v~*rx

CONCISE
ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE
SKEA T
Oxford University Press, Amen House, London E.0.4
GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE WELLINGTON
BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS KARACHI LAHORE DACCA
CABS TOWN SALISBURY NAIROBI IBADAN ACCRA
KUALA LUMfUR HONG KONG
 A CONCISE
ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE

BY THE REV.

WALTER W. SKEAT
Litt.D., LL D., D.C.L., Th.D., F.B.A,

ELPINGTON AND HOSWORTH TROFESSOR OF ANGLO-SAXON IN THE UNIVERSITY OP

CAMBRIDGE, AND FELLOW OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE

OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
 FIRST IMPRESSION 1882

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN

AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, OXFORD
BY VIVIAN RIDLER
PRINTER TO TfnSTTyTfl VERSIT Y
 : y

CONTENTS
PAGE

INTRODUCTION vii

Key to the General Plan of the Dictionary . . . xi

List of Abbreviations xii

CONCISE ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE i

APPENDIX

I. List of Prefixes 624

II. Suffixes 630

III. Select List of Latin Words 632

Select List of Greek Words 644

IV. Homonyms 647

V. List of Doublets 648

VI. Distribution of Words according to the Languages

FROM WHICH THEY ARE DERIVED 6

SUPPLEMENT 66a
 PREFACE
TO THE EDITION OF I9II

1
A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language ’
was
first published in 1882, and, after passing through several editions,
appeared in 1901 in a new form, so largely re-arranged and re-written
as to become, practically, a new book.
The edition of 1901 has now been again revised, and numerous
corrections have been made, chiefly due to the new light which has
been thrown upon some words by the advance of the publication of
fhe New English Dictionary, and by the appearance of new works
upon etymology. Among the latter I may especially instance the

Laleinisches Etymologisches Worlerbuch by Dr. Alois Walde, published

at Heidelberg in 1 906.

Cambridge, Dec., 1910.

 INTRODUCTION
The first edition of my ‘
Concise Etymological Dictionary of the
English Language’ was published in 1882, and it has since passed
through several editions.
Each successive edition contained several corrections and additions,

in order that the work might be, to some extent, brought up to

date.

Meanwhile, numerous and important contributions have been

made, by many writers, to the study of Indo-germanic philology;
more exact methods of analysing phonetic changes have been
adopted, and important advances have been made at many points.

Such works as Kluge’s Etymological Dictionary of German, Franck’s

Etymological Dictionary of Dutch, Godefroy’s Dictionary of Old
French, the Modern French Dictionary by Hatzfeld and Darmesteter,
in addition to other highly important books such as the Comparative
Grammar of the Indo-germanic languages by Brugmann, have all

contributed to a much clearer and more exact view of the science of

comparative philology. Hence the time has come when partial

emendations of my Concise Dictionary, however diligently made,

have (as I fear) failed to keep pace with the requirements of
the present day; and I have accordingly rewritten the book from
beginning to end, making improvements in nearly every article,

whilst at the same time introducing into the body of the work
words which have hitherto necessarily been relegated to a con-
tinually increasing Supplement. The result is less a new edition
than a new book.
Since the year 1882 above-mentioned, a great advance has been
made in English lexicography. An entirely new edition of Webster
appeared in 1890, and The Century Dictionary, of which the publication
via INTRODUCTION
was begun in 1^89, was completed in 1891. In both of these works my
name appears in the ' List of Authorities cited ; though it is seldom
’

expressly mentioned except in cases of considerable difficulty, where

the writer preferred not to risk an opinion of his own. But the chief
event during this period been the publication of The New
has
English Dictionary on Historical Principles, the unique value of
which is even now too little understood and respected by the
general public. The first part of this great national work appeared
in 1884.
The chief difference between the second and later editions' of my
Concise Etymological Dictionary and the present one can now be
readily explained. The former editions were mainly reproduced from
the first edition, at a time when, from the nature of the case, little

help could be had from the works above-mentioned, owing to the

fact that they either did not exist or could not be much utilised.

But in the present work, I have endeavoured to glean from them all

their most important results. The work has been collated with the
Century Dictionary throughout, and with the New English Dictionary
from A to H (excepting a small portion of G). I have endeavoured
to make good use of Kluge, Franck, Brugmann, and other autho-
rities; and have gladly adopted a large number of corrections. In
particular, I have now marked the quantities of all the vowels
in Latin words, as this often throws much light upon Romance
phonology. And in many cases where the result is tolerably certain
I have given the primitive types of Teutonic and even of Indo-germanic
words.
In all former editions, I endeavoured, by help of cross-references,
to arrange derivative words under a more primitive form. Thus
ex-cite , in-cite, re-cite and resus-cit-ate were all given under Cite.

But experience has shewn that this endeavour was more ambitious
than practical, often causing needless delay and trouble. Hence the
only truly practical order, viz. an alphabetical one, has been here
adopted, so that the required word can now be found at once. But
in order to retain the chief advantages of the old plan, I have pre-
pared two lists, one of Latin and one of Greek words, which account

for a large number of derivatives. These will be found in the

Appendix, § III, at pp. 632 and 644.
I have much pleasure in mentioning two more circumstances by

which I have been greatly assisted and encouraged. Some few years
 INTRODUCTION ix

ago, my friend the Rev. A. L. Mayhew was so good as to go patiently

through every word of the Concise Etymological Dictionary, making
hundreds of suggestions for improvement; and finally sent me the
copy in which all these suggestions were entered. They have all
been carefully considered, and in a very large number of instances
have been fully adopted. Again, while the revises were passing
through the press, they were read over by Mr. H. M. Chadwick, M.A.,
Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge, author of ‘ Studies in Old
English’ published by the Cambridge Philological Society in 1899;
and las exact knowledge of Indo-germanic phonology has been
suggestive of many improvements. I have only to add, in justice to
these scholars, that they are not responsible for all the results here
given. In some few cases I have held to my own preconceived
opinion ;
perhaps not always wisely. Still it was best that the final
form of each article should be left to the author's decision ;
for the
reader is then sure as to where he must lay any blame.
Many articles which, in former editions, appeared only in the
Supplement have now been incorporated with the rest, so that the
number of words now explained (in alphabetical order) amounts to
more than 12,750.
Considerable pains have been taken to ensure accuracy in the
printing of the forms cited and I have received much help from the
;

care exercised by the press-reader. At the same time, I shall be

thankful to any reader who will kindly send me a note of any error
which he may detect. I have myself discovered, for example, that
under the word Cemetery the *
Skt. ft ’
is an error for the *
Skt. ft.'

A few belated corrections appear at pp. 662-3.

As I frequently allude to the ordinary vowel-changes in the course

of the work, I may note here those which are the most elementary
and common. They deserve to be learnt by heart at once.

ANGLO-SAXON. The most usual vowel-change is that produced

by the occurrence of an i or j (which often disappears by a subsequent
contraction of the word) in the following syllable. Owing to this, we
 ;

X INTRODUCTION
frequently find that the vowels, as arranged in row (i) below, are
changed into the corresponding vowels in row (2).

(1) a, u (0), ea, eo, a, 0, u, ea, eo.

(2) e, y, ie(y), ie{y), be, e, y, ie(y, 0 . Merc, e), ie(y).

Example •.—fyllan, to fill, for *fulljan ;

from full, full.

Moreover, substantives and secondary verbs are often formed from

bases seen in the past tense singular, past tense plural, or past participle
of a strong verb, rather than from the infinitive mood. Thus band and
bend are from the base seen in the A. S. band, pt. t. of bindan, to bind
whilst bundle is derived from that which appears in the pp. bund-en.
By way of distinction, I refer to bind- as the prime grade,’ to band-
‘

as the ‘
second grade,' and to bund- as the ‘
weak grade.’
Lastly, our modern words of native origin belong rather to the
Midland (or Old Mercian) dialect than to the ‘
Anglo-Saxon ’
or
Wessex ;
and Old Mercian employs a (mutated to 0) where the A. S.

has ea, and sometimes e for A. S. eo.

ICELANDIC. This language abounds in somewhat similar vowel-

changes, but very few of these appear in English. But we must not
pass over the frequent formation of derivatives from the past tenses
(singular or plural) and the past participles of strong verbs. Thus
bail, Icel. beita, lit. ‘
to cause to bite,’ is the causal of bita, to bite ;
its

form may be explained by the fact that the pt. t. of bita is beit.

Again, as regards the Romance languages, especially French, it

must be borne in mind that they are also subject to phonetic laws.

These laws are sufficiently illustrated in Mr. Paget Toynbee’s trans-

lation of Brachet’s Historical French Grammar. In particular, I may
note that most French substantives are derived from Latin accusatives ;

and that to derive bounty from boniias (nom.), or honour from Lat.
honor (nom.), is simply impossible.
1?or fuller information, the reader is referred to my Principles of
English Etymology, First and Second Series ;
the former deals chiefly
with the native, and the latter with the foreign elements of the
language. My Primer of English Etymology contains some of the
more important facts.

I subjoin a key to Jhe plan of the work, and a list of abbreviations.

 INTRODUCTION xi

KEY TO THE GENERAL PLAN OF

THE DICTIONARY.
§ i. Order of Words. Words are given in their alphabetical
order; but a few secondary derivatives are explained under some
more important form. Thus campaign is given under Camp and ,

cannon under Cane.

*

§ 2. The Words selected. The word-list contains nearly all

primary words of most frequent occurrence, with a few others that are
remarkably prominent in literature, such as unaneled. Homonymous
forms, such as bay (used in five senses), are numbered.

§ 3. Definitions. Definitions are omitted in the case of common

words ;
but explanations of original forms are added wherever they
seemed to me to be necessary.

§ 4. Language. The language to which each word belongs is

distinctly marked, in every case, by means of letters within marks of

parenthesis. Here the symbol — or — is to be read as ‘
derived
from.’ Thus Abbey is (F. — L. — Gk. — Syriac) ;
i. e. a French word
derived from Latin ;
the Latin word being, in its turn, from Greek,
whilst the Greek word is of Syriac origin.

The order of derivation is always upward or backward, from late

to early, and from early to earlier forms.

The symbol +
employed to distinguish forms which are merely
is

cognate and are adduced merely by way of illustrating and confirming

,

the etymology. Thus, bite is a purely English word, derived from the
Anglo-Saxon bitan. The other Teutonic forms, viz. the Du. bijten,

Icel. bita, Swed. bita, Dan. bide ,

G. beissen ,
and the other Indo-
germanic forms, viz. Lat .findere (base fid-) and Skt. bhid, to cleafe,
are merely cognate and illustrative. On this point, there commonly
exists themost singular confusion of ideas and there are many ;

Englishmen who are accustomed to derive English, of all things, from

Modern High German ! I therefore introduce this symbol + by way
of warning. It has its usual algebraical value of plus or additional ;

and indicates 1
additional information to be obtained from the com-
parison of cognate forms/
 ,

xii INTRODUCTION
The symbol > means *
older than,’ or *
more primitive than ’
; the
symbol < means ‘ younger than,’ or ‘
derived from.'

§ 5. Symbols of Languages. The symbols, such as F.=French,

are not used in their usual vague sense, so as to baffle the enquirer

who wishes to find the words referred Every symbol has a special to.

sense, and has reference to certain books, in one at least of which the

word cited may be found, as I have ascertained for myself by looking

them all out. I have purposely used, as far as was practicable, the
most easily accessible authorities. The exact sense of each symbol is
given in the list below.

§ 6. Boots. In some cases, a word is traced back to its original

Indo-germanic root. The root is denoted by the symbol V, to be
read as ‘root.’ Thus bear, to carry, is from -y/BHER. Some of
these roots arc illustrated by the lists in § III of the Appendix.

§ 7. Derivatives. The symbol Der., i. e. Derivatives, is used to

introduce forms related to the primary word. Thus, under Act, I
note such derivatives as act-ion, act-ive, &c., which cause no difficulty.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
Arab.< —Arabic ;
as in Richardson’s Per- Com. — Cornish ;
as in Williams’ Diet.;
sian and Arabic Diet., ed. F.
John- 1865.
son; 1829. See also Devic’s Sup- Dan. —Danish ;
as in Ferrall and Repp;
plement to Littre’s F. Diet. 1861.
A. S. —Anglo-Saxon ;
as in the diction- Dan.
dial. —
Danish dialects ; as in
aries by Bosworth and Toller, Ett- Molbech, 1841.
miiller, and Grein in the Vocabu- ; —
Du. Dutch; as in Calisch and in the
laries edited by T. Wright and Prof. Tauchnitz Dutch Diet. Middle
Wiilker; and in Sweet’s Oldest Dutch words are from Oudemans,
English Texts. Hexham (1658), or Sewel (1754).
Bavar. — Bavarian ; as in Schmeller’s E. — Modern English; as in N. E. D.
c Bayerisches Worterbuch ; 1827- (New English Dictionary) ; and in
1837. the Century Dictionary
— Breton as
Bret. ; in Legonidec’s Bret. M.E. — Middle English (English from
1821.
Diet., ed. the thirteenth to the fifteenth cen-
Brugm.— Brugmann, Grundriss der ver- turies inclusive); as in Stratmann’s
gleichenden Grammatik, &c.; vol. i. Old English Diet., new edition,
(2nd ed,), 1897; vol. ii. 1889-90. 1891.
C. — Celtic ; used as a general term for F. — French. Most of the forms cited
Irish, Gaelic, Welsh, Breton, Cornish are not precisely modern French, but
&c. from Cot. «= Cotgrave’s Dictionary,
 INTRODUCTION xiii

ed. 1660. This accounts for citation Malay.—As Marsden's Diet., 1812
in
;

of forms, such as F. recreation ,

Notes by C. P. G.
cf. Scott.
without accents ; the F. accents Mex. — Mexican as the Diet, by
; in

being mostly modern. Such words Simeon, Paris, 1885.

are usually marked M. F. (Middle —
M. E. Middle English; see under E.
French). See also the dictionaries above.
by Hatzfeld and Littr6. M. H. G. — Middle High German; see
O. F. —
Old French; as in the dic- under G. above.
tionaries Norw. Norwegian ; as in Aasen’s Norsk
by Godefroy, Burguy, or —
Roquefort. Ordbog, 1873.
Fries. —
Friesic; as in Richthofen, 1840. O. F. Old French see under F. above. — ;

Gael. —$ Gaelic as in Macleod and O. II. G.

;
Old High German; see under —
Dewar, 1839; or Macbain, 1896. G. above.
G.~ German as in Fliigel, 1883.
;
O. Sax.— Old Saxon as in the Heliand, ;

—
Low G. Low German; as in the &c., ed. Heyne.
Bremen Worterbuch, 1767. O. Slav. Old Slavonic as in Mik- — ;

—
M. H. G. Middle High German ; as losich, Etym. Diet., Vienna, 1886.
in Schade, Altdeutsches Worter- Pers. — Persian ;
as in Richardson’s Arab,
buch, 1882. and Pers. Diet. ;
or in Palmer’s Pers.
O. H. G. —Old High German ;
as in 1876 cf. Horn, Neupersische
Diet., ;

the same volume. Etymologie, 1893.

Gk.— Greek; as in Liddell and Scott’s Peruv. — Peruvian; as in the Diet, by
Lexicon. Gonfales, Lima, 1608.
Goth. — Moeso Gothic as Balg’s
-
;
in Port. — Portuguese; as in Vieyra, 1857.
Glossary, 1887-9. Prov. — Proven fal ; as in Raynouard's
Heb.— Hebrew; as in Gesenius’ Diet., Lexique Roman, and Bartsch’s
1893. Chrestomathie Proven^ale.
Hind. — Hindustani ;
as in Forbes, Bate, Russ.— Russian; as in Reiff’s Diet.,
or Wilson’s Glossary of Indian 1876.
Terms. Scand. — Scandinavian ;
used as a general
Icel.— Icelandic ;
as in Cleasby and Vig- term for Icelandic, Swedish, Danish,
fusson, 1874. and Norwegian.
Idg. — Indo-germanic ;
the family of Skt.-— Sanskrit ; as in Benfey’s Diet.,
languages which includes Sanskrit, 1866.
Greek, Latin, English, &c. Span. — Spanish; as in Neumann, ed.

Irish. — Irishas ;
in O’Reilly, 1 864. Seaone, 1862; Pineda, 1740; or
Ital. — Italian; as in Meadows, 1857; Minsheu, 1623.
Torriano, 1688 ; and Florio, 1598. Swed.— Swedish as ;
in the Tauchni^
L. —Latin ;
as in Lewis and Short, 1880. Diet., or in Widegren, or in Oman.
Late L. — Late Latin Swed. dial.
;
Swedish dialects; as in
as in the latest —
edition of Ducange
by L. Favre, Rietz (1867).;

1884-7. (Low L. = Late L. words Tent. Teutonic a general term for — ;

of non-Latin origin.) English, Dutch, German, Gothic,

Lith. —Lithuanian; as in Nesselmann’s and Scandinavian.
Diet., 1851. Turk. Turkish ; as in Zenker’s Diet., —
Low G. —Low German ; see under G. 1866-1876.
*

above. W. — Welsh ; as in Spurrell, 1861.

 ;

xiv INTRODUCTION

OTHER ABBREVIATIONS.
acc.—accnsative case, nom. —nominative case.
adj.— adjective, obs. — obsolete.
adv. — adverb. orig.— original or originally.
A.V. — Authorised Version of the pi.
— plural.
Bible, 1611. pp. — past participle.
— confer,
cf. i. e. compare. prep. — preposition.
Ch. — Chaucer, pres. part.—present participle.
comp. —comparative, pres. t.
— present tense.
conj. —conjunction, prob. — probably.
dat.— dative case, pron. — pronoun.
decl. — declensional. prov. — provincial.
Der.— Derivative, pt. — past tense.
t.

dimin. — diminutive, q. v.— quod vide — which see.

or fem. —feminine,
f. s. — sub verbo = under the word.
v.

frequent. — frequentative, sb.—substantive.

gen. — genitive case, Shak. — Shakespeare.
i. — id that
e. est, is. sing.—singular.
—
inf. mood,
infinitive str.vb. — strong verb.
interj . — interjection, superl. — superlative.
lit. — literally. tr— translated, or translation.
m. or masc.— masculine. trans. — transitive.
n. or neut. —neuter. vb. — verb.
Some of the longer articles are marked off into sections by the use
of the Greek letters 0, y. This is merely intended to make matters
clearer,by separating the various statements from each other.
Notes at the end of an article are marked off by beginning with
the symbol IT. XIV, XV, XVI, mean that the word was introduced
in the 14th, 15th, or 16th century, respectively. Hyphens are freely
introduced to shew the etymological division of a word. Thus the
word concede is derived from Lat. con-cidere meaning that concedere
can be resolved into con - and cedere This etymological division is
.

often very different from that usually adopted in printed books when
^ords have to be divided ;
thus capacious can only be divided, etymo-
logically, as cap-ac-i-ous ,
because cap - is the root-syllable ; whereas,
when divided according to the pronunciation, it becomes ca-pa-ci-ous.
Theoretical forms are marked by an asterisk preceding them. Thus,
under Barrow (1), the Teutonic type *bergoz ,
a hill, is the primitive
Teutonic form whence the A. S. beorg and the G. berg are alike de-
scended; and und£r Beetle (2), the A. S. form by tel must have been
* betel in Old Mercian.
 ,

INTRODUCTION xv

The symbols tS and J)

are both written for th. In Icelandic, \> has
the sound of th in thin and (5 that of th in that; but the M.E. and A.S.
symbols are confused. The M.E. symbol 3 commonly represents y at
the beginning of a word, and gh in the middle. A. S. short and long
vowels, such as a and a, are as distinct from each other as t and 17,

or o and a> in Greek.

The distinction between the two values of A. S. long ce (as
made by Dr. Sweet in his A. S. Diet.) has been carefully observed.
Thus the A. S. <£ invariably represents tfye mutation of A. S. a (as
and corresponds to Goth, ai
usual),* but A. S. & represents the ;

Wessex sound corresponding to the Anglian and Kentish e, and to

Goth. e. For example, heal is from A. cognate with Goth.
S. ha’lan,

hailjan, G. heilen ;
but deed is from O. Merc, did (Wessex ddd),
cognate with Goth, deds, G. that.
 ,

ADDENDA ET EMENDANDA
In the course of revision, the following Errata have been observed. This list

is added for the sake of completeness, as the errors are not serious.

Adieu, 1 1. For (F.) read{ F.-L.)

. History, 1. 5. For base read weak
Adulation. Read adulatidnem adil- ,
grade.
ia tio, adulatus , adfddrl. Holly, 11 . 5, 6. For G. hit 1st read
Allegory. Read (F.-L.- Gk.) XIV Low G. hulse.
cent. Hone, 4. For stem read type. 1*

Audience, 1. 5. Read afioOtoBai. Hyson, 6. For Chm. read Amoy. 1.

Chicken, 1 . 5. Read kjuklingr . Indigent, 1. 6. Not allied to

Choose, 1. 3. Read Du. hezen, G. Mist, I. 9- Read -^MEIGHw, to
kiescn . darken ;
distinct from, &c.
Cost, vb. Prob. (Du.~F. -L.) Du. Nasturtium, 1. 3- Read — also spelt
kosten ;
from O. F. coster. nasturcium\ both forms are for *nds-
Curl, For krulla read krulle.
1. 4. torctiom (Walde).
Cypress 1 2. For (F.-L.) read
(2), .Notorious, 1 3. Read voucher, . —
(F. — L.-Gk.). witness cf. L. pp. ndtus &c. ;

Diphthong, 1 4. For G. read Gk. .Pier, 1. 2. Read M. E. pere A. F. — ;

Engage. For (F.— L.) read (F.-L. pere the Norman equivalent of 0 Y.piere, } .

and Teut.) Plait, 1 3. Read *plictum. .

Erotic, 2. For crude form read decl.

1. Scraggy, 1 5. For skragga read .

stem. skragger. (Ross gives Norw. skraggy a poor

Exponent, l 1. Read exponent -. weak creature, skraggen scraggy.) ,

Falcon. Some take falco to be of Shaddock, 1. 4. Read late in the

T&tonic origin. seventeenth.
Fern, last line. The Gk. irripis, irTCpuv, Shah. 1. 2. Read khsdyathiya .

are merely given by way of illustration. Smith, b 8. Read pp. *stnidanoz.

They are not allied words. Throstle, 1 . 5. Read Icel. )mtr.
Fusil (1). The L. foctU is not found ; Vernal, last line. For dir read fdir.
but Ital. has this very form. Wheel, 1. 8. For QEL read QwEL.
Gunny, 11 . 2, 3. Read gfi\i, gdnu
Hare, 11 .
4, 5. Read sasnis *kasnis.
,
P. 65 2 . The lists given in this Section VI
N.B. The Skt. fasa is not from pap, to are somewhat uncertain, and are only given
jump ; but perhaps meant { gray 1 ; cf. A. S. tentatively. Several will hereafter require
hasu, gray. slight readjustment.
 ; ! ;

A
CONCISE ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE

A ABBEY
A, inclef. art. See An. (E.) lies to the aft. Cf. M . E. biaften , Gen.
A- ( 0 ,
= A. S. ofdune.
as in a- down and Exod. 3377; A.S. bcaftan. See A-
(E.) Here a- - A. S. of; see Of, Off. (2), By, and Aft.
A- ‘'2), as in afoot. (E.) For on Abandon. (F. - Low L.—O. H. G.)
foot ; see On. This is the commonest M.E. abandounen vb.-F. abandonner.— ,

value of the prefix a F. d bandon ,

at liberty; orig. in the power
A- (3), as in a- lotto. (E) Here a-- (of). — L. ad y
at ;
Low L. bandum, bannum y

A. S. and- ;
see Along. an order, decree ; from O. H. G. ban }
A- (4), as in a- rise. (E.) Here a- - summons, ban ;
see Ban.
A. S. a- ;
see Arise. Abase. (F. — L.) M.E. abasen, from
A- (5), as in a chieve ,
a-stringent. (F. A- (5) and Base ;
imitating O.F. abaissiery
— L. ;
or L.) Here a— F. prefix a = L. to lower.
ad, to ;
see Ad-. Abash. (F.) M. E. abaschen, abais-
A- 16), chen abasen. - O. F. esbaiss- stem of pres,
as in a-vert. (L.) Here a- = , y

L. a; see Ab- (1). part, of esba'ir (F. 6bahir) to astonish.— y

A- (7), as in a- mend. (L.) Here a-mend 0 F. es- ( = L. ex out, very much) ; and .
y

is for e-mend and e- = L. e or ex see Ex-. hair, bahiry to cause astonishment, a

; ;

A- (8), as in adas. (F.) See Alas. word of imitative origin from the interj.
A- 19), as in a-byss. (Ok.) Here a - = bah of astonishment. Sometimes con-
Gk. a- or dr- see Un-, Abyss. ;
fused with abase in M. E. See Bashful.
A- (10), as in a-do. (E.) For at do; Abate. (F. — L.) M. E. abaten
see At, Ado. O. F. a batre. -Late L. *abbattere y to beat
A- (1 1 ), as in a-ware. (E.) Here a - is down (as in Ital.). — L. ad to; and baterey ,

for M. E.y- y i-, A. S. ge- ; see Aware. for batuere to beat. See Batter. Hence ,

A- (12), as in a-vast. (Du.) For Du. bate for a-bate Cf. Ab- (2). • , .

houd vast see Avast, ; Abbot. tL.-Gk. -Syriac.) M. E.

Ab- (i), prefix. (L.) L. ab from abbot, abbody A.S. abbod. — L. abbdt- (nom. ,

connate with E. of; see Of, In F., it abbas) an abbot, lit. a father — Gk .afi&as. y

becomes a - or av - see Advantage. -Syriac abbd y a father; Rom. viii. 15.

;

Ab- (2), prefix. (L.) For L. ad to, abbess. (F. — L. Crk, - Syriac.) y
—
by assimilation see Abbreviate. M. E. abbesse. — O. F. abesse y aba esse. —
;

Aback. (E.) For on back A. S. Late L. abbiit-issa — L. abbdt - (as above) . .

onlhtc ; see A- (2) and Back. and -issa - Gk. sopa y

fern, suffix.

Abaft. (E.) From the prefix <2- (2), abbey. (F. - L. - Gk. - Syriac.)
and b-aft y snort for buaft } by aft. Thus M. E. abheyt. - O. F. abeie. — Late L.
a-b-aft~ on by aft, i.e. at the part which abbdt-ia. — L, abbdt- (above).
 , , , , ; , ; ,, , ;
,, ,
; , ,, , , ,

ABBREVIATE ABRIDGE
Abbreviate. (L.) From pp. of L. habere, to have. Cf. Habit. Der. ability
abbreuidre , to shorten. — L. ab-, for ad, from L. acc. habilitdtem .

to, by assimilation; and brenis , short. Ablution. (F.-L.) F. from L. ;

See Ab- (2) and Brief. acc. ab-lutidnem, a washing away. — L.

Abdicate. (L.) From pp. of L. ab- abliitus, pp. of ab-luere, to wash away.—
dieare, to renounce. — L. ab from ; dieare, L. ab, from ; Inert, to wash.
to proclaim. Allied to Diction. Abnegate. (E.) From pp. of L. ab-
Abdomen. (L.) L. abdomen (stem —
negdre to deny. L. ab, from ; negdre, to
abdomin -), lower part of the belly. say no. Cf. Negation.
Abduction. (L.) L. abductionem Aboard. (E.) For on board ;
see A-
acc. of abductio, a leading away. — L. ab- (2) and Board.
dticere to lead away. — L, ab, from ; diicere, Abode, sb. (E.) M.E. abood, delay,
to lead. Cf. Duke. abiding. Formed
from A.S. dbdd,as if

Abed. (E.) For on bed\ see A- (2) 2nd stem of abidan to abide. See Abide.
and Bed. Abolish. (F.-L.) F. aboliss stem
Aberration. (L.) From acc. of L. of pres. pt. of abolir. — L. abolere to
aberrdtio a wandering from ; from pp. of abolish.
—
L. ab-errare. L. ab, from; errare, to Abominate. (L.) From pp. of L.
wander, err. See Err. ab-dmindri, to turn away from that which
Abet, to incite. (F. — Scand.) O. F. is of ill omen. — L. ab, away; dm in-, for

abeter, to excite, set on (Godefroy). — F. omen, an omen.

a- (Lat. ad-) and O. F. beter, to bait (a Aborigines, original inhabitants.
bear), to set on, from Icel. beiia, to make (L.) L. aborigines, the nations which,
to bite, causal of bita , to bite. See Bait, previous to historical record, drove out
Bite. Der. bet short for abet ,
sb. the Siculi (Lewis and Short). Formed
Abeyia,nce, expectation,
suspension. from L. ab origine from the beginning;
(F.— L.) A. suspension,
F. abeiance where origine is the abl. of origo (Vergil,
waiting (Roq.). - F. a and beant pres. pt. yEn. i. 642).
of O. F. beer (F. bayer), to gape, expect Abortion. (L.) From acc. of L.
anxiously. —
L. ad, at and badare to gape.; abort io, an untimely birth. — L. abortus,
Abhor. (L.) L. ab-liorrere, to shrink pp. of ab-oriri, to fail. — L. ab, away;
from in terror. — L. ab, from ; horrere, to oriri, to arise, begin. Cf. Orient.
dread. Cf. Horrid. Abound. (F.-L.)
A. F. abunder,
Abide (1), to wait for. (E.) A.S. O. F. abonder — L. ab-unddre, to overflow.
.

d-bidan\ from d- t prefix, and bidan, to — L. ab away ; unda, a wave.

,

bide. See A- (4) and Bide. About. (E.) M. E. abuten, abouten .

Abide (2), to suffer for, pay for. (E.) A. S. abutan onbutan ; short for on -be-
,

In Sh.; corrupted from M.E. abyen ,

to titan where be answers to E. by, and titan,
;

pay for, lit.buy up, redeem. — A. S.

to outward, is related to tit, out. See A- (2),
dbyegan to pay for. See A- (4) and Buy. By nnd Out.
Abject, mean, lit. cast away. (L.) Above. (E.) M.E. aboven, abufen .

L. ab-iectus cast away, pp. of abicere to ,

A. S. dbufan , for on-be-ufan ; where be
cast away. — L. ab, away ; iacere, to cast. answers to E. by, and tifan, upward, is
Cf. Jet (i). extended from Goth, uf, up. See A- (2\
Abjure. (L.) L. ab-iurdre to deny; By, Up. (A. S. ufati = G. oben. A. S.
lfc.to swear away from. — L. ab, from be- ufan = Du. boven.)
iurdre, to swear. —
L. iiir-, from 110m. ids, Abrade, to scrape off. L. ab -
(L.)
law, right. Cf. J ury. radere, to scrape off. — L. ab, off rddere ;

Ablative. (L.) L. ablatiuus , lit. to scrape. Der. abrasion (from L. pp.

taking away. — L. ab, from and latum ; ab rasas).
(
= /latum), to bear, take ; allied to tollere Abreast. (E.) Put for on breast ;

to take. See Tolerate. see A- and Breast.

(2)
Ablaze. (E.) For on blaze see A- Abridge. (F.-L.) M.E. abreggen .

(2^ and Blaze. A. F. abregger, O. F. abreger, abregier, to

Able, powerful, (F. L.)
skilful. - shorten.— L. abbreuidre, to shorten. — L.
M. E. able, hable. — O. F.
habile , able, able. ab-, put for ad-, to; and breuis short.
— L. habilis, easy to handle, active. L. — Cf. Brief. Doublet, abbreviate .
 , , , ; , , ,, , e ;,
, ,
.

ABROACH ACCLIVITY
Abroach, to sot. (E. and F.) Put cult, concealed; pp. of abs-trudere, to
for toon broach
set see A- (2) and thrust away. — L. abs, away; trudere, to
Broach. thrust. See Intrude.
Abroad. (E.) M. E. abrood put for on Absurd. (L.) L. absurdus , inhar-
;

brood lit. on broad see A- (2) and Broad. monious, foolish. — L. ab, from; surdus
; ; ,

Abrogate. (L.) From pp. of L. ab- deaf, inaudible, harsh. Cf. Surd.
rogdre to repeal a law.-L. ab away; Abundance. (F.-L.) F. abondance ,

rogdre to ask, propose a law.

,
— 1 .. abundantia See Abound. .

Abrupt. abruptus, pp. of

(L.) Abuse, vb. (F. — L.) F. abuser, to
L.
ab-rumpere, to break off. — L. ab, off; use amiss. — L. abftsus, pp. of ab-iiti, to
rumpere to break. ,
use amiss. — L. ab, away (amiss); uti
A
Abscess. (L.) gathering of humours to use.
into one place; lit. a going away. — L. Abut, to project towards. (F. — L. and
abscessus , going away ; abscess (Celsus). G.) O. F. abouter, to thrust towards.—
j
— L .abscessus, pp. of abs-cedere to go L. ad, to ; O. F. bouter, boter, to thrust.
away. — L. away; cedere to go, cede. See A- (5) and Butt (1).
,

Abscind. (L.) From L. ab-scindere Abyss, a bottomless gulf. (L.-Gk.)

to cut off. — L. off; scindere to cut. Milton L. abyssus. — Gk a&voaos, bottom- . .

Der. abscissa from fem. of L. less. —Gk. a-, short for av-, neg. prefix;

pp. of abscindere . and Pvoaus, depth. See A- (9', TJn- (1).

Abscond, to go into hiding. (L.) L. Acacia, a tree. (L.— Gk.) L. acacia.
abscondere, to hide. — L. away; cornier — Gk. atca/cia, the thorny Egyptian acacia. ,

to hide. Condere is from [cum), to- — Gk. a/cis, a point, thorn. (<^AK.) See
gether, and -afe/?, to put, allied to Skt. Brugm. ii.
§ 52 (4).
<///«, to put. (^DllE, to place ;
Brugm. Academy. vF. - L. Gk.) F. -
i.
§ 589.) See Do. acadtmie. — L. academia. — Gk. anahruiua,
Absent, adj. (F.-L.) XIV cent. a grove where Plato taught, named from
O. F. absent , adj.-L. absent-, stem of the hero Akademus.
sens, being away. — L. ab away; Accede. (L.) L. ac-cedere, to come
being, occurring also in pree-sens. Cf. Skt. towards, assent to. — L. ac- (for ad), to;
sant, pres. pt. of as, to be ; from <^ES, to cedere , to come, cede.
be. Cf. Present, Sooth. Der. absence , Accelerate. (L.) From pp. of L.
F. absence , L. absentia. accelerate, to quicken. — L. ac- (for ad),
Absolute, unrestrained, complete. to ; celer, quick. Cf. Celerity.
(L.) L. absolutus , pp. of ab-soluere to , Accent. (F. — L.) F. accent sb. — L.
,

set free. — L. from ; so in ere, to loosen. acc. accent um, a tone.— L. ac- (for ad) ;

absolve. (L.) L. ab-soluere, to set can/us, a singing, from canere, to sing.

free (above). Der. absolution ,
from the Accept. (F. L.) F. accepter. L. — —
pp. above. acceptdre frequentative of ac-cipere, to re-
,

Absorb. (L.) L. absorhere to swal- ceive. —

L. ac- (for ad), to ; capere, to take.
low.— L. ab, away; sorbere to sup up.+ Access. L. accessus, a coming
(L.)
Gk. fiotpiuv, to sup up. (Brugm. ii. unto. — L. pp. of ac-cedere, to
accessus,
§ 801.) Der. absorption from pp. ab- ,
accede. — L. ac- (lor ad), to; cedere, to
sorptus. come, cede.
Abstain. (F.-L.) F. abstenir 0 F. ( . Accident. (F.-L.) F. accident, a
astenir). — L. abs- tine re , to refrain from.— chance event (Cot.). — L. accident baseaf
L. afo, from ; (mere to hold. Der. abs- pres. pt. of ac-cidcre, to happen. — L. ac-
tinence, F. abstinence, from L. abstinentia (for ad), to ;
cadere , to fall. Der. ac-
sb. abstention from the pp.
; , cidence, F. accidence , L. accidentia .

Abstemious. (L.) L. abstemius, Acclaim. (L.) Formed from L. ac-

refraining from strong drink. — I., abs, from cldmare, to cry out at. — I., ac- (for ad),
temetum, strong drink, whence temu-lentus ,
at ; cldmare, to cry out. For the spelling,
drunken. cf. Claim.
Abstract. L. abstractus, pp.
(L.) Acclivity. (L.) XVII cent. From
of abs-trahere to draw away. — L. abs,
,
L. accliuitdtem, acc. of accltuitas. — L. ac-
awav ; trahere, to draw. (for cut ) ; and cltu-us, sloping, a slope ; see
Abstruse. (L.) L. abstrusus diffi- Lean (1). (^KLEI; Brugm. i. § 46$.)
 ,\ , , , , , , ,
;,;; ,;
;

ACCOLADE ACME
Accolade, the dubbing of a knight Accrue, to come to by way of increase,
(F. — ltal. - L.)F. accollade in Cotgrave, ,
(F. — L.) From A. F. acru O. F. acreu
, ,

ed. 1660; lit. an embrace round the neck, pp. of acroistre (F. accroitre ), to increase.
then a salutation, light tap with a sword — L. accrescere ; see above.
in dubbing a knight. — ltal. accollata fem. Accumulate. (L.) From pp. of L.
of pp. of accollare to embrace about the ac-cumuldre, to amass. — L. ac- [ad), to
neck (Florio). — L. ac - (for ad), to, about cumulare, to heap up, from cumulus, a
collum y the neck. heap.
Accommodate. (L.^ From pp. of Accurate. (L.) From pp. of L.
L. accommoddre to fit, adapt. - L. ac- (for accurdre, to take pains with. — L. ac- {ad),
ad), to; and com modus, fit. — L. com - (- to curare , to care for, from ciir a, care. ;

cum), with and modus, measure, mode.

;
See Cure.
Accompany. (F.-L.) F. accom- Accursed, cursed. (E.) Pp. of M.E.
pagner to accompany. — F. a (L. ad), to
,
acursien. A. S. a-, prefix apd cursian, ;

and O. F. compaing companion see to curse see A- (4) and Curse.

, ; ;

Company. Accuse. (F. — L.) A. F. acuser. — L.

Accomplice. (F.-L.) Put for a acaisdre, to lay to one’s charge. — L. ac-
complice a is the indef. art. — F. complice, {ad), to
;
and causa, caussa, a suit at law, ;

*
a complice, confederate * Cot. — L. acc a cause. ;

complicem, from complex confederate, lit. Accustom. (F. — L.) A .Y.acustumer

*
interwoven.’ — L. com- cum), together; (F. accoutumer ), to make usual. — F. a
{

and stem pile-, allied to pliedre to weave. (from L. ad, to) and A. F. custume
, ;

Cf. Ply. custom. See Custom.

Accomplish. (F. — L.) M. E. acom- Ace, the * one ’ on dice. (F.-L. — Gk. ?)
plisen. — O. F. acomplis -, stem of pres, M. K. as. — O. F. as. — L. as. [Said to be the
part, of acomplir, to complete. — L. ad, to Tarcntine ay, for Gk. (U, one.] ;

complere to fulfil. — L. com- {cum), to-

, Acephalous, headless. (Gk.) Gk.
gether plere to fill.
; ,
aKCipak-os, headless; with suffix -otis. — Gk.
Accord. (F. — L.) A. F. acorder, to a-, un- and K«pa\rj, head. See A- (9). ;

agree. — Late L. accorddre. — L. ac- (for ad Acerbity. (F.-L.) XVI cent. F. )

to ;
and cord-, stem of cor, heart. Cf. acerbity. — L. acc. acerbitdiem (nom. acer-
Concord. bitas), bitterness. — L. acer-b-us, bitter;
Accordion, a musical instrument, cf. de er, sharp, lit. piercing. — L. acere, to
(ltal. — L.) From ltal. accord-are to be sour.
accord, to tune an instrument ; with suffix Ache, (E.) M. E. aken, vb.
verb.
-ion (as in clar-ion). — Late L. accorddre pt. A. S. acan. (^/AG, to drive.)
t. 00k.
to agree. See above. Spelt ache by confusion with M. E.
Accost, to address. (F.-L.) F. ache sb., from A. S. ace, a pain. The verb
,

accoster , lit. ‘
to go to the side of.’ — Late survives, spelt as the obs. sb.
L. accostare (same). — L. ac- (for ad), to; Achieve. (F. — L.) M. K. acheven. —
costa, rib, side.See Coast. A. F. achever, to achieve lit. to come to ;

Account, vb. (F. — L.) A. F. acounter, a head. — O. F. a chef, to a head.— L. ad,

acunter — O. F. a, to confer, compter, to ;
to caput a head. Cf. Chief.
; ,

count. — L. ad; and com-putdre, to com- Achromatic, colourless. (Gk.) See

pute, from com- {cum), and putare, to A- (9) and Chromatic.
tWink. Acid, sour, sharp. (F. — L. ; or L.)
Accoutre. (F.— L. ?) F. accoutrer, F. acide. — L. ac-nius, lit. piercing. (^AK,
formerly also accoustrer, to dress, array. to pierce.) Der. acid-i-ty ;
acid-ul-at-ed
Etym. quite uncertain ; perhaps from O. F. (from L. acid ul-us dimin. of acid-us\ ,

coustre coutre, a sacristan who had charge

, Acknowledge. (E.) XVI cent.
of sacred vestments, from Late L. custor M. E. knowleehen from the sb. knowleche, ;

**L. custos a custodian, keeper.

, mod. E. knowledge see Knowledge. The ;

Accretion, increase. (L.) From acc prefix is due to M.E. aknowen (=> A. S.
of L. accretio increase. — L. accret us, pp. onendwan ), with the same sense; hence
of ae-crescere, to increase. — L. ac- (for ad :
the prefix is A- (2).
crescere to grow, inchoative form from Acme, top. (Gk.) Gk. t0 P>
cre-are, to make. Cf. Create. sharp edge. (^AK, to pierce.)
 ,, , , , - , , ; , • ;
.

ACOLYTE ADDRESS
Acolyte, a servitor. (F.— Low L.—
1
upper city.’ — Gk. atepo-s, pointed, upper;
Gk.) F. acolyte Cot. — Late L. acolythus.
,
and rrb\it, a city.
— Gk. aicoKovOot, a follower. — Gk. d-, Across. (E. aWScand.) For on cross ;

with (akin to Skt. sa -, with) ; rcfotvOos, a see A- ( 2 ) and Cross.

path so that drc6\ov$os — a travelling-com-
; Acrostic, a short poem in which the
panion. initial letters spell a word. (Gk.) Gk.
Aconite, monk’s-hood. (F. — L.— atcpooTtxfe' “ Ok. atrpo-s, pointed, also
Gk.) F. aconit — L. aconitum. — Gk. . first and em'xo s, ;
a row, line, from weak
a/fot'tToi', a plant perhaps so called from
;
grade of cru\tiv, to go. (V STEIGH.)
growing a/oh/cuy, on steep sharp rocks. Act, sb. (F.-L.) F. acte. — L. actus,
— Gk. arc-bur}, a whetstone, sharp stone. m. and actum,
,
n. — L. actus, done ; pp. of
Acorn. (E.) M. E. acorn. A. S. iccern, cigerc to do, drive. See Agent. Der. act-
4
fruit; pioperly fiuit of the field/ from ion active (F. act if) act-or; act-u-al (L.
\
;

A. S. ace%, a field see Acre.+Icel. akarn, ;

actudlis) acl-uary (L. actudrius ; act-u-
;

Dan. agern Goth, akran, fruit from lcel. ;

ate (from pp. of Late L. actudre to per-
akr Dan. ager, Goth, akrs, a field, Not form, put in action).
from oak . Acumen. (L.) L. ac-u-men, sharp-
Acoustic. (Gk.) Gk. arcovoTircbs, ness, acuteness. Cf. acuere, to sharpen.
relating to hearing (or sound — Gk. . Acute. (L.) L. anil us, sharp pp. of ;

u.ki.vuv to hear.
}
ac-u-ere to sharpen. ,
(y'AK, to pierce.)
Acquaint. (K.-L.) M.E. acqueyn- Ad~ 9
prefix. (L.) L. ad, to, cognate
ten earlier acointcn — O. F. aiointer, with E. At. ^ L. ad becomes ac- before
acointier, to acquaint with. —Late L. c ; af- be f./; ag- bef. g ;
at- bef./; an-
adcognitdre to make known (Bracket).— bef. n\ ap- bef./; ar- bef. r; as- bef. s ;

L. rtv/j to ; and *iognilarc, formed from at- bef. t.

cognit us, pp. of cog noseere, to know. See Adage, a saying. (F. - L.) F. adage.
Quaint. — L. adagiitrn. — L. ad and ;
agi-, as in
Acquiesce. (L.) L. acquicscere, to agio orig. form of dio, I say.
,

rest in. — L. ac (lor to quiescere to

; ,
Adamant. (F. L. Gk.) M. E. - -
rest. See Quiet. adamaunt, a diamond, a magnet. O. F. —
Acquire. L. acqulrere to get,
(L.) adamant. — L. adamanta, acc. of adamas
obtain. — L. ac- (for ad), to; qiucrere to ,
— Gk. dSa/eas, a very hard metal or stone
seek. Der. acquisition', from pp. ac- lit. unconquerable/- Gk. a- ( = E. un-)\
‘

quis!tus. and Fa/iaw, I conquer, tame. See Tame.

Acquit. (F. — L.) M.E. aquiten Adapt. (F.~ L.) Early XVII cent.—
O. F. aquiter to settle a claim I ate L. ; F. adapter —l,. ad apta re, to fit to. — L.
a c quietare. — L. (for ad), to; quietare ,
ad, to; aptiire , to fit, from aptus, fit, apt.
vb., formed trom quietus, discharged, Iree, Add. (L.) M . E. adden. — L. addere ,
orig. at rest. Sec Quiet. lit. to put to. — L. ad and - dere
,
to put.
Acre. (E.) M. E. aker. A. S. cccer.+ See Abscond.
Du. akker, lccl. akr, Swed. aker Dan. ager Adder, a viper. (E.) M. E. addere
, , ;

Goth, akrs, G. acker L. ager, Gk. dypbs, also naddere, neddere. [in adder resulted
\

Skt. ajra Teut. type *akroz

. Idg, type,from a nadder, by mistake.] A. S. tutdre,
;

*agros. The orig. sense was ‘ pasture.’ ndddre, a snake. +G. natter, a snake; also
(^AG.) Der. acor-n, q. v. cf. Icel. natr, Goth, nadrs (with short a).

Acrid, tait. (L.) Coined by adding Addict. (L.) From L. addict- us, pp.
-d to L. den-, stem of deer bharp; on of ad-dicere to adjudge, assign. — L. <&/,
, ,

the analogy of acid. to dtcere to say, appoint. Cf. Diction. ; ,

Acrimony. (F.-L.) F. acrimoim. Addled, corrupt, unproductive. (E.)

— L. dcri-mon-ia. — L. dcri-, stem of deer Due to an attributive use of the M. E. sb.
(above). adel, filth, used in the compound adcl-ey,
Acrobat, a tumbler. (F. -Gk.) F. lit. filth-egg’ = Late L. ovum uritne, ‘

acrobate. — Gk. atcpuParos, lit. walking on urine-egg; mistaken form of L. duum

tiptoe. — Gk. arepo-v, a point, neut. of urtnutn , wind-egg, due to Gk. ovpiov wov,
arc-pot pointed and Parbt, verbal adj. of wind-egg. Orig. ‘mud/ from A.S. adcla,
;

Paivtiv, to walk see Come. ; mud Grein). Cf. Low G. adel, a puddle. (

Acropolis, a citadel. (Gk.) Lit. Address, vb. (F.-L.) F. adresscr.

 , , , ., , ,, , ;, , , , , , ;

ADDUCE ADROIT
— F. a, to; dresser, to direct, dress; see standing the sense of 0 . F. ajoster, to
Dress. put side by side, arrange. — L. ad, to ; and
Adduce. (L.) L. ad-dftcere to lead ,
iuxtd, near see J oust. ;

to, bring forward. — L. ad, to; diicere to Adjutant, lit. assistant. (L.) From
lead, bring. L. adiutant-em acc. of pres. part, of
Adept, a proficient, (L.) L. adeftus adiutdre to assist, frequent, of ad-ittuare,
one who has obtained proficiency ; pp. of to aid. — L. ad, to; iuudre, to help. Cf.
adipisci to obtain. — L. ad, to apisci to ;
Aid.
obtain, perhaps related to aptus, fit. Administer. (F.-L.) M. E. amirt-
Cf. Apt. istren. — O. F. aministrer — L. ad-minis- .

Adequate. L. adisqudtus, pp.

(L.) trdre to minister (to). — L. ad, to minis - ;

of adequate, to make equal to. — L. ad> trdre, to serve, from minister, a servant.
to ;
cequdre, to make equal, from csqutts, See Minister.
equal. Admiral. F. - Arab.) M. E. ad-
I

Adhere. (L.) L. ad-hcsrere, to stick miral, more often amiral. — 0 F. amiral, .

to. — L. ad, to; ha rere, to stick. amirail also a mire cf. Low L. admi- ;

Adieu, farewell. (F.) M.E. a dieu. raldus, a prince, chief. — Arab, amir a ,

— F. d dieu (I commit you) to God. — L. prince see Emir.

;
The suffix is due to
ad Deum, to God. See Deity. Arab, al in amir-al-bahr, prince of the sea.
Adipose, fatty. (L.) Late L. adi- Admire. (F.-L.) F. admirer (O. F.
posus , fatty. — L. adip-, stem of adeps, sb.,amirer). — L. admirdri, to wonder at.—
fat. Connection with Gk. a\u<f>a, fat, is L. ad, at mirdri, to wonder. ;

doubtful. Admit. (L.) L. ad-mittere, to let

Adit, access to a mine. (L.) L .adit -us, to, send to. — L. ad, to; mittere, to send.
approach, entrance. — L. adit- ton, supine of Der. admiss-iofi ; from pp. admiss-us .

ad ire, to go to. — L. adt to ; ire, to go. Admonish. (F.—L.) M.E. amon-

A^acent, near to. (L.) From base esten so that admonish has taken the
of pres. pt. of L. ad-iacere, to lie near. - place of amonest, with changed suffix due
1
L. ad near ; iacere to lie.
,
to verbs in -ish. 1 amoneste or warne *

Adjective. (F.-L.) F. adjectif (fem. Wyclif, i Cor. iv. 1 4. — O. F. am onester. —

•ive). — L. ad-iectiuus, lit. put near to. — Late L. admoncstdre, new formation from
L. ad-iectus, pp. of ad-icere, to put near. — L. admonere, to advise. — L. ad, to; monere,
L. ad, to iacere, to cast, throw.
; to advise. Cf. Monition.
Adjoin, to lie next to. (F.— L.) O. F. A-do, to-do, trouble. (E.) M. E. at
adjoindre . — L. ad-iungere (pp. adiunctus ), do, to do a Northern idiom, whereby at ;

to join to. — L. ad, to iungere, to join. was used as the sign of the infin. mood, as
;

Adjourn, to put off till another day. in Icel., Swedish, &c. See Do (1).
(F.—L.) O. F. ajorner, properly to draw Adolescent, growing up. (L.) I,.

near to day, to dawn also, to appoint a ;

adolescent-em, acc. of pres. pt. of ad-olescere,
day for one. — Late L. adjurndre ‘diem to grow up. See Adult.
Ducange. —
’
dicere alicui ;
and
L. ad, to ; Adopt. (L.) L. ad-optdre, to adopt,
Late L .jurnus (Ital. giorno), a day, from choose. -L. ad, to ; optdre, to wish.
L. adj. diurnus daily. — L. dies, a day. Adore. (L.) L. ad-orare to pray to.
Adjudge. (F. — L.) M.E. adiugen ;
- L. ad, to ;
ordre, to pray, from os (gen.
also aiugen {^ajugen). F. aj tiger, to — O. or-is the mouth. Cf. Oral.
de&de.— L. adiiidicdre, to award. — L. ad, Adorn. (L.) L. ad-ornare, to deck.
to ; itidicdre, to judge, from indie base - L. ad, to ;
orndre, to adorn.
of index a judge. See Judge. downwards. (E.) M. E. AdOWU,
Adjudicate. (L.) From pp. of L. A. S. of-dune, lit. from a down or adune .

adiuaicare (a bo ve) hill.- A. S. of, off, from; and dune, dat.

