
= 1 + 3 1 + 2  − 8 1 + z 
z z 3 3
2 3 2 3
3 2  2 2  8 z z z 
= 1 + 1 − +   −   + ...  − 1 − +   −   + ... 
z  z z z  3 3  3  3 
  
2 3
8 z z z 
[ ]
= 1 + 3 z −1 − 2z −2 + 4z −3 − 8z −4 + ... − 1 − +   −   + ...
3 3 3 3 
 
3 3 2
(iii) Given | z | > 3 ⇒ 1 > ⇒ < 1 and <1
z z z
2015
2015 Page No. 65
3 8
f (z) = 1 + −
z 1 + 2  31 + z 
 z  3
−1 −1
3 2 8 3
= 1 + 1 +  − 1 + 
z z z z
   
2 3
3  2 2 2  8  3  3 2  3 3 
= 1+ 1− +   −   + ...  − 1 − +   −   + ... 
z  z z z  z
  z z z 

       
[ ] [
= 1 + 3 z −1 − 2z −2 + 4z −3 − 8z −4 + ... − 8 z −1 − 3z −2 + 9z −3 − 27z −4 + ... ]
−1 −2 −3 −4
= 1 − 5z + 18z − 60z + 192z + ...
7z − 2
(ii) Find the Laurent’s series expansion of f(z) = in 1 < | z + 1 | < 3
z(z − 2)(z + 1)
Solution:
The singular points are z = 0, z = 2, z = –1 which lie outside the annular region 1 < | z + 1 | < 3 about z = –1
7z 2 A B C
= + +
z(z − 2)(z + 1) z z − 2 z + 1
⇒ 7z – 2 = A(z – 2) (z + 1 ) + B z (z + 1) + C z ( z – 2)
Put z = 0, –2 = A(–2) A=1
Put z = 2, 14 – 2 = B . 2(2 + 1) ⇒ B = 2
Put z = –1. – 7 – 2 = C(–1)(– 1 – 2) ⇒ C = –3
7z 2 1 2 3
= + −
z(z − 2)(z + 1) z z − 2 z + 1
Put t = z + 1 ⇒ z = t – 1
∴1 < | t | < 3
1 t
1<|t| ⇒ < 1 and <1
t 3
2015
2015 Page No. 66
1 2 3
f (z) = + −
z z −2 z −3
1 2 3
= + −
t −1 t − 3 t
1 2 3
= + −
 1  t t
t 1 −  (−3) 1 − 
t 3
   
−1 −1
1 1 2 t 3
= 1 −  − 1 −  −
t t 3  3 t
2 3
1 1 1 1  2 t t t  3
=  1 + + + + ... −  1 + +   +   + ... −
t  t t2 t3  3
 3 3  3   t
   
2 3
2 1 1 2 t t  t  
= − + + + ... − 1 + +   +   + ...
t t2 t3 3 3 3 3 
     
2 3
2  z + 1  z +1   z + 1  
= −2( z + 1) + ( z + 1) + ( z + 1) + ...−
−1 −2 −3
1 + +  +  + ... 
3  3  3   3  
2π
dθ
4. (i) Evaluate ∫ 13 + 5sin θ by using Contour integration.
0
Solution:
Consider the unit circle | z | = 1 as contour C.

1
Put z = e i θ , then = e −i θ
z
1
z −
dz z z 2 −1
∴ dθ = , sin θ = =
iz 2i 2i z
dz dz
iz iz dz
∴I = ∫ =∫ = 2∫ 2
C
13 + 5
2
( ) 2
z − 1 C 26iz + 5z − 5 C 5z + 26iz − 5
2iz 2iz
1
Let f (z) = 2 ∴ I = 2 ∫ f (z)dz
5z + 26iz − 5 C
The poles of f(z) are given by 5z2 + 26iz – 5 = 0

=
− 26i ± (26i )2 −4.5(−5) − 26i ± − 676 + 100 − 26i ± − 576 − 26i + 24i i
z= = = = − , − 5i
10 10 10 10 5
which are simple poles.

 i
Now 5z 2 + 26iz − 5 = 5 z +  (z + 5i )
 5
2015
2015 Page No. 67
−i 1 −i
Since = < 1, the pole z = lies inside C
5 5 5
and − 5i = 5 > 1, ∴ the pole z = −5i lies outside C.
 i  i  i 1 1
Now R  −  = lim−i  z +  f (z) = lim−i  z +  = lim−i
 5  z→ 5  5 z→  5  i z→ 5( z + 5i )
5 5  z + ( z + 5i ) 5
5
 