Adjure. (L.) L. ad-iurare, to swear of dun. a hill ; see A- (1) and Down (2).
to; in late L., to put to an oath. — L. ad, Adrift. (E.) For on drift see A- ;

to; iurdrt, to swear. See Jury. (2) and Drift.

Adjust, to fit exactly. (F. — L.) From Adroit. (F.-L.) F. adroit, dexterous.
Cot. - F. ct droit, rightfully. — F. & (L. ad), to;
9
F. adjuster to adjust, place justly
,
‘
;

L. ad, to ; iustus , just, exact see Just. Late L. directum right, justice, neut. of
;

A new F. formation, due to misunder- L. directus , pp. of dt-rigere, to direct,

 , ,, , ,, , , , ,
,; ,, ; , , , , ,

ADULATION AFFECT
from L. di- (for dis-), apart, and regere to warn.— Late L. aduertere put for L. aduer-
rule. tere , to tum to, heed ; see above.
Adulation, flattery. (F.-L.) F. Advice. (F.-L.) M.E. (<zw),
adulation. — L. acc. aduldtidnem, from without af. — O. F. aw, an opinion ;
orig.
aduldtio flattery. — L. aduldtus pp. of ,
a compound word, put for a vis ,
i. e. ac-
aduldrt to flatter. ,
cording to my opinion. — L. ad according
Adnlt. (L.) L. adultus, grown up ;
to uistim , that which has seemed good
;

pp. of ad-olescere, to grow up. — L. a*/, to ;

to one, orig. neut. of w//r, pp. of uidere
*olescere , inceptive form related to a&rc, to to see.
nourish ; see Aliment. Advise. (F.-L.) M. E. aduisen also ,

Adulterate, to corrupt. (L.) XVI auisen ( avisen ), without </. — O. F. aviser,

cent. — L. adulteratus pp. of adulterare, to to be of opinion. -O. F. avis (above).
corrupt. — L. adulter an adulterer, a de- Advocate, sb. (F. — L.) M. F. advocat)
baser of fhoney. ‘an advocate;’ Cot. — L. cuiuocdtus, an
Adultery. (F.-L.) M.E. avoutrie\ advocate, one 1 called upon ’ to plead. —
but a later form was adulterie in imita- L. aduocatus pp. of ad-uocdre to call to,
, ,

tion of I .atin. Cf. O.F. avoutrie avouterie call upon. — L. a*/, to; uocare , to call.
, ,

adultery from avoutre t an adulterer,

; Advowson. (F.-L.) A. F. avoeson,
which represented L. adulter (see above) also advouson patronage ; hence the right ; ,

so that avoutrie was equivalent in sense to of presentation to a benefice (Roquefort).—

L. adulterium adultery. ,
Late L. aduocdtidnem acc. of aduocdtio, ,

Adumbrate. (L.) From pp. of L. patronage. — Late L. aduocatus a patron ; ,

adumbrare to shadow forth. — L. ad, to the same as L. aduocatus, an advocate.

, ;

umbra a shadow. , Adze, a cooper s axe. (E.) M. E. a<fo,

Advance, to go forward. (F. — L.) oafctf. A. S. adcsa, an adze.
XVI cent. A mistaken form for M. E. Aerial. (L. — Gk.) Formed with suffix
;

auancen avancen — F. avancer to go for- -a/ from L. aeri-us , dwelling in the air.—
,
.

ward or before. — F. avant. before. — L. L. air. — Gk. arjp , air ; see Air.
from a;//*, before. See Ante-, Van.
; Aerolite, a meteoric stone. (Gk.)
Advantage, profit. (F.-L.) A mis- Also aerolith which is a better form.—
taken form for M. E. avantage. — F. want- Gk. dfpo-, from d7jp, air Ai'0 -or, a stone. ;

age formed with suffix -age from avant

; Aeronaut, a balloonist. (F. — Gk.)
before ; see above. F. alronaute. — Gk. a«po-, from aijp, air;
Advent, approach. (L.) L. aduentus , vavT-rjs, a sailor, from vaGr, a ship.
approach. — L. aduentus, pp. of ad-uenire Aery, an eagle’s nest, brood of eagles or
to approach. — L. ad, to; uenire, to come. hawks. (F. — Late L.) — F. aire, an airie ‘

Cf. Venture. or nest of hawkes ; Cot. — Late L. area a *

Adventure. (F. - L.) M. E. aventure ; nest of a bird of prey of uncertain origin. ;

with F. a- replaced by L. ad-. — F. 1i Sometimes misspelt eyry , by confusion

aventure a chance, occurrence. — L. ad- with M. E. ey, an egg; see Egg.
nentura fern, of adtienturus, about to JEsthetic, refined. (Gk.) Gk. alaBrj-
happen, fut. part, of adttenire, to approach Tucus, perceptive. — Gk. aloOtoOai , to per-
see above. ceive. see Brugm. ii. § 841.) (VAW
Adverb. (F.-L.) Used to qualify a anaesthetic, relieving pain, dulling
verb. F. adverbe. — L. aduerbium. — L. sensation. - Gk. av -, not and ; aloOrjrucgs.
to ; tierbum, a word, a verb. Afar. (E.) For on far.
Adverse. (F.-L.) M.F.advers( 0 .¥. Affable. (F.-L.) F. affable.— L. affd-
avers). — L.
aduersus turned towards, also bills, easy to be spoken to. — L. af-^ad,
opposed to pp. of L. aduertere to turn
; ,
to fdri to speak.
; %

to (see below). Der. adversary, adversity. Affair. (F.-L.) M. E. affere. - O. F.

Advert. (L.) L. ad-uertere, to tum afeire , afaire a business; orig. a fane,
to, regard, heed. — L. orf, to; uertere, to i.e. (something) to do. — L. ad, to; facere,
turn ; see Verse. Der. in-advert-ent not to do.
regarding. Affect. (L.) L. affectare, to apply
Advertise. (F. — L.) M. E. avertisen oneself to (hence, to act upon) frequent, of ;

From the base of awr* afficere, to aim at, treat. — L. af- ** ad, to;
later advertise.
tiss-ant pres. pt. of avert ir, to inform, faeere, to do, act. Der. dis-affect.
 \ , , - , , , ,, . , ;

AFFEER AGATE
Affeor, to assess, confirm. (F.— L.) af, for L. ad-, prefix ; and F. fret, the
O. F. afeurer, to fix the price of a thing freight of a ship. See Fraught, Freight.
(officially). — Late L. affordre , to fix a Affright, to frighten. (E.) The
price. — L. af (for ad) and forum market, double /is late. From M. E. afright, used
; ,

price. as a pp., affrighted. A. S. dfyrht , dfyrhted,—

Affiance. (F.-L.) O.Y.qfiance, trust;
cf. affier afier to trnst (whence K. affy),—
,
O. F. a (L. ad), to and fidant stem of
res. pt. of Late L. fiddre to trust, from
Eufidere, to trust. Cf. Late L .fidantia,
pp. affrighted; from infin. afyrhtan (not
used). — A. S. a-, intensive; and fyrhtan,
;
to terrify, from fyrhto fright ; see Fright.
Affront. (F. — L.) M. E. afronten, —
0 F. afronter, to confront, oppose face to
.

a pledge. face. — Late L. affrontdre — L. af (for ad), .

q.
Affidavit, an oath. (L ) Late L. afft- to; front-em, acc. of frons forehead,
dduit, 3 p. s. pt. t. of affiddre to pledge. - brow.
L. of -ad, to ; Late L.fiddre, for L.fidere, Afloat. fE.) For on float, r
to trust. Afoot. (E.) For on foot
Affiliation. (F. — L.) F. affiliation , Afore. (E.) For on fort', A. S. on •
an adoption as a son. — Late L. aoc. affilid foran, afore.
tionem. — L. af- =ad, to filius, a son. ;
Afraid. (F.~ L. and Tent.) Orig.
Affinity. (F.-L)
F. affinite. - L. affrayed i. e. * frightened.’ Pp. of Affray,
affinitatem acc. of affin itas, nearness.
,
— L. v.

affinis , near, bordering on. L. af (for — >, Afresh. (E.) For on fresh or offresh ;

to, near; finis, boundary, end. see Anew.

Affirm. ( F. — L. ) M . K. offermen . - Aft, After. (E.) A. S. ceftan, be-
O. F. afemier , to fix. — L. afflrmdre — L. . hind ;
both prep, and adv.+
cefter, after,

af (for to; firmdre to make firm, ,

Icel. aptan, behind, aptr aftr, backwards ,

from firmits strong see Firm., ;

Dan. and Swed. efter, Du. achter O. II. G. ,

Affix. (L.) Lnte L. affixdre (Ducange), aftar, prep, and adv. behind, p. Aftan
frequent, of L. offigere (pp. affix-us ), to is extended from Goth, af, off see Of. ;

fasten to.* L. a/"- (for adf), to \figere, to fix. After is a comp, form, likeGk. airoj-Tep-oj,
Afflict, to harass. (L.) XVI cent. — L. further off ; it means more off, further off,
afflict us, pp. of affligere to strike to the ,
hence behind. Der. ab-aft, q v. ;
after-
ground. — L. af (ior ad), to and fligere to ; ,
ward (see Toward).
dash . So also conflict, from pp. con-Jiictus ; Aftermath, a second crop of mown
inflict ;
and cf. pro-fig- ate. grass. (E.) Here after is an adj. ; and math
Affluence. (F.-L.) F. affluence.— means ‘ a mowing,’ unaccented form of
L. affluent la, abundance. — L. affluent-em A. S. map. Allied to Mead, Mow. Cf.
(acc), flowing towards, pres. part, of G. tnahd a mowing; nachmahd, aftermath. ,

affluere, to flow to, abound. — L. af (for Aftermost, hindmost. (E.) A. S.

ad), to fluere, to flow.
;
ceftemest Goth, aftumists ; but affected ,

Afford. (E.) Altered from aforth, by after and most. The Goth, of tu- fo-
M.E. aforthen to provide, P. PI. B. vi. ists is a treble superl. form. See Aft.
,

201. — A. S. gefordtan, fortiian, to further, Aga, Agha, a chief officer. (Turk.)

promote, provide. — A. S. ge prefix; and Turk, aghd, master.
fortf, forth, forward see Forth. Again. (North E.) Cf M.E. ayein,
;

Astray, to frighten. (F. — L. and Teut.) A. S. ongegn (ongean).— A.S. on and ;

XIV cent. M. E. affrayen. — Q. F. effraier, gegn, of which the primary meaning seems
esfreer, to frighten. — Low L exfriddre, to to have been ‘ direct,’ or ‘ straight.’
break the king's peace, cause an affray or (N. E.D.) Dan. igien, Swed. igen, again. +
fray; hence, to disturb, frighten. — L. ex\ against. (North K.) The t is added.
and 0 G
H. .friJu ( ij.friede ), peace. (See Cf. M. E. ayeines, against ; extended from
.

Romania, 1878, vii. 121.) Der. affray , sb., M. E. ayein, against, with adv. suffix - es .

also spelt fray and afraid, q. v. ;

— A. S. ongean, against ; the same as A. S.
Affreightment, the hiring of a vessel ongean , ongegn again see above.+Icel. ;

to convey cargo. (F. — L. and G.) An i qegn, G. entgegen against.

K. spelling of F. affretement, now written Agate. (F. - It. - L. - Gk.) O.F. agate,
affrttement, the hiring of a ship. — F. agathe — Ital. agata, agatha, an agate .

affreter (now affriter), to hire a ship. — F. (Florio). — L. achdtem acc. of achates

 , . - , ,

AGE AGREE
Gk. &x& TT1 *> an a S ate > so named from being Agitate. (L.) L. agitdtus, pp. of
found near the river Achates (Sicily). agitdre to keep driving about, frequent, of
Age. (F. - L.) O. F. aage edage. — Late ,
agere, to drive ; see Agent. (-/AG.)
L. cetdticum — L. cetdti-, stem of (etas (from
. Aglet, a tag of a lace. (F. L.) Also —
*aui-ids), age.-L. ceuum ,
life, period. + aygulet, Spenser, F. Q. ii. 3. 26. — F. aiguil-
Gk. alw v; Goth. aiws; Skt. dyus ,
life. Ictte , dimin. of aiguille, a needle. — Late L.
Brugm. ii. § 1 1 2 aciieula , dimin. of ac-us , a needle, pointed
Agent. (L.) XVI cent. L. agent thing. Cf. Acme. (^AK.)
stem of pres. pt. of (pp. actus), to do, Agnail, (1) a com on
the foot, (2) a
drive, conduct.+Gk. ayetv ; Icel. aka ; Skt. sore beside the nail. The sense has
(E.)
aj, to drive. AG.) been confused or perverted. From A. S.
Agglomerate, to mass together. (L.) angncegl , a corn on the foot (see A. S.
From pp. of L. agglomerare, to form into Leechdoms, ii. 81, § 34); with which cf.
a mass. -«L. ag- ( - ad) and gloitier stem ;
O. Friesic ogneil ongneil apparently used
, ,

of glomtis, a mass, ball, clue of thread, in a similar sense. From a prefix ang-,
allied to globus a globe ; see Globe. signifying afflicting, paining, and A. S.
Agglutinate. (L.) From pp. of niegl, a nail (as of iron), hence a hard
agglfitindre to glue together. — L. ag-
,
round-headed excrescence or wart fixed in
(
glut in-, for gluten, glue.
=-ad), to ;
the flesh; sec Anger and Nail. (3 Soon
Aggrandise. (F.-L.) M. F. aggran- misunderstood as referring to the nails of
dis-y stem of pres. pt. of aggrandir, to the toes or fingers, and so made to mean
enlarge. Also agrandir (with one g). — F. ‘
a sore beside the nail prob. by com-
’
;

a (for L. ad ) and grandir, to increase,

;
paring (wrongly) the Gk. rrapovvxia, a
from L. grandire, to enlarge, which is whitlow (lit. beside the nail\ or by con-
from L. grandis, great. fusion with F. angonaille, a sore (Cot.).
Aggravate. (L.) From pp. ofL. ag- SecN. E.D.
graudrty to add to a load. — L. ag ( — ad), Agnate, allied. (L.; L. agndtus ,

to; grand re, to load, from grants, heavy. 1

allied; pp. of agna sci = ad-gnasci. L. ad, —
Aggregate. (L.) From pp. of L. ag- to ; nasci , earlier form gnasci, to be born.
gregdrc, to collect into a flock. — L. ag - (tor Ago, Agone, gone away, past. (E.)
ad), to greg-y stem of grcx, a flock.
;
E. ago , agon, agoon, pp. of the verb M
Aggress, to attack. (F.-L.) M.F. ag- agon to pass by, pass away. A. S. dgdn, ,

gress cr. — L. aggressuSy pp. of aggredi, to pp. of dgdn, to pass away. See A- (4)
assail. — L. ag- (/or ad), to; gradi, to ad- and Go.
vance. 8 °8' in eagerness. V F.) For a-gog, .
a
Aggrieve. (F.-L.) M. E. agrcven. — in activity, in eagerness, where a- is
O. F. agrcver, to uvei whelm. — O. F. a, to the piefix A- (2). Adapted from O. F. ;

grever, to burden. — L. ad, to graudre , to engogues (Littre), or a gogtie (Godefroy),

;
1
weigh down, from grants, heavy, grave. in mirth. Cot. has estre en ses gogues, to
See Grave (2). be frolicke, ... in a veine of mirth.* The
Aghast, horror-struck. (IO Misspelt oiigin of O. F. gogtie, fun, diversion, is
for agast, w hich is short for agasted, pp. of unknown.
M. E. agasten to terrify Ch. C. T. 2341
,
; ; Agony. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. agonic.
Leg. of Good Women, Dido, 248. — A. S. — Y. agonic. — L. agdnia.—G k. dyociua, orig.
d-, prefix and glestan to terrify, torment.
; ,
a contest. — Gk. dywVy contest. — Gk. aytiv,
p. A. S. glestan is from the base gles- = .W AO.) fc
to drive.
Goth, gats- in us-gais-jan to terrify, (y' , Agouti, a rodent animal, of the guinea-
GlIwAIS.) Brugm. ii. § 802. pig lamily. (F. — Sp. —
Brazil.) F. agouti.
Agile. (F.-L.) XVI cent. F. agile. —
— Sp. agufi. Brazil, aguti, acuti.
— L. agilis , nimble; lit. easily driven Agraffe, a kind of clasp. tF. O.II.G.) —
about. — L. agere, to drive. F, agrafe ; also agraphe (in Cotgrave),
Agistment, the pasturage of cattle a hook, clasp; agrafer to clasp. The
by agreement. (F. — L.) F rom the F. vb. verb is from F. a ( -- L. ad) } to ; and
agister to assign a resting-place. — F. a M. II. G. krapfe , O. H. G. crapo, chrapfo }
,

( - L. ad), to ; and O.F .giste, a couch, lodg- a hook, which is allied to E. cramp .

ing, verbal sb. from O. F. gesir (F. gesir), Agree, to accord. (F.— L.) O.F.
to lie, from L. iacere, to lie. agree r, to receive favourably. 0 F. a gre} .
 ,. , , , . , \ ;, ,, , , ! , . ,

AGRICULTURE ALBUM
favourably. -O. F. a («L. ad), according Ajax. From a char, on char, on
(E.)
to ; gre, gret pleasure, from L. grdturn the turn (G. Douglas, tr. of Virgil, b. vii,
neut. of grains, dear, pleasing. Cf. Grace. prol.). —
A.S. on cierre, on the turn ; cf. A.S.
Der. disagree. cyrran cierran, to turn. See Char (2).
,

Agriculture. (L.) L. agri cultura, Akimbo, in a bent position. (Scand.)

culture of a field. — L. agri, gen. of ager, M. E. in ktnelmve, Beryn, 1838. Perhaps
a field ; and cultura See Acre and Cul- from Icel. i keng , into a crook; with
ture. E. bow, i.e. bend, superfluously added.
Agrimony, a plant. (F.-L.-Gk.) Here keng is the acc. of kengr a crook,
M. E. agremoine ,
egi'cmoint. — M. F. aigri- twist, kink. Cf. also Icel. kengboginn
moine L. argetnonia , argemone. — Gk.
— bent into a crook, from kengr, a crook,
dpycpwvrj. (Lewis and Short, L. Diet.) twist, kink, and boginn , bowed, pp. of
Aground. (E.) For on ground. lost verb bjiiga, to bow. See Kink and
Ague, a fever-fit. (F. — L.) Lit. Bow (1). (Very doubtful ; a gress.)
‘
acute attack. - O. F. ague fem. of agtt
*
, Akin, of kin. (E.) For of kin.
(F. aigu), acute. — L. acuta ( febris ), acute Alabaster. (F.-L.- Gk.) M.E. ala*
(fever) ;
fem. of aciitus ;
see Acute. bast re. — O. F. alabastre (F. albdtre) — L.
Ah! (F.-L.) M.E. «!-O.F. «!- alabaster, alaba strum. — Gk. akafiaorpov,
L. ah ! akaPaaros. Said to be derived from Ala-
Ahead. (E.) For on head i.e. in a bastron a town in Egypt. (Pliny.)
,

forward direction. See A- (2). Alack. (E.) Prob. a corruption of M.E.

Ai, a sloth. (Brazil.) From Brazil, ai. a l lack! alas! a shame! lit. ‘lack.’ (It
Aid. (F.-L.) - O. F.M.E. aiden . cannot be the same as alas.)
aider. — L. adiutdre frequent, of adiuuare, Alacrity. (L.) Formed by analogy
to assist. — L .ad; and iuudre to help, pp. with celerity, from L. a/acriidtem, acc. of
iu tits. Cf. Brugm. ii. § 583. alacritds briskness. — L. alacer, brisk.
Ail, v. (E.) M.E.
A. S. eglan, eilen. Alarm,a call to arms. (F. — Ital. — L.)
to pain cognate with Goth, agljan. —
;
M. E. alarme. — Y.alarme.— Ital. alVanne,
A. S. egle troublesome (allied to Goth.
,
to arms! for aile artne. — Late L. ail
aglus, hard). Cf. A.S. egc, terror, orig. illas annas, for L. ad ilia anna, to
pain see Awe.
;
those arms to your arms !

Aim, to endeavour after. (F.— L.) M.E. alarum. (F.-Ital.-L.) The same
eimen. From confusion of (1) A. F. word, with an old pronunciation, in which
esmer from L. astimare to estimate, aim ,
the r was strongly trilled.
at, intend; and (2) O. F. aesmer from L. , Alas ! (K. — L.) M. E. alas. — O. F. alas
ad-Gstimare , comp, with prefix ad-, to. (cf. F. kelas). — O. F. a, ah and las, !

See Esteem. wretched that I am — L. ah

! and lass us,
!

Air (1). (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. air, eir. tired, wretched. (Allied to Late.)
— F. air. — L. der. — Gk. di\p, air. Alb, a white vestment. (F. — L.) M.E.
air mien, affected manner
(2), tune. ;
albe. — O. F. albe. — Late L. alba, sb. ;
orig.
(F. — It. — L.— Gk.) F. air, look, tune. — fem. of L. albus, white.
a tune ' Florio. —
;
Ital. aria, ‘ a looke, . . Albacore, a kind of tunny. (Port.—
Folk-L. neut. pi. aera, treated as a fem. Arab.) Port, albacor, albacora. Said to
sing. (Diez). — L. der. — Gk. drjp (above). be of Arab, origin.
A^rt, a point of the compass. (Gael.) Albatross, a large sea-bird. ( Port. -
Gael, aird, a quarter or point of the Span. — Arab. — Gk.) Formerly also alga -
compass. Cf. O. Irish aird, a point, limit. tross. — Port, alcatraz a cormorant, alba-
Aisle, the wing of a church. (F.— L.) tross; Span, alcatraz a pelican. — Port.
Better spelt aile. — F. aile. — L. dla, a wing. alcatruz, a bucket, Span, arcaduz, M. Span.
Prob. for *axla , dirain, of Axis. alcaduz (Minsheu), a bucket on a water-
Ait. See Eyot.
(E.) wheel. - Arab al-qadus , the same (Dozy).
Aitch-bone, the rump-bone. (Hyb. Similarly Arab, saqqa, a water-carrier, a
F. - L. and E.) Orig. spelt nachebone. — pelican, because it carries water in its
O. F. nache, sing, of naches, the buttocks ,*
pouch. (Devic; supp. to Littre.)
and E. bone. Naches - Late L. naticas acc. , Album, lit. that which is white. (L.)
of natica dimin. of L. nates, the but* L. album a tablet, orig. neut. of albus,
tocks. white.
10
 , ,, , - , ,

ALBUMEN ALIVE
albumen, white of egg (L.) L. albu- algebra, computation. — Arab, al, the ;
and
men out (also album out), white of egg.— jabr setting, repairing
, ;
also, the reduction
L. albus, white. of fractions to integers in arithmetic hence, ;

Alcayde, a judge ; see Cadi. algebra. — Arab, root jabara, to set, con-
Alchemy. (F.-Arab.-Gk.) O. F. solidate.
— Arab, al the and kimid
alchemic. ; , Alguazil, a police-officer. (Span.—
alchemy.— Late Gk. xvi1 ^* chemistry; Arab.) Span, alguazil. — Arab, al, the;
probably confused with a sing- wazir a , vizier, officer ; see Vizier.
ling, from Gk. x* (iv t0 P our out, mix. > Algnm, sandal-wood. (Heb. — Skt.)
Alcohol. (Med. L. — Arab.) Med. L. In 2 Chron. ii. 8, ix. io; spelt altmtg,
alcohol applied to pure spirit, though the
,
i Kings x. ii. — Heb. algummim or (trans- ,

orig. sense was a fine impalpable powder. posed) almugim a borrowed word. Sup- ;

— Arab. al, the and kohl or kulil, a;

posed by Max Muller (Sci. Lang. i. 232) to
collyriuri!, very fine powder of antimony, be from Skt. valgu-ka sandal- wood; where ,

used to paint the eyelids with. - ka is a suffix.

Alcoran ;
see Koran. Alias. (L.) L. alias, otherwise. L. —
Alcove, a vaulted (F. — Span. recess. — alius , another ; see Alien.
Arab.) F. alcbve.— Span, alcoba a recess , alibi. (L.) L. alibi, in another place.
in a room. —
Arab, al, the; and qobbah a ,
— L. all-, as in alius ; and suffix -hi as in
vault, dome, cupola hence a vaulted space
; i-bi, there, u-bi, where. See below.
Alder, a tree. (E.) M. K. alder ,
aliene. — O. F.
aller alien. (F. - L.) M. E.
id being excrescent). — A. S. alor {aler, a stranger. — L.alien. — L. alienus, strange ;

alr).+ Du. els; Ieel. blr (for p Ir) ; Swed. alius, another. Gk. a\\os, another O. + ;

al; Dan. die, el; G. erle; O. H.G. erila Irish aile, \V. ai/l, all; Goth, aljis (stem
,

earlier elira; Span, a /iso (from Gothic). aljo -), other see Else. ;

Teut. stems *aluz -, *aliz-, *a/is-. Allied Alight (1), to descend from. (E.) M. E.
to Lith. alksnis L. a Inns (for *alsnos) ; alih ten to alight from horseback A. S. ;

Russ, olekha ; and perhaps to Elm. dlihtan, the prefix a - being = A. S. d ~.

Alder-, piefix, of all. In aldcr-liefest The simple form lihtan also occurs in A. S.,
(Sh.) ; here alder is for alley, O. Merc. meaning to make light, relieve of weight,
a Ira, A. S. ealra gen. pi. of al, cal, all. alight (from a horse) ; from liht, light,
See All. adj. See Light (3).
Alderman. (E.) Merc, aldorman, alight (2), to light upon. (E.) M.E.
A. S. ealdorman. — Merc, a/dor ( caldor), a ahhten, with reference to the completion of
chief ; and man man. Allied to O. Fries. the action of alighting. See above.
alder, a parent; G. ellem, pi. parents; Align ; see Aline.
and to L. al-tor, a bringer up, from alere, Alike, similar. (E.) M.E, alike, olike.
to nourish. Cf. Old. A. S. on lie, like ; from lie, like, with prefix
Ale. (E.) M. E. ale. — A. S. ealu, gen. on- - on, prep.
alop (stem *«/«/).+ Icel., Swed., and Dan. Aliment, food. (F. — L.'i F. aliment.
61 Lithuan. a/us
; Russ, olovina.;
— L. alimentum, food formed with ;

Alembic, a vessel for distilling. (F.~ suffix - mention from alere, to nourish.
Span. - Arab. - Gk.) M. E. alembyk — F. tVAL.) .

alambique ^Cot.). — Span, alambique. — alimony, money allowed for a wife’s

Arab, al, the and anlnq (pronounced am
; support upon her separation from^her
buqX a still. — Gk. a cup, goblet; husband. (L.) J alimonia, nourishment.
cap of a still. Cf. Limbeck. — L. alere to nourish ; see above.
Alert. (F. — Ital. — L.) V.aler/e ; for- Aline, Align, to range in a line. (F.
merly allerte and (in Rabelais) a Vherte
,
— L.) Adapted from mod. F. aligner to , ,

i.e. on the watch. — Ital. all'erta on the lange in a line. From the phr. d ligne,
,

watch; from the phr. stare all'erta, to into line. — L. ad, to; linea, a line. See
stand erect, be on one’s guard. — Ital. alia Line {Aline is the better spelling for
(for a la's, at the, on the erta, fem. of the E word.);

erto, erect. — L. ad, to, at ; illam, fem acc. Aliquot. (IO L. aliquot, some, several
of Hie, he; erectam, fem. acc. of e/ edits (hence, proportionate). — L. ali-us, other;
,

erect ; see Erect. I ui id epuot, how many.

Algebra. (Late L. — Arab.) Late L. I
Alive, in life, ^li.) From A.S. on life.
 y , , - , , , , 1 , . ,

ALKALI ALLOW
in life; where life is Gk. aWrjyopttv, to speak so as to imply
dat. of ///, life; see
Life. something else Galat. iv. 24. — Gk. aAAo-, ;

Alkali, a salt. (Arab.) Arab. al, the stem of aAAos, other and ayopcvav, to ; ;

and qali, ashes of salt-wort, which abounds speak, from dyopa a place of assembly cf. , ;

in soda. dyuptiv, to assemble. Gk. aAAos = L. alius;

All. E. al, sing. ; alky pi. — see Alien.
(E.) M.
O. Merc. A. S. eal, pi. ealle.+fcod
al, all ; Allegro, lively. (Ital — L.) Ital. alle-
allr\ Swed.tf//; Dan. al Du. al O. H. G. gro. - L. alacrem acc. of alacer brisk.
; ; ,
,

al Goth, alls, pi. allai. Teut. type *al-

; Alleluia. (Heb.) See Hallelujah.
noz allied to Irish uiltt all, from Idg.
; Alleviate. (L.) F rom pp. of Late L.
type *oljos. alleuidre used for L. alleuare to lighten. ,

all, adv., utterly. In the phr. all-to L. al- (for ad), to leudre to lift, lighten, j
; ,

brake (correctly all to-brake), Judges ix. 53. from leu is, light.
Here the incorrect all-to, for utterly,’ came Alley, a walk. (F. — L. ?) M?E. aley.
4

up about a.d. 1500, in place of the old — O. F. alee a gallery a participial sb. — , ;

idiom which linked to to the verb cf. Al O. F. aler, to go F. aller. p. The ety-
l

; ;

is iobrosten thilke regioun/ Chaucer, C. T. mology of aller much and long discussed,
2 75 7. See To- prefix. is not yet settled ; the Prov. equivalent is

almost. tE.) A. S. cal-mlest i. e. quite anar allied to Ital. andare, to go.

y ,

the greatest part, nearly all affected by Alliance ; see Ally.

;

mod. E. most. See Most. Alligator. (Span. - L.) Lit. ‘the

alway, always. (E.) (1) A.S. calne lizard.’ — Span, el lagarto the lizard, i. e. ,

weg, every way, an accus. case. (2) M. E. the great lizard. — L. ille, he, that lacerta ; ,

a lIts wets, in every way, a gen. case. a lizard. See Lizard.

Allay. (E.) M. E. aleyen, alaien the ,
Alliteration, repetition of initial
stem which is due to A. S. dleg-es, dleg- letters. (L.) Coined from L. al- (for ad
ot ,

ttSy 2 and 3 pres. t. sing, of A.S. dlecgan to to and litera, a letter see Letter , ; ;

lay down, put down, which produced also Allocate, to set aside. (L.) From
M. E. aleggen, to lay or set aside. — A.S. pp. of Late L. allocdre, to allot. — L. al-
Cx- prefix ; and began, to lay, place see (-ad), to; loedre to place, from locus a
; , ,

A- (4) and Lay t,i). p. But much con- place. Cf. Allow (1).
fused with other forms, especially v\ ith M. E. Allocution, an address. L.) From f

altggtn, to from O. F. aleger,

alleviate, L. allocutid, an address. — al- (for ad), .

alegier, L. alltuidre and with old forms ;

to lociitio, a speaking, from loculus, pp.
;

of alloy. See N. E. D. of loqtti, to speak.

Allege. (F.-L.) M.E. alegtn, aleggen. Allodial. (Late L. — O. Frankish.) Late
In form, the word answers to A. F. alegier I,, allodidlis, from allodium, alodium a ,

aligitr = 0 F. esligitr (see Godelroy)

. ; derivative of alodis, a free inheritance
from A. F. a = O. F. es-, and ligier. — L. ;Lex Salica). It means entirely (one’s)
4

ex- ; and litigdre to contend (Ducange), ,

property,’ from O. Frank, aldd where al- ;

*
from L. lis (gen. lit- is), strife. Latinised is related to E. all and od signifies pro-
4
as adlegidre (Ducange), and treated as if perty’ or wealth.’ This O. Frank, od is
allied to L. allegdre (F. alUgutr) hence ;
cognate with O. H. G. ot, A. S. tad, Icel.
the sense usually answers to that of L. audr, wealth. Cf. Goth, audags blessed.
allegdre, to adduce. — L. al (for ad), to ; Allopathy, a treatment by medicines
legare , to dispatch, to tell, from leg-, base which produce an opposite effect to that of
of lex, law. disease. (Gk.) Opposed to homoeopathy ,

Allegiance, the duty of a subject to q. v. — Gk. aAAo-, for dAAoy, other; and
his lord. {¥. - O.
II. G.) M. E. alegeaunce. to suffer see Alion and Pathos.
7raO-tiu, ;

Formed from F. a ( — L. ad), to; O. F. Allot, to assign a portion to. (F.-L.

hgance, ligeance homage, from F. ligt,
, O and E.) A. F. aloter. — A. Y. a from L. ,

liege See Liege. %

liege. The form ad, to and M. E. lot, A. S. hlot see Lot.
; ;

hgance ;Godefioy) was due to a supposed Allow (1). to assign, grant. (F. L.) —
connexion with L. ligdre, to bind. F. allouer, to let out for hire, assign for
Allegory. (L.-Gk.) XVI cent. L. an expense. — Late L. allocdre, to allot.—
allegoria. — (j\z.
dWrjyopia a description , L. al- (for ad), to; and loedre, to place,
of one thing under the image of another. — from locus a place. ,

2
 l , , ,

ALLOW ALTER
Allow (2), to approve of. (F. L.) Aloe, a — Gk.)
I L. alo'i plant. (L. —
M.E. alouen. — O. F. alouer, later allouer (Pliny — Gk. akorj ; John xix. 39.
,
.

to approve of. — L. allaudare. — L. al- (for Aloft. (Scand.) Icel. a lopt (pron.

ad), to; lauddre to praise, from

,
loft), aloft, in the air. — Icel. a ( = A. S.

stem of laus, praise. on), in lopt, air. See Loft. ;

Alloy, a due proportion in mixing Alone. (E.) M. E. al one, al oon,

metals. (F. — L.) Formerly allay M. E. written apart; here al, adv., means ‘en-
;

a lay. - O. F. a/ay, aley alloy. — O. F. ,

tirely,’ and oon is the M. E. form of one.

aleyer, to combine. — L. alligdre, to bind Cf. Du. alleen , G. alltin . See All and
together ; see Ally. The O. F. alei, sb., One.
became aloi, which was misunderstood as Along
lengthwise of. (E.) M. E. (1),
being d loi ^ L. ad legem according andlang along, prep, with
to rule along. A. S. ,

or law (Liltre). gen. orig. (like O. Sax. antlang) an adj.,

;

Allud* (L.) L. allmlere, to laugh at, meaning complete (from end to end).—
allude to ^pp. allusus).— L. al- (~ ad ), A. S. and-, prefix (allied to Gk. dvri,
at ; ludere , to sport. Der. alius -ion. Skt. anti over against) lang, long. The , ;

Allure, to tempt by a bait. (F.-L. sense is ‘ over against in length/ or * long

and G.) A .Y.alurer\ from F. a leurrc from end to end.’+G. entlang, along. See
— to the bait or lure. — L. ad, to ; M. II. G. A- (3) and Long (1) ; and see Anti-.
luoder (G. luder), a bait. See Lure. Along (2) in phr. all along of you, ;

Alluvial, washed down, applied to &>c. (E.) Equivalent to M. E. Hong,

soil. (L.) L. alluuius alluvial. — L. al - Layamon, 1 5502. — A. S. gelang, ‘ depend-
,

- ad), to, in addition ; lucre, to wash. ing on,’ as in on dam gelang along of
(
Ally, to bind together. ^F. — L.) M. E. that. — A S. ge-, prefix; lang, long. .

alien. — O. F. alier, to bind up. — L. ad, Aloof, away. ^E. and Du.) For<?« loof;
to ;
ligdre, to bind. Der. alli-ance, M. E. answering to Du. te loef to windward.
ahaunce . Cf. Du. loef hoiiden to keep the luff or
Almanac, Almanack. (Late L.) weather-gage, Dan. holde luven to keep to
Late L .almanack, Oiigin unknown; the windward; which suggested our phrase
not of Arab, origin Dozy). v
to hold alooi/ i. e. to keep away (from
‘

Almighty. (E.) o. Merc, alma’ll tig, the leeward shore or rock). See Luff.
A. S. almihtig. The prefix is O. Meic. Aloud, loudly. \Ji.) From a-, prefix,
a O. Sax. alo-, O. H.G. ala-, related to dm* to A. S. on, prep. and A. S. hifid, ;

All. And see Might. loud. See A- ^2) and Loud.

Almond. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. al- Alp. (L.) L. Alpes, the Alps ; of
maund.—O. F. almandre, more correctly, Celtic origin. Connected with L. albus,
amandre the al being due to Span, and white (Stokes). Der. trans-alp-ine i. e.
; ,

Arab, influence; mod. F. amande. — be\ ond the Alps.

L. amygdala, amygdalum , an almond ; Alpaca. (Span. — Peruvian.) Span, al-
whence the forms amygd'la, a myd' la, paca from paco, the Peruvian name, with ;

amynd'la, amyndra (see Bracket). — Gk. the Arab. def. art. al prefixed.
anvySakrj, d^vybakov, an almond. Alphabet. ^Late L. - Gk. Phoe- -
Almoner ; see Alms. nician. Late L. alphabctum. — Gk. aA <f>a, )

Almost. (E.) A. S. ealmdst ; see All. 0 rjra, the names of a and 0 , the first two
Alms. (L. — Gk.) M. E. almesse, later letters of the alphabet ; Heb. dleph, an ox,
a hues . A S. almasse. — Folk-L. *a li- the name of the first letter; and betlt, a
nt osina (whence O. F. almosne , F. au- house, the name of the second letter.
mdne , Ital. limosina) Late L. eleemosyna. Already. (E.)
;
M.E. al redy , quite
— Gk. €k(rjfio(Tvurj pity hence alms. — ready from al, quite, representing the
% ; ;

Gk. pitiful. — Gk. ikttiv, to pity. neut. of O. Merc, al, all, used adverbially,
— Gk. cAcos, pity. Thus alms is a and Ready.
%
singular form. Also. (E.) M. E. al so, quite so; A. S.
almoner. ( F. - L. - Gk.) O.F. almos- ealswa see above. ;

nier, a distributor of alms. — 0 F. almosne, Altar. (L.) A. S. altdre , Matt. v. 24

. .

alms; F. aumone. — Folk-L. *alimositia -L. altdre , an altar, high place. — L.

t above). alt us high.
Almug, the same as Algum, q. v. Alter. (L.) Late L. alterdre, to alter.
 , , , , , , , ; , , , , ;

ALTERCATION AMBITION
— L. alter, other. — L. al- (as in al-iits) Amatory. (L.) L. amatorius loving.
with comparative suffix - tero -. — L. amator, a lover. — L. amdre to love ;

altercation, a dispute. (F. - L.) with suffix tor-, -tor, of agent. -

M. E. altercation — O. F. altercation. — L. Amaze, to astound. (E.) M. E. amasen.

.

altcrcdtionem acc. of altercatid. — L. rt/A’r- A. S. d/uasian, pp. dmasod Wulfstan’s ;

cdtus pp. of altereCtrl, to dispute, speak in Horn. p. 137, 1

,
23. From A.S. d- .

turns. — L.
alter, other, another. (prefix); and *masian, to perplex. See
alternate. (L) L. altemdtus , pp. Maze.
of alternate to do by turns. L. rt/ter- — Amazon, a female warrior. (Gk.) Gk.
reciprocal. — L. (with suffix one of a warlike nation of women
wv,
in Scythia. To account for the name,
%
Although. (E.) M. E. al thogh ;
see the Greeks said that these women cut off
Already and Though. the right breast to shoot better; from Gk.
Altitude. iF.-L.) XIV cent. — F. a-, not and ftafoy, the breast. ‘Obviously
;

altitude . — L. altitudo height. — L. altus, an invention.

high. Ambassador, Embassador. (F.
alto, high voice. (Ital. — L.) Ital .alto. — Late L. — C.) F. ambassadeur. — F.
—L alius, high. ambassade an embassy prob. borrowed , ;

Altogether. (E.) from Ital. ambasciata. — Late L. ambascia

M.E. al together,
quite together. See Already. (Lex Salica) more correctly *ambactia ; ;

Altruism, regard for others. (Ital. — a mission, service. — L. ambactus , a servant,

L. ; with Gk. suffix l) Coined from Ital emissary; Caesar, de Bell. Gall. vi. 15.
altrui another, others, a form of altro, The L. word is borrowed from an O.
another, when preceded by a preposition. Gaulish (Celtic) word ( ambactos ?) a slave,
Orig. a dat. case. — L. alter i huic to this lit. one driven about, a pp. form from
other; datives of alter other, and hie, ambi prefix, about, and the veib ag-,
this. cognate with L. agere cf. O. Irish imm- ;

Alum. (F. - L.) M. E. alum. - O. F. agirn, I drive about, send about. ;Fick,
alum; F. alnn. — L. alii men, alum. 1894, ii. 34; Brugm. ii. § 79.) Cf. W.
Alway, Always. (E.) See All. arnaeth a husbandman. ,

Am. E See Are.) Amber. (F.- Span. — Arab.) M. E.

Amain. (E.) For on main in strength, aitmbre. — F. ambre. — Span, ambar. —
,
*

with strength see A- (2) and Main, sb.

;
Arab, 'anbar (pronounced ambar), am-
Amalgam. (F. or Late L. — Gk. ?) F. bergris, a rich perfume, The resinous
amalgame, Late L. amalgama a mixture, amber was so called from a resemblance to
,

esp. of quicksilver with other metals. ambergris, which is really quite a different
Origin unknown; said by some to be a substance.
corruption or an alchemist’s anagram of ambergris, i. e. gray amber. Called
malagma , a mollifying application per- gris amber in Milton, 1*. R. ii. 344. The
;

haps with Arab, al (=*the) prefixed. — Gk. F. gris gray, is from O. H. G. gris gray ; ,

fidkayijui, an emollient. — Gk. nakacrauv cf. G. greis, hoary.

(for *na\dK-yuv), to soften. — Gk. paka/cos, Ambi-, Amb-, prefix. (L.) L. ambi-,
soft. about cf. Gk. djjupi, on both sides, whence ;

Amanuensis, one who writes to dic- E. prefix amphi Related to L. am bo,

tation. (L.) L. amanuensis. — L. d mami, Gk. dfupw, both. Cf. A.S.ywb, Irish im,
by hand with suffix -ensis.
;
about.
Amaranth, an unfading dower. (L. - Ambient, going about. fL.) L. amb-
Gk.) Properly amarant as in Milton ient-, stem of pres. part, of amb-ire to go
, ; ,

but -anth is due to confusion with Greek about, from ire, to go.
dvBos, a flower. — L. amarantus. — Gk. Ambiguous, doubtful. (L.) L. amb-
dpapavTos, unfading, or as sb. unfading iguus, doubtful, lit. driving about (with
flower. — Gk. d-, not; and papaivuv, to -ous ( — L -os us) in place of L. -«$). — L.
fade. (VMEK.) amb-, about and agere, to drive. ;

Amass, heap up. (F.— L.-Gk.)

to Ambition. (F. — L.) K ambition. — L.
F. amasser, to heap up. — F. d masse into ambitionem acc. of a mbit id, a going round,
a mass. — L. ad, to massa a mass. — Gk. esp used of going round to solicit votes
; ,

jiaft, a barley-cake. See Mass (1). hence, a seeking for preferment. — L. amb -

14
 , , , , , , ,, , , , , , ;

AMBLE AMITY
itum, supine of amb-tre , to go about (but sb. pi. — O. F. amende , reparation. — O.F.
note that ambitio retains the short i of amender £above).
i turn i the supine of ire , the simple verb). Amenity, pleasantness. (F. — L.) F. M
Amble. (F.-L.) M. E. amblen. - O.F. and F. amenity — L. amccnitdtem, acc. of
ambler to go at an easy pace. — L. ambu- amanitas. — L. amanus pleasant. Cf. L.
lare, to walk. amare to love.
ambulance, a moveable hospital. (F. Amerce, to fine. (F. - L.) A. F. (not
~L.) F. ambulance. — L. ambulant-, stem O. F.) amercier, to fine. — O. F. a ( = L. ad),
of pres. part, of ambulare , to walk. to mercier to pay, acquit, but usually to
;

ambulation, a walking about. (L.) thank cf. Late L. mercidre to fix a fine. ; ,

From L. ambulatio , a walking about. — L. Cf. 0 F. mercit (F. merci ), thanks, pardon. .

ambuldtus, pp. of ambulare. — L. mercedem, acc. of merces, reward,

Ambrosia, food of the gods. (Gk.) wages, also pity, indulgence, thanks
Ok. apfipcmia ; fern, of ap&pdcnos, length- (passing into the sense of ‘fine’). — L.
ened form of ap&poros, immortal. — Gk. d-, mere-, stem of merx, merchandise, traffic.
not (E. un-)\ and *pfipo-ros, for *ppor 6 s Amethyst, a gem. (L.-Gk.) L .ame-
(Gk. pporoi), mortal; see Mortal. Cf. thystus. — Gk. aptOvoros, an amethyst; so
Skt. a-mrta immortal. See Amaranth. called because supposed to prevent drunk-
Ambry, Aumbry, a cupboard. (F.- enness. — Gk.d/*«'0vcrTo$,not drunken. — Gk.
L.) M.E. awmebry, awmery Prompt. a-, not and pMtiv, to be drunken, from
, ;

Parv. ; the b is excrescent. — O. F. aumaire p< 0 v, strong drink; see Mead.

,

almaire , annarie , a repository properly, Amiable. (F.-L.) O.F. amiable ,

;

for arms ; but also a cupboard. — Late L. friendly; also lo'veable, by confusion with
armaria a cupboard ; armarium, a re- aimable (from L. a?ndbills'). — 'L.amudbilis,
pository for arms. — L. arma, arms. friendly. — L. amicus a friend. — L. amare, ,

Ambulance, -ation see Amble. ;

to love.
Ambuscade. (Span. -Late L.) From amicable. (L.) L. amudbilis, friendly
Span, emboscada an ambush. Orig. as above.
pp. of emboscar to set in ambush. — Late Amice (0, an oblong piece of linen,
Lat. imboscare, lit. to set in a bush or variously priests. (F. — L.) M. E.
worn by
thicket. — L. im- (for ; in), in and Late L. amyse and (earlier) amit. — O. F. amis,
,

(maim, a bush. See Bush. amit (Burguy). — L. amict us a covering.

ambush. (F. — Late L.) Formerly — L. amictus pp. of amicire to throw ,

embusk.— O F. embuscher, embuissier to ,

round. — L. am- amb-), aiound iacere, to
y ;

set in ambush. — Late L. imboscare as ;

cast.
above. Amice (2), a pilgrim’s hood. (O. F.—
Ameer, same as Emir, q. v.
the Span. ? — Teut. ?) In amice gray Milton,
*
;
’

Ameliorate. (F.-L.; with L. suffix.) P. R. iv. 427. — O. F. aumuce (F. aumusse);

Formed with suffix - ate (=L. -dtus) from Late L. almucia. — Span, almucio (Pineda) ;
F. amiliorer, to better, improve. — F. d where al seems to be the Arab. def. art.
= L. ad) in addition - meliorer ( = Late (cf. Port, mur^a). — G. mutze, a cap (cf.
( y ;

L. meliordre ), to make better. — L. melior-, Lowl, Sc. mutch). But G. miiize may be
from melior better. ,
from Late L.
Amen. (L. - Gk. - Heb.) L. amen. — Amid, Amidst, in the middle of. (E.)
Gk. dfirjv, verily. — Heb. amen, verily, so be Amids-t is lengthened from M. E. amiddes.
it. — Heb. drnen firm, true. — Heb. dtnan, Again, amidde-s was due to adding the
,

to confirm orig. ‘ to be firm/

; adv. suffix -s to amiddt « A. S. on middan ,

Amenable, easy to lead. (F.-L.) in the middle where middan is the dot. of
;

From F. ametier, to lead to, bring to. — midde sb., the middle. — A. S. mid, midd,
F. d, to ; mener, to conduct, drive. — L. ad, adj., middle. Amid— A. S. on middan as i

to ; Late L. minare, to conduct, lead about, before). See Mid.

also to drive out, chase away; L. minart Amiss, adv. wrongly. (E. or Scand.)
to threaten. — L. mince, threats. M. E. on tnisse i. e. in error. — Icel. d mis,
Amend. (F. L.) —
M.E. amenden.— amiss. — Icel. d ( =* A. S. on ', in ; mis, adv.,
F. amender. —
L. bnenddre to free from ,
wrongly (due to an older lost pp.). See
fault. — L, e, from ; mendum, a fault, Miss (1).
amends. (F. L.) M.E. amendts. — Amity. (F. — L.) 0 . F. amiste, amisted.
*5
 , , , , , , ;; , , ;

AMMONIA ANAGRAM
amistet. — Late L. *amlcitdtem, acc. of *ami- rpovj a theatre with seats all round the
citas , friendship. — L. amicus friendly. - arena. — Gk. apupi, around; Qiarpov , a
JL. atnare to love. theatre.
Ammonia, an alkali. (L.-Gk.- Ample, full. (F.—L.) —
F. ample. "L.
Egyptian.) Suggested by L. sal am - amplus spacious.
moniacum ,
rock-salt. — Gk. dppwvtaHov, Amputate. (L.) From pp. of L.
sal ammoniac, rock-salt. — Gk dppwvids, amputdre to cut off round about. — L. am-,
.

Libyan.— Gk. dppojr, the Libyan Zeus- short for amb *, ambi-, round about;
Ammon a word of Egyptian origin putdre, to cleanse, also to lop or prune tiees.
;

Herod, ii. 42. It is said that sal am- — L. putus clean. ,

moniac was first obtained near the temple Amulet. (F. — L.) F. a mu leite. — I,.
of Ammon. amuletum a talisman hung round the neck. ,

ammonite, a fossil shell. (Gk.) Coined [Once thought to be of Arabic origin ; but
with (Gk. -ittjs) from the name
suffix -tie now given up.] %>

Ammon because the shell resembles the

; Amuse, to divert. F. amuser, (F. — L.)
twisted ram’s horn on the head of the 1
amuse, make to muse or think of, to
to
image of Jupiter Ammon. gaze at;* Cot. — F. d ( = L. ad), to, at;
Ammunition, Store for defence. (F. - O. F. muser, to gaze at, stare at, muse see ;

L. ) From Mid. F. amunition, a soldier’s Muse (1).

corruption of munition, due to substituting An, A, indefinite article. (E.) is A
r amunition for la munition (Littre).— L. short for an ; and an is an unaccented form
acc. munltionem a defending. — L. muni- ,
of A.S. an, one see One. ;

tus pp. of miimre , to defend. An-, A-, neg. prefix. (Gk.) Gk. dr-,
Amnesty, lit. a forgetting of offences. d-, cognate with L. in-, and E. «//- ; see
(F. — L. — Gk.) F. amncstit. — L. amnes - Un-, In-, A- (9).
tia.— Gk. dfivrjoTta, forgetfulness, esp. of An, if. See And.
wrong. — Gk. aprrjaros, forgotten. — Gk. a-, Ana-, An-, prefix.
(Gk.) Gk.aya-,dv-;
not and pvaopcu I remember. (^MEN.)
;
from Gk. avd, upon, on, up, back, again;
Among, Amongst. (E.) The earliest cognate with E. on see On. ;

M. E. form is amonge ,
whence amonges Ana, Anna, a sixteenth of a rupee.
with added s ia common adverbial suffix) (Hind.) Hind, dna, a sixteenth part, esp.
and hence amongs-t with excrescent t .— of a rupee. (II. H. Wilson.)
A. S. ontnang prep., among. — A. S. on in
, ; Anabaptist. (Gk.) One who baptizes
mang, a mixture, crowd. Cf. Mingle. again. Coined from Gk. ava, again and ;

Amorous. (F. — L.) O. F. amoro$\ F. baptist. See Baptize.

amoureux. — L. amorbsus. — L. amor love. Anachronism, error in chronology.
Amorphous, formless. (Gk.) From (Gk.) Gk. dvaxpoviGpos. — Gk. avaxpovi-
Gk. a-, not and popcpfi shape, form.
; ,
£tiv, to refer to a wrong time. — Gk. dva,

Amount, to mount up to. (F. — L.) up, back wrong) ; xP“ V0 S) time.
(

O. F. amo nler, to. — O. F. a to amount Anaconda, a large serpent. (Ceylon.)

rnont, towards a mountain or large heap. Now a S. American boa at first applied ;

— L. ad, to; montern acc. of mons, a ,

to a large snake in Ceylon. But wrongly
mountain. it was really a swift whipsnake; Cingh.
Amour. (F. — L.) F. amour — . L. kenakandayd lit. * lightning stem.*
,

amorem, amor, love.

acc. of Anaemia, bloodlessncss. (L. — Gk.) A
Amphi-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. dpupi, on Latinised form of Gk. dvaipia , want ot
both sides, around see Ambi-. ;
blood. — Gk. du not aipu, blood. ;

Amphibious. (Gk.) Gk. dp<piPios, Anaesthetic, rendering insensible to

living a double life, on land and water. pain. (Gk ) Coined from Gk. dv-, not
— Gk. dfi<pi, on both sides pios, life. ;
and aloOrjTifcos , full of perception ; see An*
Amphibrach, a foot in prosody. and JEsthetic.
(Gk.) The
foot composed of a short Anagram, a change in a word due to
syllable on each side of a long one (w). ( F. — L. — Gk.
transposition of letters. F.
)

Gk. dpupippaxvs. — Gk. dp<pi, on both sides ;

anagramme. — L. anagramma.— Gk. dvd-
and Ppaxvs, short see Amphi* and ; y poppa.— Gk. drd, up, here used distribu-
Brief. tive^ ; ypappa, a letter of the alphabet.—
Amphitheatre. (Gk.) Gk. d^ete- Gk. ypd<puv, to write.
 . . , , ,. , , -

ANALOGY ANGEL
Analogy, proportion. (F.-L.— Gk.) Ancient ( 0 ,
old. (F.-L.) With
F. analogic. — L. analogia Gk. drakoyia, — excrescent t. M. E. auncien. — F. ancien .
equality of ratios. — Gk. dvd, upon, — Late L. antianus, old, belonging to
throughout; -\oyia, from X<$7-os, a word, former time. Formed with suffix - anus
statement, from \tytiv, to speak. from ante, before.
Analysis. (Gk.) Gk.aj'dAwnSjaresolv- Ancient (2), a banner, standard-bearer.
ing into parts, loosening. — Gk. dvaXvttv, to— L.) Confused with ancient ( 1) but (F. ;

undo, resolve. — Gk. a va, back

and Xvur, from O. F. enseigne m. ensigne, auncient,
; ,
‘

to loosen. (y'LEU.) Der. analyse verb, a standard-bearer Cot. also for O. F. en- ;
’
;
1
coined word. seigne, f., a banner;’ Cot. See Ensign.
Ananas, the pine-apple plant. (Span. And. A. S. and, end.
(E.) O. Fries. +
-Braz.) Span, ananas (Pineda); mod. anda, ende O. H. G. anti, unta G. und.
; ,

Span, anana. — Brazil, nan as or nana. Prob. related to L. ante , before, Gk. dvrl,
The^eruv. name is achttfalla . over against.
Anapaest, Anapest, a foot in pros- an, if. (E.) Formerly also and ;

ody. ^Gk.) L. anapccstus — Gk. ara- Havelok, 2861, &c; the same word as the
jrataros , struck back, rebounding because ; above. An if- if if, a reduplication. But
it is the reverse of a dactyl. — Gk. drairaUir, and if- but if if Matt. xxiv. 48. ;

to strike back. — Gk. dvd, back and itaUiv, ; Andante, slowly. (Ital.) Ital .andante,
to strike. moving slowly, pres. pt. of andare , to
Anarchy. (F. — L.— Gk.) XVI cent. go-
F. anarchic — L. anarchia — Gk. arapxla, Andiron, a fire-dog. (F.-L.) Not
lack of government. — Gk. dvapxos without connected with iron but corrupted from
,

a ruler. — Gk. dr-, neg. prefix; apxos a M. E. anderne, aunderne aundire. — O. F. ,

ruler, from apx*w to y andier mod. F. landier put for Vandier,

rule, to be first. ;

Anathema, a curse. (L.— Gk.) L. where l is the def. art. Cf. Late L. attde y

anathema. — Gk. draOtpa, a thing devoted 7 ins, andetta, a fire-dog.

or accursed. — Gk. dvariOrjpi, I devote.— Anecdote. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. anec-
Gk. ara, up; Ti$rjpu, I place, set. Cf. dote.— Late L. anecdota , orig. aneut.pl.—
Theme. Gk. aufKSora, neut. pi. of dvttcdoTos,
Anatomy. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. ana unpublished hence an unpublished story,
;

tomic. — L. anatomia. — Gk. draropta, the story in private life. — Gk. dr-, not; Ik,
same as draropy, dissection. — Gk. dvartp- out ;
and 5 otus, given, allied to bifiwpi, I
vtiVy to cut up. — Gk. dvd, up ; repvu v, to give.
cut. Cf. Tome. Anemone, a flower. (Gk.) Gk. dv€-
Ancestor. (F. — L.) M. E. ( 0 anccstre , pdvij, wind-flower. — Gk. dveposy wind.
lit.

O. F. anccstre from L. antecessor , iuun.,

, Anent, regarding, with reference to.
a predecessor, foregoer ; and M. E. (2 <2//- >
E.) M.E. anent anentis; older form ,

cessour, O. F. ancessour , from L. onefent, where the / is excrescent. A. S.

cessorem, acc. — L. ante, before ; cess- us, anefett onefen, near
,
later form ottemn. ;

pp. of ceilere, to go. — A. S on, on ; efen, even. Hence onefn =

Anchor. tL. — Gk.) The current spell- even with, on an equality with. Cf. G.
ing imitates the false L. form, anchora. neben near (for in eben). See Even.
,

A. S. ancor. — L. ancora (^wrongly anchora). Aneroid, dry, applied to a barometer

— Gk. dy/evpa, an anchor, lit. a bent hook ; having no liquid mercury in it. (Gk.)
cf. Gk. dytcujv, a bend. (y'ANQ.) Coined from Gk. a-, not; vijpo-s, wet;
Anchoret, Anchorite, a recluse. ub-os, form, kind.
(F. — Late L. — Gk ) F. anachorete (Cot.) Aneurysm, a tumour due to dilata-
— Late L. anachdreta.— Gk. avaxwpiJTris, tion. (Gk.) Gk. avtvpvapa, a widening.
one who retires from the world. — Gk. ara- — Gk. dr-, for dvd, up; and tvpivuv, to
XuprtVy to retire. — Gk. dvd, back and widen, from tvpvs, wide. Also aneurism.
;

Xwpciv, to withdraw, from x^P 0S > space, Anew. (E.) M.E. of‘tiewe. A. S. of-
room. (./GIIE, GIIO.) niowe John iii. 7 (Rushworth). hrom Of ,

Anchovy, a fish. (Span. — Basque ?) and New.

Span, anchova cf. Basque anchoa,anchua
; Angel. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. angtle.
an anchovy. Perhaps dried fish * ; from — L. angelus. — Gk. ayytXos, a messenger.
*

Basque antzua , dry. Cf. Gk. ayyapos, a mounted courier, from

 , , , ;, , , , -,,; ; , , , , , ,, , ~,,
,;

ANGER ANNUL
O. Persian. Der. arch-angel, q. v., ev- clowe, —0 . Fries, ankel ; also A.S. ancleow ,

angelist, q. v. f The A. S. form was with a longer suffix (cf. O. Fries. onkle/).+
engel, directly from L. angelus . Dan. and Swed. ankel; Icel. bkkla (for
An grer. (Scand.) M. E. anger, often dnkla = *ankula ) ; Du. and G. cnkel. Per-
with the sense of vexation, trouble. — Icel. haps allied to Skt. aitguli, a finger, anga,
angr, grief ; Dan. anger, Swed. anger re- a limb.
gret. +
L. angor, a strangling, anguish. Anna, a small coin see Ana. ;

(VANGH.) See below. Annals. (F.—L.) F. annales pi. sb.

Angina, acute pain. (L.) L. angina, — L. annales, pi. adj., for lihri annales,
quinsy, lit. choking. — L. angere, to choke. yearly books, chronicles; from anndlis
Angle (i), a corner. (F. — L.) M.E. yearly. — L. annus, a year.
angle. — F. angle. — L. angulus an angle. Anneal, to temper by heat. ( (1) E.;
Cf. Gk. ayicvkos, bent. (2 ) F. — L.) Two distinct words have been
Angle (2) a hook, fish-hook. (E.) A. S.
, confused. 1. M. E. anelen to •inflame,
angel a fish-hook dimin. of anga, onga,
, ; kindle, heat, melt, burn. A. S. onlelan, to
a sting, prickle ; cf. Icel. angi a prickle, ,
burn, kindle from on, prefix, and Ulan, to
;

Gk. ayicvpa, a bent hook, Skt. ahka{s), burn. Cf. A. S. died, fire. 2. M.E. anelen ,
a hook.+D an « angel G. angel, dimin. of ; to enamel glass. —
Prefix a - (perhaps = F. h,
O. H. G, ango, a prickle, fish-hook. Allied L. ad) and 0
F. neeler, nieler, to enamel,
.

to Anchor. Der. angle, verb, to fish. orig. to paint in black on gold or silver.—
Anguish. (F.-L.) M.E. anguise ,
Late L. nigellare, to blacken. L. nigellus —
angoise. — O. F. angitisseF. angoisse. — L. ; blackish from niger, black.
;

angustia, narrowness, poverty, perplexity. Annex. (F. — L.) F. annexer. L. an- —

— L. angustus, narrow. — L. angere, to ?iexus pp. of annectere to knit or bind to.
, ,

choke. (VANGH.) — L. an - (for ad), to ; and nectere, to bind.

Aniline, a substance which furnishes Annihilate. (L.) L. annihildtus, pp.
a number of dyes. (F.~ Span. — Arab. — of annihildre to reduce to nothing. — L.
Pers.— Skt.) Formed, with suffix - ine from ,
an - (for ad), to ; and nihil, nothing.
anil, a dye-stuff. — F. anil. — Span, anil , Anniversary. (L.) For ‘anniver-
azure. — Arab, an-nil for al-nil, where al sary memorial. — L. anniuersarius
;

;
re-
is the def. art., and nil is borrowed from turning yearly. anni- (from anno-), — L.
Pers. nil blue, or the indigo-plant. Skt. — from annus a year and uersus pp. of ;

nila, blue ; nili, the indigo-plant. uertere to turn (see Verse).

,

Animal. (L.) L. animal, a living crea- Annotate, to make notes on. (I,.)
ture. — L. anima breath, life. (^AN.) From pp. of L. annotdre, to make notes
animadvert, to censure. (L.) L. on. — L. an - (for ad), to, on; tiotdre, to
animaduerlere to turn the mind
,
to, hence, mark, from nola a mark. % See Note.
to criticise. — L. anim -, for animus the , Announce. (F. — L. ) F. amt oncer. —
mind (allied to anima breath) ;
ad, to L. annuntidre to announce. — L. an- ( ,

and uertere, to turn (see Verse). ad), to; nuntidre to bring tidings, from
animate. (L.) L. animdlus, pp. of nun tins, a messenger. See Nuncio.
animare, to endue with life. — L. anima, Annoy, to vex. (F. — L.) M. E. anoicn
life. Der. in-animate re- animate. anuieit. — O. F. anoier anuier, to annoy. —
, ,

animosity. (F. — L.) F. animosity. O. F. anoi, anui (F. ennui), vexation. Cf.
— L. animositdlem acc. of animositds Span, enojo. O. Venetian inodio, vexation.
,

vehe'mence. — L. animdsus vehement, full — L. in odio, lit. in hatred, common in the

of mind or courage. — L. animus mind, Late L. phr. in odio habui, lit. 1 had in
courage, passion. hatred, 1 was annoyed with ; cf. L. in odio
Anise, a herb. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. esse, to be hated by (Cicero). — L. in, in ;

anese, anys. — F. anis (Cot.). — L. anisum ;

odio, abl. of odiutn, hatred.
also aneihum. — Gk. avurov, dvrjaov, orig. Annual, yearly. (F.-L.) M. E. an-
dvrftov , anise. — F. annuel. — L. annualis yearly. —
nuel.
Anker, a liquid measure. (Du. - Late L.) L. annus a ,
year.
Du. anker, the same.— Late L. anceria annuity. (A. F.-L.) A. F. annuiU
the same. +
Swed. ankare G. anker ; from A. D. 1304.— Late L. annuilatem, acc. of
the same. annuitds. — I.. annus, a year.
Ankle. (E.) M.E. ancle ;
also an Annnl. (L.) L. annulla re, to bring to
8
 , , , , ;; , ,,

ANNULAR ANTICIPATE
nothing. — L. an - (for ad), to,* nullus , no F. Q. i.— O. F. antelop. — Late L.
6. 26.
one ;
see Null. antalopus.— Late Gk. dvOoXon-, the stem
Annular, like a ring. (L.) L. annu- of dvQdKoxf/, used by Eustathius of Antioch
laris, from annulus a ring, earlier
adj. ;
to signify some uncertain quadruped. Of
spelling anulus dimin. of L. anus a; ,
unknown origin.
rounding, a circular form (Lewis). Antennae, feelers of insects. ( L.) I,.
Anodyne, a drug to allay pain. (L. — antennee, pi. ot antenna properly the yard
Gk.) A VI cent. Late L. anddynus a of a sail.
drug relieving pain. — Gk. avojtivvos, free last syllable but Antepenultima, the
from pain. — Gk. av- } not; and Mvrj, a word. (L.) L. ante, before; two in
pain. pcenultima fern, adj., last but one, from ,

Anoint. (F.-L.) M. E. anoint used pten-e, almost, ultima last. , ,

as a pp. = anointed. — O. F. enoint pp. of Anterior. (L.) L. anterior, former,

,

enoindrf, to anoint. — O. F. en, upon more in front, compar. adj. from ante ,
oindre to smear. — L. in, upon ; ungere , before.
to anoint. See Unguent. Anthem. (L. — Gk.) Formerly antem.
Anomaly. (Gk.) Gk. avajpaXia, de- A. S. antefn.— Late L. antiphona an an-
viation from rule. — Gk. avwpaXos, uneven. them.— Gk. di/Tt<f>(om, considered as fem.
— Gk. dv-, not ; and opaXus, even, related sing., but really neut. pi. of dvritjevvos,
to opos one and the same. sounding in response to from the alternate ;

Anon, immediately. (E.) M. E. anon singing of the half-choirs. — Gk. avri, over ,

anoon also onan.

;
A. S. on an, lit. in against voice, sound. ‘
;

one moment.’ — A. S. on, on, in an, one. Anther, the summit of the stamen of
;

Anonymous, nameless. (Gk.) Gk. a flower. (Gk.) From Gk. avOrjpos bloom-
avwvvp-os, nameless; with ous added.— ing. — Gk. avOciv, to bloom ; avOos, a young
-

Gk. av~, neg. prefix ;

and dvopa, name. bud or sprout.
Another. (E.) For an other, one anthology, a
collection of choico
other. poems. (Gk.) a collection of flowers.
Lit.
Answer, to reply. (E.) A. S. and- — Gk. dvOoXoyla, a gathering of flowers.—
swerian, andsiuarian, to answer, speak in Gk. flower-gathering. — Gk.
reply; a weak verb. —A. S. andswaru a ,
aj/ 0 o-, for dvOas, a flower; and Xtyt iv, to
reply. — A. S. and- against, in reply ;
cull.
swerian to speak, to swear. The A. S.
,
Anthracite, kind of hard coal.a
and-~Cj, ant « (in ant-worten) = Gk. avri (Gk.) Gk. resembling coals.
dvOpaicLTris,
see Anti- and Swear. — Gk. av6pcuc-, stem of av6pa(, coal.
Ant. (E.) M. E. amte, short for a mete. Anthropophagi, cannibals. (Gk.)
A. S. dinette, an emmet, ant. Doublet, Lit. *
men -eaters.’ — Gk. dv9 pamo<pdyos ,

emmet , q. v. man-eating. — Gk. Mpamos, a man; and

Antagonist, an opponent. (L. — Gk.) <payuv, to eat. (<^BHAGw ;
Brugm. i.

Late L. antagonista. — Gk. dvTayojviarris, § 641.)

an opponent. — Gk. dvr-, for avri, against ; Anti-, Ant- V prefix, against. (Gk.)
and dywvi^onai, I struggle, from aywv, a Gk. dvri, against ; allied to L. ante,
(VAG.)
contest. before. Cf. Skt. anti, over against, allied
Antarctic. (L. — Gk.) L .antarcticus. to anta, end see End. In anticipate, ; ^
— Gk. dvrapKTiKof southern, opposite to the prefix is for L. ante.
,

arctic. — Gk. dvr -, for dvri , opposite to; Antic, fanciful, odd; as sb. a trick.
and apKTiKus arctic. See Arctic.
, (Ital. -L.) Orig. an adj. Adopted in
Ante-, prefix, before. (L.) L. ante, the XVI cent, from Ital. antico, with the
before. Allied to Anti-, q. v. sense of ‘ grotesque*; lit. antique, old.—
Antecedent. (L.) L. antecedent -, L. antiq uus old. See Antique. ,

stem of pres. part, of antecedere, to go Antichrist. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.

before. — L ante before; cedere to go.
. Antecrist. — L. Antickristus (Vulgate).
,

Antediluvian, before the flood. (L.) — Gk. dvrixpiaros (1 John ii. 18). — Gk.
L. ante, before; dtluuium. deluge, a dvri , against; xpioros, Christ.
washing away.- L. dtluere, to wash Anticipate. (L.) Prom the pp. of L,
away. — L. di-, apart ; ltiere, to wash. anticipate, to take beforehand. — L. anti;
Antelope. (F.-L.— Gk.) In Spenser, before and capere, to take. ;

>9
 , . ;; , ; ;

ANTICLIMAX APHORISM
Anticlimax. (Gk.) From Anti- and to fold up, but from M. H.G. valzen, as
Climax. above. Cf. L. inciis y an anvil, from in y
Antidote. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. anti- on, and aidere, to strike and note the ;

dote.— antidotum , a iemedy. — Gk. dvri- A.S. gloss:

\u. CudOj percutio anfilte;’ ‘
y

5 otov, a remedy; a thing given as a Voc. 217. 5.

remedy. — Gk. dvri, against 5ot6v neut. Anxious. (L.) L. anxi-us, distressed
; ,

of Soros, given^ from bidoopu, I give. with suffix -ous.— L. angeret to choke,
Antimony, a metal. (Late L.) Late distress.
L. antimoninm (XI cent.) Origin un-
. Any. (E.) A. S. it nig, any from an, ;

known. one, with suffix - ig (E. -j/). Du. eenig + y

Antipathy. (Gk.) From Gk. avTtrra- from een one; G. einiger, from ein one. y y

Oaa, antipathy, lit. a suffering (feeling See One.

‘

strongly) against.’ — Gk. dvri, against Aorta. (L. — Gk.) Late L. aorta.—
vaOtiv, to suffer. See Pathos. Gk. dopTrj, the great artery ‘risirt£’ from
Antiphon. (L. -Gk.) Late L. anti- the heart. — Gk. aupeoOcu , to rise up;
phona an anthem see Anthem.
, ;
duptiv, to raise.
Antiphrasis. (Gk.) See Anti- and Apace. (K. and F.) Fora: pace i.e. ,

Phrase. at a (good) pace; where a is put for

Antipodes. (Gk.) Gk-d^nVo^pl., on (cf. a-foot ) see A- (2\ Pace y M. E.
men with feet opposite to ours, from nom. pas is from F. pas (L. passus). See y

sing, avriirovs. — Gk. ai/W, opposite to and Pace. ;

7ro0s, foot, cognate with Foot. Apart, aside. (F.-L.) F. h part,

Antique, old. (F. - L. ) F. antique - apart, alone, singly; Cot. — L. ad partetn,
L. antiquus , also anticus, formed with lit. to the one part or side, apart. — L. ad y

from ante, before as posticus

suffix -tens ;
is to ;
partem ,
acc. of pars, a part.
from post behind. Doublet, antic.
y apartment, a separate room. (F.—
Antiseptic, counteracting putrefac- I ta 1 . — L. )
F. appartement. — Ital appar- .

tion. (Gk.) Gk. aurt, against and ;

lameniOfUn apartment, a partition, lit. sepa-
orjitriKos y putrefying, arjirr-os, rotten, from ration. — Ital. appartare to separate. — ,

arjirciv, to rot. Ital. a parte, apart. — L. ad partem see ;

Antistrophe. (Gk.) From Anti- above.

and Strophe. Apathy. (Gk.) From Gk. dndOaa ,

Antithesis. (Gk.) From Anti- and want of leeling. — Gk. d-, not ; 7ratfcfv, to
Thesis. suffer. See Pathos.
Antitype. (Gk.) From Anti- and Ape. (E.) M. K. ape; A. S.apa.+Du.
Type. aap Icel. api
;
Swed. apa G. ajfe ; ; ;

Antler. M. E. auntelere
(F.) y
for Irish apa (from E.) O. ltohem. op. ;

auntolier (?). - O. F. an toiltier, said to Aperient. (L.) XVII cent. Lit,

have been once in use (Littre). In this ‘
opening.’ — L. aperient- , stem of pres. pt.
case the O. F. word is supposed to be of aperue to open. Perhaps from ap -, old
equivalent to a Late L. *antoculdrem acc., ,
form of ab from, away, and -uer- — Lith.
,

i. e. the branch (of the horn; in front of wer- in werti to move (to and fro), ,

the eyes ; cf. G. augen-sprosse, a brow- whence Lith. at- wo ti, to open. Brugm,
antler (lit. eye-sprout). See Romania, iv. i. 4 361.
349. From ante, before, and oculus the L. apex, summit. Apex. (I..)
eye. (Gk.) See Apo-. Aph-, prefix.
Anns, the lower orifice of the bowels. Aphseresis, the taking away of a
(L.) L anus. letter or syllable from the beginning of
Anvil. (E.) M. E. anvelt , anfeld, an- a word. (L.-Gk.) Late L. apheeresis .—
felt A.S. anfilte, onfilti. — A. S. an y on
. Gk. oupaipeens, a taking away. — Gk a<p-, for
,

on, upon; and a verb *fieltan (see below), dno, away aiptoa, a taking, from aipciv , ;

causal of *fealtan, to infix, redupl. verb to take. See Heresy.

cognate with O. H. G. *falzan, M. H. G. Aphelion, the point in a planet’s orbit
valzttiy whence G.falz a groove, Some farthest from the sun. (Gk.) Coined from
,

derive it from on and fealdan to fold Gk. dip-, for dn6 from ; fjAtos, the sun.
, ,

however, the O. H. G. anafalz, an anvil, Aphorism, a definition. (Gk.) Gk.

is not derived from ana , on, and faldan y d<popiapvs a definition. — Gk. to y
 , ;, , —
;,

APIARY APPEAL
define, limit. — Gk. a<p-> for and off; ,
L. apostolus. — Gk.dndorokos, one who is
dpi&tv, to limit, from opos a boundary.
,
sent off. — Gk.
dnd, off; arekkav, to send.
Apiary, a place for bees. (L.) L. api- Apostrophe. (L Gk.) —
L. apo-
drium , neut of apidrius, belonging to strophe . — Gk. anoarpoepij, a turning away
bees. — L. api-, stem of apis ,
a bee. in rhetoric, a turning away to address

Apiece. (K. F.) aW Orig. (at so some one else. — Gk. ano, away orpefaiv, ;

much) a piece where « is the indef. article. to turn, In the sense of a mark used to
ApO-, prefix, off. (Gk.) Gk. and ,
off, denote an omission, it should be apostroph
from cognate with K. of, off see Of. It
; ;
(L. apostrophus, Gk, dndarptxpos).
Apothecary. (F. - Late L. Gk.) -
I

becomes aph - before an aspiiate.

Apocalypse. (L. — Gk.) M. E. apo- M. E. apotecaryy potecary. — O. F. apote -
calips tWyclif). — L. apocalyfsis — Gk. . caire. — Late L. apotheedrius, lit. a store-
dnoKakv\pts, a revelation. — Gk. d7ro/mAv7r- keeper. — Late L. apotheca, a store-house
t€lv to Uncover, reveal. — Gk. and, off;
f
(esp. for drugs). — Gk. anoOrj/crj, a store-
and KakviTTtiVy to cover. Cf. fcakia, a cot. house. —Gk. and, away; Tt-dTj-pt. I put.
Apocope. (L. — Gk.) L. apocope. — Gk. Apotheosis, deification. (L. Gk.) —
aTTOKoirTjy a cutting off (of a letter). — L. apotheosis. — Gk. dnoOiojcns, deification.
Gk. and, off and Kdirrav, to hew, cut.
;
— Gk. dnoQtdojy I deify, set aside as a god.
Apocrypha. (Gk.) Lit. ‘hidden — Gk. dnd, away, fully 6tos, a god. ;

things ;
’
hence, uncanonical books of the Appal, to terrify. F. - L. The present
( 1

Old Testament. — Gk. dndKpvcpa, neut. pi. sense is late; the M. E. apalled meant
of dn6fcpv<po$, hidden. — Gk. dnoKpvmuv, *
rendered pale cf. Chaucer, C. T., 10679
’
;

to hide away. — Gk. and, from, away; V 365). — O. F. apallir apalir appalir , ,

KpviTTuv, to hide. to wax pale, also to make pale (Cot.).—

Apogee, the point of the moon’s orbit O. F. a-, prefix; O. F. pale,palle, pale.
furthest from the earth. (F. L. Gk' F. — — L. ad, to pallidusy pale.
;
Cf. Pale.
apogee (Cot.). —
L. apogaum. — Gk. drrd- Appanage, Apanage, provision for
y aiovy neut. of anoyaios, away from earth. a dependent, &c. (F. — L.) O. F. apanage
— Gk. a?to, away from ; 7 rj f
earth. also appanage'), properly, a provision for
Apologue, a fable, story. (F.-L.- maintenance. — O. F. apaner, lit. to supply
Gk.) b apologue — L. apologus. - Gk.
. . with bread (Late L. appdndre).— L. ap -
andkoyos, a fable. — Gk. dnd, off; kuyos (for ad\ to, foT; pdn-is, biead.
speech, from kcyuv, to say. Apparatus, gear. (L.) L. apparatus ,

apology, a defence. (L. — Gk.) L. preparation. — L. apparatus, pp. of appa -

apologia. — Gk. dnokoyia , a speech made in rare, to prepare for. — L. ad, for; parare
defence. — Gk. and, off; kdyos, a speech to get ready.
(above). Apparel, to clothe. (F.— L.) M. E.
Apophthegm, Apothegm. (Gk.) aparailen . — O. F. apareiller , to dress,
Gk. dv6<p9iypa.y a thing uttered, a terse apparel. — O. F. a, to pareiller parailler
; , ,

sa} ing. — Gk. arm, off, out ;

and <pO{yyopat, to assort, put like things with like, to
I cry aloud, utter. arrange, from pareil like, similar. — L.
,

Apoplexy. (F.-Late L. — Gk.) F. ad, to; Med. L. pariculus (Ducange

apoplexic. — Late L. apoplexia. — Gk. arro- has paricla , paricula \ similar, from L.
nk-qfia, stupor, apoplexy. — Gk. anonkrjff - pari-, stem ofpar, equal. Cf. Par. Der.
ouv, to cripple by a stroke. — Gk. airo, off; apparel, s.
7rk7)<j<TtiVy to strike. Apparition. (F.-L.) F. apparition.
Apostasy. (F.-Late L.—Gk.) F. — L. acc. apparitidnem. — h. apparere to
aposlasie. — Late L. apostasia. — Gik. diro- appear. See Appear.
(ttckt'io.
,
late form for andaracis, revolt, lit. apparitor, an officer who attends
‘a standing away from.’ — Gk. airo, off, magistrates to execute their orders; an
away ; araois, a standing, from ora-, officer who serves the process of a spiritual
base allied to 'larrj/u, I place. Cf. Statics. court. (L.) L. appdHtor, an attendant,
apostate. (Late L. - Gk.) M. E. lictor. — L. apparere to appear as attend-
,

apostata — Late L. apostata. — Gk. airo-

. ant, wait on. See Appear.
(JTaTrjSy a deserter, apostate. — Gk. and, off Appeal, v. (F. - L.) M. E. apelen . -
ararijs, standing, from ara- (see above). O. F. apeler, to call. — L. appelldre, to
Apostle. (L. -Gk.) A. S. apostol .— |
address, call upon, speak to ;
irom L. ap-
21
 , . , , , , , - , , , , ,, - - , ,;

APPEAR APPROPRIATE
(for ad), and *pelldre, to speak,
to ; allied Appoint. (F. — L.) M. E. apointen .—
to A. S. spell, a tale. O. F. apointer, to prepare, arrange, settle.
Appear, to become visible. (F. — L.) — Lat e 1 ;. appunctare, to repair, appoint,
M. E. aperen. — O. F. aper tonic stem (as settle a dispute Ducange. — L. ap (for <&/)
;

in pres. subj. of O. F. apareir ,

apere') Late L. p tinetare, to mark by a point, from
aparoir , to appear. — L. appdrere. — L. ap Late L. puncta a prick, fern, of punctus ,
(for <&/), to, forth pdrere, to come in ; pp. ;
see Point. Der. disappoint.
sight, also spelt parrere. Cf. Apparition. Apportion. (F.— L.) F. apporiioner.
—
Appease. (F. L.) M. E. apesen to portion out to. — F. ap (put for a before ,

apaisen — A. F. apeser apeiser O. F. /, in imitation of L. ap- — ad), to; portion

,

apeser (F. apaiser), to bring to a peace.— a portion; see Portion.

O. F. a peis, a pais, to a peace. — L. ad Appose. (F. — L.) F.apposer; formed
pdeem to a peace. See Peace. to represent L. apponere, on the analogy of
Appellant. (F. — L.) F. appellant, composer, exposer, and other presumed re-
pres. pt. of appeller, O. F. apcler to presentatives of compounds of L. ponere ;
appeal see Appeal.
;
but really formed on F. poser (irom L.
Append, to attach. (F. — L.) Formerly pausdre). See Pose,
also M. E. apenden to pertain to. — O. F. Apposite. (L.) L. appositus, suitable ;
apendre, to depend on. — L. append?re, for pp. of apponere, to put near. — L. ap - (for
L. appendere, to hang to or upon. — L. ap - ad), to; ponere, to put. See Position,
(for ad), to ; pendere, to hang. Appraise. (F. — L.) M. E apraisen, .

appendix, an addition. (L.) L. to value. — O. F. *apreiser (cf. O. F. apre-

appetuiix. — L. appendZre, to suspend upon, tier in Roquefort). — O. F. a-, prefix;
— L .ap- (for ad), to; pendere, to weigh, preiser to value, from preis, value, price.
Appertain. (F. — L.) M. K. aper- — L. ad, at pretium, a price. ;

tenen.—O F. apartenir (F. appartenir), appreciate. (L.) From pp. of L.

to belong to. — L ap- (for ad), to per- appretidre to value at a price. — L. ap-
; ,

t inert, to belong. See Pertain. (for ad at pretium a price. , ;

Appetite. (F. -L.) O. F. appetit .- Apprehend. (F. - L.) V. apprehendre

L. appetitus, an appetite ; lit. ‘assault (Cot.). — L. apprehendcre, orig. to lay hold
upon/ — L. appetere, to attack. L. ap- \ for — of. — L. ap- (for ad), to. at prehendere, ;

ad), to; petere to seek, attack. to grasp. See Prehensile.

Applaud. (L.) L. applatulere, to apprentice. F. -L.) O.F .aprentis,
applaud. — L. ap- (for ad), at plaudere, to nom. of aprentif (see Godefroy, s. v.
;

applaud, clap (hands). Der. applause aprentic ). The O. F. aprentis aprentif, , ,

from pp. applansus. represent Late L. *apprenditivus nom.,

Apple. (L.) M. E. appel. A. S. ceppel, and * apprenditivum acc., from a Late L.
cepl.+ D u. appel\ Icel. epli Swed. dple *apprenditus, used as a pp. of L.
; ;

Dan. able ; G. apfel ; Irish abhal ; Gael, apprendere to learn, short for L. appre-
ubhal ; \V. afal ; Russ, iabloko-, Lithuan. hendere, to lay hold of (above).
obolys. Origin unknown. Some connect apprise, to inform. (F. — L.) From
it with Abella in Campania cf. Verg. the M. E. sb. afrise, information, teach-
;

JEn. vii. 740. ing. — O. F. aprise, instruction. — O. F.

Apply. (F. — L.) M. E. aplyen. — O. F. appris, afris, pp. of aprendre, to learn.—
apher. — L. appliedre, to join to, turn or L apprendere (above),
apply to. — L. ap- (for ad), to; plieare, to Approach. (F. — L.) M. E .approchen,
fold, twine. Der. appli-ance ; also appli- aprochen. — O. F. aprochier, to approach. —
cation (F. application ). L. appropidre to draw near to (Exod. iii.
Appoggiatura, a grace-note or passing 5). — L. ap- (for ad), to; prope, near,
tone prefixed, as a support, to an essential Approbation. (F. — L.) F .approba-
tion of a melody. (Ital. — L. and Gk.) Hon. — L. acc. approbdtionem, approval.—
Ital. appoggiatura, lit. a support. — Ital. L. approbdtns, pp. of approbare, to approve.
appoggiare, to lean upon. — Ital. ap - (for See Approve.
ad), to, upon ; poggio a place to stand or Appropriate. (L.) From pp. of L.
lean on, &c. — L. ad, to; podium , an ele- appropriate, to make one’s own. — L. ap-
vated place, a balcony, from Gk. 7wdiov. (for ad), to; proprins , one’s own. See
See Pew. Proper.
 , , ,, ; y , ' , ;

APPROVE ARCH
Approve. (F.-L.) O. F .approver.- aqU60U8 As if from L. *aqueus, adj.,
.

L. approbdre, to approve. — L. ap- (for ad), a form not used. — L. aqua water. ,

to probare to test, try, esteem as good.

;
Aquiline, an eagle. (F.-L.) F.
like
Der. appro-val dis-approve. ;
aquilin hence nez aquilin ‘ a nose like
; ,

Cot. — L. aquilinuSy adj. from

1
Approximate. (L.) From pp. of L. an eagle ;

approximdrc to draw near to. — L. ap •

aquila , an eagle. Cf. Eagle.
(lor ad), to proximus , very near, superl.
;
Arabesque. (F.-Ital.-Arab.) XVII
adj. from prope, near. cent. F. Arabesque , Arabian-like also ;

Appurtenance. (F.-L.) A.F. aptir- full of flourishes, like fine Arabian work.
tenaunce (O. F. apartenancc ), that which — Ital. Arabesco where -esco — E. -ish.—
;

belongs to. — O. F. apartenir, to belong to. Arab. arab Arabia. ,

See Appertain. Arable. (F. — L.)

F. arable - L. .

Apricot. (F. — Port. — Arab. — Gk. — ardbilis, that can be ploughed. — L. ardie,
L.) Fortnerly also apricock , from Port. to plough. (<^AR.) See Ear (3).
albricoque directly. Also abricot. F. — Arbiter. (L.) In Milton. — L. arbiter,
*
abricot, ‘ the abricot, or apricock plum ;
a witness, judge, umpire.
Cot. — Port, albricoque. — Arab, a/ barquq , arbitrary. (L.) In Milton. - L.
where a/ is the def. art. — Mid. Gk. wpaiKu- arbitrarily orig. like the decision of an
kiov (Dioscorides) ; pi. 7rpaitcbtcta. The umpire. — L. arbitrdre, to act as umpire.
pi. irpaiKOKia was borrowed from L. pm- — L. arbiter (above).
coqua apricots, neut. pi. of pmcoquus arbitrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
another form of prcccox, precocious, early arbitrdre to act as umpire (above).
,

ripe (Pliny; Martial, 13. 46). — I.. pree, Arboreous, belonging to trees. (L.)
beforehand; and coquere to cook, ripen.,
L. arbore-usy adj. from arbor, a tree ; with
See Precocious and Cook, Thus the suffix -ous.
word reached us in a very indirect manner. Arbour, a bower. (F.— L.) The word
April. (L.) L. AprJlis said to be so seems to be really due to M. E. herbere,
named because the earth then opens to also erbere from O. F. herbier, L. her-
,

produce new fruit. — L. aperire, to open ;

barium, a herb-garden, also an orchard. —
see Aperient. L. herbay grass, herb. The special sense
Apron. (F. — L.) Foimerly napron. — was due to confusion with L. arbor, a
O. F. nape ro ti, a large cloth augmentative tree.
;

form of O. F. nape, a cloth (F. nappe).— Arc. (F.-L.) XIV cent. F. arc. —
L. mappay a napkin, cloth (with change of L. arcum acc. of arcus a bow, arch, arc. ,

m to tiy as in F. naitCy a mat). See arcade. (F. — Ital.— L.) F. arcade.

Map. — Ital. areata, an arched place; fem. of
Apse. (L. — Gk.) Now used of a recess pp. of arcare, to arch. — Ital. arco, a bow,
at the end of a church formerly apse
;
— L. acc. arcum (above). ,

apsis a turning-point of a planet’s orbit. —

, Arcana. (L.) L. arcana things kept ,

L. apsis pi. apsides, a bow, turn. — Gk. secret, secrets. — L. arcere, to keep.
aiplsy a tying, fastening, felloe of a wheel, Arch (1), a vault, Ac. (F.-L.) O. F.
curve, bow, arch. — Gk.dirrfii', to tie, bind. arche, a chest, box (L. area, see Ark)
Apt, fit. (L.) XIV cent. L. aphis, also, by confusion, an arch, owing to the
used as pp. of apisci, to reach/ get, but use of Med. Lat. area with the sense of
really pp. of O. Lat. apere, to fit or join L. arcus, a bow, arch. See Arc.
together. Arch (2), roguish, waggish. (L. — Gk.)
Aquatic. (L.) I.. aquatints, pertain- * So arch a leer ; * Tatler, no. 193. The
ing to water. — L. aqua , water. examples in the New E. Dictionary prove
aqua-fortis. — L. aqua fortis, strong that it is nothing but the prefix Arch-,
water. chief (for which see below\ used separately
aquarium. — Iv. aquarium a water- and peculiarly. Cf. * The most arch act *

vessel. — L. aqua , water. in Shak. Rich. III. iv. 3. 2 ; * An heretic,

aquarius. — L. aqudriusy a water- an arch one/ Hen. VIII. iii. 2. 102.
bearer.— L. aqua , water. Also ‘ Byends ... a very arch fellow, a
aqueduct. - L. aquceductus a con- downright hypocrite , ; Bunyan's Pilgrim’s
,

duit from aqua . gen. of aqua water, and Progress.

; ,
A. S. arce-y O. F. arche-y L.
ductus , a duct ; see Duct. archi-y Gk. a/>x*- (prefix). See below.
 , , ; , 1 > ,
,

ARCH- ARGENT
Arch-, prefix , chief. (L.-Gk.) The principal, and Lat. trabem ,
acc. of trabs
form arch - is due to A. S. arce as in a beam. See Trave.
bisceop an archbishop, and toO. F. arche -,
, Archives, S. pi., public records but ;

as in arche-diacre, an archdeacon. This properly an archive is a place where re-

form was borrowed from L. archi- = Gk. cords are kept. (F. — L.~ Gk.) F. ar-
apxi’, as in dpxi-fvioKonos, an archbishop. chif, pi. archives ; Cot. — L. archiuitm
— Gk. apx*iv, to be first, to rule; cf. Gk. archium .— Gk.dpx**by, a public building,
apx 4 » beginning. Der. arch-bishop arrA- ,
residence of magistrates. — Gk. dpxv a
deacon, &c. ; but, in arch- angel, the ch beginning, a magistracy.
remained hard (as in the Romance Arctic. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. artik. —
languages, on account of the following a. O. F. artique ; F. antique. — L. arctic us.
Cf. Ital. arrangelo, Span, arcangel. — Gk. dpKTucos, near the constellation of
archaeology. (Gk.) Gk. dpxaio\oyia. the Bear, northern. — Gk. ap/cros, a bear.
— Gk. apxaios, ancient, which is from Cognate with L, ursus see*- Ursine. ;

dpxrj, the beginning ;

and the suffix -logy, Der. ant-arciic.
Gk. - Xoyia due to \6yos, discourse, from Ardent. (F. — L.) XIV cent. M.E.
Xtyeiv , to speak. ardaunt. — O. F.
atdant, pres. part, of
archaic* (Gk.) Gk. dpxai/cb?, antique, ardre, to burn. — L. ardent-em acc. of ,

piimitive. — Gk. dpxaios, old. — Gk. dpxf), pres. pt. of ardere, to burn.
a beginning. ardour. (F. — L.) O.F. ardour, ardor,
archaism. (Gk.) Gk. dpxaifipos, an heat. — L. arddrem acc. of ardor, a burn- ,

antiquated phrase. — Gk. apxaifctv, to ing, fervour. — L. ardere, to burn.

speak antiquatedly. — Gk. apxaios, old Arduous. (L.) L. ardu-us, steep,
i^above). difficult, high with suffix -ous.+ Irish ard, ;

Archer. (F.-L.) M. E. archer - high Gk. opQus, upright. . ;

A.F. archer O. F. archier a bow- man.

; Are, pres. pi. of the verb substantive.
,

— Late L. area rius, a bow-man from (E.) O. Northumbrian aron, (). Merc. ;

arcus, a bow. earun, as distinguished from A. S. (Wessex)

Archetype, the original type. (F. - sin/, sindysindoti. Cf. Icel. er-u, they arc.
L. — Gk.) F. archetype, ‘a principall From the Idg. y'KS, to be from whence ;

type ; Cot. — L. archetypum, the original also are Skt. s-anti Gk. uo-lv, L. s-unt ,
’

pattern. — Gk. dpxirvno v, a model neut. G. s-ind, lcel. er-u (for *es-u), they are.
;

of dpxtrvno y, stamped as a model. — Gk. am. O. Northumb. am, O. Merc, earn,

a-PXt’—fyX 1 "* prefix (see Archi-) rv-nos, A. S. *w//.+Skt. as-ttii, Gk. d-pi, Goth.
;

a type. i-m, Icel. e-m &c. ;

Archi-, prefix chief. (L.-Gk.) L. art. O. Northumb. ard. O. Merc, card ;

archi-, for Gk. apxi- ; see Arch-. A.S. cart (with t due to in sceal-t, shalt, -

archimandrite. (L.-Gk.) L.archi- See.). Icel. est, ert.

mandrita, a chief or principal of monks, is. A. S. is +Icel. es, later er. Cf. also
an abbot. — Late Gk. dpx^o.vbpiTr s, the Goth, and G, is-t, Skt. as-ti, Gk. Iv-ti, L.
l

same. — Gk. dpxi) chief; pavbpa, an en- es-t. See also Be, Was.
closure, fold, afterwards a monastery. See Area. (L.) XVI cent. L. area an ,

Arch-. open space.

archipelago, chief sea, i. e. Aegean Areca, a genus of palms. (Tort.—
sea. (Ital. — Gk.) Ital. arcipelago. modified Canarese.) Port, areca. — Canarese adihi,
to archipelago. — Gk. dp\i~, chief; and adike, areca-nut r being substituted for
;

iri \ayos, sea. the cerebral d (II. II. Wilson). Accented

architect. ( F. - L. - Gk. ) F. archi- on the first syllabic.
tects. — L.
architectus , the same as archi- Arefaction ; see Arid (below).
tecton.—Gk. dpx^ircTwv a chief builder , Arena. (L.) L. arena, sand the ;

—
or artificer. Gk. upx i ’> chief (see Archi-) sanded space in which gladiators fought.
7€kto>v, a carpenter, builder. Orig. harena cf. Sabine fasena, sand.
;

architrave. (F. - Ital. - L. and Gk.) —

Argent. (F. L.) White; in heraldry.
In Milton. —
F. architrave.— Ital. archi- — F. argent. — L. argentum, silver; from
trave , the part of an entablature resting its brightness. Cf. Gk. apyvpos , silver,
immediately on the column. barbarous A Skt. arjuna{s), white. (-/ARC, to shine.)
compound ;
from Gk. dpgi-, piefix, chief, Brugm. i. §§ 529, 604. See below.
 - , e , , , , , ; , ,

ARGILLACEOUS ARRACK
Argillaceous, clayey. (L.) L. ar- armada an armed
,
fleet ; fem. of armado ,
gillaceus adj. from argilla, clay, esp. pp. of armar, to arm. L. armdre , to arm —
white clay. Cf. Gk. dpybs, white. (above). Doublet, army.
Argonaut. (L. — Gk.) L .argonauta. armadillo, an animal. (Span. L.'i —
— Gk. dpyoradrrjs, one who sailed in the Span, armadillo lit. ‘ the little armed one/
,

ship Argo. — Gk. dpytu, the name of Jason's because of its hard shell. Dimin. of ar-
ship (lit. from apyds, swift) ; and
swift, mado pp. of armar to arm as above.
, ;

vavrrjs, a sailorsee Nautical. ; armament. (L ) L. armamentum ,

Argosy, a merchant-vessel. (Dalma- an equipment. — L. armdre, to arm, equip.
tian.) Formerly spelt arguze and ragusy — L. arma, arms,
(see N. and Q. 6 S. iv. 490 Arber's Eng. armature, doublet of armour,
;

Garner, ii. 67). The orig. sense was ‘a armistice. (F. - L.) F. armistice. —
ship of Ragusa/ which is the name of a Mod. L. *armistitium , coined on the
port in f)almatia. Ragusa appears in analogy of sol-stitmm, i. e. solstice. — L.
XVI cent. E. as Aragouse. armi-, for arma, arms and - stitium for ;

Argue. (F.— L.) M.E. arguen. - - statium (through atonic position'), from
O. F. arguer. — Late L. argutdre (L. ar- statum , supine of stare, to stand. (Cf.
giitart), lrequent. of arguere to prove by Solstice.) ,

argument, lit. to make clear; cf. argdtus armour. (F. — L.) M.E armour, ar- .

clear. mure. — O. F. armure armeiire. — L. ,

Arid, dry. (L.) XVII cent. L. dridus matiira armour. — L. ar mains, pp. of
,

dry. — L. drere, to be dry. armdre, to arm. — L. arma, arms. Doublet,

arefaction. (L.) XVI cent. Coined armature .

from L. drefacere, to make dry. — L. dre-re, arms, S. pi. weapons. (F.— L.) M.E.
to be dry and facer to make.
; ,
armes. — O. F. armes, pi. — L. arma, neut.
Aright. (E.) For on right in the right , pi., arms, lit. *
fittings.’ < y'AR, to fit.)

way. army. — L.)

O. F. armee, fem. of
(F.
Arise. (E.) M. E. arisen. A. S. pp. of armer to arm. — L. armdta , fem.
,

drisan. — A. S. a -, prefix ; risan to rise. of pp. of armdre, to arm. — L. arma,

See Rise. arms.
Aristocracy. (Gk.) Modified from Aroint thee ! begone Origin un- !

Gk. apioTOKparta, government by the known. The usual reference to ryntye in

nobles or ‘best* men. Gk. apiaro -, for — Ray does not help us.
apiVTos best ,
and Kpartiv, to be strong,
; Aroma, (L.— Gk.)
a sweet
smell.
govern, from Kparvs, strong. The form Late L. aroma. — Gk. apwpa, a spice,
dp-taros is a superlative from the base sweet herb. Der. aromat-ic from the
dp seen in dp-frfj, excellence. Der. aristo- Gk. stem dpajpar-.
;
1
cratic whence aristocrat for aristocratic , Around, prep, and adv. K. and F. — (

person.' L.) M.E. around for on round see ;

Arithmetic. (F.-L.-Gk.) In Sh A- (2) and Round.

— F. arithmetique ; Cot. — L. arithmetica. Arouse. (E.dWScand.) From A- (4)
— Gk. dpiOprjTitcrf , the science of numbers; and Rouse.
fem. of dpLOp.r)Tticjs, adj., from dpi9p.€-uv, Arquebus, a kind of gun. (F.-Du. N
to number. — Gk. apiOpvs, number, reckon- F. arquehuse , ‘an harquebuse, or hand-
ing. gun/ Cot.; Walloon ha) kibme, dialectal
Ark, a chest, box ; hence a large float- variation of Mid. Du. haeckbusse , Du.
ing vessel. (L.) A. S. arc. — L. area a ,
haakbus , lit. ‘ a gun with a hook/ This
chest, box L. arcere, to keep.
;
cf. refers to the hook whereby it was attached
Arm (1), part of the body. (E.) M.E. to a point of support. — Mid. Du. hatch,
arm. A. S. earm.+ Du. arw Icel. armr Du. kaak, a hook and Mid. Du. busse,
; ; ;

Dan., Swed., and G. tfr/// Goth, arms; Du. bus, a hand- barrel, a gun.
;
See
I., armus the shoulder
, Russ, ramo, Haokbut. ;

shoulder. See Bragm. i. § 524. Arrack, an ardent spirit. (Arab.)

Arm (2), to furnish with weapons. (F. Arab. araq sweat, juice, essence, distilled
‘

— L.) F. armer. — L, arm are, to fur- spirit. — Arab, root araqa to sweat. ‘

nish with arms. — L arnia, arms.

^1 Sometimes shortened to Rack; cf. Span.
armada, a fleet. (Span. — L.) Span. raque arrack.
35
 , , , , , , ; •
, , , , , ,;

ARRAIGN ARTILLERY
Arraign. (F. — L.) M. E. arainen . -
Arsenal. (Span. — Arab.) Span, ar-
O. F. areisnier to speak to, discourse senal, a magazine, dock-yard, arsenal
,

with, cite, arraign. — O. F. a (L. ad), to; longer forms, atarazanal, atarazana, where
reisner , rtisoner, to reason, from O. F. the a - answers to Arab, al, def. article.
reson, raison reason, advice, from L. acc. Cf. Ital. darsena, a wet dock. — Arab, dar
rationem ; see Reason. af-fina‘ah, a house of construction, place
Arrange. (F - L. and O. H. G.) for making things, dock-yard. — Arab, dar,
M. E. arayngen, arengen — O. F. arengier, a house ; al, the ; and find ah, art, trade,
1

to put into a rank. — O. F. a (L. ad), to; construction.

rangier, rettgier to range, from O. F.,
Arsenic. (L. — Gk. — Arab. — Pers.)
rang, reng a rank. See Rank. Late L. arsenicum — Gk.&pccvucov, arsenic; .