1 1
= lim =
z→ −i
5 5 − i + 5i  24i
 5 
By Cauchy’s residue theorem,
 1  π
∫ f (z)dz = 2 π i  24i  = 12
C
π π
∴ I = 2. =
12 6
∞ 2
x − x+ 2
(ii) Evaluate ∫ 4 dx using contour integration.
−∞
x +10x 2 + 9
Solution:
P(z) z2 − z + 2
Let f (z) = = 4
Q(z) z + 10z 2 + 9
Consider ∫ f (z) dz where C is the contour consists of the upper half circle C, of | z| = R. and the real
C
axis from –R to R.
The poles of f z ) are given by z 4 +10z 2 + 9 = 0

⇒ (z 2 +1)(z 2 + 9) = 0
⇒ z = ±i, ± 3i
Here the poles z= i, 3i only lies inside the upper half circle C
By Residue Theorem ∫ f (z) dz = 2πi ( Re s f(z) + Re s f (z) )

z=i z=3i
C
2
z− z+ 2
∴ [ Re s of f (z) ] z=i = Lt (z − i)
z→
i (z + i)(z −i)(z +3i)(z− 3i)
z2 − z + 2
= Lt
z→i (z + i)(z − i)(z + 3i)(z− 3i)
i2 − i + 2
= Lt
z→i (i+ i)(i+ 3i)(i− 3i)
1− i
=
16i
2015
2015 Page No. 68
z2 − z + 2
[ Re s of f (z) ] z=3i = Lt (z − 3i)
z→i (z + i)(z − i)(z + 3i)(z− 3i)
z2 − z + 2
= Lt
z→i (z + i)(z − i)(z + 3i)
(3i) 2 − 3i + 2
= Lt
z→i (3i+ i)(3i− i)(3i+ 3i)
7 + 3i
=
48i
1− i 7 + 3i  5π
f (z) dz = 2πi + =
∫  16i 48i  12
C  
R
But ∫ f (z) dz = ∫ f (z) dz + ∫ f (x) dx − − − −(1)
C C1 −R
∞
when R → ∞ , ∫ f (z) dz → 0 ⇒ ∫ f (z) dz = ∫ f (x) dx
C1 C −∞
∞
5π
∫ f (x) dx = 12
−∞
∞
x2 − x + 2 5π
∫ 4
x +10x + 9
dx =
2
12
−∞
2π
dθ
5. (i) Evaluate ∫ 1 − 2 p sin θ + p
0
2
,|p|<1
Solution:
dz z 2 −1
Let z = e iθ, dz = i e i θ⇒ dθ = , sin θ =
iz 2iz
2π
dθ
dz
iz )
∫ 1− 2p sin θ + p2 ∫
=
 z
2
− 1 
, Cis | z |= 1
0 C 2
1− 2p  + a
 2iz 
dz dz 1 dz
=∫ 2 2
= −∫ 2 2
=− ∫
iz − p(z −1) + iza pz − iz(p +1) − p pC  1
C C z 2 − iz  p +  −1
 p
2π
dθ dz1
∫ 1− 2p sin θ + p 2 ........(1)
p C∫
=−
0
 i 
(z − ip)  z − 
 p
i
The poles are given by z = ip & z =
p
i
| z | = | i p | = p < 1. ∴ z= ip lies inside C and z = lies outside C.
p
2015
2015 Page No. 69
 
 
∴ [ Re s of f (z) ] Lt (z − ip) 
= z→ip 1 
z=ip
 (z − ip)  z− i  
  
p 
 
 
= Lt  1  1 ip
z→ip  i  =  1  = 1− p 2
i  p − 
 z − p   p
dz  ip  −2 π p
By Cauchy Residue Theorem ∫ = 2πi  2 
=
2
C (z − ip)  z − i   1− p  1− p
 
 p
2π
dθ 1  2πp  2π
From (1)
∫0 1− 2p sin θ + p 2 = −  − 1− p  = 1− p 2
p 2
∞
cos x dx
(ii)Evaluate ∫ (x 2 2
+ a 2 ) (x + b 2 )
,a>0,b>0
0
Solution:
e iz
Let f (z) = Re al Part of
(z 2 + a 2 ) (z 2 + b 2 )
Consider ∫ f (z) dz where C is the contour consists of the upper half circle C, of | z| = R. and the real
C
axis from –R to R.
R
∴ ∫ f (z) dz = ∫ f (z) dz + ∫ f (x) dx − − − −(1)
C C1 −R
The poles of f z ) are given by (z 2 + a 2 )(z 2 + b 2 ) = 0