Airant, knavish, notoriously bad. (F. seeming to mean a male principle(the alche-
— L.) This word is now ascertained to mists had a strange fancy that metals were of
be a mere variant of errant (cf. parson for different sexes'). But really borrowed from
person). Chaucer has theef erraunt arrant Arab, az-zemikh ; where az is for al, the,
•thief, C. T. 1 71 73; and see Piers Plow- def. art., and zernlkh orpiment, is from
man, C. vii. 307. See Errant. Pers. zerni, orpiment, yellow arsenic (from
Arras, tapestry. (F.) So named from zar, gold). See Devic, p. 4.
Arras, in Artois, north of France. Arson, incendiarism. (F. — L.) O. F.
Array, verb. (F. — L. and O. Low G.) arson, incendiarism. — Late L. acc. ar-
O. F. arraier to array. — O. F. arrai sionern , a burning. — L. ars-us, pp. of ,

arroi, preparation. — L. ad { becoming ar ardere to burn. See Ardent.

before r), to, for O. Low G. and O. Fries.
; Art (1), 2 p. s. pres, of verb. (E.) See
rede (cf. Goth, garaid-s), ready, A. S.
riede, ready so that to array is i to get
; Art (2), skill. (F.-L.) M.E. «r/.-
ready.' See Ready. O. F. art. — L. artem, acc. of ars skill.
Arrears, sb. pi. (F. — L.) From M. E. Artery. (L. — Gk.) h.arteria, properly
arere , adv., in the rear. — O. F. arere (F. the wind-pipe; also, an artery. — Gk .dprr]-
arrilre), behind. — Late L. ad retro back- pta wind-pipe, artery. ,

ward.— L. ad, to; retro, behind. What Artesian, adj. (F.) Artesian wells are
we now call arrears answers to M. K. named from F. ArMsien, adj. formed from
arerages, s. pi. formed from M. E. arere Artois, a province in the north of France,
with F. suffix age. where these wells were early in use.
Arrest, to stop. (F. — L ) O. F. ares- Artichoke. (Ital. — Arab.) Ital. arti-
ter (F. arreter), to stay. — O. F. a (-L. ciocco, a corrupt form ; Florio also gives
ad), to; L. restore, to stay, remain, from the spellings archiciocco, archicioffo\ also
re-, back, and stare to stand ; see Rest (without the ar, which answers to the
,

(*)• Arab. def. art. al, the) the forms carciocco,

Arrive. (F. — L.) F. arriver.— Late cardoffo. Cf. Span, alcachofa, an arti-
L. arripare adripdre, to come to shore, choke. — Arab, al kharshnf, or harshaf an
,

land. — L. ad, to ; ripa shore, bank. Der. artichoke, Not Arab, ardi shattki
arriv-al. (Diez), which is a modem corrupt form
Arrogate. (L.) From pp. of L. arro - borrowed from Italian.
gare, to ask, adopt, attiibute to, add to. — Article, a small item, part of speech.
L. ar- (for ad), to rogdre to ask. Der. (F. — L.) F. article — L. articulus a joint
; . ,

arrogant from the pres. pt.

,
knuckle, article in grammar lit. * a small ;

Arrow. (E.) M. E. arewe,arwe. A.S. joint.* Dimin. o iartus, a joint, limb.

arwe, and earh (rare).+ Icel. dr, an arrow articulate. (L.) L. articuldtus, dis-
(gen. drvar ) ; allied to Goth, arhwazna tinct; pp. of articulare, to supply with
an arrow. From Teut. base arhw- cog- joints, divide by joints. — L. articulus, a
nate with L. arc-us, a bow. joint (above).
arrow-root. (E.) So called, it is said, Artifice. (F. — L.) In Milton. — F.
because the tubers of the Maranta were artifice. — L. artificium , a trade, handi-
used as an antidote against poisoned craft ; hence skill. — L. arti-, stem of ars
arrows. art ; and fiic-, for facere, to make. Der.
Arse. (E.) M. E. ars, ers . A. S. ars. a skilled workman.
artifiic-er,
+Gk. 6fifios, the rump. Idg. type *orsos. artillery. (F.-L.) O.Y.artillerie,
 , , , , ;

ARTISAN ASPECT
equipment of war, machines of war, in- Ashes. (E.) The pi. of ash, which is
cluding cross-bows, See., in early times.— little M. E. asche axe sing. the
used. , , ;

O. F. artillery to equip. — Late L. *artil- pi. is commonly ascken oxen, but in North- ,

Idre to make machines; a verb inferred

,
ern E. it is asches , ashes. A. S. cesce, pi.
irom the sb. artilldtor, a maker of machines. cescan , axan ascan.+ Du.
,
asch ;
Icel. and
Extended from arti-, stem of ars art. We ,
Swed. asha Dan. aske; Goth. azgd% pi.
;

also find artillidtor answering to an older

,
azgon G. asche. Teut. stems *askon -,
;

* articulator also Late L. articulum, arti-

;
*azgon -.
fice; articula, art. a facing made of
Ashlar, Ashler,
artisan, a workman. (F. — Ital. L.) — (F. — L.)
squared stones. It consists of
F. artisan. — Ital. artigiano, a workman.— thin slabs of stone for facing a building
Laie L. *artitidnus, not found, but formed formerly applied to a square hewn stone ;
from L. aititus, cunning, artful. — L. arti-, and, probably, so called because it took
stem of ai's, art. the place of the wooden beams used for
As, conj. (E.) M. E. as, als, alse, also the same purpose. — O. F. aiseler (Livre
,

a l so. As is sl contraction of also. (Proved des Rois), extended from O. F. aiselle,

by Sir F. Madden.) See Also. aisiele, a little board, dimin. of ais, a

Asafcstida, Assafoetida, a gum. plank — L. axilla, dimin. of L. axis an

(Med. L. — Pers. and L.) From Pers. dzd, axis, also, a board, a plank.
mastic; the L fatida, fetid, refers to its
. Ashore. (E.) Y ox onshore.
offensive smell. See Fetid. Aside. ( E. ) F or on side .
Asbestos, a mineral. (Gk.) Gk. a- Ask. (E.) M. E. asken, axien A. S. .

ajSiaros, unquenchable; because it is in- dscian , dhsian dcsian ; the last answers to ,

combustible. —Gk. a-, neg. prefix; and prov. E. ax. -f Du. eischen ; Swed. asha ;
-a&caros, quenchable, from aftiwitpi, I Dan. ashe ; G. h eischen, O. H. G. eisidn.
quench, extinguish. See Brugm. i. § 653. Teut. types *aiskdn, *aishdjan. Cf. Russ.
Ascend. (L.) L. ascendere, to climb is bate, Lith. jeskoti, to seek; Skt .ichchhd,
up. — L. ad, to; scandere , to climb. See a wish, desire, esh, to search.
Scan. Der. ascens-ion, from pp. ascensus. Askance, obliquely. (Friesic). Spelt
Ascertain. (F. — L.) From O. F. a-scance by Sir T. Wyat ; ascanche by Pals-
avertainer , ace rletter to make certain grave, who gives de trailers, en lorgnant,
( with s inserted). — F. a = L. ad, to) ; and as the F. equivalent. Hardly from Ital.
(
certain, certain. See Certain. scansare ‘ to go a-slope or a-sconce, or
,

Ascetic. (Gk.) Gk. aa/crjTiKos, given a-skew, to go sidelin;' Florio. Rather from
to exercise, industrious ; applied to hermits, Friesic aa Shands, obliquely, to one side
who strictly exercised themselves in reli- (Outzen) ; from shaft, oblique. Cf. E. Fries.
gious devotion. Gk. aaKrjrrjs, one who sch'itt, oblique, schuns, obliquely; Low G.
—
practises an art, an athlete. — Gk. daietiv, schuns ; Du. schuin oblique (whence Dan.
to work, exercise ; also, to mortify the paa skons). O. Fries. <i«Teut. au.
body, as an ascetic. awry. (O. Low G.)
Askew, For on
Ascititions, incidental. (L.) Coined, shew Hexham gives M. Du. schceff askew,
;

as if from I,. *asdtlcius, from ascitus, pp. awry * see Skew. ;

of asciscere, or adsciscere, to receive, learn. Aslant. (Scand.) For on slant .

— L. ad, to; sciscere, to learn, inceptive Asleep. (E.) For on sleep ;
Acts xiii.

form of scire, to know. 36 .

Ascribe. (L.) L. ascribere, to write Aslope. (E.) For on slope .

down to one’s account. — L. a - (for ad), to ; Asp, Aspic, a serpent. (F. — L. Gk.) —
scribere, to write. F. aspe, aspic. L. aspidem, acc. of aspis. —
Ash, a tree. (E.) M. E. asch A. S. (esc. — Gk. dams (gen. davibos), an asp.
.

+ Du. esch ; Icel. askr ; Dan. and Swed. Asparagus, a vegetable. (L.-Gk.-
ask ; G. esche. Teut. type *askiz. Cf. Ptrs. V) L. asparagus. Gk. dowdpayos. —
Russ, iasene , Lith. us is, ash. Supposed to be of Pers. origin ; cf. Zend
Ashamed. (E.) A.S. dscamod pp. of fparegha , a shoot, a prong; Lithuan.
—
dscamian , to put to shame. A.S. d -, ex- spurgas a shoot (Fick, Prellwitz). ,

tremely; scamian , to shame, from scamu, Aspect. (L.) L. aspectus , look. L. —

shame, p. Or for A. S. ofsctimod, with the aspectus pp. of aspicere, to look.— L. a *
same sense (with prefix of-, off, very). (for ad), to, at ; specere , to look.

27
 - , , \ , , , , ;,

ASPEN, ASP ASSOCIATE

Aspen, Asp, a tree. (E.) M. E. asp, ad, to ;
sal/us a leap, attack, from saltus
,

Chaucer, C. T. 2923 aspen is an adj. (like
golden ), and is used for aspen-tree cf. Ch.
C. T. 7249. A. S. cespe , ceps. Du. esp
Icel. osp Dan. and Swed. asp
,
G. espc, dspe.
; pp. of satire, to leap. See Assail.
; Assay, s. ; the same as Essay, q. v.
+ ; Assemble. (K.— L.) O. F. assembler.
;
— Late L. assimuldre to collect (different ,

Cf. Lithuan. aptiszis Russ, osina. ;

from L. assimuldre, to feign). — L. as - (for
Asperity. (F. — I ,.) F. asperite. - L. ad), to simul, together.
;

asperitdtem acc. of asperitds, roughness —

, Assent. (F. — L.) O. F. assentir — L. .

L. asper. rough. assentire, to assent, agree to. — L. as - (for

Asperse, to cast calumny upon. (L.) ad), to sentire, to feel, perceive.
;

From L. aspersus pp. of aspergere to , Assert. (L.) From L. asserius pp. ,

besprinkle. — L. as - (for *</) spargtre to ;

of asserere to add to, claim, assert. — L.
scatter. as- (for ad), to serere, to join, connect.
;

Afl pltfl.lt- (Gk.) Gk. aa<pa\Tos, dV</>a \- Assess, to fix a tax. (F.-L.) O. F.
tuv asphalt, bitumen.
,
foreign word. A assesser. — Late L. assessdre, to sit as as-
Asphodel. ^Gk.) Gk. d<npu5(\os. a sessor, to assess cf. L. sb. assessor, one ;

plant of the lily kind. Der. daffodil ,

who adjusted taxes ; ong. a judge's assis-
<]• v. tant, one who sat by him. — L. asscssus,
Asphyxia, suffocation. (Gk.) Gk. a- pp. of assulere to sit near. See Assize (i).
,

<r<pv(ia, a stopping of the pulse; cf. d- Assets, sufficient effects of a deceased

(T<pvKTo^y without pulsation. — Gk. a-, not; debtor. ( F. — L.) O. F. assez pron. assets), (

and <r<pv£i s, the pulse, from a<pv$*iv to pul- ,

sufficient (to pay with) properly an adv., ;

sate ;
cf. (npvyiios, pulsation. but, in E., mistaken to be a pi. sb. — L. ad
Aspire. 1 F. — L.) F. aspirer to breathe,,
satis , up to what is enough.
covet, aspire to. — L. aspirdre, lit. to breathe Asseverate. pp. (L.) L. asseuerdtus ,

towards. — L a (for ad to; spirdre, to of asseuerdre , to speak in earnest. — L. as-

breathe. Der. aspir ate, v. to pronounce (for ad), to seuerus, earnest.
;

with a full breathing. Assiduous. (L.) L. assidu-us, sitting

Ass. (C.-L) M. E. asse. A. S. assa. down to, applying closely to ; with suffix
— Irish assan.— L. asin us ; whence also -ous. — L. assulere, to sit near. — L. as- (for
W. Swed. Icel. Hence ad), at, near sedere, to sit. See Sit.
;

also (or from L. dimin. asellus) came Irish Assign. (F. ) O. F. assigner. - 1 -. -L
asal, Du. ezel, Dan. and G. esel, Goth. assigndre to assign, mark out to. — L. as -
asilus. Prob. of Semitic origin ; cf. {ioiad), to; sigfiare, to mark, from signum, Arab.
atdn, Heb. athdn a she-ass. ,
a maik, sign.
Assail. (F. — L.) M. E. asailen. — O. F. Assimilate. (L.) From pp. of L. as-
asaillir , to attack. — Late L. assalire L similare, to make like to. — L. as - (for ad), ;

assilire. — L. ad, to satire, to leap, rush to;

similis, like. See Similar. ;

forth. See Salient. Assist. (F. — L.) F. assisler. — L. as-

Assart, the offence of grubbing up trees sistere to step to, approach, assist. — L. as- ,

and destroying the coverts of a forest. (F. (for ad), to; sistere to place, stand, from ,

-*L.) From A. F. assarter F. essarter to stare, to stand. , ,

grub up, clear ground of shrubs. — L. ex, Assize ( 1 ), a session of a court of justice.
out, thoroughly Late L. sartare frequent, (F. — L.) M. E. assise. — O. F. assise, an
;

of L. sarrire, sarire, to grub up weeds. ns^cmbly of judges also a tax, an impost. ;

Assassin, a secret murderer. (F. - Probably fern. pp. of O. F. asseoir, to sit

Arab.) t. assassin. From Arab, kashashin, near, assist a judge. — L. assidere, to sit
pi., eateis of
1
hashish/ the name of a near see Assiduous, Assess. ;

sect in the 13th century the * Old Man of assize (2), a fixed quantity or dimen-
;

the Mountain roused his followers’ spirits sion. (E. — L.) O. F. assise, a tax i mpost
*
,

by help of this preparation, and sent them the Late L. assisa was also used in the
to stab his enemies, esp. the leading cru- sense of a fixed allowance of provisions.
saders. —
Arab. hashish an intoxicating The same word as the above. Another
preparation from the dried leaves of Can- form is Size, q. v.
nabis indica , a kind of hemp. Cf. Arab. Associate. (L.) From pp. of L. as-
hashty dry. ,
sociare to join to. — L. as- (for ad-), to; ,

Assault. ( F. - L.) O. F. assail. - L. socidre, to join, associate. — L. socius, a

28
 , , \ , , , , ; l; ,;

ASSOIL ATHWART
companion, lit. follower. — L. sequT, to Astriction. (L.) From L. acc. as-
follow. See Sequence. trictionem a drawing together. — L. astric-
Assoil, to absolve, acquit. (F. — L.) tus pp of astringere
,
see Astringent. ;

M. E. asso Hen. — O. F. as{s)oille, pres. subj. Astride. (E.) For on {the) stride .

of assoudre asoldre to absolve. — L. ab-

,
Astringent. (L.) From stem of pres,
soluere to absolve. — L. ab, from soluere,
, ;
pt. of astringere to bind or draw closely

to loosen. See Solve. Doublet, absolve. together. —

L. a- (for ad), to ; siringere, to
Assonant. (L.) L. assonant-, stem of draw tight.
assonans, sounding like; pres. pt. o lasson- Astrology. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. astro-
dre, to respond to. — L. as- (for ad-), to; logie. — L. aslrologia, (1) astronomy; (2)
sonare, to sound, from sonus, sound. astrology, or science of the stars. — Gk.
Assort. (F. — L.) O. F. assoriir to aarpoKoyia astronomy. — Gk. dorpo-, for
,

sort, assort, match (15th century). — O. F. darpov, a star and -\oyia, allied to \ 6 yos ;

as - ( = 1% as-, for L. ad), to sort-, stem of a discourse, from Xiytiv, to speak.

;

L. sors, lot. See Sort. Astronomy. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. as -

Assuage. (F.-L.) O. F. asouagier, tronomie.~L. astronomia. — Gk. aarpo-
asoagier to soften, appease; (Prov. asua- vopLia — Gk. aoTpo-v a star and - vopia ,
,
.
, ;

viar). — F. a ( = L. ad), to and L. suduis, allied to vopos, law, from vkptiv, to dis-
;

sweet. See Sua^e. tribute.

Assume. (E.) L. assume re (pp. as- Astute. tL.) L. astuius, crafty, cun-
snmptus), to take to oneself. — L. as- (for ning.— L. astus, craft.
ad), to; sumere, to take, which is from Asunder. (E.) For on sunder A. S. .

emere to take, wilh a prefix of doubtful on-sundran, apart. See Sunder.

,

origin. Der. assumpt-ion (from the ppA Asylum. (L. — Gk.) L. asylum. — Gk.
Assure. (F.-L.) M.E. assuren.- dovXov, an asylum neut. of aavXos, adj. ;

O. F. aseuzer to make secure. — O. F. a unharmed, safe from violence. — Gk. a-,

,

(
— L. ad), to; seiir. sure, from L. securus , not and ovXrj, a right of seizure ; cf. ;

secure, sure. See Sure. ffvXaco, I despoil an enemy.

Aster, a flower. (Gk.) Gk. darrjp, a Asymptote, a line which, indefinitely

star. See Star. produced, does not meet the curve which it
asterisk. (Gk.) Gk. {frrrfpiWos, a continually approaches. (Gk.) Gk. davp-
little star, also an asterisk *, used for dis- tttcutos, not falling together, not coincident.

tinguishing fine passages in MSS. — Gk. — Gk. c!-, not avp, for aw, together ; and ;

aerrep-, stem of aorrjp, a star. tttcvtos, falling, from mitruv (pt. t. 7t<-

asteroid, a minor planet. (Gk.) Pro- 7TTcoHa), to fall. (y'PET.)

perly an adj., signifying * star-like.’ — Gk. At. (E. ) M. E. at, A. S. at. Icel. at ; +
aOT€po-ubrjs, star-like. — Gk. dorepo-, for Goth, at Dan. ad Swed. at L. ad. ;

aarrjp, a star; and * 15 - os, form, figure. Atabal, a kettle-drum. (Span. — Arab.)
Asthma, difficulty in breathing. (Gk.) Span, atabal. — Arab, at (for a , def. article)
Gk. aoBpxi, panting. — Gk. dd(uv, to breathe tab/, a drum.
hard. Cf. Gk. arjpi, I blow. See Air. Ataghan ; see Yataghan.
Astir. (E.) For on stir Barbour’s Atheism. (Gk.) ; Coined from Gk.
Bruce, xix. 577. d 0 e-os, denying the gods, without a god
Astonish, Astound. (F.-L.) The with suffix -ism. mm Gk. a-, negative prefix ;
addition of zsh, as 111 extingii-ish, is due 6 fos, a god.
to analogy with other verbs in -isk. M. E. Athirst. (E.) M. E. ofthurst , aihurst,
astonien, astunien , astonen whence later very thirsty; orig. pp. of a verb. A.S.
;

astony afterwards lengthened to astonish ofPyrsted very thirsts ; pp. o{ off>yrstan, to

;

also astound, by the addition of excrescent be very thirsty. —A. S. of, very (prefix);
d after n, as in sound, from F\ son. Ail and Pyrstan, to thirst ; see Thirst.
from 0 F. estoner (mod. F. etonner
. to Athlete. (L. — Gk.) L. athieta. — Gk.
amaze. — Late L. *extondrc, to thunder dBXijrrjs, a combatant, contender in games.
out, from ex, out, and tondre to thunder. — Gk.d^Xc-fi^to contend fora prize. — Gk.
,

Cf.L.attonare, to thunder at, astound (with 30 Aos (for df($\os), a contest ; dOXov (for
prefix at- for L. ad, at). aftOXoy), a prize. See Wed.
Astray. \ ox on stray \ Barbour’s Bruce, Athwart, across. For on thzvart, on
xiii. 195. See Stray. the transverse, across ; see Thwart.
29
 , \ , , , , ,,

ATLAS ATTORNEY
Atlas. (Gk.) Named after Atlas, the I attain. — L. at - (for ad), to; tangere, to
demi-god who was said to bear the world touch.
on his shoulders his figure used often to
; attainder. (F. — L.) From the O. F.
appear on the title-page of atlases. — Gk. ateindre verb, to convict ; used substan- ,
* 1
'AtAos (gen. AtKclvtos ), prob. the sus- tively see above. ;

tainer ’ or bearer, from ^TEL. to bear. attaint, to convict. (F. -L.) From
atlantic, an ocean, named after Mt. M. E. atteynt ateynt convicted, whence , ,

Atlas, in the N.W. of Africa. (Gk.) From the verb has been evolved ; orig. pp. of
'ArKavrt-, stem of * ArAa? ; with suffix O. F. ateindre (above), Confused with
-kos. L. attinctus whence E. taint .
;

Atmosphere. (Gk.) Lit. ‘ a sphere Attar Of Hoses. (Arab.) Also, less

of air round the earth/ Coined from correctly, otto of roses, i.e. perfume. — Arab.
ar/*c5 -, stem of drfxosy vapour, air; and 'itr, perfume. — Arab, root 'atara, to smell
Sphere. sweetly. *
Atoll, a group of coral islands forming Attemper. (F. — L.) O. F. atemprer
a ring. (Maidive Islands.) ‘ We derive the to modify. — O.F. a ( = L. ad), to temprer ;

expression from the Maidive islands . . . temperer, to temper. — L. temperdre to

,

where the form of the word is atolu. It is apportion, regulate, qualify. See Temper,
prob. connected with the Singhalese prep. Attempt. (F. L.) — O. F. atempter,
lit ul, inside.’ (Yule.) to undertake. — L. attentdre to attempt.—
Atom. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. atome (Cot.). L. at- (for ad), to; tentdre, to try; see
— L. atomus. — Gk. aropLos, sb.,an indivisi- Tempt.
ble particle; allied to arofios, adj., indivisi- Attend. (F. — L.) O. F. atendre to
ble. — Gk. a-, not to/*-, 0-grade of re/*-, as wait. — L.
; attendere (pp. attentus ), to
seen in rc/*-v€ iv, to cut, divide. stretch towards, give heed to. — L. at- (for
Atone, to set at one, to reconcile. (E.) ad), to tendere, to stretch. Der. attent- ;

Made up from the words at ami one and ion (from the pp.) attent, adj., 2 Chron.
, ;

due to the frequent use of the phrase at vi. 40, vii. 15.
oon, at one (i. e. reconciled) in Middle Attenuate. (L.) From pp. of L. at-
English. Al at on — all agreed; Rob. of tenudre, to make thin. — L. at- [iox ad), to;
Glouc. p. 1 13. Tyndall has atonemaker, tenu-is, thin. See Thin,
i.e. reconciler, Works, p. 158. Der. atone- Attest. (L.) L. attestdrT, to be witness
went, i.e. at~one-ment ; we actually find to. — L. at- {-ad), to; testart, to be
the word onement reconciliation, in old witness, from I,, testis, a witness,
authors; see Hall, Satires, iii. 7. 69. Attic, a small upper room. (L. — Gk.)
Atrocity. (F. — L.) F. atrocity Cot.— It orig. meant the whole of a parapet wall,
L. atrdcitdtcm acc. of atrocitds, cruelty. — terminating the upper facade of an edifice.
L. atroci-, from atrox, cruel. Named from the Attic order of architecture;
Atrophy. (Gk.) Gk. drpoq>ia, want of see Phillips, ed. 1 706. — L. Atticus. — Gk.
nourishment or food, hunger, wasting away ’Am kos, Attic, Athenian. Cf. F. attique,
of the body, atrophy. — Gk. a*, not; and an attic; Attique, Attic.
rp(<pfiv (pt. t. re-rpotp-a), to nourish. Attire. (F. — Tout. ?) M. E. atir, atyr
Attach. (F. — Teut. ?) O. F. attacker sb. at iren, atyren verb. — O. F. atirier
; ,

to attach, fasten. — O. F. a, for L. ad, to ; to adorn (Roquefort). — O. F. a ( = L. ad,

and (perhaps) a Low G. word with the prefix); andO. F. tire, Here, a row, file;
sense of E. tack, a nail. See Tack. Cf. so that atirier is properly to arrange.’ Cf. 4

Picard attaker, to attach ; Bret, tacha, to O. Prov. tiera, a row (Bartsch\ See Tier,
fasten, from tack, a tack, nail; and see Attitude. (Ital. — L.) Orig. a painter’s
Detach, Attack. Der. attack- went. term, from Italy. — Ital. attitudine, aptness,
attack. (F. —Ital. —Teut. ?) Y.atta - skill, attitude. — L. aptitudinem, acc. of
qaer. — Ital. attaccare to fasten, attach; aptitudo, aptitude. — L. aptus, apt.
,

attaccare battaglia ‘to ioyne battell,’ Attorney. (F. — L.) M. E. attourne.

Florio. Cognate with F. attacker ; so that — O. F. atorne [i. e. atom£\ lit. * one ap-
attack is a doublet of attach. pointed or constituted ; * pp. of afomer, to
Attain. (F.-L.) M.E. ateinen. — direct, prepare, constitute. — F. a ( =* L ad),
O. F. ateign -, pres, stem of ateindre, to ; O. F. torner, to turn, from L. tor*
ataindre , to reach to. — L. attingere, to ndre. See Turn.
30
 , , , ;. ,, , , , , ,

ATTRACT AUSTRAL
Attract. (L.) From L. attractus,
pp. an increase. — L. augere ,
to increase. See
of attrahere to attract. — L. at- {=ad), Auction.
to ; trahere , to draw. Augur. (L.) M. E. augur. - L. augur,
Attribute. (L. ) F rom attributus, pp a sooth-sayer ; said to mean a diviner by
of L. attribuere, to assign. — L. at- ( = ad), the flight and cries of birds. Hence a sup-
to ;
tribuere , to assign ;
see Tribute. posed etymology (not certain) from auis , a
Attrition. (L.) L. acc. attri- From bird, and -gur telling, allied to garrire, to
tidnem , a rubbing or wearing away. — L. shout. Cf. L. au-ceps , a bird-catcher.
altritus pp. of atterere, to rub away. — L.
,
August. (L.) L. augustus, venerable;
at - ( = <&/), at to rub. ;
See Trite. whence K. august venerable, and August, ',

Attune, to bring to a like tune. (L. the month named after Augustus Caesar.
and L.— Gk.) From L. at- ( — ad), to; Cf. Skt. djas, strength. Brugm. i. § 213.
and E. Tune, q. v. Auk, a sea-bird. (Scand.) Swed. alka ;
Auburn. (F. — L.) M. E. abome, au- Dan. alke Icel. alka, alka, an auk. ;

burne, orig. citron-coloured or light yellow. Aunt. (F. - L. ) M.E. aunle - A. F. .

— O. F. alio me, aubome blond (Godefroy). aunte 0 F. ante (mod. F. t-ante). — L.

, ; .

— Late L. albumus whitish, light- amita a father’s sister. Cf. G. am me, nurse.
, ,

coloured. Torriano explains Ital. alburno Aureate. (L.) LateL. auredtus, gilt,
by that whitish colour of women’s hair from aureus golden in place of L. au-
‘
, ;

called an aburn colour.’ Cf. L. alburnum, ratus, gilded, pp. of aurdre to gild. — L. ,

the sap-wood or inner bark of trees aurum gold O. L. ausum. Der. aur- , ;

(Pliny). — L. albus white. ,

elia a gold-coloured chrysalis aur-e- ;

Auction. (L.) L. auctions m, acc. of ola aur- e-ole, the halo of golden glory ,

audio a sale by auction, lit. ‘an increase,’ in paintings auriferous, gold-producing,

f ;

because the sale is to the highest bidder. — from ferre to bear.

L. audus, pp. of augere to increase. See Auricula, a plant. (L.) L. auricula,
,

Eke. the lobe of the ear used to mean the ;

Audacious. (F.-L.) F. audacieux bear’s ear,’ a kind of primrose

, see below.
‘
;

bold, audacious. — L. *anddciosus, not auricular, told in the ear, secret. (L.)
found extended
; from L. auddci from Late L. auricularis in the phr. auricularis
audax — L. audere to dare.
,
bold. confessio, auricular confession. L. auri- —
Audience. (F. — L.^ F. audience ‘an ,
cula the lobe of the ear ; double dimin.
audience or hearing ; Cot. — L. audientia ’
,
from auri-s the ear. See Ear. ,

a hearing. — L. audient -, stem of pres. pt. Aurora, the dawn. (L.) L. aurora,
of audire, to hear. For *auisdire cf. Gk. ;
the dawn ; from prehistoric *ausbsa.+G k.
aiaOtaOai, to perceive, for afioOtoOai. ^Eolic avoos Ion, r)ws, dawn, from pre-
,

Brugm. i. § 240. historic *av<7 a)s. See East.

audible. (L.) Late L. audibilis , that Auscultation, a listening. (L.) L.
can be heard. — L. audire to hear. ,
auscultationem, of auscultatio a acc. ,

audit. (L.) F rom L. auditus y a listening; from the pp. of auscultare to ,

hearing. — L. audire to hear ; whence also listen. — L. *aus-, base of auris , the ear.
audi-tor. See Ear.
Auger. (E.) For nauger. M.E. naue- Auspice, favour, patronage. (F.—L.)
gar navegar), nauger a tool for boring
( *» , F. auspice, a token of things by the flight
holes — A. S. ttafogdr, an auger, lit. nave- of birds, an omen, good fortune. — L. au-
piercer, tor boring holes in the nave of a spiciutn, a watching of birds for the pur-
wheel. — A. S. nafu, a nave gar, a piercer, ;
pose of augury. Short for *auispicium. —
that which gores; see Nave (1) and L. aui-, for auis, a biid; and spicere
Gore (3). -f- Du. avegaar (for tiavegaar) specere, to spy, look into.
I cel. nafarr\ Dan. turner Swed. nafvare ; ; Austere. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E.
O. H. G. nabager. austere. — O. F. austere . — L. austerus
Aught. (E.) M. E. aht, aght, aught . harsh, severe. — Gk. av<rrr)p 6 s, making the
A. S. aht, earlier dwiht from d, ever, and ;
tongue dry, harsh. — Gk. avuv, to dry.
wiht, a creature, wight, whit ; lit. * e’er a See Sere.
whit.’ See Whit. Austral. (F.-L.; or L.) We find F.
Augment. (F. —
L.) F. augmenter. — australe ‘southerly;’ Cot. — L. Australis ,
L. augmentare, to enlarge. L. augmenturn, — southerly.— L. Auster, the South wind.

3i
 , ,-
;

AUTHENTIC AVERAGE
Authentic. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E .«*. helping, assisting.— L. auxilium, help.—
tentike autentik
,
.— O. F. autentique, later L. augere to increase.
,

authentique (Cot.). — I/, authenticus, Avadavat,

a finch-like E. Indian bird.
original, written with the author's own (Arab, and Pers.) Formerly amadavat
hand. — Gk. avOevriKos, vouched for, war- (N. E. D.) ; or amudavad, N. and Q. 6
ranted.— Gk. avOiv vqs, also clvto-(vtt]s, one S. ii. 198. Named from the city of Ahmed
who does things with his own hand, a dbddy whence they were imported. — Arab.
‘self- worker’; see Auto-.
0 Gk. tvTrjs Ahmed, a proper name ; Pers. abad, a city.
.

(for *<rivTrjt) is prob. allied to L. sons Avail. (F.—L.) M.E. auailen ( =

(gen. sontis), guilty, responsible. availin'). Compounded of O. F. a to ,

Author. (F. — L.) M. E. aulour, and vail-, tonic stem of O. F. valoir (yaler),
autor later author (with th once sounded to be of use. — L. ad, to ; zialerey to be
;

as t y but now as th in thin). — O. F. autor strong.

^Bartsch). — L. auctdrem acc. of auctor, an yAvalanche. (F. — L.) F. avalanche,
increaser, grower.’ — L. the descent ot snow into a valley. — F.
1
originator, lit.
augere, to increase. Cf. Auction. avaler, to swallow ; but the old sense was
AutO-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. avro-, stem ‘to let fall down.’ — F. aval, downward,
of avTos, self. X>er. auto-biography a lit. ‘to the valley.’— F. a ( = L. ad), to;
,

biography written by oneself (see Bio- val, vale, from L. uallem , acc. of uallis, a
graphy) ; autography something in one’s valley.
own handwriting, from Gk. 7pa<ptti', to Avarice. (F. - L.) M. E. auarice
write (see Graphic). (with u for v). — F. avarice. — L. audritia ,
autocracy. (Gk.) Adapted (with greediness. — L. audrus greedy; cf. L. ,

suffix - cy for Gk. -rcia) from Gk. auro- auidus greedy. — L. auere to wish, desire. ,
,

KpaTaa, absolute power. — Gk. auro-, self; Avast, stop, hold fast. (Du.) Du. hou
•KpaTua (in compounds), power, from vast, houd vast hold fast. — Du. hou, short ,

KparUiVy to rule. — Gk. fcparvs, strong; form of houd, impcr. of houden to hold ,

cognate with E. Hard. (,see Hold) ; and vast, fast (see Past).

automaton, a self-moving machine. Avatar. (Skt.) Skt. avatdra, descent

(G.) Gk. avTufMTov, neut. of clvto paros , hence, the descent of a Hindu deity in
self-moving. — Gk.
auro-, for avros, self; incarnate form. — Skt. ava, down; and tri,
and -parbs, cognate
with Skt. maids, to pass over, pass.
thought, considered, known, pp. of matiy Avaunt, begone (F. — L.) A. F. !

to think. (^MEN.) avaunt ;

O.F. avant forward ! See Ad-
autonomy, self-government. (Gk.) vance.
Gk. avTovopta independence. — Gk. avro-
, Ave, hail. (L.) Short for Aue Maria,
vopos, free, living by one’s own laws. — Gk. hail, Mary (Luke i. 28). — L. aue , hail!
clvto-, self; and vbpos, law, from vipopai, imper. sing, of auere to lare well. ,

I sway, vipuvy to distribute. Avenge. (F. — L.) O. F. avengier, to

antopsy, personal inspection. (Gk.)
Gk. avroif/la, a seeing with one’s own eyes.
— Gk. avro-y self; bxpis, sight (see Optic).
Anto-da-fe. (Port. — L.l Lit. ‘decree
of faith ; a judgment of the Inquisition,
’
avenge. — F. a (L. ad), to; vengier, to
avenge, from I,, u indiearc, to lay claim
to, also, to avenge. See Vindicate.
Aventail, the mouth -piece of a visor.
( F. — L.) A. F. aventaille O.F. esventail,
;

also, the execution of such judgment, when air-hole. — O.F. esventer to expose to air. — ,

the decree or sentence is read to the L. ex, out uentus wind. See Ventail.
; ,

victims. — Port. autOy action, decree; da, Avenue. ( F. — L.) F. avenue advenue, ,

short for de a of the ft, faith.

t [The Span,
;
access ;
hence an approach to a house (esp.
form is auto de fiy without the ai tide one shaded by trees) fern, of avenu, pp. of
;

/fl = Port. 0.] — L. actum, acc. of actus ,

F. avenir, to come to. — L. ad, to ; uentre
act, deed de, prep.
; ilia, fern, of ille, he ;
;
to come.
fidem, acc. offides, faith. Aver. (F. — L.) A.F. andO. F. averer.
Autumn. (F.—L.) M.E. autumpne. — Late L. auerdre aduerdre to affirm to
, ,

— O.F. autompne — L. autumnus, auctum

.
- be true. — L. ad, to; uerus, true.
ntis, autumn. | Pei haps allied to augere , Average, an equalised estimate. (F.)
to increase.) Formerly a duty, tax, impost; then, an
Auxiliary. (L.) L. auxilidrius ,
extra charge on goods, the incidence of

3*
 , , , .
;,
, 1 , ; 2 , , ;

AVERT AWKWARD
such a charge, the general estimate or ledge, recognise. — L. ad, to ; uocare ,
to
apportionment of loss of goods, &c call. K Another M
E. avowen , to bind
Formed, with suffix -age, from F. avar-ie with a vow, to vow, is obsolete ; see Vow.
now usually ‘damage* (cf. Span, averia Doublet, avouch (above).
haberia
1
the custom paid for goods that
, Await. (F. — L. and O. H. G.) O. F.
are exported (Pineda), Port, and Ital.
* awaitier, agaitier, to wait for. — O. F. a
avaria Late L. avaria, averia ). A f = L ad), for; waitier, to wait, from
Mediterranean maritime term, orig. signify- O. II. G. wahten to watch, from the sb.
ing * duty charged on goods * (G. P. Marsh, zvahta (G. wacht), a watching. See Wait.
in N. E. I).). Origin unknown; perhaps Awake, Awaken. (E.) M. E.
from Ital. avere, havere goods, chattels ,
azvakien, awaken ;
and awaknen awake - ,

(F. avoir), a sl>. use of havere haver (L. ,

nen; both orig. intransitive. Two A. S.
liabire ), to possess. Or from Arab. verbs are confused; dwacian wk. vb. ,

*
avdr damage, the relationship of which
,
is and onxveecnan, with wk. pres, t., but
obscure. strong pt. t. onzvoc, pp. onzvacen The .

Avert. L. a-uertere, to turn away.

(L.) prefix is either A- ( ) or A- (4). See
— L. d ( ~ab ), off, away; vertere to turn. Wake, Waken. ,

Der. averse , from L. pp. duersus. vb. (F.-L. and O. Low G.) Award,
Aviary. (L.) L. auidrium , a place M. K. a warden. A. F. azvarder ; O. F. —
for birds ; neut. of adj. auidrius, belonging eszvarder, esgarder to examine, adjudge. — ,

to birds. — L. #//*-, stem of auis, a bird. O. F. es- ( - L. ex), out ; O. F. zvarder to ,

Avidity. (F. — L.) F. aviditi greedi- ward, guard, from O. Low G., as in O. Sax. ,

ness, eagerness. — L. auiditdtem , acc. of zvardon (cf. G. zvarten), to watch, guard.

auiditds , eagerness. — L. auidtts , greedy, See Ward, Guard.
desirous. — I,, at/ere, to crave. (IO corruption of M. E. Aware. A
Avocation. (L.) From L. diiocd- izvar, yzvar, aware (common) ; from A. S.
tionem acc. of duoedtio a calling away of geweer, aware. — A.S. ge-, a common
,

the attention, lienee a diversion, amuse- prefix, not altering the sense ; wcer ware,
ment afterwards used in the sense of wary; see Wary.
;

employment. — L. duocatus , pp. of d-uoedre , (E.) For on way, i.e. on Away.

to call away. — L. ( = from, away; one’s way, so as to depart. A. S. onweg,
ttoedre , to call. See Vocation. away. See Way.
Avoid, to M. E.
shun. (F. — L.)
Awe. (Scand.) M.E. a\e, aghe.awe,
atioiden (-= avoiden ), to empty, empty out, Also e^e, eghe, eye all orig. dissyllabic. [

get rid of later, to keep away from, shun. The latter set are from A. S. ege aw e.] —
;
r

— O. F. esvuidier, to empty out, get quit Icel. agi, awe, fear; Dan. ave.+K. S. ege;
of. — O. F. *\r-, prefix (L. <?jr, out); and (doth, agis, fear, anguish ; Irish eagal,
O. F. z>uit, vuide (F. vide), empty, void. fear, terror; Gk. d'xo?, anguish, affliction.
See Void. (
y'AG 1 .) Der. azvful.
Avoirdupois. (F. - L.) Formerly Awkward, clumsy. (Scand. and E.)
avoir de pois (Anglo-F. aveir de pets), Orig. an adv., signifying transversely,* or ‘

goods of weight, i.e. heavy articles. — F. ‘

in a backhanded manner.* M. E. azvk -
avoir, goods, orig. to have de of ‘
;
*
,
zvard, azvkwart ; aukzvart he couth him
‘

O. F. pois, A. F. peis, weight. — L. habere ,

ta ’ — he gave him a backhanded stroke,
to have de, of pen sum, that which is
; ;
Wallace, 175. p. The suffix -ward is
iii.

weighed out, neut. of pensus pp. of pen- E., as in for-zvard, on-zvard, dec. The
dcre, to weigh, % The F. pois is now prefix is M. E. auk, awk, contrary, perverse,
misspelt poids. See Poise. this is a contraction of Icel. ofug- wrong ;
Avouch. (F. - L. ) E. avouch en. M
fSwed. afvug, in Widegren], like hawk
.

— O. F. avochier to call upon as guarantor

,
from A. S. hafoc. — Icel. ofugr, often con-
(Godefroy). — L. aduoedre, to call to or tracted to ofgu adj., turning the wrong ,

summon (a witness) — L. ad, to; ttoedre, way, back foremost, contrary, y. Here
to call. Cf. Vouch. of- is for af, off, from, away; and -ug- is
avow, to confess, to declare openly. a suffix. Cf. O. II. G. ap uh , M. H. G. eb-
(E. — L.) M. E. avawen. — Q.Y. avouer, ich , turned away, perverse from apa — ;

avoer. — L. aduoedre, to call upon Med. L. G. ab , off, away, and the suffix - h
;
8. .

to call on as patron or client, to acknow- Thus the sense of azvk is turned away * • ‘

33
 , ) ; !, ; , ;,

AWL BABE
from Icel. af-^ cognate with E. of \ off, I
old edd. of Shak., &c. Origin uncertain;
Gk. airo. perhaps a variant of Yea.
Awl. (E.) Auk in Shak. ; M. E. alle, al Ayah, a native waiting-maid, in India.
Wyclif, Excel, xxi. 6. A. S. cel, al ; Exod. —
(Port. L.) Port, aia, a nurse, governess
xxi. 6 ; Levit. xxv. io.+Ieel. air; O. II. G. (fem. of aio, a tutor). Prob. from L. auia,
ala y G. ahle Du. aal. Tent, types *aloz,
;
a grandmother. — L.
anus, a grandfather.
*ald. *(f
Distinct from M. E. auk, flesh- Aye, (Scand.)
adv., ever. M.E. ay. —
hook, A. S. awel, grnppling-hook. (Phil. Icel. ei, ever. +A. S. d ever, also awa ; ,

Soc. Trans. 1906; p. 261.) Goth, aiw, ever, case-forms from Teut.
Awn. (Scand.) M. E. agutie ( 1 3th cent.), *ahvoz (Goth. aiu>s) y an age, which is
awene awne ,
A. S. pi. cegttan, Corp. Gl.
. allied to L. ceuum, Gk. aluv, an age. Cf.
— Icel. bgn chaff, a husk Dan. avne,
, ;
Gk. at A, act, ever.
chaff Swed. agn, only in pi. agnar,
; Aye-Aye, a kind of lemur. (F. — Mada-
husks.+ Goth, ahana O. H. G. agatia ; , gascar.) F. aye-aye, supp. to Littre.
chaff. Cf. Gk. pi. axvai, chaff; O. L. From the native name ai-ay in Madagas-
agna, a straw. car ;
said to be named from its cry.
•
Awning. ( 0 F. ?) In Sir T. Herbert’s . Azimuth. (Arab.) Azimuthal circles
Travels, ed. 1665, P* 8; the proper sense are great circles on the sphere that pass
seems to be * a sail or tarpauling spread through the zenith. Properly, azimuth is
above a ship’s deck, to keep off the sun’s a pi. form, answering to Arab, as-samut ,

heat.* Perhaps from O. F. aitvan, auvant, ways, or points (or quarters) of the horizon ;

mod. F. auvent, * a pent-house of cloth from al samt, sing., the way, or point (or
before a shop- window Cot. Cf. Prov. ;
*
quarter) of the horizon. — Arab, al, the;
anvan Late L. antevanna , auvanna
, , and samt, a way, quarter, direction; whence
avanna. Perhaps from L. ante, before ; also E. zenith. See Zenith.
uannus a fan (fem. sbA Azote, nitrogen. (F. — Gk.) So called
Awry. (E.) For on 7vry, on the twist because destructive to animal life. — F.
Barbour, Bruce, iv. 705. See Wry. azote. — Gk. a-, negative prefix; fari/cus,
Axe. Ax. (E.) M.E. ax, ex. A. S. <rx, preserving life, from fw-77, life, (aw, to
older foims acus, acus.+ Du. aaks Icel. ;
live.
ox, oxi ; Swed. yxa Dan. bxe Goth. ; ; Azure, blue. (F. Arab. Ters.) M.E. — —
akwizi O. II. G. acchus\ G. axt L. ascia
; astir azure. —
,
0
F. azur, azuie; a cor-
.

(if for *acsia) ; Gk. d^lvrj. rupted form, standing for lazur, which was
Axiom. (Gk.) dfioj^a XV cent. — Gk. mistaken for lazur, as if the initial l
(gen. d£Ki//*aros),worth, quality; in science, indicated the def. article Low L. lazur, ;

an assumption. Gk. d£wa), I deem worthy. — an azure-coloured stone, also called lapis
— Gk. a£ios, worthy, worth, lit. * weighing lazuli. — Arab. Idzward (see Devic). — Pers.
as much as.* — Gk. ayciv, to drive ;
also, to Idjuward lapis lazuli, a blue colour. So
,

weigh. (VAG called from the mines of Lajwurd, where

Axis, axle. (L.) L. axis, an axis, axle- the lapis lazuli was found (Marco Polo,
tree. + Gk. a[ u'V ; Skt. aksha an axle, ed. Yule).
wheel, cart. Cf also A. S. eax an axle , ;

Du. as; G. achse Russ, os*; Lith. aszis.

AG, to drive.) See below, B
axle. (Scand.) M. E. axel. [A. S. has
taxi, but only with the sense of shoulder.] Baa, to bleat. (E.) In Shak. ;
an imita-
— Icel. oxull, axis; whence oxul-lre an , tive word.
axle-tree ; Swed. and Dan. axel, axle. Babble. (K.) M. K. babe left to prate, ,

P. It is a dimin. of the form appearing mumble, chatter. The suffix de is fre-

in L. axis; see Axis. Cf. W. echel axle. quentative the word means to keep on ‘
;

Der. axle-tree, where tree is a block of saying ba, to/ syllables imitative of a child’s
wood. attempts to speak.+Du. babbelen; Dan.
Ay! interj. (E.) M. E. ey A natural bable Icel. babbla G. bappeln ; and cf. F. ; ;

interjection. The phr. ay me French

is ; babiller.
O. F. aymi, alas for me ! Cf. Ital. ahimi, Babe. (E.) M.E. bab, earliest form
Span, ay di me, Gk. ofytot. See Ah. baban. Probably due to infantile utterance?
Ay, Aye, yea, yes. (E. ?) Spelt / in cf. Babble.
34
 , , , , ,;

BABIRUSA, BABIROUSSA BAIRN

Babirnsa, Babiroussa, a kind of Hen. VIII, an. 5. To baffull is <a great
wild hog. (Malay.) Malay bdbl ritsa ,
reproach among the Scottes * ; it means to
1
lit. deer-hog,’ or hog like a deer’ ; from ‘
disgrace, vilify. Cf. Lowland Sc. bauchle
ritsa deer, and bdbi, hog.
, (XV cent, bachle ), to vilify. Origin doubt-
Baboon. (F.orLowL.) O. F. babuitt, tul ;
but cf.to deceive, mock
F. bejjler
F. babouhi we also find M. E. babioit ,
;
(Cot.), bajouer (Cot. baffouer, to baffle,
babian, babeivinc Low L. babeuynus a ; ,
revile, disgrace'! ; allied to Ital. beffare , to
baboon (A.i). 1295). Origin uncertain, flout, scoffe (Horio), from bcffa , a scoff;
Cf. O. F. babou , a grimace (Godefroy). Norman F. buffer , to slap in the face
Prob. from the motion of the lips. Cf. Prov. bafa, a scoff. Prob. from M. H. G.
Babble. beffcn, to scold cf. G. bdffen Du. baffen,
; ,

Bacchanal. (L.-Gk.) L.Bacchdndlls, to bark, yelp; of imitative origin, like

a worshipper of Bacchus , god of wine.— Du. paf, a pop, a box on the ear.
Gk. 'Bcucgos, god of wine. Bag. (Scand.) E. bagge. — Icel. baggi.M .

Bachelor. (F.— L.) M. E. bacheler. — O. Swed. bagge, a bag, pack, bundle. Not
O. F. bacheler. — Late L. *baccalar/s, but found elsewhere in Teutonic. (Gael, bag is
only found as baccaldrius, a holder of a from E.)
small farm or estate, called in Late L. bagatelle, a trifle, a game. (F. — Ital.
baccaldria Remoter origin unknown, and
. —Tent.) F. bagatelle, a trifle. — Ital. bagat-
much disputed. Hardly from Late L. tella a trifle, dimin. of Parmesan bagata
,

bacca, for L. itacca a cow. a little property from Lombard baga, ;

Back. (E.) M.E. bak. A. S. a wine-skin, of Teut. origin; see Bag,

Teel, bak ; O. Sax. bak ;
O. Fries, bck. baggage (1).
Der. a-hack ,
q. v. ;
back-bite , M. K. //<z£- baggage (i\ luggage. fF.— Scand.)
hiten (P. PI. 13. ii. 80) ; back-ward M.E. M baggage, bagage. — O. V. bagage, a col-
. ii.

baeward (Cursor Mundi, 2042). lection ot bundles. — O. F. bague a bundle. ,

backgammon, a game. (E.) In baggage (2 q a woithless woman. (F.

Butler’s Hudibras, pt. iii. c. 2. The sense —Scand.) The same as Baggage (1), in a
is back-game,* because the pieces, when
‘ depraved sense. Perhaps influenced by F.
taken, are put back. See gammon (2\ bagasse ‘a baggage, quean,’ Cot.; Ital.
Bacon. (F. - Teut.) M. E. bacon. — O. V. A gascia a baggage -w ench ’ Florio.
, ‘ ;

bacon Low I.. baco. — O. II. G. baJio

; Bail (1), security: ns verb, to secure. ,

M. II. G. bache, buttock, ham, a flitch of (F.— L.) O. F. bail s. custody; from ,

bacon. Cf. G. bathe, a wild sow M. D11. bailie r, a law term, to secure, to keep in ;

bak, a pig; M. Dan. bakke, a pig. custody. — L. bditildre. to carry a child

Bad. (E.) M.E badde. Formed from about, to take charge of a child. — L.
.

A.S. btfddel s., a hermaphrodite; and bdiulus, a porter, carrier,

,

allied to A.S. billing an effeminate bailiff. (F. — L.) M. E. bailif. — O. F.

,

man. baillif, Cot. — Late L. bdjulivum, acc. of

Badge. (Unknown.) M.E.£dg&; Prompt, bdjulivus, a custodian, &c. — L .bditildre
Parv. Low L. bagia , bagea 4 signum, in- (above). ,

signe quoddam Ducange ; apparently, ;

’
bailiwick. (F. — I.. and E.) From ;

a Latin version of the E. word. Origin M.E. baili, short for bailif (above); and
unknown. M.E. wik, A.S. wTc, a district; hence,
badger. (Unknown.) Spelt bageard ‘ district of a bailiff ; ’
later, ‘
office *
of the
in Sir T.More a nickname for the brock, same.
;

Dr. Murray shews that &z<4r^';an i m Al with Bail (2), a bucket. See Bale (3).
a badge or stripe. See above. Bail (.3), at cricket. O. F. bail (F. - L. ?) ,

Badinage, (F. Prov.—

jesting talk. — an iron-pointed stake Godefroy adds that ;

L.) F. badinage. — F. badiner, to jest. — *

in the arrondissements of Vervins and
F. hadin, adj., jesting. — Prov. bader ( = F. Avesnes, bail is the name of a horizontal
bayer), lit. to gape; hence, to be silly.— piece of wood fixed upon two stakes.*
Late L. baddre, to gape prob. of imitative ;
Perhaps from L. bacttlum , a stick,
origin, from ha, expressive of opening the (Doubtful.)
mouth. Cf. Babble. Bairn, a child. (E.) M. E. bam, A.S.
Baffle, to foil, disgrace. (F. ?— G. ?) A beam. +
Icel., Swed., Dan., and Goth.
Scotch word, as explained in Hall’s Chron. barn Lit. ‘that which is born;’ Teut.
.

35
 + \ ; . y y ;:

BAIT BALLAST
type *barnom , neut. sb., from ba>\ 2nd Balderdash, poor stuff. (Scand. ?) It
grade of ber-an , to bear ; with suffix -no-. formerly meant a jumbled mixture of
See Bear (1). liquors. Cf. Dan. balder noise, clatter ,

Bait, (Scand.)
to feed. Lit. 1 to make and daske, to slap, flap, lienee it appears
to bite ;’ a bait is 4 an enticement to bite/ (like slap-dash ) to have meant a confused
M. E. baiten , beiten. — Iccl. beita, to make noise ;
secondarily a hodge-podge (Halli-
to bite, causal of bita to bite ; Swed. beta y , well) ; and generally, any mixture. (Un-
to pasture ; Swed. bete 9 Dan. bed, a bait. certain.)
See Bite. Baldric, a girdle. (F. — M. II. G.-
Baize, coarse woollen stuff. (F. L.) — L. ) O. F. * baldric (not recoided), older
An error for bayes pi. of F. baye ‘ the y ,
form of O. F. baldrety baldrei Low 1 * ;

cloth called bayes ; ’ Cot. — O. F. bai, bay- baldringus. — M. II. G. balderichy a girdle;
coloured. — L. badius t bay. From the orig. extended from O. II. G. bah , a belt. — L.
colour. Cf. Span, bayo, bay, bayeta, balteuSy a belt. See Belt.
baize; &c. See Bay (1). Bale (1), a package; see Ball (2).
Bake. (E. ) M. E. baken. A. S. bacan, Bale (2), evil. (K.) M. E. bale. A. S.
pt. t. bdCy pp. bacen. Icel. and Swed. + bealiiy bahiy evil. +0 . bries. and O. S.
baka ; Dan. huge ; Du. bakkett G. backen ; ;
balit ; misfortune
Icel. O. II. G.
bol, ;

cf. Gk. <p<jjyuv, to roast. BHOG.) halo, destruction. Teut. * balwom neut. of ,

Bakshish, Backsheesh, a present, *balwoZy adj. evil cf. Goth, balwaiuesei, ;

small gratuity. (Pers.) Pers. bakhshish ,

wickedness. Der. baleful .

a gratuity ; from bakhskldan to give

} Bale (3), to empty water out of a ship.
bakshy a share, portion. Cf. Zend, baksh , (F. — Teut.) XVII cent. It means to
to distribute; Skt. bhaj to divide. t
empty a ship by means of bails i. e. 9

Balance. (F. — L.) M. K. balance. — buckets. — F, bailie a bucket. Cf. Du.

1
F. balance a bal lance, pair of weights or
,
balie, a tub Swed. balja, 1 )an. bailie G.
; y

ballances Cot.
;
Cf. I tab biLincia. — L.
’
balje, a tub. — Late Lat. * bacula (Diez),
bilanceniy acc. of bilanx , having two scales. dimin. from I )u. bak, M. Du. back a trough. f

— L. bi-y for biSy double, twice; and lanx y Balk (1 ), a beam, ridge of land. (E.)
a dish, platter, scale of a balance. M. E. balke A. S. balca, a ridge, heap ;
Balas-ruby, a variety of ruby, of a which explains balked ~ laid in heaps,
pale rose-red or orange colour. (F. — 1 lien. IV, i. 1. 69. O. Sax. balko a + ,

—
Low L. Arab. — Pers.) Formerly balais. beam Du. balky a beam, bar Swed. balky
; ;

— F. balais Med. L. balascus balascius. —

; ,
a beam, partition G. balken. Teut. stem;

Arab. balakhsh a mby Device — Pers.

y
( *balkon-y a bar. Cf. Phalanx.
badakhshiy a ruby; named from Badakh- balk (2\ baulk, to hinder. (E.)
shan, N. of the river Amoo (Oxus). M. E. balken To put a balk or bar in a
.

Balcony. (Ital.— Teut.) Ital. balcone 9

man’s way.
palconey orig. a stage. — O. II. G. balcho a }
Ball (1), a spherical body. (F. —
beam. 0 Sax. balko, a beam. See Balk(i).
. O. H. G.) M. E. baly balle. - F. balk. -
Bald. (C.) M. E. balled the orig. ;
M. 1 I.G. balle O. II. G. ballo (G. ball\
sense was ‘ shining, white,’ as in bald- ‘
a ball, sphere. Icel. bollr. +
paced stag,’ a stag with a white streak on bale (D, a package. (F.— O. H. G.)
its face ;
cf. prov. E. ball a white -faced , M. E. bale. — F. bale a ball, also a pack, }

horse. — Gael, and Irish bal. bally a spot, as of merchandise Cot. The same as F. ;

mark, speckle (properly a white spot or balky a ball hence, a round package.
;

streak); Bret, bal a white streak on an Ball (2), a dance. (F. — Late L.) F.
animal's face; W. bali, whiteness in a bal. — F. bailey to dance. — Late L. balldre,
horse’s forehead. Cf. Gk. </>dAio y, white. to dance. +Gk. to dance.
<pa\atcp 6 s bald-headed
, Lith. haltaSy white ; ballad. (F. — Prov. — Late L.) M. E.
Baldachin ( pronounced baoldakin or balade. — O. F. balade F. ballade — Prov. ;
.

bseldakin), a canopy over an altar, throne, baladay a song for dancing to. — Late L.
&c. (F. or Ital. — Arab.) F. baldaquin ; balldre , to dance.
Ital. baldacchinOy a canopy, tester, orig Ballast, a load to steady a ship. (Scand.
hangings or tapestry made at Bagdad. — or O. Low G.) Three forms are found
Ital.Baldacco . Bagdad. — Arab. Baghdad , (1) O. Dan. baidasty i.e. bare load, mere
Bagdad. weight, Swed. barlast (2) 0 Low G. ; .

16
 , , , , , , , , , , a)
;

BALLET BANG
ballast i.e. ‘
bale last/ useless load, Du., L. fdma, a rumour. (y'BHA.) Brugm.
Dan., E. Fries, ballast (3) Dan. bag' last,
;
i.
§ 539.
i.e. back load. Of these, (3) seems due to Banana, the plantain-tree. (Span.)
popular etymology ;
and (2) arose out of Span, banana fruit of the banano said to ;

(1). See Last (4) ;

also Bare, Bale (2), be of African origin (from Guinea).
Back. Cf. M. Du. bal-daedt evil deed Band (1), Bond. (Scand.) M.E.
(Hexham). band variant, bond. — Icel. baud', Swed. ;

Ballet. (F.-J ,ate L.) F. ballet, dimin. band Dan. baand cf. Du. and G. band. ; ;

of dal, a dance. See Ball (2). Tout. *bandom n. from band-, 2nd grade ;

Balloon, a large ball. (F.— O. II. G.) of bind-an to bind ste Bind. Allied to ;

Formerly baloon a ball used in a game like A. S. bend, Goth, bandi a band. ,
Cf. Skt.
football; (also ballone, from Ital. ballone, bandha , a binding. Der. land age (F.
in Florio). — ( ). F. baton, ‘ a little ball, or bandage); band-box; bandog, q. v.
pack; a baloon ; Cot. Mod.
football or
’
band of men. (F.—
(2), a company
F. ballon Span, baton
;
Ttal. pallone ; ;
Tent.) F. bande ; Cot.; whence G .bande,
augmentative form ot F. balle, &c., a ball, a gang, set. — Low Lat. banda , a gang
See Ball (1). allied to Low L. bandum a banner. See
ballot. (Ital. — O. II. G.) Ital. ballot- Banner and Bind.
tare, ‘to cast lots with bullets, as they Bandanna, a silk handkerchief with
vse in Venice;’ Florio. — Ital. ballot/a a white spots. (Hind.) Hind, bdndhnu, ‘

little ball used for voting dimin. of Ital. ;

mode ofd)cing in whieh the cloth is tied
balla, a ball. See Ball (1). in different places, to
]
revtntlhe paits tied
Balm. (F. — L. — Gk.) modified A from leeching the the ... a kind of silk
spelling; M.E. basme bame, baume — , . cloth Shakcspears Hind. Diet.
(3. F. basme. — L. balsamum. — Gk. (3 d\aa - Bandicoot, a large Indian rat.(Telngu.
fjiov, fragrant resin of the (laKoafios, or 1elugu fandi-kokku, lit. pig-rat (Yule).—
balsam-tree. Trob. Semitic; cf. Heb. Td.fanai, a pig, kckku. a rat.
bdsdm, balsam. Bandit. (Ital.- O. H. G.) In Sh.—
balsam. (L. — Gk.) L. balsamum; Ital. bandito, outlawed, pp. of bandire, to
as above. proscribe. — Low L. lannire, to pioclaim.
Ballister, a rail of a staircase, small — 0 H. . G. bannan to summon; whence
column. (F. — Ital. — L.— Gk.) F. balus - O. 11 . G. ban, cognate with E. ban.
ire; balustres ‘ baliisteis, little, round, Bandog*, a large dog. (E.) Orig.
and short pillars, ranked on the outsides of banddog, a dog that See is tied up.
cloisters, terraces,’ &c. ; Cot. — Ital. balaus- Prompt, l’arv. p. 43. See Band (i\
tro, a baluster ; so called from a fancied Bandy, to beat to and fro, contend,
resemblance to the flower of the wild (F. — Teut.) (big. to band (Turbeivile).—
pomegranate. — Ital. balausto, balaustra ,
E. bander, ‘
to bind
also, to bandie, at ;

the flower of the pomegranate. — J balaus - tennis Cot. Se bander to league against.
;’
,

tinm. — Gk. fiaXavoriov, the flower of the — F. bande, a Land see Band (2). ;

wild pomegranate. Der. balustr-ade, F. bandy-legged, bow-leggtd. (F. —

balustrade, from Ital. balau strata, furnished Teut. and Scand.) Prob. from bandy, for-
with balusters. merly the name of a bent stick for playing
Bamboo. (Fort. — Malay.) Spelt mam- a game called bandy, in which a ball was
bu (1662). — O. Port, mamba (Garcia).— bandied about. See above.
Malay sifmdmbu, a rattan like bamboo. Bane, harm. (K.) A. S. bana, a mur-
Bamboozle, to hoax. (Unknown.) direr, bane.+O. Sax. and O. H. G. bano;
Ban, a proclamation. (E.) Chiefly in Teel, bani, Dan. and Swed. bane, death,
the pi. banns (of marriage). M. E. ban. murder. Teut. stem *hanon~, m. Cf. Goth.
A. S. gebann a proclamation (the prefix
,
banja a wound. Der. bane-ful.
,

ge-making no difference). Cf. A.S .dban- Bang (1), to beat. (Scand.) In Sh.
nan, to summon, order out. Influenced —Icel. banga, Dan. banke , to beat; O.
by O. F. ban of G. origin (as below'). + Swed. bSng, Icel. bang, a hammering. Cf.
Du. ban, excommunication; Icel. and G. bengel, a cudgel.
Swed. ban 7i, Dan. band, O. II. G. ban, a Bang (*), a narcotic drug. (Pers.—
ban. All from Teut. strong vb. Hannan Skt.) Pers. bang. Skt. bhangd, hemp ; the —
to proclaim ; as in O. H, G. bannan Cf. . drug being made from the wdld hemp*
37
 , ; , ,

BANGLE BARBAROUS
Bangle, a kind of bracelet. (Hind.) M. II. G. banc, a bench, table ; sec bank
Hind, bangri a bracelet, bangle.,
(II. H. (2).
Wilson.) Banshee, a female spirit supposed to
Banian; Banyan. see warn of a death. (C.)
families Gael.
Banish. (F. — O. H. G.) M. E. banis- beanshit h, a banshee, from Gael, bean, a
skcu. — <). F. dam's-, stem of pies. part, of ,
woman sith, a fairy ; O. Irish ban-side
;

banir, bannir, to proscribe. — I. ow L. ban- fairies (Wmdisch, s. v. side) from O. Ir. ,

litre to proclaim ; see Bandit.

,
ben ( = E. quean), a woman, side, fairies.

Banisters; a corruption of Balusters. (Java.) fowl from Bantam, Bantam. A

Banjo, a six-stringed musical instill' in Java.
ment. Ital. — Gk) negro corruption A
Banter, raillery, Unknown.) t

of bandore, bandora , or pandore. — Ital. Bantling, an infant. (G. ?) Prob.

pandora, a musical instrument, usually considered as band-ling one wrapped in ,

with three strings. —

Gk. Travbovpa, the swaddling bands; with double dimin.
same. Perhaps of Egypt, orig. suffix - l-ing; but really an adaptation of
Bank (I), a mound of earth. (Scand.) G. bank ling (with the same sense as bank-
M. E. bankc. — O. Scand. *banke, orig. art), an illegitimate child from bank, a ;

form of Icel. hakki ridge, eminence, bank bench ; i. e. a child begotten on a bench,’
,
‘

of a river; cf. Dan. bakke, Svvcd. backs, not in the marriage-bed (Malm). Cf.
bank ; whence aLo Norman F. banqne , a bank (2).
bank. Tout, stem *bankon-. Cf. O. Sax. Banyan, a tree. (Port. -Skt.) An
and Du, bank, O If. G. banch, A. S. bene English, not a native name foi the tree. So ,

a bench (see Bench). called because used as a market-place for

bank (2), for money. (F. — Teut.) F. merchants or bannvans/ as we termed k

banqne a money-changer’s table or bench. them; see Sir T. Herbert, Tiavcls, ed.
,

— M. Du. banck M. II. G. banc, a bench, 1665, pp. 51,123. — Poit. banian, an Indian
,

table. See above. — Skt. bawij a merchant.

merchant. ,

bankrupt. Tent, and

(F. - Ital. - Baobab, a tiee. (Aiiican.) The native
L.) Modified from F. banqne route bank ,
nnme Senegal (Adanson).
in
ruptcy, by a knowledge of the relation of Baptise, Baptize. (F.- L.-Gk.)
the word to L. ruptus, broken. — Ital. banca Formerly baptise M. E. baptisen. — O. E. ;

rotta, a broken bank, due to the money- baptiser. — L.

— Gk. baptiziire. ;

changer’s failure. — M. II. G. banc, a bench fiom PdiTTuv, to dip. Der. baptist, Gk.
(see above) and 1.. rupta, fan. of ruptus ,
;
panTKTTrjs, a dipper; baptism, Gk. /Sdirria-
pp. of rumpen, to break. fia, fiavTiaiios, a dipping.
Banner. (F. — Tout.' M. E. banere. Bar, a rail. (F. — Late L.) M. K. barre.
— O. F. banere (supp. to Godefroy, s. v. — O. F. barre. — .ate L. barra a bar. I ,

baniere ), also baniere. — Low L. * bandaria Barb (1), hook on an arrow. (F. — L.)
(Ducange gives banderia), a banner. — Low F. barbe. — L. barba a beard. Hence O. F. ,

L. bandtim, bannum a standard. From , Jlesche bearded or baibed

barbette ,
‘
a
a Teut. (Langobardic) source cf. Goth. ; arrow Got. Sec Beard.
bandwa a sign, token.
,
Uexillum, quod ‘
barbel, a fish. (F. — L.1 M.K. bar-
bandum appellant * Paultis, de Cal is ;
belle. — O. F. barbel. — F. barbean. — L. bar-
Langob. i. 20. Prob. allied to Ban see ;
belhts, dimin. of barbus a barbel. — L.
Skt. bhanati Uhlenbeck. m barba a beard,
,
Named from four
banneret, orig. a knight who had beard-like appendages near the mouth.
men under his own banner. (F. — Tent.) barber. (F. — L.) M.K. harbour
M E. banerei. — O. F. bane ret ( F. banneret )
. A. F. harbour with suffix -our - Lat. acc.
,

lit. bannered/ — O. F. banere (above)

*
with ;
-dtorem cf. O. F. barbier a barber.
; ,

suffix -et~ L. pp. - dtus . — F. barbe, a beard; from L. barba

Bannock, a cake. (C. — L. ?) Gael. beard.
bannach a cake. Perhaps from L. pdni- Barb f2), a horse. (F. — Barbary.) F.
ciiirn , a thing baked from pani-s, bread. ;
bar be, a Barbary horse; named fiom the
Banns, pi. of Ban, q. v. country.
Banquet. (F. — Ital. — Teut.) F. ban- Barbarous. (L.-Gk.) L. barbar -us;
quet.— Ital. banchetto (Torriano), a feast; with suffix -ous. — Gk. j9dpj8apr>s t foreign,
also a bench ; dimin. of banco, a bench.— lit. stammering ;
a name given by Greeks
38
 ,y E ) ; ;

BARBED BARRATOR
to express the strange sound of foreign for storing. A.S. eern is for *ran^n),
languages. Cf. L. balbus stammering. cognate with Icel. rami ; see Bansack.
,

Barbed, accoutred, armed ; said of (1), yeast. (E.) M. E. berms. Barm

horses. (F. — Scand. ?) Also (more cor- A.S. beorma. 4- Eow G. harm; Swed.
rectly), barded. — F. bardi ‘ barbed as a bdrma ; G. barme. Teut. stem *bermon -
,

horse,’ Cot. — F. barde horse-armour.— perhaps allied to Ferment.

,

Icel. bard a brim, edge ; also, a beak (2), the lap. (E.) M. E. barm Barm .

or armed prow of a warship (cf. bardi, a A. S. bearniy lap, bosom. +O. Sax., Swed.,
shield) whence it may have been applied Dan. barm ; Icel. barmr; Goth, barms,
;

to horses (Diez). Teut. type *barmoz ; from bar- , 2nd grade

Barbel, Barber; see Barb (i). of ber-aiiy to bear see Bear (1). ;

Barberry, Berber ry, a shrub. Barn. (E.) See Barley.

(Med. L.) From Med. L. barbaris , a bar- Barnacle 0), a kind of goose. (F.~
berry-tree; of unknown origin. Hence Med. L.) Dimin. from F .bernaque ^Cot.) ;
also M. F. bcrberis, Sp. berberis , and even Med. L. bernaca. Bernacee aues aucis 1
,

mod. Arab. ba?'bd?'is. The spelling palustribus similes ;

’
Ducange. Used by
should be berbery or barbary no con- Giraldus Cambrensis. Cf. Port, bernaca y
nexion with berry. ber?iacha ; Span. bcniicla (Neuman). (See
Barbican. (,F.) M. E. barbican. — F. Max Muller, Lectures, 2nd Series.)
barbacane a barbican or outwork of a
y
barnacle (2), a sort of shell-fish. (F.
castle also, a loop-hole ; also, an outlet
;
— Med. I..) The same as Barnacle (1).
for water. Prob. from Eastern bdb-khdnah , See N. E. D. and Max Muller, Lect. on
;

gate-house (^Yule). Science of Language, ed. 7, ii. 583.

Bard. (C.) \V. bardd Irish and,
Barnacles, spectacles, orig. irons put
Gael, hardy a poet. Cf. Gk. ippa^uv, to on the noses of horses to keep them quiet.
speak. (F.) The sense of ‘spectacles’ is late,
Bare. (E.) M. E. bar. A. S. bar. + and due to a humorous allusion. M. E. her-
Icel. berr G. bar, baa?'.
;
Teut. type nak. dimin. bernakilL Bci'nak for hors, ‘

*bazoz cf. Litli. basas, O. Slav, bo sit,

;
bernakilly Chamus’ (i.e. L. ea??ms)\ Piompt.
barefooted. Parv. We find bernac in A. F. (in an
Bargain. (F. - Late L.) M. E. bar- Eng. MS.) Wright’s Vocab. i. 100, 1 3.
; .

gayn, sb. — O. F. bargaignicr^ bargenir, to Oiigin unknown.

chaffer. — Late L. baredniare y to change Barometer, an instrument for measur-
about. Remoter origin unknown. ing the weight of the air. (Gk.) Gk. /8apo-,
Barge. ( F. - Late L. C. ?) E. barge. — M . for fiapos, weight; and pLtTpov, a measure;
— F. barge. — Late L. barga , variant of see Metre.
barea ; Bark (l).
see Baron, a title. (F. — Late L.) M. E.
bark barque. (F.-Late L.-
(i), baron. — F. baron older form her, nom.
;

C. ?) Bark is an E. spelling of F. barque ,

(Prov. bar), the suffix -on marking the acc.
a little ship. — Late L. barca, a sort of ship case (Diez). Cf. Ital. baroney Sp. varon y

or large boat, a lighter. Perhaps of Celtic Port, vardo. — Late L. ba?v< acc. - dnein , a
origin (Thuincysen). — O. Irish bare (fem. man, a male. Origin unknown.
rt-stem), a bark. Barouche, a carriage. (G. — Ital. — L.^
Bark {2), the rind of a tree. (Scand.) G. bar utsc he. — Ital. baroccioy biroeeio a ,

M. E. ba?k. — Swed. bark; Dan. bark ;

chaiiot, orig. a two-wheeled car. — L. bi-
Icel. bbrkr. Teut. type *barkus . rotiiSy t\\ o-wheeled with suffix -oeeio
;

Bark (3), to yelp as a dog. (E.) M. E. assimilated to that of can’-occioy a chariot

berken,— A. S. beorcan to bark. Cf. Icel. , v
Diez). — L. double and rota, a wheel. ;

berkjay A. S. boreian, to bark. Perhaps Barracks. (F.-Ital.) F. baraque.

of imitative origin. — Ital. baraceay a tent for soldiers ; cf. Sp.
Barley. ( . M . E. barli. — A . S. blirlie. bari'aca. Prob. connected with Late L.
Cf. A. S. berCy barley (,Lowl. Sc. bear) ; and barra, a bar, pale.
- liCy for lie like. Cf. also Goth, barizeins , Barrator, one who incites to quarrels
made of barley ;
L.y?zr, corn. and lawsuits. (F.) Formerly barratoury
barn. (E.) M. E .heme. A. S. bent, ba?‘atour from M. E. baraty deceit, strife.
;

contr. foim of ber-ern (Luke iii. 17).— — F. baraty ‘

cheating, deceit, guile, alto
A. S. here, bailey; and ern,ce?n, a place a barter,* Cotgrave. Allied to Barter.
 ,, , ,, , — ,, ,, , ,

BARREL BASK
^Influenced by Icel. baratta , a fight, a base. — F. bas, m., basse, fern. — Late L. has-
turmoil. same word as L. Bassus , sus , low; the
Barrel. (F.) M. E. barel.— O. F. (and proper name, which seems to have meant 1
4
F.) haril. Perhaps from Late L. barra a stout, fat, rather than merely low/ ‘

bar, pale from the staves of it.

; Base (*), a foundation. (F. — L.— Gk.)
Barren. (F.) M. E. barain. A. F. M. JE. bas. — F. base — L. basis. — Gk. jSdcnr, .

barain - e\ O. F. brehaing fern. a step, a pedestal, base. — Gk. base /0a-,

haittgne baraiqne; F. brehaigne sterile, to go (as in fiaivuv, to go); with suffix
,

Of unknown origin. (for -r«-); cf.Skt ga-li(s), a going, from

Barricade. (F. — Span.) F. barri- gam, to go. See Come.
cade.— Span, barricada a barricade, lit. ,
Basement, lowest floor of a building,
one made with barrels full of earth. — Span. ( K.- Ital. — L.)
Appears in F. as soubasse-
barrica a barrel. Perhaps from Span. the basement of a building ; formed
barra, a bar; see Barrel. from under, and -bassement, borrowed
Barrier. (F.) M. E. barrere.-* O. F. from Ital. bassamento, lit. an abasement.—
barrere (Godefroy, s. v. bassein ) ; F. bar- Ital. bassave, to lower. — Ital. basso, low.—
risre. — F. barrer , to bar up. — F. barre a Late L. bassus see Base (1). ;

bar. See Bar. Basenet, Basnet ;

see Basinet.
barrister. (Low L.) A barbarous Bashaw; the old form of Pasha,
word formed with suffix -ister
; (
« Low L. Bashful. (F. and E.) For abash -ful;
from the sb. bar, Spelman gives
- istdrius ) see Abash. Prob. by confusion with abase
the Low L. form as barrastcrius. and base.
Barrow (1), a burial-mound. (E.) For Basil ( 1 \a (F.— L. — Gk.) O. F.
plant.
berrow (like parson for person ,
See.), basile (Stipp. Godefroy)
to short for ;
4
M. E. bergh benv. a hill, mound. ,
O. basilic ; cf. F. basilic, herb basill Cot. ;
’

Merc, berg A. S. beorg, beorh a mountain,

; ,
— L. basilicnm, neut. of basilic us, royal. —
hill, mound, -f O. Sax., Du., G. berg. Gr. QaoiXucbv, basil neut. of (iaaiXtKos , ;

Teut. type Hergoz , a hill. Cf. O. Irish bri, royal. — Gk. fiaaiKtvs, a king,
a mountain ;
Skt. brhant large. basilica, a large hall. (L.- Gk.) L.
BarrOW(2),awhecl-barrow. (E.) M.E. basilica , fem. of basilicas, royal.
barewe. — A.S, bar-, 2nd grade of ber-an, basilisk, a fabled serpent. (L.— Gk.)
to bear, carry. Cf. M. H. G. rade-ber L. basilisc us. —
Gk. PaoiXia/cus, lit. royal;
wheel-barrow, from rad, wheel. also a lizard or serpent, named from a spot
Barter, to traffic. (F.) M. E .bartryn. on the head like a crown (Pliny, viii. 21).
— O. F. bareter baratcr to cheat, beguile,,
— Gk. (3 a<n\tvs a king,
,
4

4
also to barter;’ Cot. O. F. barat cheat- Basil (2), the hide of a sheep tanned, ,

ing, also a barter * Cot. 0 Of doubtful (F. — Span. — Arab.)

;
A. F. baseyne (Liber
.

origin; perhaps Celtic (Littrd). Cf. Bret. Albus, 225). — F. basane M. F. bassane.— ,

barad, treachery, Irish bralh W. brad Span badana, a dressed sheep-skin. — Arab,
treachery, Gael, broth, advantage by unfair bitdnah, the [inner] lining of a garment,
means; Irish bradach Gael, bradach, for which basil-leather was used. Cf. Arab,
,

thievish, roguish \V. bradu, to plot. batn, the inside.

;

Barton, a court-yard, manor. (E.) O. Basin. (F. — Late L.) M.E. bacin,
Northumb, bere-tun (Matt. iii. 12). — A. S. basin. — O. F. bacin backin', F. bassin.— ,

bere, barley; and tun, an enclosure; sec Late L. bachinus, bacchinus, a basin
Barley and Town. ( l hie.). Supposed to be from Late I
Barytes, in chemistry. (Gk.) Named bacca, water- vessel (Isidore). Cf. Du. bak,
from its weight. — Gk. PapvTrjs, weight.— a bowl, trough.
Gk. fiapbs, heavy. See Grave (2). basinet, basenet, basnet, a light
barytone. (Ital. — Gk.) Better bari- helmet. (F. — Late L.) In Spenser; F. Q.
tone ; a musical term for a deep voice. — vi. 1. 31. — O. F. bacinet dimin. of bacin,
Ital. baritono a baritone. — Gk. /3 api -s, a basin from its shape,
,
5
;

heavy, deep and t 6 vos, a tone see Tone.

; Basis. L. — Gk.) L. basis. — Gk. pciois
;
(
;

Basalt. (L.) Also basaltes. L. ba ^ec Base (2).

saltes, a hard kind of marble in /Ethiopia. Bask. (Scand.) M. E. baske, to bathe
An African word (Pliny). oneself, Palsgrave and cf. bathe hire, to ;

Base (1), low. (F. — L.) M. E. bass, bask herself, Ch. C. T. Nonnes Prestes
40
 \ , , ; . , ,;

BASKET BATTER
Tale, 447. — Icel. *bafiask (later badast), Bastion. (F.— Ital.) F. bastion.*- Ital.
for baba sik, to bathe oneself. Cf. also bastione , part of a fortification. — ltd. bas-
Swed. diaL at basa sig i solen to bask in ,
tire, to build ; allied to O. F. bastir to
the sun, badfisk fishes basking in the sun
,
build. See Bastile.
(Wedgwood). See Bathe. ^[ Formed Bat a cudgel. (E.) M. E. batte .—
(1),
like Busk. A. S. batt (Eng. Studien, xi. 65). Cf. Irish
Basket. (F. ?) M. E. basket . Mod. bata bat a staff. Der. bat-let, with double
, ,

Norman F. basquette (Moisy). Origin dimin. suffix - l-et

unknown. Bat (2), a winged mammal. (Scand.)
Basnet see Basinet. ;
Bat has taken the place of M. E. bakke. —
Bass (1), the lowest part, in music. Dan. bakke, now only in comp, aften-bakke,
(F. — L.) The same word as Base (1) ;
evening-bat. Cf. O. Swed. nattbacka
’
but so spelt in imitation of Ital. basso, ‘
night-bat (Ihre) for which we find ;

base. Swed. dial, natt-batta (Rietz).

Bass ( 2\ Barse, a fish. (K.) M. E. Batch. (E.) A
batch is as much as is
barse also base , bace (with loss of r).
;
baked at once hence, a quantity. M. E.
;

A.S. bars, a perch. +Du. baars ; G. ban ,

baa he , a baking ; from A. S. bacan , to
barsch , a perch. Named from its prickles. bake. See Bake.
From *bars-, 2nd grade of Tent, root Bate (1), to beat down, diminish.
*bers,whence also Bristle, q.v. Cf. Skt. (F. — L.) Short for Abate, by loss of a.
bhrshti, pointed. Bate (2), strife. (F. — L.) M. E. bate;
Bassoon, a base instrument. (F. — L.) a dipt form of Debate, in the sense of
F. basson , augmentative from F. basse, strife. *[[ So also fence for defence.
base (in music), fern, of bas base. See Bath. (E.) M. E. bap. A.S bad.+ .

Base ,1). Icel. badO. H. G. bad; Swed., Dan.,

;

Bast. ( E.) M. E. bast bast-tre , a lime- ;

Du., G. bad. Teut. Hafom, neuter. The
tree. A. S. bast inner bark of a lime- ,
orig. sense was a place of warmth cf. ;

tree ; whence bast is made.+Iccl., Swed., O. II. G. bajan (G. bahen\ to foment.
Dan., G. bast. Often spelt bass. bathe. ( E.) A S. ba&ian, to bathe. — .

Bastard, an illegitimate child. (F.) A. S. Ihcd, a bath. And see Bask.

M. E. bastaui, applied to Will. I.— O. F. Bathos. (Gk.) Lit. depth, sinking.—
bastard the same as fils de bast lit. * the ,
Gk. fia 6 os, depth ;
cf. Pa 6 vs, deep.
son of a pack-saddle/ not of a bed. [The Baton, Batoon, a cudgel. (F.) F.
expression a bast ibore illegitimate, occurs ,
bidon, O. F. baston. Late L. bastdnem , —
in Rob. of Glouc. p. 516.] — O.F. bast a ,
ace. of basto, a cudgel. Origin doubtful
pack-saddle (F. bat ) with suffix - ard from ;
connected by Diez with Gk. PaaTafav, to
O. II. G. hart, hard, first used as a suffix support.
in proper names and then generally. Battalion. ( F. — Ital. — L.) F. bataillon.
Baste ( 0 to beat. (Scand. ?) The
,
— Ital. batt abiotic, a battalion. — Ital. bat -
form bas- it occurs as a pp. in 1553. Cf. taglia, a battle ;
see Battle below'.
Swed. basa, to strike, beat, whip. Batten (1), to grow fat; to fatten.
Baste (2), to pour fat over meat. (Un- (Scand.) Orig. intransitive. — Icel. batna,
known.) InSh. To baste, linire Levins,
‘ to grow improve, recover. Cf.
better,
ed. 1570. Goth, ga-batnan , to be bettered ; Icel.
Baste (3)1 to sew slightly. (F. — M. bai-i, s., improvement, E. Better, q.v.,
II. G.) M. E. hasten.
,
F. — O. F. bastir and Boot (2). Cf. also Du. baten, to
bittir,to sew slightly; a tailor’s term.— yield profit ; baat, profit.
M. II. G. besten (for * bast/an), to bind Batten (2), a wooden rod. (F.) To
orig. to tie with bast. — G. bast , bast. See batten down is to fasten with battens Batten .

Bast. is merely another spelling of Baton.

Bas tile, a fortress. ( F. ) O.F. bastille , Batter (1), to beat. (F.-L.) M. E.
a building. — O. F. bastir (F. b&tir), to bat-er-en with frequentative suffix -er-.
;

build. Origin uncertain ;

perhaps allied to — F. battre. — L. batt ere, popular form of
Baton. battuere, to beat.
Bastinado. (Span.) Fiom Span, bas- batter (2), a compound of eggs, flour,
tonada a beating. — Span, baston , a stick.—
,
and milk. (F. — L.) M. E. batour, bature.
m
Late L. bast one , acc. see Baton. ;
-O.F. bature, a beating. — F. battre, to
 ., , . , , , 5 , , ;;

BATTERY BEADLE
beat (above). So called because beaten
a kind of laurel ; properly, a :

Bay (2),
*P- (F. — L.) M. E. bay a berry berry-tree.
battery. (F. —L.) F. batcrie, batterie, — F. bale, a berry. — L. barn, a berry.
'beating, battery Cot. — F. batt re, to beat.
;
’
(3), inlet of the sea. (F.— L.) F. Bay
battle. (F.-L.) M. E. bataille. bataile. bait, an inlet. — Late L. bain, a harbour
— O. F. bataille (i ; a fight, (2) a battalion. (Isidore), p. Confused with bay, a recess
,

— Folk-L. battalia neut. pi. (turned into in a wall. -O.F. baee, a gap. -Late L.
a fem. sing.), fights; Late L. battudlia baddta, fem. of pp. of baddre to gape. ,

neut pi. of adj. battudlis , fighting. — Late (4), to bark as a dog. (F.-L.) Bay
L. bat tuere to beat.
, M. E. bayen. — O. F. baler, to yelp (Gode-
battledoor. \P10v.~L.) M. K. batyl- froy). Cf. Ital. baiare ‘to barke,* Florio. ,

doure, Prompt. Parv. — Prov. batedor Span. From the sound. ,

batidor, a washing-beetle, which was also

( \ i n phr. at bay. (F. — L. ) F or at Bay
at first the sense of the E. word. [The abay. — F. abois, abbois ; Ure aux abois, to
corruption to battledoor was due to con- be at bay, lit. * to be at the baying of the
- fusion with battle vb. to fight.] - Prov. dogs.’, PI. of F. aboi, the bark ol a dog
bat re, Span, batir, the same as F. battre to verbal sb. from F. aboyer O. F. abater, to
,

beat with suffix -dor, which in Prov. arid yelp, bay. — O. F. a (for L. ad
) ; and baler
;

Span. = L. suffix - torem acc. form from (above).

nom. dor, expressing the agent. Bay-window; from Bay (3, sect. P)
Battlement. (F.) M. K. batelment and Window.
batilment * bate ilie mcnt, from O.F. baleil- Bayonet. (F.) XVII cent. F. baton -
lier, to fortify ;
formed from bataille, battle, nette ; bay0 nette, a knife; Cot. Probably
fight, but confused with O. K. bastiller, to named from llayonne (France), where
fortify, derivative of O. F. bastir, to build. first made or used.
See Battle and Bastile. Bazaar. (Pers.) Pers. bazar, a mar-
Bauble (1), a fool’s mace (2) a play-
:
ket.
thing. (F.) (1) M.E. babyll bable, babel
, , Bdellium. (L.-Gk.-Ueb. A pre- N
,

Gower, C. A. i. 224; (2) M.E. babel ,

cious substance. - 1 bdellium. - Gk. 0 SU-
Tudor E. bauble From O. F. baubel, \iov, — Ileb. bedolakh (Gen. ii. 12).
babel, a child’s plaything (Godefroy '. Be-, prefix. (E.) A.S. be-, prefix;
Perhaps connected with M. Ital. babbola, often causative, as in be-numb, to make
a toy (Florio) and with L. babulus, a fool.
; numb. Note also be-head, to deprive of
Cf. E. Babble. the head be-set, to set upon, set round
;

Bavin, a faggot. (FA Frov. E. (Wilts.) be -?nire, to cover with mire ; &c.
bavin a iaggot ; hence, as adj., soon kin- Be, to exist. (E.) M.
, E. been. A. S.
dled and burnt out, 1 Hen. IV. iii. 2.61.— beon, to be.+W. bod, to be Rus->. buite
; ;
O.F. baffe, a faggot, bundle (Godefroy, L. fore (pt. t. fui ) ; Gk. <bvtiv Skt. bhu.
;
Koquefort). Remoter origin unknown. (VBIIEU.)
Bawd, a procurer or procuress, go- Beach. (E. ?) XVI cent. Orig.
between. (F. - 0 . II. G.) The full M. E. <
shingle.'
Prob. K., and the same as
form
is bawdstroi P. Plowm. A. iii. 40 , prov. E. bache, a valley also, a sandbank ;
(another MS. has bawde).— O. F. Haldc- near a river. A. S. bac, a valley ; Kemble,
strot (found only in the later form baade- Cod. Dipl. iii. 386.
trot), equivalent to Lat. pronuba, a bride-
M. E. beken. A. S. Beacon. (E.)
woman.— O. H. G.
(cognate with E.
bald, bold, gay, lively
Sax. bokan ; O. II. G.
bold)] and M. H. G.
beam, been. + O.
bouhhan. Teut. type *bauknom , neut.
strotzen, vb. (E. strut)
Bead. (E.) Orig. * a prayer ; * hence
Bawl. (Scand.) I cel. baula to low as a perforated ball, for counting prayers.
,

a cow ; Swed. bola to bellow : see Bull, M. E. bede, a prayer,

a bead. A.S. bed,
Bellow. gebed, a prayer. - A. S. biddan Abidjan),
(
Bay (i), reddish brown. (F. — L.) to pray. Du. bede; G. bitte ; Goth. +
M. E. bay. — O. F, bat. — L. badius, bay- bida, a prayer. See Bid
(1).
coloured. Beadle. (F.— Teut.) M.E. bedel.—
bayard. (F.— L.) A
bay horse; O. F. bedel F. bedeau, a beadle lit. ‘pro- , ;
from the colour ; also, any horse. The claimed’ or ‘ messenger.* — M. H. G. biitel,
suffix - ard is Teutonic ; see Bastard. 0 H. G. buhl. — H. G. but’, weak 1 .
0 .
 a , , . .. ,

BEAGLE BEDRID, BEDRIDDEN

grade of biotan, G. bieten cognate with ; Beau, a dressy man. (F. — L.) F. beau ;
A.S. beodan to bid. Cf. A.S. bydel, a
,
O. K. bet. — L. be Hus, fair. For * ben -las ;
beadle, from beodan See Bid (2). . from ben- (as in ben-e ), variant of as
Beagle, a dog. (Unknown.) M. E. in bon-us, good. Brugm. ii. § 67.
begle, Squire of Low Degree, 1 771. . beauty. (F. — L.) M. E. beute.— A.F.
Beak. (F. — C.) M. E. bee. — F. Ay.— O. F. beanie beltet.— L. bellitdtem
, ,

Late L. beccus, of Gaulish origin. Cf. ncc. of bellitds, fairness. — L. bellus, fair
Irish Azrr, W. /W/j, a crook, a hook. (above). Der. beanti-ful beaute-otts. ,

Beaker. (Scand.— L. — Gk.) M.E. Beaver (1), an animal. (E.) M. E.

biker, byker. — Jcel. bikarr a cup. O. , 4 /mr. A.S. befer, bcofor. 4 Du. bever \

Sax. bikeri\ Du. beker\ G. becher\ Ital. Icel. b/drr; Dan. haver ; Swcd. bafver\
bicchiere. (3
l’erhaps from Late L.
. G. biber; Russ, ;
Lith. bebrus\ L.
rinm, a wine-cup. — Gk. jSbfoy, an earthen Skt, babhrus (1) brown; (2) a large
wine-vessel a word of Eastern origin.
;
ichneumon. Teut. type *beb?'itz; Idg. type
Beam d), a piece of timber. (E.) *bhebJirus, reduplicated deriv. of bhru -,
M.E. bean. A.S. beam a tree. l)u. 4 brown, tawny. Brugm. i. § 566. See
boom G. baum. Cf. also
;
Icel. badmr, a Brown.
tree; Goth, bairns. Beaver (2), Bever, lower part of a
Beam (2), [Usually iden-
a ray. (E.) helmet. (F.) Altered by confusion with
tilled with Beam (i\. specially used to beaver-hat. — M. E. bavtcre. — . F. bavih'e, 0
signify a column of light; cf. A.S. byr - a child’s bib; also, the bever (beaver) of
nende beam, the pillar of fire.’] But A.S
‘ a helmet. — F. haver to slaver. — F. have, ,

beam, a beam (as in sunne-beam a sun- foam, slaver. Perhaps fiom the move-
beam) answers to a Teut. type *bau-moz ment ol the lips ;
cf. Bret, babouz, slaver,
prob. cognate with Gk. tpav-ois, light, (paa Beaver (?,', Bever, a shoit imme-
(for ijmfos), also </>&?, light. See Phos- (bate lepast. F.— 1
.) M.E. better ( =
phorus. bever). — A. F. beivre. a drink ;
substantival
Bean. (K.) M.E. bene. A.S. bean, use of O. F. bevre, beivre, to drink. — L.
+ Du. boon Icel. battn O. II. G .pot/a,
; ;
Inhere to drink.
bona (G. bohnc\ Teut. type *bannd f. Becalm, to make calm. See Be- and
Bear (i\ to carry. (E.) M. E. bacn. Calm.
4
A.S. beran. Icel. hera (). II. G. her an ; ; Because. (E. and F. — L.) See Cause.
Goth, bairati also L. ferre; Gk. tyepav:
; Bechance. (E. and F. — L.) See
Skt. bhr (). lr. berim, I bear
;
Russ, brate ;
Chance.
to take, carry; Pcrs. bnrdan , to bear. Beck nod, give a sign. (E.)
(1), to
(^BIIKR.) Der. upbear. M. the same as bek-nyn, to
E. bek-yn,
Bear (2), an animal. FT) M.E .here, beckon (Prompt. Parv.). See Beckon.
A.S. bera.+ Icel. bera \ljorn)\ O. II. G. Beck(2\ a stream. (Scand.) M.E.
— Icel.
j

hero, pero, G. bar Du. beer. Cf. Lith. ;

1
bek. bekkr ;
Swed .back; Dan. berk ;

beras, brown (Kluge). Teut. type *beron-. a stream. Teut. type *bakkiz. Also
beard. E.) M.E .herd. A.S. beard. Teut. type *bakiz ; whence Du. beck , a
+ Du.baard G. hart. 'Pent, type *ban/oz.
;
beck; G. bach.
Allied to Rus^. boroda; Lith. barzda L. ; Beckon. (E.) M. E. beknen. A.S.
barba, beard from Idg. type Hhardha.
; ;
bee nan, bcacniatt (also tnecn an), to make
Beast. (E.- L.) M. E. beste.—Q. E. |
signs. — A. S. beam, a sign. See Beacon.
beste (F. bete — L. best i a beast.
. , Become. (E.)becuman, to A. S.

Beat. (E.) M.E

.beten. A.S. beatan. arrive, happen, turn out, befall. 4 Goth.
4 Icel. bauta; O. II G. pozan, M. II. G. . bi-kuu’man cf. G. be-quem suitable, be-
; ,

bvzen. Teut. type * banian-. coining. From Be- and Come.

Beatify. (K. — LA E. beatifier. — L. Bed. (E.) M. IT bed. A.S. bed, bedd.
beatificare, to make happy. — L. bedti-, for + l)u. Goth, badi ;
G. bett. Teut.
bedtus, pp. of bedre, to bless, make happy; type * badjorn , n.
and -fie-, for faeere. to make. bedrid, bedridden. (E.) M.E.
beatitude. (F. — L) F .biatitude. bedrede (Ch. C. T. 735 iV, bedreden (P.
— L. beatitudincm ,
acc. from nom. bedti- PI. B. viii. 85). A.S. bedrida, bedreda, lit.
iftdo, blessedness. — L. bedti-, for beatus ,
a bediider ; ’ one who can only ride on a
blessed ;
with suffix -tudo. bed, not on a horse. — A. S. bed a bed ; and ,

43
 ; \ , , , , -

BEDSTEAD BEHOOF
*rid-a , one who rides, from the weak sharp, or from M. E. hitil, a beetle. In
grade of rtdan, to ride. either case from bit-, weak grade of bitan,
bedstead. (E.) M. E. bedstede .- to bite.
A. S. bed ,
a bed and ;
stede, a stand, Befall, Befool, Before ; see Fail,
station ;
see Stead. &c.
Bedabble, Bedaub, Bedazzle, Beg. (F.) I. E. beggen. A. F. begger,
Bedew, Bedim, Bedizen. See Langtoft, i. 248 ; used as equiv. to be -
Dabble, Daub, &c. guigner, Britton, I. 22. § 15. Formed
Bedell. (LowL. — Teut.) From the from the sb. beggar ; see below.
Latinised form ( bedellus ), of O. F. and Beget, Begin; see Get, Gin (1).
M. E. bedel see Beadle. Beggar. (F.) M. E. beggarc cf. ;

Bedlam. (Palestine.) M. E. bedlem, Begger - a Bcguin or Beghard, Rom. Rose,

corruption of Bethlehem, in Palestine. 7256 (F. text, 71eg inn). — O. F. begard, be-
Now applied to the hospital of St. Mary gart, Flemish beggaert, Late L. Beghardus.
of Bethlehem, for lunatics. Formed, with suflix -aril (G. -hart), from
Bedouin. (F.-Arab.) O. F. bedouin, Begue, a man’s name. See Beguine.
a wandering Arab ; orig pi. — Aiab. bada- Begone, Beguile; see Go, Guile.
wln, pi. of Arab, badawiy wandering in Beguine, one of a class of religious de-
,

the desert. — Arab badw. a descit. votees. (F.) Chiefly used in the fern. F. ;

Bedridden, Bedstead ; see Bed. btguine Low L. beghina one of a religious ,

Bee. (E ) M. E. bee. A. S. beo, earlier order, first established at Liege, about A. I).
to.+Du. bij O. II. Ida
;
Cf. G. 1207. G
Named after Lambert Le Begue,
.

bie-ne Lith. bi-ite

',
Ir. bea-ch. Pei haps priest of Liege (12th c.)
;
whence also ;

‘
flutterer* ; cf. Skt. bhi, to tear ; O. H. G. Beguin, Beghard, masc. Le Begue means
bi-ben to tremble.
,
stammerer/ from the verb begui, to stam- 4

Beech. (EJ A. S. bdece, beet, a beech mer, in the dialect of Namur allied to ; ;

becett adj., beechen

. both derivatives (by Picard btfguer F. begaycr.
;

mutation) fiom the older form hoc. See in the E. Indies, a lady of the Begum,
Book. highest rank. (Pers. — Turk.) Pers. be
Beef. (F.-L.) M.E. beef- A. F. be/; gum a queen, lady of rank. — Turk, beg,
O. F. boef (F. been/ — L. boitem, acc. of bey, a bey, governor. See Bey.
.

bos, an ox.+Gk. /3o0?, ox; Ir. bo Gael, bd, Behalf, interest. (E.) Formerly in the
,

W.buw, Skt. go, A. S. cu a cow see Cow. M. E. phrase on my behalue = on my

, ;

beef-eater, a yeoman of the guard. behalf, on my side; substituted for the

’
(Hyb.) Lit. 4 an eater of beef hence, an A. S. phr. on (min) healfe, on the side of
;

attendant. Cf. A. S. hld/leta, a loaf-eater, (me’), by confusion with be hea[fe (me),

a servant. The usual derivation (from used in the same sense. From A. S. be,
Mr. Stcevens’ imaginary beaufetier later by and heal/, sb., side. See Half. , ;

spelt buffetier) is historically baseless. Behave. (E.) I.e. to be-have oneself,

Beer. (E.'l M. E. bere. A. S. beor. or control oneself from have with prefix + ;

Du. and G. bier Icel. bjdrr. ;

be-, the same as prep. by.

Beestings ; see Biestings. behaviour. fE. ; with F. suffix)

Beet. (L.) M.E bete, A. S. bite. — Formed abnormally from the verb to
.

L. beta beet (Pliny).

,
behave confused with F. sb. avoir (1) ; ,

Beetle (I), ail insect. (E.) Prov. E. wealth, (2) ability. Cf. Lowl. Sc. havings,
little. A. S. bitela lit.
4
biting one.’ — A. S. (I wealth, (2) behaviour.
,
'

bit-, weak grade of bitan, to bite ; with adj. Behead. (E.) From Be- and Head.
suffix - ol cf. wac-ol wakeful.
; See Bite. Behemoth. (Ileb. - Egypt .) Ileb.
,

Beetle (2), a large mallet. (E ) M. E. behemoth, said to be pi. of behemdk a

betel. A. S. by tel ( — Q. Wes. *bietel, beast but probably of Egypt, origin. ;

O. Merc. * bete l ) cf. Low G. hotel. Teut. ; Behest, Behind, Behold. (E.) See
typ e*baut-iloz, a beater ; * from *baut-an~, Hast, Hind, Hold (1).
4

to beat see Beat.

; Behoof, advantage. (E.) M.E. to bi-
Beetle (3 \ to overhang. (E.) From houe for the advantage of. A. S. hehof, ,

the M. E. adj. bitel-brouwed

4
beetle- advantage. O. Fries, bihof, Du. behoef,
, +
browed;* P. Plowm. A. v. 109. Orig. advantage ; G. behu/\ Svved. behof Dan. ;

sense doubtful; either from M. E. bitel behov, need. p. The prefix be is A.S. be,

44
 , 1 , ;;
,

BEHOVE BEND
E. by. The simple sb. appears in Iccl. pression to the eyes, the pupils of which
hbf moderation, measure ; cf. Goth, ga- it expands.
hobains temperance, self-restraint. From Belligerent. (L.) More correctly,
A. S. hof 2nd stem of the vb. Heave.
,
bclligerant.— L. belligerant-, stem of pres.
behove, to befit. (E.) A.S .behofian, |>t. of belligerdre , to carry on war. — L.
verb formed from the sb. behdf above. belli-, for hello-, stem of helium
,
+war
Du. behoeven, from sb. behoef\ Swed. be- gerere to carry on (war). Belhim is for ,

hofva Dan. behove.

;
O. Lat. duellutn ; see Duel.
Belabour, Belay; see Labour, Bellow. (E.) M. E. belwen (c. 1300).
Lay. Not fully explained. It may have resulted
Belch. (E.) M. E. belkcn. A. S. iiom confusion of A.S. bellan to roar, ,

bealcian, balcan, to utter; translating L. bellow, with the str. verb belgan , to be
eruetdre, used figuratively. Cf. bale, sb.-f* angry, or with the rare verb bylgian, to
Du. balken, to bray. See Bellow and Bell, bellow (which would have given billow).
Beldam. (F. — L.) Ironically for be A See Bell. Cf. Bull.
dame, i.c. fine lady. — F. belle dame. — L. Bellows. (Scand.) M. E. beli, bely
bella, fem. of bellus fair ; and domino, , below , a bag, but also used in the special
,

lady, fern, of domintis, lord. See Beau. sense of bellows.' Bellows is the pi. of ‘

Beleaguer. (Du.) See Leaguer. M. E. below, a bag, from Icel. belgr and \

Belemnite, a fossil. (Gk.) Gk. M. E. beli (from A.S.) also means belly .
PeKffivirijs, a stone shaped like the head Cf. G. blase- balg, a ‘ blow-bag,’ a pair
of a dart. — Gk. pi\tnvov, a dart. — Gk. of bellows A.S. bldst-belg, bellows, lit. ;

PaWtiv, to cast. (^/GwEL.) ‘

See below.
blast- bag.’

Belfry. ‘a w'atch-
(F. — G.) Orig. belly. M. E. bely. A.S. balg
(E.)
tower.’ Corrupted (partly by influence of belg, a bag, skin (for holding things) ;
bell) from M.E. berfray, berfrey, a watch- hence (later), belly. +Icel. belgr, bag;
tower. — O. F. berftei, berfroi, belfroi (F. Du. balg, skin, belly; Swed. balg belly, ,

beffroi) — . M
1 . C berefnt, a watch-tower,
. . bellows; Dan. balg husk, belly; G. ,

M
— II G. here-, for berg-, base of bergen,
. .
balg Goth, balgs, bag. Teut. type *balgiz.
;

to protect and M.II.G. frit, fride, a

;
From balg-, 2nd stem of Teut. root belg
place of security, a tower, the same word (- Idg. y'BHELGH), to swell. Cf. Irish
as G. friede, peace; hence the lit. sense bolg, bag, belly ;
bolgaim, 1 swell ; W. bol,
is ‘a protecting shelter,’ watch-tower, belly. Der. bellows, q. v.
Allied to Borough and Free. Belong, Beloved, Below; see
Belie. A.S. bcleogan, to tell lies
(E.) Long, Love, Low.
about. From be-, by, prefix and leogan M. E. belt. A.S.
; ,
Belt, a girdle. (L.)
to lie. See Lie (2). and Gael, bait a belt. -f*lcel. belli ;
Irish ,

Believe. (E.) M.E. belcucn (beleveti). belt, border; O. H. G. balz Swed. balte ; ;

The prefix be- was substituted for older Dan. balte. All borrowed Irom L. balteus y
ge-.— O. Merc, gelifan, A.S gdiefan, ge- a belt. .