⇒ z = ±ia, ±ib
⇒ z = ia, ib lie s inside C and z = −ia, −ib lies in lower half plane
eiz
∴ [ Re s of f (z) ] z=ai = Lt (z − ia) 2 2
z →i
a (z + ia)(z − ia)(z + b )
e −a
=
2ia(b 2 − a 2 )
eiz
[ Re s of f (z)] z=bi = zLt (z − ib)
→ia (z + ib)(z − ib)(z 2 + a 2 )
e −a
=
2ib(a 2 − b 2 )
By Cauchy’s Residue Theorem
2015
2015 Page No. 70
eiz  e −a e −b 
∫ (z2 + a 2 )(z2 + b2 ) dz = 2πi  2ia(b2 − a 2 ) + 2ib(a 2 − b2 ) 
C  
π  e−b e−a 
=  − 
(a 2 − b 2 )  b a 
In (1) if R → ∞ , ∫ f (z) dz → 0
C1
∞
∴ (1) ⇒ ∫ f (z) dz = ∫ f (x) dx C
−∞
∞
eix π  e −b e −a 
∫ (x 2 + a 2 )(x 2 + b 2 )
dx = 
a 2 − b 2  b
−
a 

−∞
∞
cos x  e −b e −a 
π
∫ (x 2 + a 2 )(x 2 + b 2 )
dx = Re al Part of 2 
a − b 2  b
−
a 

−∞
∞
cos x π  e −b e −a 
∴ ∫ dx =  − 
−∞
(x 2 + a 2 )(x 2 + b 2 ) a 2 − b 2  b a 
2015
2015 Page No. 71

Ma6251 QB With Ans

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Ma6251 QB With Ans

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

www.Vidyarthiplus.

9. State Green’s theorem.

12. Find ∇φ if φ =x 2 + y 2 + z 2 at (1,-1,1)

Use Stoke’s theorem for the function φ∇φ

16. State Stokes theorem.

20. Find div (grad φ) and curl (grad ) ( May/June 2014)

Therefore, the given F is irrotational_ ⇒ ∇φ = F

Therefore for all values of n F is irrotational.

(1,0),(-1,0) (0,1) and (0,-1).

Stoke theorem is ------(1)

y=0 , z=0 ,x=1 ,y=1 and z=1. (May/June 2014)

Solution: Gauss Divergence Theorem is

∫∫∫ div F .dv = ∫ ∫ ∫ (2 x + 2 y + 2 z )dxdydz

Now ; S1 is the Surface OABC

Hence:Gauss Divergence Theorem is Verified

A (-a,0) O y=0 B(a,0)

Along AB side y=0;dy=0;

Along BC side x=a; dx=0

Along CD side y=b ,dy=0

Along DA side x=-a ,dx=0

L.H.S = R.H.S Hence Stokes theorem verified

Solution :Green’s Theorem in the XY plane is

Evaluation of ∫ (udx + vdy))

(i)along OA (y= x 2 ), (ii) along AO (y=x).

(i) Along OA [y = x 2 ,dy=2xdx]

∫ = ∫ {x(x ) +(x ) }dx+ x .2xdx]

[Along OA ,x varies from 0 t0 1]

(ii) Along AO [y=x , dy= dx]

Hence Green’s theorem is verified

∫∫∫ ∇.Fdv = ∫ ∫ ∫ (4z − y)dxdydz ∵ dv = dxdydz]

Hence G.D.T is verified

Hence _(___ − !" # *

by the lines x=0,y=0 and x+y =1.

Solution : Green’s theorem states that

(On AB,y=1-x,dy=-dx x varies from 1 to 0)

From (1) & (2)

Hence GREEN’S Theorem is verified.

UNIT-II ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Put D2 = -52 =-25 Put D2 = -12 = -1

1  (22 − 4D) sin 5x  1  (2 + 4D) sin x 

9. Find the Particular integral of (D – 3)2 y = e3x cosx

12. Write Cauchy’s homogeneous linear differential equation.

Then P.I =Py1+Qy2

the given equation becomes (θ (θ 1) + 6θ + 2) y ez z

Hence the D.E is (θ 2 − θ + θ ) y = e z ⇒ θ 2y = ez

C.F.: A cos 2x + B sin 2x

x 4 12x 2 4.3.2.1 1 x sin 2x

C.F = A cos 2x + B sin 2x .

To Find Particular Integral

P.I = Py1 + Qy2

y1′ = −2sin 2x ; y2′ = 2 cos 2x

= − 1 ∫ tan 2 xdx = 1 log ( cos 2 x )

2. (i) Solve ( D2 -3D+ 2 ) y = 2cos(2x+3)+2ex (Nov/Dec. 2011)

P.I = P.I1 + P.I2

y = C.F + P.I1 + P.I 2

x 2 D 2 − xD + 4 y = x 2 sin ( log x ) → (1)

Sub (2) & (3) in (1) we get

C.F = e z ( A cos 3z + B sin 3z )

∴The General solution of (4) is

Sub z = log x or x = e z , we get

The general Solution is

i.e., (x 2 D 2 + xD) y = 12 log x

θ (θ −1) + θ +1 y = 2sin z