Iffan, to believe lit. to hold dear.+Du. Beltane, Old May-day. (C.) O. Irish
;

gelooven O. II. G. giIonian, G g-lauben

1
&.7-te/w(\Vindisch); lit fire-kindling,’ from
.
.
; ;

Goth . ga-laitbjan. Teut. type *laubian an old custom. Celtic type *belo-te{p)nid ,

with A.S. ge-, prefix; from laub 2nd where belo - is cognate with A.S. bcbl, a
stem of Teut. root */^ = ldg. -/LEUBII, blaze, and tepnid is from *tep 7ios t type of
to like. See Lief. O. Irish ten , lire cf. L. tep-ere , to be warm ;

Bell. A.S. belle,

(E.) M.E .belle. vFick. li. 125, 164).
a bell. + Du. bel. Perhaps named from its Bemoan. (E.) From Be- and
loud sound; cf. A.S. bellan to roar, ,
Moan.
bellow. See Bellow. Bench. (E.) M. E. bene he. — A. S.
Belle, a fair lady. (F. — L.) F. belle . benc.+l) u. bank a bench, table, bank for,

fem. of F. beau, O. F. bel, fair. — L. bellus, money Swed. bank

;
Dan. bank\ Icel. ;

fair, fine. See Beau. bekkr G. bank

;
Teut. type *bankiz. .

belladonna. (Ital. — L.) Ital. bella Doublet, bank,

donna, fair lady. — L. bella domina\ see Bend ( 0 to bow, curve. (E.)
,
M.E.
Beldam. A name given to the nightshade, benden. A.S. bendan orig. to ,
string a
from the use of it by ladies to give ex- bow, fasten a band or string to it; cf. A. S.
45
 , , , -
;
, ; ,, ,

BEND BESEECH
bend, aband ( = Teut .*bandiz ) ; from band, bengivi seems to have been substituted for
2nd stem of bind- an, to bind. See Bind. the Arab, name, lubdn jdwi, lit. frankin-
So also Iccl. benda, to bend a bow allied ;
cense of Java. (Further corrupted to gum
to band, a cord. benjamin .)
bend ^2), an oblique band, in heraldry. Bequeath. (E.) A. S. beeweban to
(F. — G.) O. F. bende also bande a ,
assert, bequeath. — A. S. be-, prefix ;
and
band ;
see Cotgrave. The same word as cwe()an, to say, assert. See Quoth.
F. banle a band of ,
men see Band (2).
; bequest. (E.) M. E. biqucsle , bi-
Beneath. (E.) M. E. benelhe, A. S.
Formed, with added -te (cf. M. E. quiste.
beneoJan, prep, below. — A. S. be-, by; requeste), from A. S. *b?cwiss, * beau is r
neoban adv. below, from the base neod- (not found), sb. due to beeweban, to be-
,

in neod'-era, nether with adv. suffix -an. queath, assert, say. The components of
;

Cf. G. nied-en nied-er see Wether., this form occur

;
viz. be -, hi-, prefix, and ;

Benediction. (F.-L.) F. benedic- ewiss (in ge-ewis), a saving. Cwiss is

tion. — L.benedictionem acc. of benedict 10. ,
from Teut. *kwessiz Idg. *gjw)ettis, formed ,

a blessing. — L. benedict ns, pp. of benc- (with suffix -ti-) fiom Idg. ba^e *gjvet-,
dicere to speak well, bless. — L. bene well ,
whence ewetian, to say (Sievcrs, A. S.
and dicere to speak (see Diction),
, Gr. § 232) and beewiss is thus a regular
;

benison. (F. — L.) M. E. beneysun. deriv. of beaveban, to bequeath.

— O. F. beneison. — L. acc. benedictionem. Bereave. (E.) A.S. bereafum, to
Benefactor. (L.) L. benefactor , a dispossess ;
see Reave.
doer of good. — L. bene, well ;
and factor Bergamot an essence. (Ital.) Ital.
(1),
a doer, iroin face re, to do. bergamot ta the essence called bergamot.—
,

benefice. (F.-L.) M. E. benefice. Ital. Bergamo a town in Lombardy.

,

— F. binefice (Cot.), L. bcncfiaum , —Late Bergamot (2), a kind of pear. F.—

a grant of an estate ; L. beneficium, a Ital. —Tui k.) F. bergamotle (Cot.).—
well-doing, a kindness. — L. bene, well; Ital. bergamott-a (pi. -e), a kind of excel- ‘

and facere, to do. lent pears, come out of Turky Torriano. ;

’

benefit. (F.-L.) Modified (badly) — Turk, beg armudi, * prince’s pear/ —

from M. E. benfet. — O. F. bienfet (F. Turk, beg, prince anniid, pear. ;

bienfait). — L. benefactum a kindness con- Berry. (E.) M.E berie, A. S. berie, .

ferred neut. of pp. ot bcnefacere,

;
to do -4-1 Hi. bes, bezie I cel. her Swed. bar ;
; ;

well, be kind. I Jan. b(cr; G. beere; Goth, bast. All

Benevolenc e. ( F. — L ) F Idnevo .
. from a base bas-. Lit. edible fruit cf. *

lence (Cot.). — L.
beneuolentia , kindness.— Skt. bhas, to eat. Der. goose-berry,
L. acc. bene uolentem, kind, lit. well- See.
wishing.— L. bene, well; and uolentem, Berth. (E.) Formerly ‘ convenient
acc. of nolens wishing, from nolo, I wish
, sea-room.’ 1
A
suitable position/ From
(see Voluntary). A.S. byr- (as in ge-byr-tan, to suit) with
Benighted. See Night. 'E.) suffix -th. Cf. Du. beurt a turn; Low G.
Benign. (F. - L.) O. F. benigne (F. bort, good position.
binin).— L. benignus, kind short tor *be- Beryl. (L. - Gk.- Ski.) M. E. bcril.
;

nigenus. — L. beni-, for * benus , variant of — O. h beril. — L. berylins. — G k. firjpvX - .

bonus , good and -genus, bom (as in Xo?

;
cf. Arab, billaur crystal, beryl.— ,

indigenus), from gene re , old form of Skt. vaiii urya (Prakrit veluriya ), orig.
gignere , to beget. beryl, brought from Vidura in S. India
Benison, blessing ; see Benedic- (Yule; Bohtlmgk).
tion. Besant, Bezant, a gold circle, in
Bent-grass. (E.) M. E. bent. A. S. beialdry. (F.— L.~ Gk.) Intended to
beonet, tor earlier *binut bent-grass (in represent a gold coin of Byzantium.—
,
*
place-names '.+0. H. G. binuz, G. binse, O. F. besant an ancient gold coin ,
‘
;

bent-grass. Cot. — L. Byzantium. — Gk. llvfxvTiov the

Benumb. From Be- and Numb. name of Constantinople.
Benzoin, a resinous substance. (F. — Beseech. (E.) M. E. bcsechen. From
— Arab.) F. benjoiti ‘gum benzoin
Ital. , be-, and seehen Southern form
prefix;
or gum benjamin;’ Cot. — Ital. ben - coi responding to Northern seken, to seek.
zoino, bengivi (Torriano). The ital. lo See Seek.
 , , , , ; ; , , , , ; ,

BESEEM BEZONIAN
Beseem, Beset, Beshrew, Be- In Sh. Sonn. 121. — O.
F. *bivel, Hiwel,
side, Besiege; see Seem, Sit, Shrew, only found in mod. F. biveau and
in F. ,
6
&c. hniveau
,
a kind of squire [carpenter’s rule],
Besom, a broom. (E.) M.E. besum, having moveable and compasse branches,
besme. A. S. tow.+Du. bezcm G. besen. or the one branch compasse and the other
Tent, type *besmon-, m. straight some call it a bevell * Cot. Cf.
;

Besot, Bespeak; see Sot, Speak. Span, baivel. Origin unknown.

Best ; see Better. jBever, a potation see Beaver (3). ;

Bestead; from Be* and Stead. beverage. (F.-L.) O. F. bevrage

Bestial. (F. — L.) F. bestial — L. . (Supp. to Godefroy), drink. O. F. bevre, —
bestialis , beast-like. — L. bestiay a beast. boivre , to drink. —
L. bibere to drink.
See Beast. —
bevy. (F. L.) It answers to O. F.
Bestow, Bestrew, Bestride ;
see bevee, a drink ; from O. F. bevre, to drink
Stow, &c. (above). Cf. It'll, beva, a bevy (Florio) ;
Bet, to wager. (F. — Scand.) Short for also, a drink (ToirianoV
abet in the sense to maintain, or ‘ back,’ Bewail, Beware, Bewilder,
as abet is explained in Phillips, ed. 1706. Bewitch; see Wail, Ware, Wild,
See Abet. Der. bet sb. Witch.
Betake. (E. and Scand.) See Take. Bewray, to disclose. (E.) Properly
Betel, a species of pepper. (Port.— to accuse. M.E. bewraien,biwreyen, to
Malayalim.) Port, betel, betele.— Malaya- disclose. A. S. be-, prefix (see Be-) and
;

lim veWila ,
i.e. veru ila , mere leaf (Yule). wregan, to accuse (for older *wrdgiait,
Bethink, Betide, Betimes, Be- with mutation from 0 to e). Cf. Icel.
token see Think, &c. ;
rcegja (for vroegja ), to slander, Swed. rbja,
Betray. (F. -L.; with E. prefix .) to discover O. Fries, biwrdgia, to accuse
; ;

From prefix; and O. F. t) air (F.

be-, Goth, wrohjan to accuse; G. ; iigen, to
trahir ), to deliver up, from L. trade re. censure. 0 These are causal verbs, from
.

^[f The the base wroh - seen in Goth, wro/is,

prefix be- was due to confusion
with bewray. See Tradition. accusation, Icel. rdg, a slander.
Betroth. (E.) See Troth. Bey, a governor. (Turk.) Turk, beg
Better, Best. (E.) 1. From the fpron. nearly as bay), a lord, prince.
Tcut. base *bat, good, was formed the Beyond. (E.'l M. E. beyonde. A. S.
Teut. comp, stem *batizon-, as in Goth. begeondan, beyond. — A. S. be-, for be or bi
batiza better, A. S. betera (with mutation
,
by and geond prep, across, beyond, from
;

from a to e ), M. E.
geon, yon.
better . The A.
Cf. Goth, jaindre , thither,
S. bet,
M. E. bet is adverbial and comparative. jaind, there ; from joins that, yon. See
,

2. From the same base was formed Goth. Yon.

batista best, A.S. betst (for bet-ist), M. E. Bezel, the part of a ring in which the
best. Similarly Du. be ter, best Ieel. bein', stone is set. (F.) Also spelt basil it
; ;

beztr Dan bedre, bedst Swed. buttre, also means a sloping edge. — O. F. biset
; ;

bast ; G. lesser, best. Der. (from the (Roquefort) mod. F. biseau , a bezel, basil, ;

same base) batten, boot (2). slant, sloped edge. Cf. Span, bisel, the
Between. (E.) A. S. beiweonan, be- slanting edge of a looking-glass. Per-
tween ; earlier betweonum. — A. S. te, by haps from L. bis, double.
tweonum dat. pi. of tweone double, allied Beziqne, a game at cards. (F. — Pers.)
,

to twd, two see Two. Here tweonum F. besigue (with g) ; also bisy (Littre).
;

(also twinuvi) answers to Goth .tweihnaim, 3 The first form = Pers. bdzFchah, sport, a .

Cf. L. game; the seconds Pers. bdzi, play.—

1
dat. pi. of tweihnai, two each.’
bint. Pers. bdzidan, to play. [A guess.]
betwixt. (E.) (M. E. betwix to Bezoar, a stone. (F. — Span. — Arab. ;

which t was afterwards added — A. S. — Pers.) O. F. bezoar, F. btzoard. — Span.

betwix, betwux, betweox betweohs appa- bezoar. — Arab, bddizahr. — Pers. pad-zahr,
, ,
i
rently extended from A. S .betwih, between. bezoar lit. counter-poison,* from its ;

From A. S. be, by and *twih, answering supposed virtue. — Pers. pad, expelling;
;

to tweih- in Goth, tweih nai , two each. and zahr , poison.

See above. Bezonian, a beggarly fellow. (F.)
Bevel, sloping; to slope, slant. (F.) In 2 Hen. IV. v. 3. n8. Formerly
 , ; , , , , . , . ,

Bl- BIQOT
bisonian ; made by adding E. -ian to |
the forms of which have taken the place of
F. bisogne , spelt bisongne, in Cotgrave, those of Bid (2).
‘a filtheknave . . bisonian. ’ . Or from Bide, to await, wait. (E ) M. E. biden.
Ital. bisogno need, want ; whence bisogni, A. S. bldan. Du. beiden +
Icel. bib a ; ;

pi. * new-levied souldiers, such as come Swed. bida ; Dan. hie ; Goth, beidan ;
1
. . . needy to the wars
;
Torriano (not in O. H. G. Intan. Teut. type * bldan-.
Florio). Oiigin unknown. Biennial, lasting two years. (L.)
Bi-, prefix. ( L.) L. bi-, for *dui~, twice. Formed as if from bienni-um, a space of
— L. duo, two. So also Gk. 5*-, Skt. dvi. two years ;the true I« vvoul is bienndlis.
See Two. — L. bi- and annulis, lasting a year,
two ;

Bias. (F. — L.) F. biais, a slant, yearly. — L. annus. So also tri-ennial,

slope; hence, inclination to one side. Cf. from tri- (for ires), three; quadr-ennial,
Ital. s-biesco, s-bit'scio, oblique. Origin more correctly quadri-ennial, from quadri-
unknown. llion quadrtis). belonging to lour quinq bi- ;

Bib. (L.) A
cloth under a child’s ennial, fiom quinqui- (for quinque ), five;
chin; from M. E. bibben to drink. — L. dec-ennial, from dec em, ten cent-ennial, ;

bibere, to drink. Hence wine-bibber from centum a hundred ; mill-ennial,

(Luke vii. 34) ; L. bibens iilnum (Vulg.). from mille, a thousand, &c.
Bible. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. bible.— Bier, a frame on which a corpse is
F. bible.— Late L. biblia , fern, sing.; for borne. (K.) M. E. bee re, here. A. S.
L. biblia neut. pi. — Gk. fltfiAia, collection lulr, ber. — A. S. bdr-, 3rd stem of be ran, to
of writings, pi. of fii&Aiov, little book, cany, -f- Du. baar O. II. G. burn (G. ;

dimin. of tfipAos, a book. — Gk. fivQAos, bah re) allied to Icel. bamr fern, pi.;
;

Egyptian papyrus ; hence, a book. fei etrum Gk. tpipeTpov.\

bibliography. ^Gk.) Gk. ptpxiu-, Biestings, Beestings, the first

for fii&Aioi/ and 7pdq>uv, to write. milk given by a cow after calving. (E.)
bibliomania. (Gk.) Gk. (3 ip\lo-, A. S. by sting, byst (for * blest), thick milk.
for PitfAiov ;
and Mania. From A. S. boost first milk alter calving.,
4
Bice. Properly grayish
(F.) hence ’
;
+D11. blest G. biest-mileh.
;

blew byce grayish blue. — F. bis dusky.

,
Bifurcated, two-pronged. (L.) Late
Cf. Ital. bigio, gray. Origin unknown. L. bifurcdtus pp. of bifurcdrl, to pait in
,

Bicker, skirmish. to (Uncertain.) two directions. L. bi -/units, two- —

M. E. biker, a fight ; bikeren, to skirmish. pronged; from bi/s ,
double; Juna, a
Cf. M. E. be ken, to peck ; biken, to thru-t fork.
with a pointed weapon. Apparently from Big. (Seand. ?) M. E. big also bigg,
;

O. F. bequer , to strike with the beak (see rich (Hampole). Not A. S. Cf. prov. E.
Beak> ; or from A. S. becca, a pick-axe. bug, big, bog, boastful. Prob. of Scand.
Cf. Du. bikkcn to notch a mill-stone also ; origin. Cf. Norw. bugge a strong man. ,

E. Fries, bikkern to hack, gnaw, from , Bigamy, a double marriage. (F. — L.

Inkken, to hack, bikke, a pickaxe (G. and Gk.) F. bigamie. — Late L. bigam ia ;
bicke ;. a clumsy compound from L. bi-, double
Bicycle. (Hybrid.) In use since 1 868. (see Bi-), and Gk. -7aptia, from 7dfxos,
Coined from Bi- and Cycle. marriage. It should rather have been
Bid (1), to pray. (E.) Nearly obso- !
digamy (Gk. dtyapia).
lete preserved in bidding-prayer and in
; ,
Biggen, a night-cap. (F.) M. F.
to bid beads (pray prayers). M. E. bidden. begum, 4
abiggin for a child Cot. ;
’

A. S. buidan +
Du. bidden ; G. bitten ; Named fi om the caps worn by beguines;

Icel. bitija Goth, bidjan.

; Teut. type see Beguine.
*bidjan-, allied to L. fldo, I trust Gk. ; Bight, a coil of rope, a bay. (E.)
v€i$oj, I prevail upon; from-yHiUEIDH. M. E. bight. A. S. by hi, as in water es
See Brugm. i.
§ 589 ;
ii. $ 890. byht, a bight (bay) of water (see Grein).—
Bid (2), to command, (E.) M. E. beden A.S. bug-, weak grade of bugan to bow, ,

— A. S. beodan to command. +D11. bieden,

,
bend with mutation of u to^y.+G. but hi.
;

to offer ;
Icel. bjolla G. bieten Goth.
; ;
Teut. type *buhtiz See 1). Bow 1

ana-biudan ;
Gk. n*v Ooym, I enquire ; Skt. Bigot, an obstinate devotee to a creed.
budh, to understand. Teut. type *bettdan (F.) F. bigot, ‘an hypociite, supersti-
(VBHEUDH.) Confused with Bid (1), tious fellow ’
;
Cot. Applied by the
48
 . , 2 , , ,

BIJOU BIRCH
French to the Normans as a term of Billow, a wave. (Scand.) Icel. bylgja ,

reproach (Wace). Of unknown origin. a billow; Swed. bblja Dan. bolge.+b\. ;

It is an older word than beguine with H. G. bidge, a billow, a bag. Lit. a ,

*

which it seems to have been somewhat swell or surge ; cf. Icel. belgja, to inflate, *

confused at a later period. puff out. The Icel. bylgja has mutation
Bijou, a trinket. (F. — C.?) F .bijou. of u to^y, and, like M. H. G. bulg-e is from
Perhaps from Bret, bison, a ring with a bulg-, stem of bclgan to swell with ,

stone,a finger-ring, from biz a finger. ,

anger.
Cf. Corn, bisou (the same), from bis, Bin. (E.) M. E. binne. A. S. binn,
bes a finger; W. by son, ring, from bys,
,
a manger; Lu. ii. 7 4- Du. ben, G. benne , -

finger. a sort of basket Perhaps of Celtic origin ;

Bilberry, a whortle-berry. (Scand.) cf. Gaulish Lat. henna, body of a cart ; W.
Dan. bollebitr a bilberry; where her is E. ben a cart.
, ,

berry. Jn M. Dan., bolle had the sense of Binary, twofold. (L.) L bindrim,
Dan. bugle i. e. boss (Kalkar). Cf. Noiw. consisting of two things. — I.. blnus, two-
bola a swelling, tumour.
, *([ North Eng. fold.— E. bi-, double see Bi-. ;

blea-berry - blue-berry ; see Blaeberry. Bind. (E.) M. E. binden. A. S. bin-

In both cases, - berry takes the E. form dan. -f- Du. and G. binden Icel. and ; ;

see Berry. Swed. binda Dan. binde Goth, bindan ; ; ;

Bilbo, a sword Bilboes, fetters. Ski. bandh, to bind. (y'BHENDll.)

;

(Span.) Both named from Bilboa or Bing, a heap of corn obs. (Scand.) In ;

Bilbao in Spain, famous for iron and Surrey s> Poems. — Icel. bingr, Swed. binge ,
steel. a heap.+M. II. G. bige, a heap of corn ;

Bile (
i), secretion from the liver. (F. whence Ital. bica. Distinct from bin,
— L.) F. bile. — L. bilis. L. bilis is for though perhaps confused with it.
*bislis , Brugm. i. § 877 ;
cf. W. busll, Binnacle, a box for a ship’s compass.
Bret, bestl, bile (Fick, ed. 4. ii. 1 75). Der. (Port. L.', — A
singular coiruptiou of the
bili-ous older word biltacle, by confusion with bin ,
Bile (2), a boil. (E.) See Boil (2). a chest. — Port, bitacola a bittacle (i. e. ,

Bilge. (F. — C.) A variant of bulge, binnacle) Vieyra. Cf. Span, bitacora ,
;

which orig. meant the bottom of a ship’s F. habitacle , the same. The Port, bitaiola
hull ; whence bilge -water (N. E. 1 ).). bee stands for *habiiacola , the first syllable
Bulge. being lost. — E. habitdculum, a little dwell-
Bill (1), a chopper, sword. (E.) M. E. ing, i. e. the 1 frame of timber in the steer-
’
hil, sword, axe. A.S. bill, sword, axe. age of a ship where the compass stands
+ O. Sax. bil, 0. 11. G. bill, n. (cf. G. ;
(Bailey). — L. habitdre to dwell; frequent,
bille, axe, f.). Teut. type *biljom n. ,
of habere to have. .

bill (2), a bird’s beak. (E.) M. E. Binocular, having two eyes. (L.)
bile. A S. bile (Teut. type *biliz *). Allied From Eat. bin-i, two each oatl-us, ;
eye ;

to Bill i). with suffix -tin's.

Bill (31. a writing, account. (F. — L.) Binomial, having two terms. (L.)
A. F. bilk. — Late L. billa, a writing; the brom Late bindmi- us, equiv. to E.
L.
dimin. is billeta, Indicia, shewing that billa binominis , adj. having two names with ;

is a coriuption of L. bulla, a papal bull, suffix -idis. From L. bi-, two ; no min-,
&c. ; see Bull ( for nomen, a name.

billet (1). a note. (F.-L.) A. F. bil- Biography. (Gk.) A written ac-

lette. — Late L. billctta, billeta, dimin. of count of a liie; from #0-, lor &'tos, life;
billa, a writing see Bill (3 above. ;
and 7pcKfxtv, to write. The sb. /3 /or is

Billet (2), a log of wood. (FA F. allied to Quick.

billettc billot a billet of wood.
,
Dimin.
, biology. (Gk.) Science of life ;
from
of bilk, a log, stump. Origin unknown. Gk. 1 3 /o- f lor -\oyia, a dis-
tor, life ;
and
billiards. (b .) F. billard, ‘a billard, coursing, from A070S, a discourse.
or the stick wherewith we touch the ball Biped. (L.) E. biped-, stem of bipes,
at billyards Cot. Formed with suffix
;
’ two-looted; from bi-, two; pes foot.
-ard (G. -hart) from bille, a log, stick, as Birch, a tree. (E.) M.E. hirehe.
above. A.S. biree, f.+G. birke, f.<Teut. *birk-
Billion * see Million. jon -. Also A. S. here, beorc Du.^ . +
 , , , ; i
; ,; y . , ;

BIRD BIZARRE
berk ; Swed. bjork, Dan. birk
Icel. bjork, M. E. bite (2 syll.). A. S. bita, a morsel.
(cf. North E. fo7v6 ).<Teut. *berkd f. Cf. From A. S. bit-, weak grade of bitan ,
to
also O. Slav. brSza, Russ, bereza Lith. ;
bite.+ Du. beet; Icel. Swed.bit ;
bit ;
berzas. Also Skt. bhurja a kind of birch. ,
Dan. bid. < Teut. type Hiton-, m.
Bird. (E.) M. E. brid (the r being bit (2), a curb for a horse. (E.) M. E.
shifted) A. S. bridd, a bird, esp. the
; bitt . A. S. bite, m. a bite, a biting. < Tent,
young of birds. type % bitiZy a bite ;
cf. bitoly a curb.+Du.
Biretta, a clerical cap. (Ital. — L. — gebit\ Icel. bitill (dimin.) ; Swed. bctt
Gk.) Ital. beretta (Torriano) cf. Late Dan. bid; G. gebiss. ;

L. birretum , orig. a scarlet cap. - Late L. Bitch. (E.) M. E. bichey bicche. A. S.

birr us, burrus reddish. See Bureau.
, /;/cV£.-f-Icel. bikkja also grey-baka ;

Birth.(Scand.) M. E. burthe birthe. , Bite. (E.) M. E. bilen . A. S. bitan.

Cf. Icel. burdr, m. ; Swed. bord, Dan. + Du. hijten ;
Icel. bita Swed. bita ;
byrd, f. ( - O. Icel. byrd , f.). A. S. + Dan. bide G. Teut. type * bitan-.
be is sen.
;

gebyrd f. O. H. G. giburt G. geburt) ;

, ; ( Allied to L.Jindere (pt. t .ffdi), to cleave;
Goth, gabaurths, f.<Tcut. Hurbiz - Idg. Skt. bhidy to cleave. (^BHEID.)
*bhrtis (Skt. bhrtis f. noinishment). All bitter. (E.) M. E. biter. A. S .biter,
from the weak grade of y'BIIER, to bitory lit.
1
biting/ —
A. S. bit- weak grade
bear. See Bear (i). of bitan , to bite.-f-Du. bitter
Icel. bitr ;
Biscuit, a kind of cake. (F. — L.) F. Swed., Dan., G. bitter.
biscuit , twice cooked. — F. bis (L. bis) ,
lit. Bittern, a bird. (F. - Late L.) The
twice ; and cuit, cooked, from I... coctum ,
71 is added. M. E. bo tor, bitoure — F. .

aca of coctus pp. of coquere , to cook.

, butory ‘a bittor [bittern];’ Cot. Prob.
Bisect. (L.) From L. bi-, short for named from its cry; cf. L. but Ire, bubere,
bis, twice ; and scct-um, supine of secure to cry like a bittern whence also L.biitio,
, ;

to cut. said to mean bittern/ though the same

‘

Bishop. (L.-Gk.) A. S. biscop. — L. word as biiteo, i.e. buzzard.

episcopus. — Gk. km ok ottos, a bishop; lit. Bitts, naval teim. (Scand.?) The
*
overseer.’ — Gk. €tt/, upon; okottus, one bitts are two strong posts on deck to
that watches, from okott-, 0-grade of OKtn-, which cables are fastened. Prob. from
as in (TKeir-TOfiai, I spy, overlook. See Icel. bitiy a bit, mouthful (see Bit
(1) );
Species. also, a cross-beam in a house a thwart ;

Bismuth, a metal. G. bismuth

(G.) ;
(L. tratistrwn) in a ship. [F. bites, bitts
also spelt wis unity w issmut, wissmuth. (see Cot.), Span, bitas, may have been
Origin unknown. borrowed from K.] Cf. also A. S. bating, ,

Bison, a quadruped. (L. — Teut.) L. a cable for holding a ship, from blctan ,

bison (Plinyj Late Gk. plow. Not a L.

; to restrain, curb, equivalent (in form) to
word, but borrowed from Teutonic Icel. beita see Bait.
; Also Swed. beting ,
O. H. G. wisunty G. wisent y a bison ;
a bitt, whence betingbult a bitt-bolt, bitt-
,

A. S. weosendy a wild ox Icel. vis undr. ; pin ;

Dan. bedingused also on land for
:

See.O. II. G. wisunt in Schade. tethering horses, as in Swed. betingbult a

Bissextile, a name for leap-year. peg^for tethering, from beta , to pasture, bait.
(L.) Late L. bissextilis annus bissextile Bitumen. (L.) L. bitumen mineral
year. — L. bissextus, an intercalary day; so pitch. Cf. Brugm. i. § 663.
Bivalve. (F. — L.) From Bi- and
called because the intercalated day (for-
merly Feb. 24) was called the sixth of Valve.
the calends of March; there being thus Bivouac. (F. — G.) F. bivouac orig. ,
two days with the same name.-L. bis, bivac. — Swiss G. beiwachty an additional
twice ; Sextus, sixth, from sex, six. watch at night (Stalder); cf. bei-geben,
Bisson, purblind. (E.) In Sh. M. E. to add. — G. beiy in addition ; wacht, a
bisen. O. Northumb. bisen blind (Matt, , watch, from wachen to wake. See Wake ,

ix. 28). Origin unknown. (O. Cf. G. beiwache.

Bistre, a dark brown. (F. — G. ?) F. Bizarre, odd. (F. — Span.) F. bi-
bistre, a dark brown. Perhaps from prov. zarre, strange, capricious orig 1 valiant/ ; .

G. Hester, dark, gloomy, also bistre (Flu- - Span, bizarro, valiant, gallant. Perhaps
gel). of Basque origin; cf. Basque bizarra a
,
Bit (1), a mouthful, small piece. (E.) beard. Cf. Span, hotnbre de bigote, a man
 , , .,

BLAB BLAZON
1
of spirit ;
where bigote means mous- blanch, white. Nasalised form from
tache.’ O. H. G. blah shining ; cf. Gk. <pK 6 y-(cn,
Blab, to tell tale*;. (E) M. E. blabbe , flaming, shining, from (f)\ly-uu, to shine,
a tell-tale ;
blabcren , to babble. Cf. Dan. blanket. (F. — O. H. G.) Orig. of a
blabbre to babble Dan. dial, blaffre G. ; ,
white colour. M. E. blanket. — A. F. Man-
plappern, to babble, prate. Of imitative ! ket (F. blanchet ), dimin. from Mane, white;
oiigin cf. Gael .plab, a soft noise ; plabair,
;
see above,
a babbler blabaran a stammerer, blab/i-
; , Blare, to make a loud noise. (E.)
(tack, babbling, garrulous. M. E. btarcn Cf. Du. blarcn, Low G.
Black. (E.) M. E. blak. A.S .blae, Marten to bleat; M. II. G. bleren bier-
, ,

Mac [which editors have often confused ren (G. pldrren), to bleat, blubber. Prob.
with Mac, bright, shining ], Cf. Icel. imitative, like Meat but cf. Blaze (2). ;

blakkr. dark also A. S. Mac, Low G. blak,

; Blason sec Blazon, ;

O.H.G, Mach Icel. hick, Swed. Meek, Dan.

, Blaspheme, to speak injuriously. (L.
blak, all meaning ink.’ Connexion with * — Gk.) L. blasphemdre. — Gk. a<T<prr
Du. blaken, to scorch, is doubtful. /xf Tv, to speak ill of. — Gk./3\d(j<f>77/xos, adj.,

blackguard, a term of reproach. (E. speaking evil.-Gk. (Skaa-, fer *j3 Aa£(?-,
and F.) from black and guard. A name 1. e. huitful (cf. p\a@- 7), hurt) and <p 7]n'i, 1 ;

given to scullions, turnspits, and kitchen say : see Fame. Brugm. i.

§ 744.
menials, from the dirty work done by Blast, a blowing. { L. ) M.E. blast.
them. See Trench, Select Glossary. A. S. a blowing; cf. Icel. blast r, a
blast,
Bladder. (E.) M. E. bladdre A. S. . breath, blast of a trumpet O. H. G. blast, ;

bladdre , blltdre, a blister, bladder (lit. Formed with Idg. suft'ix to- from the old
blowing out). +
Du. blaar [Icel. bladra* J ;
base of Blaze (2).
O. H. G. bldlara (G. blatter). Tout, type Blatant, noisy, roaring. (E.) Spenser
* Mthiron wk. fern. From Teut. stem has blatant beast’; F. Q. vi. 12 ^head-
-, ‘

bUb, to blow (see Blow i) N with suflix <

; ing) ;
also blattant, id. vi. 1. 7. lbob.
•droit similar to Gk. -17x1 cf. x^ T P a > a pot), imitative. Cf. Lowl. Sc. Mad, to abuse;
Blade, a leaf, flat of a sword. (F.) a rattling noise
blatter, G. plalz, a crash.
;

M.E. blade. A.S. bind, a leaf.+Iccl. Blay, a bleak (fish'. ^E.,* A.S. Idlege,
blab, Swcd., Dan., Du. Mad, a leaf, blade; +I)u. bid G. bleihe. ;

G. blatt. Teut. type *bla-dom iieut., with , Blaze (D, a flame. (E.) M. E. blase.
sense of ‘blown,’ i. e. ‘flourishing;’ pp. A.S. blase, a flame, in comp, bd l blase,
form (with suffix 'do- — Idg. -to-) from a bright light blase, f. a torch ; <Teut.
;

VPHLO. See Blow 2). 1 type * Mason. Cf. M. II. G. Mas, a torch ;

Blaeberry, Bleaberry, a bilbeiiy. also G. Masse, Icel. hiesi, a ‘blaze’ or

(Scand. and K.) From Noith K. blae, white mark on a hoise, Swed. bids, the
livid, daik and berry, The form blae is
;
same.
fiom Icel. bld-r, livid see under Blue. ;
Blaze (2), to proclaim, noise abroad.
Blain, a pustule. (E.) M. E. blew . (Scatid.'i Mark i. 45. M. E. blasen. —
A.S. blegen, a boil. D11. Mein Dan. + ;
Icel. Mdsa, to blow, blow a tiumpet, sound
ble^n. an alarm; Swed. blSsa to sound; Dan.
Blame, (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E.
vb. blase, Du. blazcn, to blow a tiumpet G. ;

Mamen. — O.Y. blasmer to blame. -L. Maun. Also Goth. u/Mcsan, to puff up.
blasphemdt e to speak ill, also to blame.
,
!
<Teut. type * Mas- an-, to blow; whence
— Gk. 0 \a<jipr]ficiv see Blaspheme. ; |
A S. blast, E. blast. Much confused with
Blanch 0 to whiten. (F'.-O. II. G.'.
!

v ,
bla:on.
From F. Manchir, to whiten. — F. blanc, i Blazon (i). Blason, a proclamation,
white ; see Blank below. Ilamkt, i. 5. 21 ;
Shak. Son. 106. A cor-
Blanch (2), the same as Blench. ruption from Blaze (2', M.E. blasen , to
Bland. (L.) I,, blandus, mild. proclaim; due to confusion with Blazon
blandish, to flatter. (F.- L.) M. K. below.
blandisen. — O.Y. blandis-, stem of pres. Blazon (2), to pourt ray armorial bear-
pan of blandir, to flatter. — L. Mandiri, to ;
i).g>. (I .') M. E. blason blasoun a shield;
4
, ,

caiess.— L. blandus, bland. I whence blazon, verb, to describe a shield.

Blank, white. (F. — O. II. G.) In — F. blason, a coat of arms, orig. a shield
Milton, 1\ L. x. 656.- F. blanc. — O. II. G. (brachet). Cf. Span, blason, heraldry,
 , , , . );,
, ,. + ;

BLEABERRY BLISS
blazonry, glory, hacer blason, to blazon, A. S. and Goth, blandan ,
str. redupl. vb.,
blasonar to blazon, brag, boast suggest- ;
O. H. G. blantan , to mix.
ing a (very doubtful) connexion with G. Bless, to consecrate, &c. (E.) The
blase n, to blow the trumpet, as done by orig. sense may have been ‘to consecrate
heralds, to proclaim a victor’s fame see ;
by blood,* i. e. either by sacrifice or by the
Blaze (2) above. (See Scheler.) Or if the sprinkling of blood, as the word can be
orig. sense was a bright mark on a shield, clearly traced back to blood . M. E. blessen ,

it is allied to Blaze (1). A. O. Northumb. bledsia bloed-

S. blelsian , ,

Bleaberry ;
see Blaeberry. sia (Matt. xxv. 34, xxvi. 26), which can
Bleach. (E.) Orig.* to whiten;* M.E. be explained from blod, blood, with the usual
blechen Ancren Riwle, p. 324, 1 1. A. S.
, . vowel-change from 0 to oe or e. Teut. type
bhecan. — A. S. bide, shining, bright, pale. *blddison. (IT. bleed. (Suggested by Sweet
See bleak below. Icel. bleikja Du. + \
Anglia, iii. 156.)
bleeken ; G. bleichen <Teut. Hlaikjan -. Blight. (E.) XVII cent. Of unknown
;

bleak (0, orig. pale. (Scand.) M. E. origin ; perhaps from A. S. * bliht O. Merc. ,

bleik. — Icel. bleikr pale Swed. blek *bleht exactly answering to Icel. blettr a
; ; ,

Dan. bleg.+ A. S. bide Du. bleek G. spot, stain. ; ;

bleich. Teut. type *blaikos. From *blaik- Blind. (E.) A. S. blind. 4-D11. blind r ;

strong grade of Teut. *bleikan - (A. S. Icel. blindr\ Sw., Dan., G. /V/W;<Teut.
bITcan), to shine. type *blindoz (Idg. base *bhlendh O. Cf.
bleak (2), a fish. (Scand.) From its Lith. blfsti-s (3 pr. s. blendzia-s), to become
pale colour. dim of the sun).
Blear-eyed, having watery, inflamed, blindfold, vb. (E.) M. K. blind-
or dim eyes. (E.) M. E. hleer-eyed. folden, verb (Tyndale- corruption of ;

Cognate with Low G. blarr-ogcd, blear- blindfelden (Palsgrave), wheie the d is

eyed cf. blarr-oge, an eye wet with tears, excrescent.
;
The true word is blindfellen ,

from blarren to howl, weep which seems to fell or strike blind, Ancren Riwle, p.
, ;
4
’

to be allied to E. blare 06. — A.S. blind blind; and fellan to j

, ,

Bleat. (E.) M. E. bletcti. A. S. bld- strike see Fell. ;

tan bletan to bleat as a sheep. + Du.

, , Blindman’s buff ; see Buff.
blaten ;
O. II. G. plazan. Cf. Russ, ble- Blink, to wink, to glance. (E.) M. E.
jate , to bleat ;
L. fiere, to weep. blenken to shine, to glance whence mod.
, ;

Bleb, Blob, a small bubble or blister. E. blink, by change oi en to in, as in

(E.l Cf. M. E. blobcr a bubble on water ,
many words. Allied to A. S. blanc, white
blubber a bubble. , By comparing blobber (as in blanc-a, a white horse 1, cognate with
blubber with bubble having much the same
, , O. H. G. blanch. M. II. G. blanc see ;

meaning, we see the probability that they Blank. Cf. Du., G. blinken Swed. ,

are imitative, from the action of forming blinka Dan. blinks all late forms; and
,
,

a bubble with the lips. A. S. bit can, to shine.

Bleed. (E.) M. E. bleden. A. S. ble- Bliss. (E.) See Blithe.
dan formed (by mutation of o to ?\ from Blister. (F. — Teut.) M. E. blester,
A. S. blod, blood. <Teut. type Hlodjan to blister (Not found before 1300.) — O. F.
lose blood >Icel. blee)a. blestre ‘
tumeur,’ Godefroy.
,
Of Teut.
Blemish, to stain. (F.) M. E. ble- origin ;
cf. Icel. bldstr (dat. bldstri), a
misshen. — O. F. blemis stem of pres. part, blast, also a swelling, allied to E. Blast.
of blemir blesmir to wound, stain, make
, ,
From the notion of blowing out.
pale. — O. F. bletne , blestne wan, pale. Of , Blithe. (E.) M.E. blithe. A.S.
unknown origin. happy. +O. Sax. blT5 i, bright,
blide , sweet,
Blench, to shrink from. (E.) M. E. glad Du. blijde, blij Icel. blidr Swed.,
; ; ;

blenchen, to avoid, elude. A.S. blencan, Dan. blid O. II. G. Midi, glad; Goth.
;

to deceive as if from a Teut. type *blank-

;
bleiths ,
merciful, kind.
jan causal of *blinkan-, to blink. But bliss. (E.) M. E. blis. A. S. blis,
proof is wanting. bliss contr. from A.S.
;
happiness, blids,
Blend, to mix together. (Scand . lit. blitheness. — A. S. blide (above).
M. E. blenden. Due to blend-, base of the O. Sax. blizza blidsea happiness. Teut.
, ,

pres, indie, of Icel. blanda (Swed. blanda stem * Hid sia, with j</, the suffix being
Dan. blande), to blend ; cognate with -lid, as in L. laelidia.

52
 , , , , , + ;, , , \ , ;,;.

BLOAT BLUNDERBUSS
Bloat, (Scand.) to swell. We now Blotch, a large blot. (F.) From O. F.
generally use bloated to mean ‘ puffed bloche , < *
tumeur
;
(Godefroy, s. v. blcste ).
1
out or
’
swollen/ as if allied to blow . Blouse, a loose outei frock. (I.)
Hut the M. E. form was Mont, soft con- ;
From F. Mouse, a fiock much used by
nected with led. blautr , soft, effeminate, workmen (XVIII cent.'. Origin unknown.
imbecile, blotna to become soft, lose Blow (1), to puff. (E.) M. E. blowen.
courage. Cf. Swed. blot,Dan. blod. soft, A. S. bid wan. +
G. Ida hen, O. 11 G. bid- .

pulpy, mellow. Allied to leel. bland r ,

ban’, allied to L .flare.
soft ; A. S bleaj), G. blade weak. ,
Blow (2), to bloom, flourish as a flower.
bloater, a prepared herring. (Scand.) (E ) M. A. S. bldwan +Du.
E. blowen.
A bloater is a cured fish, cured by smoke ; bloeijen; G. bluhen, O. H. G. bluojait.
but formerly a ‘ soaked fish. — I cel. blautr Allied to L plorere see Flourish.
’
. \

soft. Cf. Swed. blotpisk, soaked fish ;

from Blow (3), a stroke, hit. (E.) M. E.
biota, to soak, steep ;
from bi t, soft blowe. A. S. but we find M. Du.
Not in ;

(above). strong verb blouwen (pt. t. Man), to strike,

Blob, a bubble. (E.) Sec Bleb. dress flax by beating O. II. G. bliuwan, ;

Block, a large piece of wood. (F. — whence G. blauen, to beat; Goth, bliggwan
M. 11 G.) M. K. blok. - O. F. bloc.-
. to strike all from Teut. *bliwwan-, to
;

M. II. G. block a block cf. Du. blok Dan. , ;

strike. (History obscuie.)
blok, Swed. block. Der. block-ade. Blubber. (E.) M. lii. blober, a bubble
Blond. F. blond, m.
(F.) XV cent. Moberen, to bubble up, to weep copiously.
blonde fern, ‘light yellow;’ Cot. Referred Of imitative origin; cf. Blob. The
by Diez to Icel. blandinn, mixed ; cf. A. S. blubber of the whale consists of bladder-
blonden-feax having hair of mingled like cells filled with oil. Blubber-lipped
colour, gray-haired. See Blend, But with swollen lips. Cf. E. Pries, blubber,
the Low L. form is bhtndus , pointing to a bubble, a blob of fat; blubbern, to
a Teut. type *blundo answering to Skt. bubble.
bradhna-s, reddish, pale yellow (Kluges Bludgeon. (F. -Tent.) A. F. bolzon, a
Cf. C). Slav. broid, white ;
Brugm. i. cioss-bow bolt. — O. II. G. boh see Bolt. ;

§Si 4 . Blue, a colour. (F.-O.H.G.) M. E.

Blood. (E.) M.K .blod, blood. A. S. blew, bleu. — A. F. bin, blew, O. F. bleu,
bldd.+ Du. bloed, Jcel. blod, Swed. blod, blue. — O. II. G. blao. blue, livid, G. blatt.
Goth, Moth ;
G. bint ; <Teut. type *blodom, + Icel. bldr, livid ;
Sued, bla, Dan. blaa ;
n. lienee bleed. A.S. blow (O. Ji. Texts, p. 588' Teut. ; <
Bloom, a flower. (Scand.) M. E. t\pe *bhewoz. Cognate with hat. planus,
blome\ not in A. S. — Icel. blom, blomi, a yellow.
flower; Swed. blomma Dan. bio nunc. Bluff, downright, rude. (Du.?)
;
A
Du. bloem\ Goth, blotna allied to O. lr. bluff a steep headland. It appears to be
;

blaih,\,.Jlos see Flower. And see below. Dutch. M. Du. Map flat, broad
;
blaffaert , ;

blossom. (E.) M. E. blosme, also one having a bioad flat face, also, a
Mostme. A. S. Mdstina, a blossom from boaster (Oudemans) blaf van het voor- ; ;

base bid- of A. S. bio -wan, with suffixes hooft ‘the flat of a forehead* (Hexham);
-st and -ma (Teut. *mori).+T)u. bloesem blaffen , bleffen, to mock (id.). Cf. E. ;

M. II. G. bluost (with suffix -st). See Fries, bluppen to make a noise, bluster,
above. impose on.
Blot (i)» a spot. (F. — Teut.) M. E. Blunder, to flounder about, err.
blot ;
blotten, vb. -M. F. blotter , ‘to (Scand.)
from M. E. blondreti , to confuse, to
Cot. — O. F. blotte, bloslc a clot of move blindly or stupidly.
1
blot; P'ormed (as a
earth. (Prob. Teutonic.) frequentative) from Icel. blunda to doze,
Blot (2), at backgammon. (Scand.) slumber; Swed. blunda , to shut the eyes;
A blot is an * exposed * piece. — Dan. blot, Dan. blunde, to nap. Cf. Icel. blundr ,
bare, naked whence give st'g blot, to lay Dan. and Swed. blund, a doze, a nap.
;

oneself open, expose oneself; Swed. Mott, From the sense of ‘ confusion.* Allied to
naked; blotta , to lay oneself open. l)u. Blend and Blind. +
Moot, naked, blootstellen, to expose G. Blunderbuss, a short gun. (Hyb.) ;

Moss, naked. Allied to Icel. blautr , soft In Pope. P'ormerly spelt blanterbussef
see Bloat. plant ierb it sse (Palmer, Folk-Etymology)

53
 ; . , , , , ; ; , , , , , ;
;
,

BLUNT BOHEA
i. c. a gun on a rest.* Apparently from
* short for aborde , used by Palsgrave. — F.
1
L. plantare , to plant (see Plant); and aborder ,
approach, accost, abboord,
to
Du. bus, a gun, orig. a box, barrel; see or lay aboord ’ Cot. — F. a , to (L. ad);
;

Box (1 ). But the corresponding Du. woi d bord, edge, brim, side of a ship, from
is donderbus i. e. thunder-gun.,
Icel. bord , Du. boord side of a ship. Sec
Bltmt, dull. (Sound.?) M. E. blunt, Board (l).
llont, dull, dulled. Origin unknown Boast. (FA M. E. host. [\Y. host,
perhaps allied to Icel. blunda , Dan. Corn, host, Irish and Gael, bosd, are all
hiunde, to sleep, doze see Blunder. ;
borrowed from E.] From A. F. host, a

Blur, to stain a stain. (Scand. ? ):

boast. Prob. fiom Norw. bausta ,
to act
Pioperly to dim*; metaphorically, ‘to
4
with violence, baust boastfully (Ross). Cf. ,

deceive/ We find 4
A Mine, dcccptio : E. Fries, busen to be boisterous.
to Mirre, fallere Levins (1570).
;
Of ' Boat. (E.) M. E. boot. A. S. bat.
uncertain origin. Cf. Swed. dial. Mura ,
Cf. Icel. bdtr Swed bat Du .boot; Russ.
;
.
;

to blink, partially close the eyes; Swed. bo? \V. bad; Gael, bata, a boat. (3 The .

plira Swed. dial. Mira to blink Mirra

, ;
Icel. uoiri is borrowed from A. S. ; and

fojr augu to quiver (be dim) before the

,
the other foims either from E. or Icel.
eyes, said of a hnze caused by heat; Teut. type *baitoz, m.
’
Bavarian plerr, a mist before the eyes. Boat-swain. (E.) Lit. ‘ boat-lad ;

Blurt, to utter impulsively. (F.) Icel. sveinn , a lad ( --- A. S. si van).

Lowl. Sc. blirt to make a noise in weep-
,
Bob, to jerk. (E.) Perhaps imitative.
ing; cf. M. E. Meren to make a loud ,
Bobbin, a wooden pin on which thread
noise, to Mare. Of imitative origin. is wound ;
round tape. (E.) Formerly
Blush. (E.) M. E. hiit schen blusshen , ,
bobin. — E. a quil for a spinning
bobine ,
4

to glow. A. S. blyscan used to translate ,

wheele, a skane; Cot. Orig. unknown. *

L. rutildre , to shine (Mone, Quellen, 355); Bode, to foreshew. (E.) M. E. boden,

cf. ablysian, dblisian to blush from A. S. ;
bodian — A. S. bodian to announce. — A. S.
.

in brd-blys, lit. ‘a fire- blaze.* Du + boaa, a messenger; bod, a message. From

blozcn to blush, from Mw, a blush
,
Dan. ;
bod-, weak grade of beodan to command,
blusse, to flame, glow, from a torch ;
announce. See Bid ^2.
Swed. to blaze, from Moss a torch. , Bodice, *tays. (E.) A coriuption of
From Tent, root *Meus to glow. , bodies (pi. of body), which was the old
Bluster, to be boisterous. (E.) Doubt- spelling. iCf. F. corset, fiom corps.)
less associated in idea with blast (Icel. Bodkin, a orig. small dagger. (?)
bldstr, Swed. blast ) . Cf. K. Fries. M.E boydckin, Ch. Origin unknown.
tern, to be tempestuous (esp. of wind) , Body, the frame of an animal. (E.)
a breeze ; bin sen, to blow
bliister , bluser, M. E. bodi ;
A.S. bodtg.-J-O. II. G. potach.
strongly bliise, wind.; Boer ;
the same as Boor.
Boa, a large snake. (L.) L. boa Bog. (CA from Irish bogach , a bog,
(Pliny); perhaps allied to bos, an ox ; from bog, soft; bogaim I shake; a bog
ef. Irish
its size. being a soft quagmire. So also Gael.
Boar, an animal. (E.) M.E. bore, boor. bogan, a quagmire bog, soft, moist bog, ; ;

A. S. bar. -f- Du. beer; M. H. G. her. to soften, also to agitate. Cf. O. Irish
Teut. type *bairoz m. bocc, soft.

Board (1). (E.) M.E. bord. A.S. Boggard, Boggart, a spectre. (C.
bord, board, side of a ship, shield. +• Du. with b .
suffix.) rum bog \ariant of
b ,

boord Icel. bord plnnk, side of a ship G.

; , ;
Bug (i); with suffix - ard art [Y.-ard ,
*

bord Goth. - baurd in fotu baurd, a foot- asm See below.

bast-ard).
stool. Cf. Irish, Gael., W., and Corn. Boggle, to start aside, swerve for fear.
bord, a board (from E.). Teut. type (C t) Prob. coined from prov. E. boggle
Hordom n. €f|" The sense side of a ship * Cf. W. Mug, a goblin
4

,
bogle, a spectre.
explains star-board lar-board on board , , ,
bygel, a scarecrow Inugwl, a threat, ;

over-board Der. board, to have meals as bygyln, to threaten; bwgwth, to scare.

a lodger from board a table.
;
Kt 'f'
Bug (i).
board (2), to go on board a ship, to |
Bohea, a kind of tea. (Chinese.) So
accost. (F.— Teut.) The sb. board is K., \ -rued from the Bohea hills; the moun-
but the verb, formerly spelt horde bord, is ,
i in called Bony (or Wu-i ) is situated in
 , ; , , ,, ,, ;, ,. ; , , , ;

BOIL BOOBY
the province of Fokien or Fukian on the L. bolus (not L. bdlus), a Latinised form
S. E. coast of China. of Gk. /3 tt>Ao$, a clod, lump.
Boil (i), to bubble up. (F. — L.) O. F. Bomb, a shell for cannon. (F. or Span.
boillir to boil (F. bouil/ir). — L. bullire to — L. — Gk.) F. bombe ;
Span, bomba. — L.
bubble up, boil. — L. bulla, a bubble; see bom bus, a humming noise. — Gk. @6pi/3 os t

Bull (2). Cf. Norman F. boillir, to the same. See Boom (1).
boil.. bombard. (F.-L.-Gk.) The verb
Boil a small tumour. (E.)
(2), Prov. isfrom E. bombard a great gun ; Sh. — F.
E. bile prob. affected by boil ( 0
;
M. E. * bombarde, a cannon; extended from F.
byle. A. S. byl, a boil, swelling.+Du. bombe see Bomb. Dor. bombard-ier, F.
;

bull; G. beule Cf. Goth, ufbauljan to bombardier (Cot.).

puff up Icel. beyla a hump (with muta-
;
Bombast, orig. cotton wadding; hence
tion). See Bowl (2). padding, affected language. (F.-L.-
Boisterous. (F.) Gk.) From O. F. bombace (with added t ),
Lengthened from
M. E. hoistons, Ch. ; lit. * noisy/ Boistous cotton wadding. — Late L. bombdeem , acc.
is formed, with O. F. suffix -ous, from of bombax cotton for L. bombyx — Gk. , ;
.

Norw. baust-a to act with violence ; like $ 6 /aPv£, silk, cotton; orig. a silkworm.
,

cloister from L. claustnim. Cf. Norw. Cf. ‘to talk fustian /

bn list , boastfully; bans, blustering.
,
See bombazine, bombasine, a fabric
Boast. of silk and worsted. (F. — L. — Gk.) F.
Bold. (E.) M. E. bold bald; A. S. bombasin.— Late L. bombacinum. — L. bom-
,

be aid, bald ba 1)>.+ Icel. ballr; Du. bond; bycintis, adj. silken ; from bombyx, silk ;
',

O. H. G. bald cf. Goth, balthaba

;
adv., see above. ,

boldly. Teut. type *bal]>oz. Bond. (E.) See Band (1).

Bole, stem of a tree. (Scand.) M. E. Bondage, servitude. (K. — Scand.)
bole. — loci. bolr. bnlr the trunk of a tree, M. E. and A. F. bondage, servitude; the
stem; Swed. bSl Dan. bnl. Cf. Gk. sense being due to confusion with the verb
il>a\-ay(, a log, trunk. Cf. Balk (i\ to bind. Put it orig. meant the condition
Boiled, swollen. (Scand.) Earlier of a bondman, called in A. S. bonda a
forms are M. E. bollen pp., and bo ltied, word borrowed from Icel. bondi, a hus-
,

pp. The latter is the pp. of M. E. bolnen bandman. And bdndi= buandi a tiller
to swell. — Dan. bulne, Swed. bulna } Icel. from Icel. bfta, to till, prepare, cognate
bolgna to swell, inchoative forms from with A. S. bfian, to dwell, and G. batten .
,

\vk. grade of belg- (cf. Icel. belgja to in- Thus A. S. bonda is allied in sense and
flate). Cf. A. S. belgan (pp. bolgen ), to origin to E. boor, q. v.
swell with anger. See Bellows, Billow. Bone. (E.) M. E. boon A. S. ban.
Bolster. (E.) A. S. bolster, with suffix +Du. been Icel. bein Sw ed. ben ; Dan. ; ;

- ster as in hol ster. From its round shape. been O. II. G. bein Tiut. type *bainom. ;

^Yiw. bolster, buls ter Icel. bolstr O. ; bonfire. (E.) ;

Orig. a bone -fire.
II. G. bolstar (G. polster). Teut. type 1 Bane-fire, ignis ossium ; * Catholicon
*bul-stroz; from Teut. *bul, weak grade Anglicanum, A. D. 1483; where bane is
of * beui, to puff up. See Boil (2). (See the Northern form of bone. Cf. Picard fu
Franck.) d'os, a bonfire.
Bolt ( 0 a stout pin of iron, an arrow. Bonito, a kind of tunny. (Span.—
,

(E.) A. S. bolt.+ Du. bout, formerly bolt Arab.) Span, bonito — Arab, bayttilh, .

Dan. bolt; G. boh, bolzen. Root unknown. a bonito.

Bolt (2), Boult, to sift meal. (F. - Bonnet. (F.) F. bonnet; O. F. bonet
L. — Gk.) Spelt bon It e in Palsgrave.— (a. d. 1047), the name of a stuff of which
O. F. buller; mod. F. Muter; oldest form bonnets or caps were made. Origin
buleter a corruption of * bureter, to sift unknown.
,

through coarse cloth; cf. M. Ital. burat- Bonny, fair. (F. — L.) From F. bonne,
tare , to boult (Florio). — O. F. and F. fair, fem. of bon, good. — L. bonus good;
bure , coarse woollen cloth. — Late Lat. O. L. duotius.
bura, burra, coarse red cloth. — Lat. Bonze, a priest. (Port.— Japanese.)
burrus, reddish. — Gk. irvppos, reddish. — Port, bonzo. — Jap. botizo, a religious man.
Gk. irvp fire. See Bureau and Fire.
, Booby. (Span. — L.) Span, bobo, a
Bolus, a large pill. (L.— Gk.) Late blockhead, booby (related to F. baube,
 , , . , , . ; ,;

BOOK BOTANY
stammering). — L. balbus, stammering; — M.
Du. bait cf. Icel. byti, Du. lute, ;

hence, stupid. Dan.

Swed. byte exchange, barter, bytte,
Book. (E.) M. E. booh ; A. S. hoc, a also booty, spoil G. beute, spoil,
book; also, a beech-tree. The orig. Borage. (F. - Span. - Arab.) For-
* books * were pieces of writing scratched merly bourage — F. bourrache. — Span, .

+
on a beechen board. Du. boek; Icel. bdk borraja.— Arab. rashk, lit. ‘father of
;

Swed. £*£ Dan. ;

G. btuh all in the sweat because it is a sudorific,
; ;
’

sense of ‘ book Goth, bdka, a letter, pi.

’
; Borax. (Low L. — Arab. — Pers.) Low
bokos, writings, p. With A. S. boc, beech, cf. L. borax also boracum. — Arab, burdq — ; .

L. fdgus a beech, Gk. <prjy 6 $, a tree with Pers. burah, borax (Vullers).
edible fruit. Border, an edge. (F. — Low L. —
Boom ( 0
to hum.
,
(E.) M. E. Teut.) M. E. bordure hordeure. — O. F. ,

men; not found in A. S.+Du. bom men, bordeiirc (Span, bordadura ), an edging.—
to boom, to give out a hollow sound like Low L. borddtiira edging. — Low L. bor-
an empty barrel. An imitative word (/are (Ital. bordare, Span, borda r, F.
;

like L. bornbus, Gk. p 6 fi@os, a humming, border), to edge. — Low L. bordus (F.
Boom (2), a pole. (Du.) Du. boom bord). — Teut. (O. Low G.) boni, side; see
;

the Du. fotm of Beam (i\ Board.

Boomerang, a wooden missile weapon. Bore (1), to perforate. (E.) M. E.
(Australian.) Prom the native Australian borien, A. S. bo nan. Du. boren; Icel. +
name. bora Swed. borra Dan. G. boh ren. ; ;

Boon (1), a petition. (Scand.) M. E. Also L .fordre, to bore; Gk. <papd(tv, to

bone, Ch. — Icel. bon Dan. and Swed. bon, plough. Brugm. i. § 510.
;
(y'BIIEK,
+
a petition. A. S. been, ben (w hence bene to cut.)
mW T
ordsvvorth). The sense of ‘ favour ’
bore (2), to worry. (E.) Possibly a
arose from confusion with Boon (2). metaph. use of the verb above ;
lien. VIII,
Boon (2), good. (F. — L.) In the phr. i. 1. 128.
‘
boon companion.’ — F. bon, good. — L. Bore (3), a tidal suige in a river.
bonus . See Bonny. (Scand. ?) Perhaps from Iced, bara, a
Boor, a peasant. (Du.) Du. boer, a billow caused by wind; Norw. baara, a
peasant, lit. ‘ tiller of the soil.’ — Du. billow, swell in the sea.
bouwen, to till. +
A. S. brian, to dwell in, Boreas, the north wind. (L. — Gk.)
whence gebur, s., a peasant (only preserved L. Boreas. — Gk. Bopias, Boppds, the N.
in neigh-bour). So also G. bauen to till, ,
wind.
whence hauer, a peasant; Icel. bua, Goth. Borougll. (E.) M. L. burgh, borgh ;
bauan, to dwell. Teut. stem *bu-, related also borwe. A. S. burk, burg (gen. and
to Bo. (Streitberg, § 90.) dat. by rig), a fort. Perhaps from Teut.
Boot (x), advantage, profit. (E.) M. E. burg-, weak giade of *bergan-, to pro-
bote , boot. A. S. hot, profit.+Du. boete ;
tect whence Goth, bairgan, to hide, keep
;

Icel. bdt (cf. bait), advantage, cure ; Dan. see Barrow. -f- Du. burg ; Icel. borg\
bod,Swed. hot, remedy; G. busse, atone- Swed. and Dan. borg; G. burg Goth,
ment; Goth. bota. Teut. type *bdtd, f. baurgs. See below. Brugm. i. § 566 ; ii.
From bdt-, strong grade of bat-\ see § 160.
Better. Der. boot- less, profitless. borrow. (E.) M. E. borwen ; A. S.
Boot (2),a covering for the foot. (F.) borgian, lit. to give a pledge. — A. S. borg
M. E. bote.— O. F. bote (F. botte ) cf. Span., ;
borh, a pledge. — A. S. borg-, weak grade
Port., Late L. bota Origin unknown. of beorgan , to keep, protect ;
see Bar-
Booth. (Scand.) M. E. bothe. — M. row and Borough.
Dan. both (Kalkar), Dan. bod; Swed. bod Bosom. (E.) M. E. bosom . A. S.
(cf. Icel. bud, a dwelling, booth). — Dan. /ww.+Du. boezern; G. busen.
boe, Swed. bo, Icel. btia, to dwell; see Boss, a knob. (F. — O. H. G.) M. E.
Boor. + G. btide, a stall. Teut. type boce, — O.
F. boce (F. bosse); cf. Ital.
bos.
*bujd, f. Cf. also Irish both, a hut, bozza, a swelling; M. Ital. bozzare, to
W. bSd, a residence ; Lith. buta, buttas ,
rough-hew, to bungle. Prob. from O. II.
a house. See Build. G. bdzan, to beat ; a blimp being the
Booty. (F. — Low G.) Formerly spelt effect of a blow. Cf. botch , beat
butin. — F. butin ‘a booty, prey;* Cot. Botany. (F. — Gk.) F. hotunique,
.56
 , . — ; ,, ,

BOTARGO BOURD
orig. an adj. — Gk. Potclvik6 s belonging boh; of which the orig. sense was ‘an
,

to plants. — Gk. P oravrj, grass. — Gk. arm.’+Icel. bbgr, Swed. bog, Dan. bov,
•poateav, to pasture; cf. porbv, a grazing the shoulder of an animal, hence the bow
animal. (shoulder) of a ship; G. bug Gk. irrjxvs, ;

I$0targ0, a cake made of the roe of the the fore-arm ; Skt. balms the arm. Teut. ,

sea*-mullet. (Ital. — Arab.) M.Ital. botargo type *boguz Idg. type Hhdghus See, ; .

pi. botarghe see Florio and Torriano.—

;
Bow (4). Brugm. i. § 184.
Arab, butarkha botargo ; given by Devic.
, Bought, a bend, turn, fold. (Low G.)
Supposed to be composed of bu Coptic In Spenser, F. Q. i. 1. 15. ,
Low G. bugt,
def. article, and Gk. rhptxos, dried fish a bend; Du bogt, boeht Dan .bugt. Cf. .

(Joum. des Savants, Jan. 1848, p. 45). G. bucht. The E. form is Bight. And
Botch, (l), to patch. (E.) Origin see Bout.
unknown. Similar is M. Du. but sen, to Boulder, a large stone. (E.?) Etym.
strike, beat, also to patch up; cf. Du. obscure; cf. Swed. dial, bullersteen, a
botsen , to beat. large rolling stone; so called from its
Botch (2), a swelling. (F. - G.) rolling down stream with a crash. — Swed.
M. E. boche — O. North F. boche Picard bullra, to thunder, roar; and steen a
. ; ,

hoc he ; O. F. boce (F. bosse ), a swelling; see stone. Danish has buldre, to roar, bulder
Boss. a crash.
Both. (Scand.) M.E. baj>e f Scot. Boult, to sift meal see Bolt (2). ;

baith. — Icel. bdtiir, both, dual adj. ; Dan. Bounce, to jump up quickly. (E.)
baade; Swed. b8da.+ G. beide. And cf. M. E. bttnsen, to beat. Cf. Low G. bun-
A.S. bu, both; Lat. -bo in ambo ; Gk.-qw sen to beat, knock at a door; Du. bomen, ,

in afi-(j)co Skt. -bha in u-bha both.

;
Icel. to bounce, throw, from Du. bons, a bounce,
,

-dir is for deir they, the; so that bo-th thump; G. bumps bounce; Icel. bops,
, ,

was orig. two words cf. Goth, ba pd skipa bump! Prob. imitative.
; ,

both the ships (Luke v. 7). Bound (1), to leap. (F.-L.-Gk/)

Bother, vb. and sh. (E.) In Swift. Cf. F. bondir, to bound; but 01 ig. to resound.
pother prov. Y..pudder, confusion M.E. — L. bombitdre to resound. — L. hombus,
; ; ,

uthcren to bestir oneself.

,
Origin un- a humming sound. — Gk. PofxPos, the same.
nown. Der. re-bound (F. rebondir ).
Bots, small worms. (E.) Fowl. Sc. Bound (2), a boundaiy. (F. — C.?)
bats. Of unknown origin. M. E. bounde Ch. with excrescent d as , ; }

Bottle (1), a hollow vessel. (F.— in soun-d. A. F. bounde bunde\ O. F. ,

Late L. — Gk.) M. E. hotel. — F. bouteille bonne a boundary also spelt bodne (Bur- .
, ;

— Late Lat. buticula double dimin. of guy) Late Lat. bodina (contr. form
, ;

Late L. butis , butt is a cask, a butt; sec bound), a bound, limit. Perhaps of Celtic
Butt (2). origin Thurncysen, 91. Der. bound-ary. ;

Bottle (2), a bundle of hay. (F. Bound (3), ready to go. (Scand.) In
O. li. G.) M. E. hotel. — O. F. hotel, bot- the ship is bound for Spain,’ &c. ‘

elle, a small bundle, dimin. of botie, a Formed, with excrescent d, from M. E.

bundle, as of hay. — O. II. G. bozo a bundle bonn, ready, Ch. C. T. 1 1807. — Icel.
,

of straw or flax; allied to O. II. G. bozatt buinn, prepared pp. of bua, to till, pre- , ;

to beat (see Beat) perhaps from the pare. +A.S. buan see Boor.
; ;

beating of flax. Bind. (E.) Bounden, the old pp. of

Bottom. M. E. boturn, bothorn. As in
(E.) * bounden duty.*
A. S. botrn. + I)U. bodcm Icel. botn Swed. Bounty, orig. goodness. (F. - L.'*
; ;

hotten Dan .bund; G boden Lat .fundus; M. E. bountee. — O. F. bontet. — L. acc.

;
.
;

Gk. irvOfiTju ;
Vedic Skt. budhna, depth, bonitdtem , from bonitds , goodness. — L.
ground. Allied to Irish bonn, sole of the bonus good. See Bonny.
W
,

foot; Gael, bonn, sole, bottom; .bott, Bouquet. (F. -Late L.) F .bouquet;
base, stock. See Fundament. Brugm. O. F. bosquet, orig. * a little wood,’ dimin.
i- §§ 103, 704. of O. F. bos (F. bots\ a wood. — Late L.
Boudoir. (F.) F. botidoir a private ,
boscum, buscum, acc. of boscus, busens a
room for a lady ;
lit. a place to sulk in. — wood ;
of unknown origin. Cf. Bush.
F. bonder, to sulk. Cf. E. pout Bourd, a jest to jest.
;
(F.) M. E.
Bough. (E.) M. E. bough. A. S. bog, bourde, sb. ;
hourden, v. — F. bourde a
 , ; + , ; ,,;, , , , , , , ;

BOURN BRACELET
game hoarder, to
;
play. Of unknown M.E. bolle. A. S. holla; from its round
origin. (Not as in Diez.) form. 4“ Du. bol, ball Icel. bolli, O. LI. G. ;

Bourn (i), a boundary. (F.) In Sh. holla bowl (G. bolie). From Teut. *bul-,
— F. borne, a bound for O. F. bodne ; ,
weak grade of *bettl-, to swell cf. Goth. ;

variant of O. F. bonne , a boundary ; see uf-bauljan to puff up. See Boil (2).
,

Bound (2). Bow-line. (Scand.) Not so called

Bourn (2), Burn, a stream. (E.) because it keeps a sail bowed (for it rather
M. K. bourne. burna a fountain,
A. S. ,
keeps it straight), but because fastened to
stream, well.-j-Icel. bninnr\ Swed. brunn the ship’s bozv. — Norw. and Swed. bog- ;

Dan. brond; G. brunnen Goth, bruntta lina, bow-line, from bog bow of a ship;
;

a spring, well. Du. boeglijn from boeg, bow. For the

Bouse, Bouze, Boose, to drink pronunciation, cf. bow-sprit. See Bow (4)
deeply. (Du.) M. E. bousen (ab. 1300). and Line.
— M. Du. *busen later buyzen, to drink , Bow-window; see Bow (1).
deeply.— M. Du. (Latinised as Box (1), the name of a tree. (L. — Gk.)
by Erasmus), buysc, a large cup, also a M. E. box ;
A. S. box. — Lat. buxus ,
the
tap, a conduit (Kilian) ; I)u. a con- box-tree. — Gk. irv(os, the box-tree.
duit,pipe. Cf. O. F. buse ,
a conduit box (2), a chest or case to put things
G. bausen to bouse. in. (L. — Gk.) M.E .box; A. S .box.-L,
Bout, a turn, a round, occasion. (Low buxum ,
anything made of box-wood;
G.) The same as Bought (above) ; piob. hence, a box. — Lat. buxus, the box-tree.
influenced by about. (Hence a box at a theatre a shooting-/*** ;

Bow (1), to bend. (E.) M. E. bowen a Christmas box or present ; &c.) Cf.
bogen, bugen. A. S. bugan.+ Du. buigcn ;
Pyx.
O. H. G. biogan Goth, biugan Teut. ; Box (3), to fight with fists; a blow.
type *beugan- or *bugan -. Cf. Skt. Mw/, (E.) The verb is from M. E. box sb.,
to bend; Lat fugere, to take to flight,
. a blow. Cf. N. Fries, bakke Silt bob be, ,

give way; Gk. (pevyuv a blow (Outsen)

to M. II. G. hue, a blow;
flee. Brugm. i. ;

§§ 658, 701. Du. beu ken, G. pochen, to bent.

bow (2), a bend. (E.) From the (4), in phr. to box the compass/
1
Box
verb. Apparently one of the numerous uses of
bow (3), a weapon to shoot with. (E.) the vb. formed from box (2). See
M. E. bowe. A. S. boga, a bow because N. E. D. ;

it is bent or bowed. Du. boog Icel. bogi ; Boy. (E.) M. E. boi, boy. Preserved
;

Swed. /*?£<?; Dan. hue ; O. II. G. r

0 in E. Friesic boi, boy a boy (Koolman) ;
G. bogcn. From A. S. bog- cf. bog-en } pp. allied to M. Du. boeve, a boy, Du. boef,
% ;

of bugan to bend.
, a knave, -f- Icel. /; ^> a knave G. bube y ;

bow-window. (E.) A
window of Bavarian bueb bua, bui, a boy. Cf. A. S. ,

semi-circular form ; not the same as bay- Bofa, personal name.

window. Boycott, to combine with others in re-
Bow (4), the ‘shoulder’ of a ship. fusing to have dealings with any one. (E.)
(Scand.) From Icel. bdgt', shoulder; see From the treatment accorded to Capt. Boy-
Bough. +Du. boeg, bow of a ship. cott of Lough Mask House, co. Mayo, Ire- ,

Bowel. (F. L.) M. E. bouel. — Q. F. land, in Dec. 1880.

—
boil (mod. F. boyait). — Lat. acc. bote llum y
; Brabble, to quarrel. (E.) Cf. Du.
a sausage; in Late L., an intestine; brabbclen to stammer, confound whence ;

dimin. of bolulus, a sausage. brabbeltaal, foolish talk. See Blab,

Bower, an abode, chamber, arbour. Babble.
(E.) M. E. hour. A. S. bur, a chamber. Brace, orig. a firm hold. (F.—L.)
— A. S. buan to dwell. 4" Icel. bur a P rom the notion of embracing. — O. F.
, ,

chamber; Dan. buur, Swed. bur; O. Sax. brace, the two arms (Bartsch) ; hence a
bur ; O. LI. G. bur. Teut. types *bitrom measure of 5 feet, formed with extended
n., *bftroz, in. see Boor.
; Cf. Booth. arms (Cot.'); and hence, a grasp. — Lat.
Bowl (1), a round wooden ball. (F.— brdchia pi. of brdchium , the arm. 4“ Irish ,

L.) M. E. bou/e. — Y. bottle. — L. bulla, a brae, W. braich, the arm Gk. Ppaxicw. ;

bubble hence, a round thing, a ball.

; bracelet. (F. L.) F. bracelet ; —
Bowl (2), a drinking-vessel. (E.) dimin. of O. F. bracel an armlet (Bartsch). ,

58
 ; '

BRACH BRAND
— L. bra chidie, nn armlet. — L. brdchium ,
— W. bragy malt Irish
bracaty malt liquor. ;

an arm. and Gael, braich , malt, fermented grain.

Brach, a kind of hunting-dog. (F. — Cf. Gael, brack , to ferment.
G.) brachc , pi. brackes. — A. F.
M.E. Brahman, Brahmin. (Skt.) Skt.
bracket, pi. of bracket dimin. of O. I hrOkinawa, a brahman, holy man. — Skt.
,
1
.

brae (F. biaquc).— O. H. G. b?‘acco (G. brakmany prayer; also devotion, lit. ‘a
/^vrr£), a dog that hunts by the scent. greatness’ of the soul; cf. brhant, great.
Bracken, fern, (E.) M. E. bmken. (^BHERGII, to be great.)
A. S. braccan ]>1. ; Kemble, C. I). v. 277.
,
Braid 1), to weave. (E.) M.E. breiden. (

Cf. Swed. braken, Dan. bregne , fern ; cf. A. S. bregdan bredan, to brandish, weave, ,

Icel. burkni, fern. braid. -f- Icel. bregda to brandish, turn ,

Bracket, a corbel, &c. (F. — C.?) about, change, start, braid, &c. ; whence
Foimerly spelt bragget, as in Minsheu, cd. bragd a sudden movement. ,

1627. So named from the resemblance to braid (2), full of deceit. (E.) In
the front part of a pair of breeches, as All's Well, iv. 2. 73, braid is short for
formerly made. — F. braguette , ‘ a cod- braided i.c. full of braids or tricks. M.E. ,

piece,’ Cot. (the front part of a pair of braid trick, deceit. — A. S. bragd, deceit; ,

breeches) the allied Span, braguela also from A. S. bragd, 2nd grade of bregdan to
; ,

meant a projecting mould in architecture, draw out, weave, knit, braid.

a bracket or coibel. Dimin. of O. F. Brail, a kind of ligature or fastening.
brogue a kind of mortaise/ Cot. ; from ( F. — C. V; O. F. braicl a cincture orig. for
,
‘
, ;

brogues, breeches so also Span, bragueta fastening up breeches. — F. b) aie, breeches.

;

is the dimin. of Span bragas, breeches.— — L. brdcce, breeches.

L. bracer, breeches; said to be of Celtic Brain. (E.) M.E./' raj ne. A.S bncgn,
(or Teutonic V) origin. See Breeches. bragen, the brain, -p Du. brein. Cf. Gk.
Brackish. (Dll.) Du. brak, briny, tipfXfius, the top of the head.
nauseous; older form wrack brackish Brake (1), a machine for breaking
,

(Hexham) ; allied to M. Du. wracke , a hemp; a name for \arious mechanical

wreck, Du. wraken, to reject, blame, dis- contrivances. (O. Low G.) M.E. brake.
approve. —Du. wrak orig. 2nd grade of — Low G. brake , a flax-brake; M. Du.
,

tareken, to wreak; 01 ig. to drive. See braccke , ‘ a brake to beat flax ’ Hexham ; ;

Wreck. [So also wrong, sour, is allied 1 )u. braak. — Du. brak, 2nd grade of broken,
to wringen, to wring. See Franck.] to break see Break. ;

Bract. (L.) Fat. braetea, a thin plate Brake (2), bush. (E.) M.E. brake.
or leaf of metal. 1 .ow G. hake willow-bush (Bremen); + ,

Brad. (Scand.) M. K. brod. — Icel. also stumps of broken trees, rough growth.
broddr , a spike Swed. brodd Dan. broddc, From A. S. brecan f (pt. t. knee), to break.
; ,

+
a frost-nail. A. S. brord, a spike. Tent, ^1 In the sense of ‘fein,’ modified from
type *brozdoz. Cf. O. Irish brot, Ir. brod, Bracken.
\V. broth a sting. ,
Bramble. (E.) M. E. brembil. A.S.
Brae, brow of a hill, steep bank, slope. hrcm el, brembeL Allied to Du. broom a ,

(Scand.) M. E. bra , bro (North). — Icel. blackberry; Swed. bro m- bar, Dan. b) om-
bra brow ; hence, brow of a hill ; see bar, G. brombeere ,a blackberry. Here Du.
,

Brow. broom, G. hrdm 0 II. G brdma answer ,

.

Brag, to boast. (Scand.) M. E. brag- to A S. brom see Broom) ; of which A.S. v

gen, to sound loudly, to vaunt. Prob. brem-el (tor Teul *bnhniloz) is the diminu-
iiom M. Dan. brage, to crack, to brag. tive*).
Cf. A. S. gebnec, a breaking, crash, Bran. (F.) M.E. bran. — O. F. bran,
noise Icel. brak
;
a creaking, braka to bren.
,
Cf. \V. bran, Irish bran, husks,
,

creak cognate with L. fragor noise. chaff(from E.) Biet brenn, bran.
; , ;

Also (late) M. F. braguer ‘to flaunt, Branch. (F. - L.) F. broncho - Late
,
.
,

brag,* Cot.; M. F. bragard, gay, gallant, L. branca , the paw of an animal.

*

braggard,’ whence E. braggart. \Ve find Brand, a burning piece of wood, scar
also W. bragal, to vociferate (from E.) of fire, a sword. (IC.) M. E. brond, A.S.
Bret, braga, to brag (from F.). Cf. Bray. brand, a burning, a sword from bramty :

Bragget. (\v a M. E. brogot. - \v. 2nd stem of Teut. * brennan to burn see ;

bragot, a kind of mead; allied to Irish Burn. Icel. brandr , a fire-brand, sword- +
 , r , , ,; \ , , e ;;,
;

BRANDISH BREACH
blade (from its flashing) ; Swed. and Dan. (F. — Teut. ?) M.E. brctasche, bretasce
brand, fire-brand, fire ; M. H. G. brant, brutaske parapet, battlement. — O. F.
, a
a brand, sword. bretesche, a small wooden outwork, battle-
brandish. (F. — Scand.) M.E .braun- ment; cf. Prov. bertresca Ital. bertesca, ,

disen. — F. brandiss-ant pres. pt. oibrandir, the same. difficult word A

;
prob. formed
to brandish a sword. — A. F. brand, a from G. brett, a plank.
sword. — Teel, brand see Brand above. ; Bravado. (Span.) See Brave.
brandy. (Du.) Formerly brand- Brave. (F. — Ital.) F. brave, brave, 1

wine, brandy-wine ; whence brandy. — Du. gay, fine, proud, braggard, valiant ’ Cot. ;

brande-wijn, M. Du. brandwijn, brandy — Ital. b>avo\ the same as Span, and
Port, bravo Prov. brail. Etym. unknown
4 ’
lit. burnt (i. e. distilled) wine (or, acc. ;

to Kilian, because it easily burns). — Du. none of the explanations are satisfactory
branden, to burn ; and wijn, wine ; see the Bret, brav, O. Swed. braf, appear to
Burn. be borrowed from F.
Branks, a punishment for scolds. (F.'i bravado. (Span.) Altered from Span.
See Jamieson. Hence were borrowed bravada ,
4
3 bravado ;
’
Minsheu’s Span.
Gael, brangas (O. Gael, brancas') a sort ,
Diet. — Span, bravo, brave.
of pillory Gael, brang, Irish brands, a
; bravo, a daring villain. (Ital.) Ital.
halter. —North F. branques pi. of bran - ,
bravo brave as a sb., a cut-throat, villain.
, ;

que , Norman form of F. branchc branch, , bravo! well done! (Ital.) Ital .bravo,
*
also, the cheeke of a bit,* Cot. See brave; used in the voc. case masc.
Branch.
N
Brawl (i), to quarrel. (E. ?) M.E.
Bran-new. Short for brand-new
(E. , brawlen. Perhaps E. Cf. Du. brallen,
i. e. new from the fire. See Brand. to brag, boast; Dan. bralle to prate, ,

Brant-fox, Brant-goose orbrent- G praJilen, to brag.

chatter; .

gOOSe. he prefix is .Scand., as in Swed.

1 Brawl 2), a sort of dance.
( (F. — Scand.
orandraf a brant-fox, brandgih, a brent-
, or 0 11. G.) A French brawl/ L. L L. iii.
.
4

The orig. sense is 4 burnt,’ with 9. — F. brans/e brawl

1
goose. a totter, swing, , . . .

the notion of redness or blackness. or donee Cot. — F. bransler to reel mod.

;
’
, ;

Brasier, Brazier, a pan to hold coals. F. bran ter.Allied to O. F. brandcler

(F. — Scand.) F. brasier. — F. braise live ,
(Littre), brandiller, to shake (Cot.),
coals. — Swed. brasa, fire (below). frequent, forms of F. bran dir, to brandish.
Brass. (E.) M.E. bras. A. S. hrits. See Brandish.
Perhaps allied to the verb seen in Icel. Brawn, muscle. (F.— O. H. G.) M. E.
brasa, to harden by fire; Dan. brase, to braun muscle, boars
,
llesh. — (). F. braon ,
fry ; cf. Swed. brasa, fire. Der. braz-en a slice of flesh cf. Prov. bradon the same.
; ,

A. S. bra;sen. — O. II. G. brdton, acc. of bra to, a slice

braze (i), to harden. (E.) K. Lear, of flesh for roasting. — O. H. G. brdtan
i. i. II. It means to harden like brass', (G. brateti), to roast.+A. S. bnedan.
see below. Bray V 1), to bruise, pound. (F. — G.)
braze ornament with brass.
(2), to M.E. brayen. — O. F. breier (F. broycr).—
(E.) In Chapman, tr. of Homer, Od. xv. O. Sax. brekan (G. brechen to break
’
113; from brass, sb. Aero, ic brasige
4
;
see Break.
iElfric, Gram. p. 215. Bray (2), to make a roaring noise.
Brassart, the piece of armour which (F. — C.) (Med.
A. F. braicr
F. brail ;

protected the upper part of the arm. (F. - Lat. bragire). Of Celtic origin; cf. Gael.
L.) F. brassart (Cot.), brassard (Littre); bragh , a buist, explosion, braigh, to crackle
also brassal. Formed with suffix -ard (Thurneysen) ;
and cf. L.frag-or noise.
from F. bras, arm. — L. brdekium, arm. Braze see Brass. ;
Brat (1), a cloak, rough mantle. (C.) Brazier ; see Brasier.
It also meant a rag, clout, or pinafore.— Breach. (E.) M. E. brecke , a fracture
Gael, and Irish brat, a cloak, rag O. Irish ;
— A. S. brece, as in hlaf-gebrece, a piece of
brat a rough cloak W. brethyn woollen ; bread (more commonly brice, a breaking);
cloth. ( W. brat is from E.) O. Fries, breke. — A. S. brecan to break.
Brat (2), a child esp. 4 a beggar’s brat ; M. E. brecke is also partly from O. F.
Perhaps ‘a rag/ the same as Brat (1). breche (F. brhhe), a fiacture. — G. brechen.
Brattice, a fence of boards in a mine. to break.
60
 , , , , . \;; ,, , , , ;\;.,

BREAD BRIDEGROOM
Bread. (E.) M. E. breed. A. S. bread. same sense as F. bise, the N. wind cf. ;

+ Dti. brood ;
Icel. brand ; Swed. and Dan. Span, brisa, Port, briza , the N.E. wind;
brod\ G. brot. Teut. type *braudom n. ,
Ital. brezza a cold wind. Orig. unknown.
}

or *biaudoz, neut. form in -oz. It some- Breeze (3), cinders. (F.— Scand.)
times means ^ bit or 4 piece * cf. A.S. ’
;
O. F. brese ( breze in Cot.), F. braise , live
‘
breadru, frusta partis' Blickling Glosses : coals. See Brasier.
O. Northumb. bread, a bit, morsel ; John Breve. (Ital. — L.) Orig. a short note
xiii. 27. now the longest in use. — Ital. breve, brief.
Breadth. (E.) The final - th is late — L. bretiis , short. Ber. semi-breve.
from M. E. brcde , breadth; Ch. — A.S. brevet. (F. — L.) F. brevet ‘ a brief,
briedu.+ Teel, breidd ; O. H. G. breiti G. breviate, little writing;’ Cot. Dimin. from •

breite)\ Goth, braidei f. From Teut. F. href, brief. — L. breuis short.

, ,

* braidoz broad
, see Broad. ; breviary. (F.-L.) F. brtviaire.—
Break. (E.) M. E. broken pt. t. L. In euiarium, a summary. — L. breuis. ;

pp. broken A. S. brecan pt. t. Mw, pp.

. brevity. (F.— L.) F. brieveU.— L.
ira/.+bu. broken; Goth, brikan G. acc. breuitdtem, shortness. — L. breuis , ;

brechen. Cf. Icel. braka, to creak; Swed. short.

braka, to crack Dan. bnekke\ Lat .fran-; Brew. (E.) M. E. brewen. A. S.
gers. to break; Gael, bragh an explosion. breowan pt. t. breaw p p gehroiven 4- u , •
. D
(^BlIRKG.) The orig. sense is to bieak brouwen G .brauen; Icel. brugga; Swed. ;

with a noise, to crack. brygga Dan. brygge. Cf. L. defr u-tum , ;

Bream, a fish. (F. — Tent.) M.E .breem. new wine boiled down Thracian Spvrov, ; J

— O. F. bresme (F. breme). — M. II. G. beer, (y' BIIREU, to decoct.)

brahsem (G. brassen) O. 11 G. brahsina Brewis, Browis, pottage. (F.-
;
.

(Kluge). Cf. Du. brasern. O. G. ) E. brewes browes. — O. F. H . M .

,

Breast. (E.) M. E. brest, breest. A.S. brouez , broez, nom. of broad, broet soup ,

breost. 4 Icel. brjbst ;Swed. brost, Dan. made with broth of meat; dimin. of breu
-

bryst ) Teut. type *breustow, n.

: Also G. pottage (Roquefort). — O. II. G. brod, brot
brust,V)\i. borst, Goth, trusts Teut. stem broth see Broth. Also spelt brose. : ;

Hrust - (with weak grade). Briar, Brier. (K.) M.E. breve.

Breath, t E.) M . E. breeth f breth. A S. A. S. brier , O. Merc. brer.
brdd 4- .
II O
brddam. . G
brodein broden,
. G .
, Bribe. (F.) M.E. bribe. — O. F. bribe ,
brodel steam, vapour, exhalation. a piece of bread given to a beggar.
Breech. (E.) See Breeches. Cf. briber to beg; Span, briba, idleness,
Breeches. (E.) Really a double bribar to loiter about Ital. birba fraud
, ; , ;

plural, the form breech being, in itself, a pi. bi/bante an idle beggar. Origin un-
form. A. S. brir, breeches; pi. oibroc, with known not Celtic. ;

the same sense. 4* Du. brock, a pair of Brick. (F. — M. DuA F. brique , a
breeches; Icel. hrok (pi. bnekr) ; M.H.G. brick; also a fragment, bit. — M. Du. bricke ,

bntoch. Cf. L. braae, said to be a word a brick ; cf. Walloon briquet a large slice ,

of Celtic (but rather of Teutonic) origin. of bread. — Du. broken , to break. Ber.
See Brogues. brick-bat (see Bat).
breech. (E.) M.E. breech ;
A.S. Bride. (E.) M. E. bride also birds, ;

tree, the breech; A.S. Leeelidoms, ii. brude bur do. A. S. bryd, a bride. 4“ Du.
,

146. Cf. A.S. breCy breeches, pi. of broc brttid Icel. brudr; Swed. and Dan. brud;
;

sec above. O. H.G. hr lit G. brant Goth, briiths. ; ;

Breed. A.S. b redan, to produce Teut. type * brudiz f.

(E.) ,

or cherish a brood. — A.S. brad, a brood bridal. (E.) Formerly bride-ale a ,

(with mutation from J to <7 ).4-G. bruten; bride-feast. A. S. bryd-ealo a bride-ale, ,

from brut. See Brood. bride-feast. — A. S. bryd bride; and ealo, ,

Breaks, breeches. iScandA Northern ale, also a feast see Ale. ;

E. From Icel. brakr pi. of brdk see bridegroom. (E.) For bridegoom
, ; ;

Breeches. the second r is intrusive by confusion ;

Breeze (I), a gadfly. (E.) M. E. brese. with groom A. S. bryd-guma lit. bride- .

A. S. briosa. man where guma is cognate with L. ;

Breeze (a), a strong wind. (F.) Formerly homo, a man see Homage. 4*Du. bruide - ;

brize.— O. F. brise, used by Rabelais in the gom ; Icel. brudgumi; Swed. brttdgum
61
 ; ,. , ,

BRIDGE BROCADE
Dan. brudgom; G. briiutigam O. H. G. clif). — M. E. brenn-en, to bum, and stoon,
brutigomo. stone. So also Icel. brennisteinn, brim-
Bridge. (ED M. E. brigge, brugge. stone. See Burn.
A. S. bryeg. +lce\. bryggja Swed. brygga ; ; Brindled, Brinded, streaked.
Dan. btygge, a pier Du. brug G. briicke. ; ; (Seand.) Icel. brand- , as in brondottr
Teut. type *bntgjd, f. Allied to Iccl. brie, brinded, said of a cow. — Icel. brandr , a
Dan. bro, a bridge, pavement; O. Swed. brand, flame, sword. Thus brinded =
bro, a paved way. branded .

Bridle. (E.) M. E. b ridel. A. S. (E.) M. E. brine. A. S. bryne Brine.

bride 1 .
+ Du. G. bridal, (for brine), brine, salt liquor. +M. Du.
breidcl ; O. II.
brittil (whence F. bride''. A. S. bridel brijne Du. brijn, pickle, ;

represents an earlier *brigdel (cf. brigdils Bring. (E.) A. S. bringan also , ,

a bi idle, O. E. Texts, p. 44, 1 127V — A. S. brengan pt. t. . +l)u. b ungen; G. ,

bregd-an. to pull, twitch (with change of b) ingen; Goth, briggan (wntten for
£ to /). See Braid. bringan ), pt. t. brdhta.
Brief (1), short. (F. — L.) M. E. bref.\ Brink. (Seand.) M. E. brink. — Dan.
— F. bref — h. Ireuis, short. +Gk. Ppaxm, brink verge; Swed. brink, descent or ,

short. slope of a hill; Icel. brekka {iovbrinka), a

brief (2), a writ, &c. (F. — L.) F. slope, crest of a hill ; allied to Icel. bringa,
brief a brief
\
Cot. The same as F. bref a grassy slope, orig. the breast,
;

above from its being in a short form.

; Brisk. (F. — Ital.) Spelt bmisk in
Brig, Brigade ; see Brigand. Fowl. Sc. (1560). — !". brusque brisk, ,
‘

Brigand. (F. — Jtal.) F. brigand, a lively, quicke, rash, harsh;’ Cot. — Ital.
robber. — Ital. brigante , an intriguer, 10b- brusco tart, harsh; see Brusque, ,

ber; orig. pres. part, of brigare to strive , Brisket. (F.) O. F. brischet (Bracket),
after. — Ital. briga strife, quarrel, trouble,
,
s. v. bracket ), bruschet (Ducange) ; also
Orig. uncertain. brichet , ‘ the brisket, or bi east-piece,’
brig; short for brigantine. bracket, ‘the craw-bone of a bird;’ Cot.
brigade. (F. — Ital.) F. brigade, a Guernsey briiquct (for *bruskct). — Dan.
crew, troop. — Ital. brigata, a troop dig. ;
brush, Iccl. brjosk, gristle; cf. Norw.
fern, of pp. of brigare, to strive, tight, a-, brjoskutt, gristly.
above. Bristle. (E.) M. F. bristle, berstle,
brigandine, a kind of armour. (F. hirst le dimin. of A. S. byest, a bristle.+
;

— Ital.) F. brigamiine, a kind of armour, Du. borstal Icel. burst Swed. borst;
:
;

worn by brigands. — F. brigand, a robber; G. borste. From Teut. *burs-, weak grade
see above. of *bcrs Idg. *bhers to bristle
--
cf. Skt. ;

brigantine, brig, a ship. (F. — sahasra-bkrshti, having a thousand points.

Ital.) Brig is merely short for brigantine. See Burr.
-F. brigantin a kind of ship. — Ital., Brittle. (E.) M. E. hr itel, brotel,
brigantino, a pirate-ship. — Ital. brigante, brutal. For A. S. Hrytel ~ Teut. Hrutiloz,
a robber. See Brigand. from brut-, weak grade of A. S. breotan,
Bright. (E.) M. K. bright. A. S. to break. It means ‘fragile.’ Cf. Iccl.
beorht berht. ,
Iccl. bjartr + M. H. G. brjota , Swed .bryta, Dan. bryde ,
to break.
berht; Goth, bairhts, shining. Teut. type Broach. (F. — L.) M.E. setten on
*berhtoz, shining. Cf. Gk. tpopKos, white, brocket to set a -broach, tap liquor. — F.
Brill, a fish. (E.) Origin unknown. mettre en broche, to tap, by piercing a
Brilliant, shining. (F. — L. — Gk. — barrel.— F. brocket to pierce; broche *,
,

Skt.) F. brillant , pres. part, of briller , ‘

a broach, spit,’ Cot. see Brooch, ;

to glitter; cf. Ital. brillare , to sparkle. Broad. (E.) E. brood. A. S. brad. M

The was to sparkle as a her) 1
orig. sense .
-F Du. breed Icel. breiHr; Swed. and
;

— L. beryllus a beryl; see Beryl.

, Dan. bred; Goth, braids; G. breit.
Brim. (E.) M. E. brim (Not in Brocade. (.Span. — L.) Span, brocado,
A. S.) Cf. Icel. barmr, brim; Swed. brocade; orig. embroidered, the pp. of a
brdm, border, edge; Dan. breemme M. ; verb *brocar (not used) answering to F.
Du. brerne G gebriime, border.
; . brocher ‘to broach, also, to stitch., .with
,

Brimstone, sulphur. (E.) M.E. great stitches;* Cot. — F. broche. — Late L.

brimston, brentstoon, also brenstoon (Wy- btocca, L. brocctts; see Brooch.
62
 , ; ; ,;

BROCCOLI BROTHEL
broccoli. (Ital. L.) —
Ital .broccoli, Named from its ill odour. Formed, with
sprouts; pi. of broccolo a sprout. Dimin.
,
suffix -ine, from Gk. $ pup-os a slink. ,

of broccOy a skewer, a shoot, stalk. — L. Bronchial. (Gk.) Gk. Ppbyxidy neut.

broccus projecting, like teeth.
,
pi., the ramifications of the windpipe.—

brochure, a pamphlet. (F.-L.) F. Gk. )3/)(>7 xo 5, the windpipe; cf. &pay\os, a

brochure, a few leaves stitched together. — gdl. Der bronch-itis from fipoygos.
.

F. broc hery to stitch ; see Brocade. Bronze. (F. - Ital. - L.) If.bronze.
Brock, a badger. (C.) A. S. broc .— — Ital. bronzo; bronzinOy made of bronze
W., Corn., and Bret. brock \ Irish, Gael., (z — ds). — L. tes Brundusinum. — L. Bran-
and Manx broc t a badger. Named from dusiuniy Brindisi (in Italy) ; where bronze
his white-streaked face; cf. Gad. brocachy mirrors were made (Pliny, xxxiii. 9).
speckled, grayish, as a badger ; Gk. <popKos, Brooch. (F. L.) Named from the —
white, gray. (Cf. K. gray, a badger.) pin which fastens it. M. E. brochCy a pin,
Brocket, a red deer two years old. peg, brooch. — F. broche a spit, point. — ,

(F. — L.) F. brocarty the same; so called Late L. brocca f a pointed stick ; broca a f

because he has but one tine to his horn.— spike L. broccus , piojecting, like teeth.
;

F. broc/ie, a spit, also, a tine of a stag’s Brood. (E.) M. E. brod. A. S. brod

horn see Brooch.
;
(rare); ‘hi bredaS heora brod — they *

Brogues, coarse shoes, leggings. (C. nourish their brood A'lfric’s Hom.ii. 10. ;

— E.) Gael, and Irish brag, shoe; M. Irish + Du. broed ; G

.brut. Tent, stem
brocCy shoe. — A. S. broc, breeches ; or Icel. from a verbal base *bro-, preserved in G.
brok . See Breeches. brii-heiiy to scald (orig. to heat), D11.
Broided, braided. (E.) The wk. pp. broc-icn, to brood, hatch from the idea of
;

broided took the place of the str. pp. ‘

heat ’
or ‘ warmth.’ Der. breed.
broidetty woven, itself due to confusion of Brook to endure, put up with.
(1),
browden with broider (below). Browden (K.) M.
E. broken brouken. A. S. bru-,

represents A. S. brogdcn , pp. of bregdan, ccniy to use, enjoy which was the orig.;

to braid. See Braid. sense. +

I)u. gebruike>iy Icel. bnika G. ,

Broider, to adorn with needlework. braucheHy Goth, bmkjan , to use; cf. L.

(F.) [In i Tim. ii. 9, broidcrcd (as in fruiy to enjoy. See Fruit. (^BHREUG.)
some edd.) is an error for broided ; see Brugm. i. § in.
above.] Used as the equivalent of F. Brook (2), a small stream. (E.) M. E.
brodcr, 1 to imbroyder,’ Cot. The oi is brook. A.S. broc. Du. b?veky G. + hrucky
due to confusion with broided. — O. F. a marsh.
broudery also brosder (Supp. to Godefroy) ; brook-lime, a plant. (E.) M. E.
cf. Late L. bntsdus, brosaus embroidered brok-lemkcy brok-lemok. From A. S. broc
work (Ducange). Of unknown origin; a brook, and hleomoCy brook-lime.
perhaps from Tent. *brozd whence A. S. Broom. (E.) M. E. brome broom. ,

brordy Icel. broddr , a spike ; see Brad. A.S. hronly the plant broom; hence, a
0
Broil ( , to fiy, grill. (F.) M. E. besom made from twigs of it.+Du. brem ;

broilen. — A. F. broiller (Bozon), O. F. Low G. braaniy broom. Teut. type *br<2-

bruillery to boil, roast (Roquefort). Origin moz. Allied to Bramble, q. v.
unknown; cf. O.F. bruir y to roast; per- Brose, a later form of browis or brew is;
haps from M.II.G. brucjeHy to scald ; see see Brewis.
Brood. Broth. (E.) A.S. bro)>.+ Icel. brod;
Broil (2), a tumult.
F. brotiillery (F.) O. II. G. brod. Teut. type *broJ>oniy n.
to jumble, confuse, confound. Cf. Ital. from bro-y bru-y weak grade of breu-y as in
brogliatCy to disturb, broglio confusion ,
A.S. breowaHy to brew. Lit. ‘brewed.’
(whence E. im-broglio ). Origin un- Brothel. (E. confused with F.— ;

known. Teut.) 1. M. E. brothel , a lewd person,

Broker. (F. — L.) M. E. brocour ,

ba-e wretch. — A.S. brod-en y pp. of
an agent, witness of a transaction. — A. F. breoban to perish, become vile ; whence
,

brocour an agent orig. a broacher or

, ;
• ’
also abrobeiiy degenerate, base. Hence
seller of wine. -Late L. broccatory one was made brothel-house a house for vile ,

who broaches. — Late L. brocca } i. e. spike people (Much Ado, i. 1. 256), afterwards
see Brooch. contacted to brothel. 2. Orig. distinct
Bromine, a chemical element. (Gk.) Horn M. E. bordely which was used, how-
 ; , , , — ;

BROTHER BUCKRAM
ever, in the same sense. — O. F. bor- twigs. — O. F. broce, F. brosse, brushwood
much
del a hut, orig. of boards. — Du. lord, a also, later, a brush. — Low L. bruscia, a
,

plank, board; see Board. thicket. Derived by Diez from O. H. G.

Brother. (E.) M. E. brother. A. S. bursta, G. borste a bristle ; but perhaps ,

brodor.j-Du. broeder I cel. brJdir; Goth. Celtic (Thurneysen).

;

broihar\ Swed. and Dan. broder ; G. Brusque, rough in manner. (F. — Ital.)
bruder; Gael, and Ir. brathair; W. F. brusque. — Ital. brusco, sharp, tart, sour,
f
brawd; Russ, brat’; Lat. rater; Gk. applied to fruits and wine. Origin un-
<pp6.TTjp Skt. bhrdtr. Teut. stem * brother certain.
Idg. stem *bh rater-. Brute. (F. - L.) F. bmt, fem. brute.
Brougham, a kind of carriage. (Per- — L. brutus, stupid.
sonal name.) Date 1839. Named after Bryony. (L.-Gk.) L. bryonia .

the first Lord Brougham. Gk. fipvwvia, fipvwvrj, bryony. — Gk. fipvti v,
Brow. (E.) M. E. broive. A.S. bru. to teem, grow luxuriantly.
+Icel. brun, eyebrow; Lith. brtiivis; Bubble. (E.) Cf. Swed. bubbla, Dan.
Russ, brove; Gk.ixppvs; Peis, abru ; Skt. bob ley a bubble ; also Du. bobbel, a bubble,
bhru. Brugm. i. § 554. bobbelen to bubble. Of imitative origin.
Brown. (E.) M, K. broun. A.S. Buccanier. (F. — West Indian.) F.
brun +Du. bruin I cel. brftnn Swed. boucanier, a pirate. — F. boucaner f to broil
. ; ;

brun; Dan .bruun; G.braun; Lith .brunas. on a sort of wooden frame. — F. boucan ,
Cf. Gk. tppuvos, a toad; Skt. ba-bhru(s ), a wooden frame, used by hunters for
tawny. smoking and drying flesh. The word
Browse. (F. — M. H. G.) For broust; boucan is said to be a F. spelling of a
to feed on young shoots.’ — M. F. Tupi (Brazilian) word, and to mean ‘a
4
lit.

hrouster (F. brouter) , to nibble off young frame on which meat is smoke-dried.’
shoots. — M. F. broust (F. brout ), a sprig, (i), a male deer, goat.Buck (E.)
shoot, bud. — M. II. G. broz, a bud ; Bavar. M. E. bukke. A. S. bucy male deer, bticca,
brosst bross a bud. From the weak grade a he-goat.
, y
l)u. bok, Icel. bukkr, Swed.
of O. II. G. briozan , to break, also, to bock a he-goat Dan. buk, a he-goat, ram, ;

break into bud ; which is cognate with buck G. bock ; also W. bzveh Gael, boc, ;

A. S breotan See Brittle. . Irish boc. Brugm. i. § 800.

Bruin. (Du.) In Reynard the Fox, Buck
(2), to steep clothes in lye. (E.)
the bear is called bruin i.e. brown. — Du. M. E. bouken.
,
As if from A.S. *bucian,
bruiUy brown. See Brown. not found. Prob. from A. S. bur, a pitcher
Bruise. (E. partly F.) A. S. (to)- (prov. E. bonk, a pail, tub) but M. E.
; ;

brysan, to bruise. Influenced by O. F. bouken has the specific sense of steep in ‘

bruiser, briser, to break, perhaps of Celtic lye,’ like M. II. G. buchen, Swed. hyka,
origin cf. Gael, bris to break, Irish bris- Dan. bygey Low G. buken , bliken (whence
; ,

itn, I break. (The spelling ni, from A. S. Ital. bucarCy E. biier).

y, occurs in S. Eng. Legendary, 295. 58.) bucket. (E.) A. F. boket ,Bozon).
Bruit, a rumour. (F.— L. ?) F. bmity Formed with A. F. dirnin. suffix - et from
a noise. — F. bruire to make a noise. A. S. bite, a pitcher. Cf. Gael. bucaid
, 1

Scheler derives F. bruire from L. rugire, Irish buiceady a bucket (from EA

to roar, with prefixed b. F. bruit- Late Buckle. (K.-L.) M. E. bokel. — O. F.
L. brugitus, a clamour (Ducange) cf. L. bucle (F. boucle)y the boss of a shield, a
;

rugitusy a roaring. Partly imitative; cf. ring, a buckle. — Late L. bueula the boss ,

G. bru Hen, to roar. of a shield ; bucculay beaver of a helm, boss

Brunette. (F. — G.) F. brunette, fem. of a shield, buckle. — Lat. buccula the ,

of brunet, brownish. — M. II. G. brun cheek, dimin. of buaay the cheek.

,

brown ;
see Brown. buckler. (F.-L.) M. E. bokeler. —
Brunt. (E.) dint O. E. bucler (F. bouclier), a shield; so
Prob. imitative ; cf.
(dunt)y a blow; influenced by North E. named from the boss on it; see above.
brunt, i. e. 1 burnt/ as if the 4 hot ’ part of Buckram, a coarse cloth. (F.~
the fight. Ital.) M. E. bokeram. — O. F. boquerant
Brush. (F. - Teut. ?) M. E. brusche, (F. bougran)y a coarse kind of cloth ; Low
a brush; also brush-wood, which is the L. hoquerannus or (in Italy) bilchiranus
older sense, the orig. brush being made of (for Ital. buchirano ), late Ital. bucherame.

64
 \ .

BUCKWHEAT BULGE
Origin uncertain; perhaps from Bokhara buffen , to orig. to buffet on the
strike,
(Tartary). cheek see Buffet (i).
;

Buckwheat. (E.) Lit. beech- wheat; buffoon. (F.) F. bouffon , a buffoon,

from the resemblance of its seeds to the jester, one who makesgrimaces. —
mast of the beech-tree. The form buck is to puff.
from A. S. boc as in buck-mast beech-
f , Buffet (2), a side- board. (F.) F. buffet,
4
mast. So also Du. boekweit, buckwheat ;
a side-board. Origin unknown.
G . buchweizen.See Beech. Bug (1), a spectre. (C.) In Sh. — W.
Bucolic, — Gk.) L .buco-
pastoral. (L. bwg a hobgoblin, spectre ; Gael, and Ir.
,

lie us. — Gk. (3 ovKo\uc6 s pastoral. — Gk. y

bocan, a spectre. 4-Lithuan. baugus, terrific,
PovkqKos, a cowherd. — Gk. fiov-s, an ox; from bugti to terrify, allied to Skt. bhuj
, y

and tcikkciv, to drive. to turn aside; see (1). Brugm. i. Bow

Bud. (E. ?) M. E. bodde, budde, a bud ; § 701
budden to bud.
, Not found in A. S. Cf. Bug (2), an insect. (C.?) Said to be so
I)u. bot a bud
y ;
botten, to bud, sprout. named because an object of terror, exciting
Budge (1), to stir. (F. L.) F. bouger, — disgust; see Bug (1). But cf. A.S.
to stir ;
answering to Ital. bidicarc to ,
sceam budda, dung-beetle (Voc.), prov. E.
bubble up (Diez). — L. hullire\ see Boil shorn-bug (Kent).
(1) above. Cf. Span. bullir (1) to boil, t Bug-bear. (C. and E.) A supposed
(2) to stir. spectre in the shape of a bear; see
Budge kind of fur.
(2), a (F.?) Bug (1).
Perhaps related to O. F. bochct bouchety a , a horn. (F.— L.) Bugle (0,a wild ox;
young kid. a horn, is short for bugle- horn tingle, ;

Budget, a leathern bag. (F. — C.) a bugle is a wild ox. — O. F. bugle, a wild
F. bougettCy dimin. of bouge a bag. — L. ox. — L. acc. huculum, a young ox ; double
,

bulgay a leathern bag (Gaulish). — O. Irish dimin. of bos an ox. f

bo/g, bole, a sack. Bugle (2), a kind of ornament.

Buff ( 1 ), the colour of dressed buffalo- (F. — L.) Little black pipes, likened to
skin. (F.—L. — Gk.) F. buffle, a buffalo, horns.
4
Bugle, a little black home;’
— L. bufalus ; see Buffalo. Cockeram. See above.
Buff (2), in Blindman’s buff. (F.) Bugle (3), a plant. (F.) F. bugle ;

Formerly blindman-buff, a game; in which Cot. cf. Span, and Late L. bugula. Cf. L. ;

game boys used to buffet one (who was bugillo, (perhaps) bugle,
blinded) on the back, without being Bugloss, a plant. (F.— L. — Gk.) Lit.
caught, if possible. Yiom O.Y. bufe ¥. ox-tongue.’ — F. bteglosse.— L. btlglossa;
y
4

buffe, a buffet, blow ; cf. Low G. buff also bnglossus — Gk. fiovykacrcros, ox- .

pufy a blow (Liibben). See Buffet (1). tongue; from the shape of the leaves.—
Buffalo. (Port, or Ital. — L. — Gk.) Gk. fiov-s, ox ; ykaunr-a, tongue.
Port, bufaloy Ital. buffalo , orig. a kind of Build. (E.) M.E. bulden . Late
wild ox. — L. bufalus also bubalus . — Gk. A.S. byldany to build. — A. S. bold, a house,
y

]8ou/3aAos, a buffalo a kind of deer or variant of boll, a dwelling, n. = Teut.

;

antelope. (Not a true Gk. word.) *bu-J>lom, from bu related to bu-an y to

Buffer (1), and (2) see Buffet (1). dwell; see Bower. Cf. A.S. bytlian , to
;

Buffet (1), a blow; to strike. (F.) build, from botl (above). [Cf. O. Swed.
M.E. boffety buffet , a blow, esp. on the bylja, to build (Ihre). — O. Swed. bol,
cheek. — O. F. bufety a blow, dimin. of bufe, a house, dwelling; Icel. bdl, a house,
a blow, esp. on the cheek; cf. buffer buffer , Dan. bol, a small farm.] ,

to puff out the cheeks, also to buffet; mod. Bulb. (£. — L. — Gk.) F. bulbe.^L*
Y.bouffer Prob. of imitative origin, allied bulbus, a bulb. — Gk. /3oA/3<$s, a bulbous
.

to pouffery to puff ; see Buff (2), Puff. root, onion.

buffer ( 1 ), a foolish fellow. (F.) Orig. Bulbul, a nightingale. (Pers.) Pers.
a stammerer; hence, a foolish fellow. M.E. bulbul a bird with a melodious voice, ,

buffen , to stammer. — O. F. buffer , to puff resembling the nightingale. Of imitative

out the cheeks (hence, to puff or blow in origin.
talking). Bulge, to swell out. (F. — C.) Formed
buffer (2), a cushion, to deaden con- from M.E. bulge a wallet, pouch.— ,

cussion. (F.) Lit. *

a striker;’ from M.E. O. F. bottlge (bouge), a bag.— L. bulga,
 , , , , , , ,; \ , , \ ,

BULK BUNDLE
a bag (Gaulish). See Budget. Doublet, Bole. Or bull may mean ‘large,* with

%k (i), size. (Scand.) M. E.

a heap. — Icel. bulki, a heap; O. Swed. Swed. bolverk (Ihre) cf. Du. bolwerk , G.
bolke,
ref. to a bull.
Bulwark.
Cf. bull-daisy &c. (Britten).
(Scand.)
;
Dan. bulvcerk,

bolk\ Dan. bulk a lump. Cf. Swed. boll-werk (whence F. boulevard).

,
Com-
bulna to swell. pounded of Dan. bul Swed. bo l, trunk of
Bulk (2), the trunk of the body. (Du.) ! a bulr, bolr the stem of a
tree, log, Icel. ,

In Sh. — M. Du. bulcke, thorax (Kilian). tree; and Dan. veerk, Swed. verk, a work.
(Prob. confused with Du. buik Icel. bukr, ,
Lit. ‘log -work/ or ‘bole-work*; see
the trunk Swed. buk, Dan. bug, G. bauch ,
;
Bole.
the belly.) Bum-bailiff, under-bailiff. (E. and
Bulk (3), a stall of a shop. (Scand.) F.) A
slang term. Todd quotes passages
Perhaps related to Balk. Cf. Dan. dial. to shew that it arose from the pursuer
bulk a half-wall ; Icel. balky, a beam, also, catching at a man by the hinder part of
a partition ; Line, bulker, a beam, a wooden his garment.
hutch in a workshop. Der. bulk-head a Bumble-bee, a bee that booms or
partition. hums. Boom (1).
See
Bun (1 ), M. E.
male of the cow. (E.) Bumboat. (E.) From bum and boat.
bole, bule. Not foundbut the in A. S., Orig. a scavenger’s boat on the Thames
dimin. bulluc a bullock, occurs. Prob. (a. D. 1685); afterwards used to supply
‘
the bellower;* cf. M. II. G. ballot, to vegetables to ships.
roar and see Bellow.
;
Du. bul; Icel. + Bump (1), to thump; a blow. (E.)
bolt; G. bulk) Lithuan. bullns. Der. Of imitative origin ; cf. M. Dan. bttmpe
bull-ock A. S. bulluc , as above.
,
to strike with the fist ;
W. pwrnpio, to
Bull (2), a papal edict. (L.) M. E. thump; pwtnp a lump; Com. bom bum,
, ,

bulk. — Lat. />////#, a bubble, boss, knob, a blow. The senses are: (O to strike,
leaden seal on an edict ; a bull (in late (2) a blow, (3) its effect. See Bunch.
Latin). Bump (2), to boom. (E.) Imitative;
bullet. (F. — L.) M. F. boulet dimin. ,
cf. Boom (1), and Bumble-bee.
of F. bottle, a ball. — L. bulla a boss, Bumper, a full glass. (E.) From
knob, &c. bump ;
with the notion of a bumping or
bulletin. (F. - Ital. - L.) F. bulle- full glass ; cf. thumping, i. e. great.
tin, a ticket. — Ital. bullettino ,
a safe- Bumpkin, a thick-headed fellow. (Du.)
conduct, pass, ticket. Dimin. of bulletta ,
M. Du. bootnken, a little tree (Hexham);
a passport, lottery ticket, dimin. of bulla ,
dimin. of boom, a tree, a beam, bar; see
a seal, bull. — L. a boss, &c. Beam (1). The E. bumkin also meant
Bullace, wild plum. (F. L.) M. E. — a luff- block, a thick piece of wood (Cot-
bolas. — O.F. beloce a bullace M.F. pelosse ;
grave, s. v. Chicambault, and see bumkin
Cot. — L. type *piloltea , pellet-like. — Late in the E. index) ; hence, readily applied
L.pilota, a pellet. — L. ^i/a, a ball. to a block-head, thick-skulled fellow.
Bullet, Bulletin; see Bull (2). Bun. (F.) Cf. prov. F. bugne, a kind
Bullion. (F. — L.) The A. F. bullion of fritters ; perhaps the same as O. F.
meant a mint, and Late L. bulliona bulHo ,
bugne, a swelling or bump due to a blow
meant a mass of metal, apparently, from (Burguy), also spelt bigne, ‘a bump,
;
its being melted cf. F. bouillon a boiling.
; ,
knob * Cot. O. F. bugnete a fritter (Gode-
— Late L. bullidnem , acc. of bullio, a boil- froy) ;
also bugnet (id., Supp. p. 393).
ing.— L. bullire to bubble up, boil. — L.
,
‘
Bignets, little round loaves, buns/ &c.;
a bubble. Cot. Minsheu has Span, bufluclos ‘ pan- ,

Bully, a noisy rough fellow. (O. Low cakes, cobloaves, buns.* See Bunion.
G.) In Sh. The oldest sense, in E., is (Doubtful.)
‘dear one, lover.* — M. Du. boel, a lover Bunch. (E. ?) M. bunche Cf. E .

(of either sex) ; borrowed from M. II. G. M. E. bunchen, to beat. Prob. imitative,
buole (G. bit hie), lover. like bump, bounce. And see Bunk.
Bulrush. (E.) M.E. bulrysche, Prompt. Bundle. (E.) M. E. bundel Dimin.
Parv., p. 244, col. 2. Perhaps ‘ stem-rush '
of O. Northumb. bund, a bundle (Matt,
from its stout stem; cf. Shetl. bulwand ,
xiii. 30). — A. S. bund-, weak grade of
—
a bulrush. Dan. bul, stem, trunk; see +
bindan, to bind. Du. bondel G. bundel. ;

66
 ; , , ; , , , , , ; ,;
;

BUNG BURKE
Bung, a stopple. (Du.— L.) M. Du. borda Dan. byrde\ Goth, baurthei G.
bonge (Du. bom), a bung; dialectal form biirde ; from the same root, with varying
of *bonde, as preserved in F. bonde a bung, suffixes. For the form burden see below.
Cognate with Swiss punt (Weigand, s. v. Burden (2), the refrain of a song.
Spund).— L.puncia, an orifice orig. fern. ;
(F. — LateL.) F. bourdon , a drone-bee,
pp. of pungere, to prick. Cf. \V. bwng, humming of bees, drone of a bagpipe
an orifice, also, a bung. see Cot. — Late L. burddnem acc. bf burdo,
Bungalow, a Bengal thatched house, a drone. Piob. of imitative origin ; cf.
(Hind.) Hind, bangalah, of or belonging Lowland Sc. birr, to make a whizzing
to Bengal, a bungalow; Rich. Diet. p. noise, E. buzz, Confused with Bur-
293. From the name Bengal . den (1).
Bungle. (Scand. ?) Of
imitative Bureau. (F. — L.) F. bureau, a desk,
origin. Cf. Swed. dial, bang/a, to work writing-table; so called because covered
ineffectually; O. Swed. bunga, to strike with brown baize. — F. bureau, O. F. burel,
And cf. Bang.
(Rietz, lhre.) coarse woollen stuff, russet-coloured. —
Bunion. (F. — G.) O. F.buignon , only O. F. buire, M. F. bunr, dark brown; F*
in the sense of a fritter (Godcfroy) ;
but bure, coarse cloth. — L. burrus , reddish.—
really an augmentative of O. F. buigne Gk. irvppds, reddish. — Gk. nvp, fire.
(F. bigne, ‘a bump, swelling/ Cot.).— Burgeon, a bud. (F. — Teut.) F.
O. H. G. buitgo, a lump (Graff, in bourgeon a young bud. Lengthened from ,

Schmeller) cf.
;
Icel. bunga, convexity. Languedoc boure a bud, eye of a shoot
So also ltal. bugnone, augment, of bugno , (Diez). — M. H. G. buren , O. H. G. pur-
a boil, a swelling. See Bun. jan, to raise, push up, push out. — M. H. G.
Bunk, a w ooden case or box, berth, bor, por an elevation ; whence G. empor
(Scand.) Cf. O. Swed. bunke the plank- ( — in por), upwards,
,

ing of a ship forming a shelter for mer- BurgOSS. (F. — M. H. G.) M. E. bur-
chandise, See. (Ihre); the usual sense of geys. — O. F. burgeis. — Low Lat. bwgensis,
Swed. bunke is a heap, pile, something belonging to a fort or city. — Low Lat.
prominent; M. Dan. bunke, room for burgus, a fort. — M. H. G. bare (G. burg) ;
cargo. cognate with A. S. burg\ see Borough.
Bunt, the belly of a sail. (Scand.) It burgher. (Du.) Formerly burger. —
answers in form to Dan. bundt, Swed. Du. burger, a citizen. — Du. burg, a city
bunt, a bundle, a bunch ; from the weak cognate with E. Borough,
stem of the verb to Bind, But the right burglar. (A. F. — E.) A. F. burgler
words for ‘bunt* are Dan. bug, Swed. burg/our; Law L. burguldtor. — Law L.
buk, Du. buik, G. bauch sec Bulk (2).
;
burguldre, to break into a house. — A. S.
Bunting (I), a bird. (E. ?) M. E. burh, burg see Borough. ;

bunting also buntyle (^buntel), Lowl. burgomaster. (Du. and F.) Du.
Sc. buntlin. Origin unknown. burge-meester, a town-master. — Du. burg,
B unting (2), a thin woollen stuff for connate with E. Borough and meester, a ;

flags. (E.) Perhaps ‘ sifting-cloth from master, from O. F. meistre\ see Master.
’
;

M. E. bon ten, prov. E. bunt, to sift. Cf. Burgonet, a helmet. (F.) F. hour -
F. itamine, in the same senses. guignote, a burganet/ Cot. So called 1

Buoy. (Du. — F. — L.) Du. boei, a buoy; because first used by the Burgundians.—
also a shackle, a fetter. -O. F. buie, a F. Bourgogne, Burgundy,
fetter, F. boute, a buoy. — Late L. boia , a Burial. (E.) M. E. btiricl, biriel, a
fetter, clog. — L. boia, pi. a collar for the tomb; also spelt beriels biriels. — A. S. ,

neck, orig. of leather. byrgels a tomb.- A. S. byrgan , to bury;

,

Bur, Bu rdock ; see Burr. see Bury. The spelling with - al is due to
Burbot, a fish. (F.) F. bourbotte association with funeral, &c.
(also bar bote), — F. bourbetter ‘to wallow Burin,* an engraver’s tool. (F.-G.)
in mud/ Cot. — F. bourbe, mud, — Late L. F. burin ltal. borino, Prob. from ;

borba, mud. — Gk. & 6p(3 opos, mud. M. H. G. boren (G. bohreti), to bore; see
Burden (1), Burthen, a load carried. Bore (1).
(E.) A. S. byrden, a load. From Teut. Burke, to murder by suffocation ; to
*bitr weak grade of Heran -, to bear ; see murder, stifle. (Personal name.) From
Bear (r). +
Icel. byrdr, byriti ; Swed. the name of Burke an Irishman who com-
67
 ; . + , ,, ;
,, \ , ,, , , , ,,

BURL
mitted murders by suffocation; executed
at Edinburgh, Jan. 28, 1829.
Burly to pick knots and loose threads
from cloth. (F. — L.) To burl is to pick
off burls M. E. burle a knot in cloth.—
O. F. bourU ; dimin. of F. bourrc, a flock
or lock of wool or hair. — Late L, hurra
a woollen pad allied to L. hurra, trifles,
; Burst. (E.) M. E. hersten, bresten pt.
BUSS
Burrow, a shelter for rabbits. (E.)
M.E. boi'wgh , a cave, shelter; merely a
varied spelling of borough . Der. burrow
verb.
, Bursar. (Med. L. — Gk.) Med. L.
bursdrius, a purse-bearer. — Med. L. bursa,
a purse. — Gk. &vpoa, a hide, wine-skin.
,

trash, Late L. reburrus, rough. t. A. S. berstan to burst asunder,

burlesque, comic. (F. - Ital. - L.) break str. vb.+Du. bersten G. hers ten
; ; ;

F. burlesque. — Ital. bnrleseo ludicrous.— ,

Icel. bresta\ Swed. brista ; Dan. briste ;
Ital. biirla waggeiy, a trick.
, A dimin. also O. Irish briss-im (for Hrest-im), I
from L. hurra , trifles, nonsense (Ausonius). break.
See Burl. Bury (1), vb. (E.) M. E. burien.
Burly. (E.) M.
E. burli, burliehe, I A. S. byrigan, byrgan to hide in the
borfi prov. E. bowerly ; Shetland boorly. ground, bury. From burg-, weak grade
Formed by adding the suffix -ly (A. S. of beorg-an, to hide ; see Borough.
-lie) to A. S. bur, a bower, a lady’s Bury (2), a town. (K.) As in Canter-
chamber ; hence, the old senses of fit for — *
bury. A. S. byrig, dat. of burh a borough.
a bower,’ stately, excellent, large, great See Borough.
and, Anally, stout, big. E. g. a burly bed.’ Bus, a shortened form of omnibus (L.)
4
.

Burn 0 ( ,
verb. (E.) M.E. bemen; also See Omnibus.
brennett. There are two forms, a. intrans. (1), a thicket. (Scand. — L.) Bush
A.S. btornan by rnan, strong verb, pt. t. M. E. buseh, busk. — Dan. busk, Swed,
,

beam bran, pp. bo men. 0 Icel. brinna buske, a bush, shrub. Du. bosch O. H. G.
,
.
; + ;

Goth, brinnan ; Teut. type Hrennan - cf. busc G. buseh. All from Late I., boscus; ;

A. S. bryne flame. (3 trans. A. S. barnan a bush a word of unknown origin.

,
.
;

wk. vb.+Icel. brenna, Dan. brande Swed. (2), the metal box in which an
, Bu8h
breinna G. brennen ; Goth, brannjan
; axle works. (Du. — L. - Gk.) M. E. bussc.;

Teut. type *brannjan -, causal to the former. — Du. bus, a box, barrel (of a gun) ; G.
Burn (2), a brook; see Bourn (2). biichse. — Late L. buxis, a box. — Gk.
Burnet, a plant. (F. - O. H. G.) a box. — Gk. irv(us, box-wood, box-tree.
Low L. burneta.— O. F. brunete the name See Pyx. ,

of a flower burnelte brunette , a kind of

:
, bushel, a measure. (F.—L. — Gk.)
dark brown cloth, also a brunette. See M.E. bushel. — A. F. bousselle , O. F. boissel ;
Brunette. Named from the dark brown Late L. bustellus a small box for ;

colour of the flowers. Hoistel dimin. of O. F. hoiste, a box.—

burnish, to polish. (F. - 0 II. G.) Late L. buxida , acc. of buxis, a box
.

M. E. burnishen ; also burnen. — O. F. (above).

burnir brunir (pres. part, burnt s-ant ), to
, (i\ to get oneself ready. (Scand.) Busk
embrown, to polish. — O. H. G. brfmen Icel. buask, to get oneself ready. — Icel.
(<*briinjan). — O.H.G. brun, brown; see bua, to prepare; and - sk for sik, oneself.
Brown. See Bound (3) ; and cf. Bask.
Burnouse, Burnoose, an upper (2), a support for a woman’s Busk
cloak worn by the Arabs. (F. — Arab.) stays. (F.) M. F. b usque, ‘a buske, or
F. burnous , houmous. — Arab, burmts a buste ' Cot. Mod. F. busc. Of uncertain ,
;

kind of high-crowned cap, worn formerly origin. Cf. M. F. buc, * a busque;* Cot.
in Barbary and Spain ; whence Span. al- Buskin. (F.-Ital.-L.-Gk.) O.F.
bornoz, a kind of cloak with a hood. bousequin (1483); also brousequin.—
Burr, Bur. (E.) M. E. burre knob M. Ital. borzachino, buskin, fine boot.—
on a burdock; borre, roughness in the L. borsa — Gk. &vpca, a hide. The M. D11. .

throat. Not in A.S. N. Fries, burre , broseken was borrowed from F.

borre , a burr, burdock. 4* Swed. borre asea- BUSS, to kiss. (E.) [The old word was
urchin; kardborre, a burdock; Dan. borre, bass. — F. baiser, to kiss. — Lat. basium a
burdock. From Teut. base *burs-<*burs -, kiss.] The modern buss, of imitative
weak grade of Teut. root Hers to bristle. origin, may have been partly suggested
See Bristle. Der. bur-dock by it. . Cf. prov. G. (Bavarian) bussen,
68
 ; , , , + , ; ,, ;,

BUST BUZZ
to kiss ;
Lith. buczoti, to kiss ;
also Gael, butte. * Cognate with Icel. buttr, short
andW. bus, mouth, lip. see Buttock. Der. butt-end.
Bust. (F. — Ital.) F. buste. — Ital. Butt (4), a kind of flat fish. (E.)
busto, the trunk of human body,
bust, Allied to Swed. butta, a turbot, M. Dan.
stays; Late L. bustum the trunk of the butte , Low G. but, Du. bot, a butt. Prob.
body. Etym. uncertain. from but, stumpy ; see Buttock.
Bustard, a bird. (F. — L.) Formerly Butter. Gk.)
(L. -
M. E1 botere ; .

also bisiard (Sherwood). — O. F. bistarde, A S. butere. — L. butyrum. — Gk. (Bovtu-

‘a bustard; ’ Cot. (Mod. F. outarde.) — L. pov, butter. Probably of Scythian origin.
auis tarda , a slow bird (Pliny, N. H. x. butterfly. (E.) A. S. buttor-fleoge
22). Cf. Port. abetarda, also betarda a lit. butter-fly. So called from its excre-
bustard, Both O. F. bistarde and F. ment resembling butter, as shewn by the
oiitanie are from auis tarda in the former ;
M. Du. boter- schijte, a butter-fly, lit.
case, initial a dropped in the latter,
is ;
butter-voider (Kilian). + Du. botervlieg ;
outarde stands for an older oustarde, where G. butter-Jiiege .
ous — L. auis. See Diez. Auis tarda ,
Buttery,
a place for provisions, esp.
lit. ‘ slow bird/ is far from being truly corruption of
liquids. (F. — LateL.) A
descriptive so that it is prob. a substitu- M. E. botelerie a butlery, properly a place
; ,

tion for some form foreign to Latin. for a butler ; from M. E. boteler, a butler;
Bustle. (Scand.) A
frequentative of see Butler. (Thus buttery — bottlery!)
Norw. busta to be violent Swed. bosta, Confused with the word butter.
y ;

to bustle, work. Cf. Icel. bustla, to splash Buttock. (E.) M. E. buttok. Formed,
about as a fish; E. Fries, busen to be with dimin. suffix -ok (A. S. -ui:), from
,

violent. See Boast and Boisterous. butt, a thick end, a stump. Cf. Icel.
Busy. (E.) M. E. bisy. A. S. bisig buttr, short, butr a log Dan. but Swed. ;

(bysig), active ; whence bisgu y exertion. «+ butt, stumpy, surly ; Du. bot, blunt, dull.
Du. bezigy busy. See Butt 3). (,

But (1), prep, and conj., except. (E.) Button. (F. O. Low G.) M. E. -
A. S. be u tan, btitan, buta. lit. * without/ — boton, also, a bud. O. F. boton (F. —
A. S. be, by; iitan, adv. without, from fit, bouton ) a bud, a button ; properly, a round ,

out. +Du. buiten. knob pushed out. O. F. boter, to push, —

But (2) see Butt (1), Butt (2). push out; see Butt (1).
Butcher. (F.— G.) M. E. bocher.— buttress, a support, in architecture.
O. F. bochiery orig. one who kills goats.— (F. — O. Low G.) M. E. boteras\ Palsgrave
O. F. boc (F. bouc)y a goat. — G. bock, a has bottras, butteras. Orig. a plural form,
goat. See Buck. as if for *butterets. — O. F. bouterez pi. of
Butler. (F. — Late L. Gk.) M. E. bouteret a prop. — F. bouter, to thrust,
— ,

botelery one who attends to bottles from prop. Cotgrave also has boutant, a but-
;

M. E. hotel a bottle see Bottle.

y ;
tress, from the same verb ; see Butt (1).

Butt ( 1), a push, thrust; to thrust. (F. Butty, a companion or partner in a

— O. Low G.) [The senses of the sb. may work. (F. — Low G.) Shortened from
be referred to the verb; just as F. botle, botyfelowe or booty-fellow, one who shares
a thrust, depends on bouter, to strike.] booty with others. From boty, old spell-
M. E. butten, to push, strike. — O. F. boter, ing of booty = F. butin, booty. Of Low G.
to push, butt, strike. — O. Frank. *bdtan, origin see Booty. ;

corresponding to M. Du. bootenf to beat, (E.) Buxom.

M. E. boxotn buhsum ; ,

M. H. G. bozen, O. H. G. bdzan, to beat. the old sense was obedient, obliging, good-
Der. butt (mound to shoot at), from M. F. humoured. Lit. * bow-some/ — A. S. bug-
butte y the same, allied to F. but, a mark, an, to bow, bend, obey ; and -sum, suffix,
from butert O. F. boter, to hit. Der. as in win-seme. Du. buigzaam G. bieg-
a-but. See Beat. sam. See Bcw (iL
Butt a large barrel. (F. — L.)
(2), We Buy. (E.) From A. S. byg-, as in
find A. S. bytt; but our mod. word is byg-est, byg-ed, 2 and 3 p. sing. pres, of
really F. — O. F. boute, F. botte, * the vessel A. S. byegan, to purchase, whence M. E.
which we call a butt ; Cot. — Late Lat. +
9
buggen biggen.
, Goth, bug/an. Der.
butta, buttisy a cask. abide (2) , q. v. See Sweet, N. E. G. § 1 293.
Butt (3), a thick end. (E.) M. E. but Buzz. (E.) An imitative word ;
cf.
 ,y , , , , , ,
,, , , , ,

BUZZARD CADDY
Lowl. Sc. bizZy to hiss ;
Ital. buzzicarey to a cook’s cabin; also 'the chimney in a
hum, whisper. ship,’ Sewel. (Hence also Dan. kabys,
Buzzard. (F. - L.) M. E. bo sard, Swed. kabysay caboose.)
bn sard, an inferior kind of falcon. — F. Cabriolet. (F.-Ital.-L.) Cab is

busard.— F. bust, a buzzard; with suffix short for cabriolet. — F. cabriolet , a cab;
•ard (from O.II.G. hart ) — Late L. busio . from its supposed lightness. —
F. cabriole,
— L. buteo, a sparrow-hawk. a caper, leap of a goat ; formerly capriole.
By, prep. (K.) M. E. hi. A. S. In, — Ital. capriolay a caper, a kid. — Ital.
big.+Y)x\. bij G.bei; Goth. hi. \
caprio wild goat ; capra a she-goat. —
Cf. Skt.
a-bhi, Gk. ajx-qu. L. caper goat fern, capra. ;

By-law, a law affecting a township. Cacao, a tree. (Span. — Mexican.) Span.

(Scand.) Formerly also Mr law. — Icel. cacao from the Mexican name ( cacauatl ) ;

bie-r, by-r a village (gen. Inejar, whence of the tree whence chocolate is made.
bir-) log, a law.
;
So also Pan. by-lov a Not the same as cocoa .

town-law. Icel. bier is allied to bua, to Cachinnation. (L.) L. acc. cachin -

dwell. See Boor. ndtidnem loud laughter. — L. cachinndre,
Byre, a cow-house. (E.) A Northern to laugh. Cf. Cackle.
E. deriv. of bower. A. S. byre a shed, Cachucha, a dance. (Span.) ,
Span.
hut. — A. S. bur. a bower; cf. Icel. bur a cachucha. ,

pantry. See Bower. Cacique, a W. Indian chief. (Span.—

W. Indian.) Span, cacique, an Indian
prince.
c. From the old language of Ilayti.
Cack, to go to stool. (L.) M.E.
Cab (i) ; see Cabriolet. cakken. — L. cacdre.
Cab i 2),
a Heb. measure. (Heb.', Ileb. Cackle. (E.) M.E. kakelen , a fre-
qab, the 1 8th part of an ephah. The literal quentative form. Not in A. S. Du. +
sense is hollow ’ cf. Ileb qdbab to form kakelen
‘
; Swed. kaikla ; Dan. kagle; G. ;

in the shape of a vault ; see Alcove. gacheln . The sense is to keep on saying
4

Cabal. (F. - Ileb.) Orig. a secret/ F. kak ; cf. gabb-le, gobb le, gagg-le.
‘ ’

’
cabale the Jewes Caball, a hidden science ;
‘ Cacophony, a harsh sound. (Gk.)
Cot. — Heb. qabbdldhy reception, mysterious Gk. Kaicoificvi'ia, a harsh sound. — Gk. kclku-
doctrine. — Heb. qdbal , to receive; qibbel (ficovos, harsh. — Gk. koku-s, bad ; and
to adopt a doctrine ptov-T) sound. Der. cacophonous (Gk. natto- <j ,

Cabbage 1
( )»
a vegetable. (F.-L.) (fXDVOs),
—
M.E. cabache caboche. F. ( Picard) ca~ Cad, a low fellow. (F. L.)
, Short —
boche , lit. ‘ great head ;’ cf. Hoard cabus for Lowl. Sc. cadie, an errand-boy; see ,

F. choux cabus, large-headed cabbage. — L. Jamieson. F. cadet ; sec Cadet. —

caput head with augmentative suffix ;
; Cadaverous, corpse-like. (L.) L.
cf. Ital. capocchia, head of a nail. caddnerds us. — L. cadduer a corpse. — Lat. ,

Cabbage (2), to steal. (F.) From cad-ere, to fall, fall dead.

F. cabasser to put into a basket
,
Norman Caddis, a kind of worsted lace or tape.
;

cabassery to cabbage (and see Supp. to (F.) In Wint. Tale, iv. 4. 208. M.E.
Godefroy). — F. cabas , a basket; Norman cadaSy explained by bombicinium in
cabas, tailor’s cabbage; of unknown origin. Prompt, Parv. ; (hence Irish cadas } cad-
Caber, a pole. (C. — L.") Gael, cabar dis). Though also used to denote ‘wor-
a rafter. — L. type * caprio a rafter see sted,’ it was orig. coarse silk. — F. cadarce
; ,

Chevron. the coursest part of silke, whereof sleave ‘

Cabin. (F.) E c a bane. M - F.

cabane. is made ; ’ Cot. Cf. Span, cadarzo , coarse,
— Prov. cabana. — Late L. capanna, a entangled silk, that cannot be spun on a
hut (Isidore). reel ; Port, cadarzo, a coarse silk. Origin
cabinet. (F.) F. cabinet dim in. of unknown ; probably Eastern. Der. caddisr
F. cabane , a cabin (above). ivorm , from the caddis-like shape of the
Cable. (F.-L.) M. E. cable. — O. F. case of the larva.
cable. — Late L. capulum , caplum , a strong Caddy, a small box for tea. (Malay.)
(holding) rope. — L. caperey to hold. Better spelt catty . small package of A
Caboose, the cook’s cabin on board ship. tea, less than a half-chest, is called in the
(Du.) Formerly camboose. — Du. kombuis tea-trade a caddy or catty . — Malay kail, a
70
 , , , , ;. , , , , —

CADE CALENTURE
weight equal to ij lb. avoirdupois. This Calabash, the shell of a gourd. (F.
weight is also used in China and Japan, — Span. —Arab. — Fers.) F. calebasse .—
and tea is often made up in packages con- Span, calabaza (Port, calabafd). — Arab. —
taining one catty. Pers. kharbuz, a melon; lit. 'ass-gourd/
i. e. large gourd. — Pers. khar, ass (hence,
Cade, a barrel, cask. (F. — L. — Gk.~
Ileb.) F. cade. — L. cadus a barrel, cask.
,
coarse) buzah , odoriferous fruit. Cf. Skt.
;

— Gk. naSoSy a cask, jar. — Heb. kady a pail. khara, an ass.

Cadence, a fall of the voice. (F.—
Ital. — L.) M. E. cadence. — F. cadence , a
cadence, just falling of words;' Cot.—
Ital. cadenza. — Late lu.cadentiay a falling.
— L. cadent stem of pres. pt. of cadere, to
fall.+Skt. fad, to fall.
Cadet, orig. a younger son. (F. — L.)
F. cadet, a younger brother Frov. capdel
;
Capdet is a Gascon form -Late L. capit-
Calamint, a herb. (F. - L. - Gk.)
* M. F. calamenty Cot. — Late L. calamintha.
— Gk. KaXafiivOrj.
Calamity. (F.-L.) F. calamity. —
L. acc. calami/d terna misfortune.
Calash, a sort of carriage. (F. — G.
Slavonic.) F. caliche. — G. kalesche. — Pol.
kolaska a small carriage, dimin. of kolasa ,
a carriage; Russ, koliaska a carriage.— ,

ellum (the substitution of t for ll being Pol koto, a wheel O. Slav. kolo. (^QEL.)
.
;

regular in Gascon P. Meyer) ; lit. a little

;
Calcareous. (L.) Should be cal-
(younger) head, dimin. from L. caput a carious. — L ealedrius pertaining to lime.
.

head. — L. calc-, stem of calx, lime,

Cadi, a judge. (Arab.) Arab. qddi, calcine. (F. — L.) F. calciner.—
qdzl a cadi or cazi, a judge. Hence Span. Mod. L. calcinate , to reduce to a calx.—
,

alcalde the judge (E. alcayde) ; where al L. calc-, stem of calx , lime.
,

is the Arab. def. article. calculate. (L.) L. calculdt-us pp.

Caducous, falling. (L.) L. caduc-us, of calculate to reckon by help of small
,

falling; with suffix -ou$. — L. cadere , to pebbles. — L. calculus , pebble* dimin. of

fall. See Cadence. calxy a stone.
Caesura. (L.) L. acsiira a cutting
, ;
Caldron, Cauldron. (F.-L.) M.E.
a pause in a verse. — L. aes-us, pp. of cauderoiiy A. F. caudrun. — O. North F,
cadere to cut.
,
(Picard) cauderon for O. F. chauderony
,

Caftan, a Turkish garment. (Turk.) mod. F. chaudron (Ital. calderone, Span.

Turk, qaftally a dress. caldcron), a vessel for hot water. Extended
Cage. (F. — L.) F. cage. — Late L. from L. calddr-ia, a hot bath. L. caldus, —
cavea L. cauea a cave, den, cage. — L. contr. form of calidus hot. — L. calere y to
,

taiiuSy hollow. See Cave. be hot.

Caique, a boat. (F. — Turk.) F. caique . Calendar. (L.) L. ealenddrium , an
— Turk, kaik, a boat. account-book kept by mone} -changers; so
Cairn, a pile of stones. (C.) Gael., called because interest was due on the
Irish, \V., Fret, earn, a crag, rock ; also a calends ( 1 st day) of each month ; also, a
pile of stones. calendar.— L. calendce, calends.
Caitiff. (F. -L.) M. E. cat t if. - Calender (1), a machine for pressing
A. F. i ait if a captive, a wretch (F. cMif). cloth. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. calandre.—
— L. cap/iuum, acc. of captiuus ; sec Med. L. *calcndra, celendra, a calender; an
Captive. adaptation of L. cylindnts a cylinder see , ;

Cajole. (F.) F. cajolery to cajole Cylinder. Der. calender a smoother of ,

formerly, to chatter like a jay. Perhaps linen, a mistaken form for calendrer.
of imitative origin cf. cackle.
;
Calender (2), a kind of wandering
Cajuput, Cajeput (with j as y)y a monk. (F. — Pers.) F. calender. — Pers.
tree yielding an oil. (Malay.) Malay qa landary a kind of wandering Muham-
kdyu putih, lit. i white wood.’ — Malay madan monk, who abandons everything
kaytiy wood; putih white. and retires from the world.
Cake. (hi. or Scand.) M. E. cake. Calends. (L.) L. calendce , s. pl. f
N. Fries. kdk, kdg, late Icel. and Swed. the first day of the (Roman) month. Orig.
kaka ; Dan. kage. Tout, stem *kakdn-, obscure ; but certainly from the base cal-,
fem. ; from Teut. root *kak-, of which the as in O. Lat. caldre, to proclaim. Gk. +
strong grade is *kok - (whence prov. E. KaXiiVy to summon. Allied to Hale (2).
cookie, Du. koek, G. kuchcn, a cake). Calenture, a feverous madness. (F.
71
 , , , ; , , , , ;

CALF CAMEL
— Span. — L.) F. calenture. — Span, calm- L. calldsus thick-skinned. ,
— L. callus , cal*
tura. — L. calent -, stein of pres. pt. of lum hard
,
skin.
calere, to be hot. Callow, unfledged, bald. (L.) M.E.
Calf (i). (E.) M.E. half. O. Merc. calu , calewe. A. S. calu, bald. Du. kaal, +
calf\ A. S. cealf.+X)x\. kalf\ Icel. kdlfr ;
bald ; Swed. kal G. kahl. Teut. *kalwoz, ;

Swed. kalf\ Dan. kalv\ Goth, kalbo ; early borrowed from L. caluus bald.
G. kalb. Der. calve , vb., A. S. cealfian. Calm. (F. L. — Gk.) F. calme, adj. —
Perhaps allied to Skt. garbha womb, a Allied to Prov. chautne , the time when the
foetus. Brugm. i. § 656. flocks rest ; F. chdmer (formerly ckaumer),
Calf thick hind part of the
(2), the to restfrom work ; Ital. calma rest. — Late ,

shank. (E. ) Perhaps the same as the above L. cauma the heat of the sun (whence,
,

cf. Gaulish L. galba great-bellied ; Icel.f

time for rest) ; Job xxx. 30. [It is sug-
kdlfi, calf of the leg. See Cave in. gested that the change from au to al was
Caliber, Calibre, bore of a gun. due to association with L. cal-ere, to be
(F.) F. calibre size of a bore Span. ; hot.] — Gk. Kavpia heat. — Gk. ttaUiv, to
calibre (1623). Etym. unknown. Perhaps burn. Der. be-calm.
from Arab, qdlib, a form, mould, model, Calomel, a preparation of mercury.
Rich. Diet. p. 11 11 (Diez). Mahn sug- (Gk.) Coined to express a white product
gests L. qua libra, with what measure. from a black substance. — Gk. ko\ o-s, fair
Calico, cotton -cloth. (E. Indian.) and pitk-as, black.
Named from Calicut on the Malabar Caloric. (F. — L.) F. caloriqutr. — L.
,

coast, whence it was first imported. calor heat. — L. calere to be hot. ,

Calif, Caliph. (F.-Arab.) F. calife, calorific, making hot. (L.) L. calori-

a successor of the prophet. — Arab, kha- fic us, making hot. — L. calbri-, stem of calor ,

lifah, successor. — Arab, khalafa , to suc- heat and fie-, for facere to make. ; ,

ceed. Doublet, khalifa. Calthrop, Caltrap, a star-thistle, a

Caligraphy, Calligraphy, good ball with spikes for annoying cavalry.
writing. (Gk.) Gk. icaKkiy pallet. — Gk. (L. and Teut.) M.E. kalketrappe, A.S.
tcakki prefix (for K&kkos, beauty, from calcetreppe a star-thistle. Coined from ,

tcakos, good, fair) ; and ypeupuv, to write. L. calci -, stem of calx, the heel and the ;

calisthenics, callisthenics, Teutonic word trap. Lit. heel-trap see 1

’
;

graceful exercises. (Gk.) From Gk. Trap. So also F. chaussetrappe the same. ,

Kakkiadev-ijs, adorned with strength. — Calumet, a kind of pipe for tobacco.

Gk. /cakkt- (for teak kos, beauty, from (F.—L. — Gk.) Norman F. calumet a ,

tcakos, fair) ;
and aOev-os, strength. form to O. F. chalemel F. pipe ;
parallel ,

Calipers, compasses. (F.) For caliber - chalumeau a pipe. — L. calamus, a reed. — ,

compasses i. e. compasses for measuring Gk. Kakafios, a reed. See Shawm.

diameters; see Caliber. Calumny. (F. — L.) F. calomnie. — L.
Calisthenics ; see Caligraphy. calumnia false accusation. — L. calui,
Caliver, a sort of musket. (F.) Named caluere, to deceive.
from its caliber ox bore see Kersey’s Diet. Calve ; see Calf.
;

See Caliber. Calx. (L.) L. calx stone, lime (stem ,

Calk ; usually Caulk, q. v. calc - in Late L., a calx. ) ;

Call. (Scand.) Late A. S. ceallian Calyx. (L. - Gk.) L. calyx. - Gk. ;

cf. hildecalla, a herald. E. Fries, kallen. — K&kv£, a covering, calyx (or cup) of a
Icel.and Swed. kalla\ Dan. kalde,*^ Du. flower. Allied to Helm (2).
kallen O. H. G. challon. Teut. type
; Cam, a projection on a wheel. (Du.)
*kalldn- or *kal!ojan- , weak verb cf. W. Du. kamm, a comb (see Kilnin') Low G.
; ;

gahv to call, Russ, golos', voice, sound.

, kamtn cf. Dan. kam, comb, also a ridge ;

Callet, Callat, a worthless woman. on a wheel, cam, or cog. See Comb.

(F. — Low L. — Low G.) In Oth. iv. 2. Cambric. (Flanders.) Named from
121. — F. caillette a gossip, chatterer; Kamerijk, also called Cambray a town
, ,

lit. a little quail dimin. of caille, a quail, in Flanders, where it was first made.
;

also a woman. Littre gives caille coiffte, Camel. (F.-L.-Gk.-Heb.) M.E.

femme galante. See Quail. (Doubt- camel, carnail charnel. — O. North F. camel, ,

ful.) O. F. charnel. — L. camelus. — Gk. tedpujkos.

Callous, hard. (F.— L.) F. calleux .- — Heb. gdmdl Cf. Arab. jamaL 1
.

72
 ,. y s; ; .

CAMELOPARD CANISTER
camelopard, a giraffe. (L.-Heb. an n. y. The pp. couth
*cuntie) has lost ,

and Gk.) k ormerly Camelopardalis. — L. Ca- A.S. known, only survives in un-
efid,
melopardalis. — Gk. KafxT]\oTTapba\is, giraffe; couth, which see. Allied to Ken and
partly like a camel, partly like a pard.— Know. GEN.)
Gk. K&firjXo- s, a camel (Heb. gdmat) and Can (2), a drinking-vessel. (E.) A. S.
a pard see Pard.
iraptia\i$y ;
canne, a can. + Du. kan
kanna ; Icel. ;

Camellia. (Personal name.) A plant Swed. kanna ;

Dan. kande\ G.'kanne a ,

named (by Linnaeus) after Geo. Jos. Kamel, tankard, mug. (Apparently a true Teut.
a Moravian Jesuit (17th cent.), who de- word.)
scribed the plants in the island of Luzon. Canal. (F. — L.'l F. canal (whence also
Camelopard ;
see Camel. Du. kanaal). — L. candlis a channel, trench.
,

Cameo. (Ital.) Ital. cammeo a cameo, . Canary, a bird, a wine, a dance.

precious stone carved in relief. Origin (Canary Islands.) All named from the
unknown. Canary Islands.
Camera. L. camera , a chamber
(L.) ; Cancel. (F. L.) —
F. canceller. — Law
hence camera obscura, a dark chamber, L. cancellare , to cancel a deed by drawing
box for photography ; see Chamber. lines across it. — L. cancellus a grating, pi. ,

Camlet, a stuff. (F.~ Arab.) Formerly cancelli, lattice-work, crossed lines; dimin.
camelot.— M.F. camelot, Cot.; supposed of pi. cancri, lattice- work.
to be named from containing ca?neV hair. Cancer. (L.) L. cancer, a crab also ;

Really from Arab, khamlat, khamalat, an eating’ tumour. Cf. Gk. tcaptclvos, Skt.
‘

camlet Rich. Diet. p. 628.

;
karkaia, a crab cf. Skt. karkara
;
hard. ,

Camomile see Chamomile. ;

Named from its hard shell. Brugm. § 464. i.

Camp. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. camp (Cot.). Candelabrum. (L.'i L. candelabrum ,

— Ital. carnpo a field, camp. — L. campum, a candle-holder; from candela a candle. ,

acc. of campus a ,
field, ground held by an Candid. (F. — L.) F. candide, white,
army. Brugm. i. § 563. fair, sincere. — L. Candidas, white, shining.

campaign, orig. a large field. (F. - — L. candere, to shine. — L. *candere to ,

— L.) F. campaigne campagtie an set on fire (in comp, in-cendere) + S h

Ital. , , . t

open field. — Ital. campagna, a field also chand ( for fchand) ,to shine. (y'SQEND.);

a campaign. — L. campania, open field.— Brugm. §§ 456, 818 (2). i.

L. campus (Also spelt champaign

,
a field. , candidate. (L.) L. candiddtus,
and even champion in old authors.) white- robed ; because candidates for office
campestral, growing in fields. (L.) wore white. — L. Candidas , white.
From L. campestr-is, growing in fields; candle. (L.) A. S. candel. — L. can-
with suffix -a/. — L. campus a field. dela, a candle. — L. candere , to glow.
candour. (F. - L.) F. candeur - L.
;’
Campanula. (L.) Lit. ‘a little bell .

dimin. of L. campdnay a bell, lienee also acc. candoretn, brightness (hence, sincerity).
campani-form Candy, crystallised sugar. (F. — Ital. —
Camphor. (F. — Arab. — Malay.) For- Skt.) F. sucre candi, sugar-candy; whence
merly spelt camphire twith an inserted i), F. se candir, * to candie;’ Cot. Ital. —
— F. camphrtr, camphire ; * Cot. — Low
‘ candire, to candy candi, candy zucchero; ;

L. camphora (whence the form camphor). candi ,

sugar-candy. — Arab, qand, sugar;
— Arab, kaffir, camphor; cf. Skt. karpura, whence Arab, qandi, made of sugar.
camphor. — Malay kapfir, lit. chalk kdpur ; The word is Aryan ;
cf. Skt. khandava,
B arils, chalk of Barous, a name for cam- sweetmeats, khanda, a broken piece, from
phor. Barous is in Sumatra. khandy to break. Der. sugar-candy Ital. ,

Can (1), I am able. (E.) A. S. can ,

zucchero candi.
canny 1st and 3rd persons sing. pres, of Candytuft, a plant. (Hyb.) From
cunnatiy to know. The pres. t. can is Candy, i. e. Candia (Crete) ; and tuft.
really an old perf. t. ;
the same peculiarity Cane. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. cane ,

occurs in Du. kunnen , Icel.and Swed. canne . — F. canne. — L. canna. — Gk. Karra,
kunnay Dan. kundey to know, to be able a reed. Cf. Heb. qdneh, reed; Arab.
G. konnen, to know. p. The pt. t. is qandh, cane.
could, with intrusive /; M. E. coude, A. S. canister. (L. — Gk.) L. canistrum,
efitie ; cf. Goth, kuntha , Du. konde G. ,
a light basket. — Gk. K&vaorpov, the same.
konnte ;
shewing that A. S. cube (for — Gk. navi) ~ Kavva , a reed.
 , , ; ,; ; ,, , , , ; ,

CANNON CANZONET
cannon. (F.— Ital.— L.— Gk.) F. Canorous, tuneful. (L.) L. canor-us ;

canon. — Ital. cannone a cannon, orig. a ,

with suffix -oils. — L. canere to sing. Brugm. ,

great tube, a gun- barrel. — L. canna, a reed i. § 181.

see Cane, The Span, carton, a tube, a Cant (1), to sing in a whining way,
deep gorge, is cognate. whine. (L.) L. cant are (whence Picard
canon (1)> a rule. (L. — Gk.) A, S. and Walloon canter, to sing) ; frequent,
canon. — L. canon a rule. — Gk. fcautuv, a rod,
,
of canere, to sing. Cant was at first a
rule. —
Gk. kclvt) « Kavva, a (straight) cane. beggar’s whine ; hence, hypocrisy ; see
Canon (2), a dignitary of the church. Be cant.
(F. — L. -Gk.) M. E. canun , canoun .— canticle. (L.) L.canticulum, a little

O. F. canogne,novi chanoine. — Lat. canoni- song dimin. of caniicum a song ; dimin.

; ,

cum acc. of canonic us, adj., one on the of cantus, a song; cf. cantus , pp. of
church-roll or list. — L. canon, the church- canere, to sing.
roll also, a rule.
;
See canon (i). canto. (Ital. — L.) Ital. canto, a sing-
Canine. (L.) L. cantnus, belonging ing, section of a poem. — L. acc. cantum
. to a dog. — L. cants, a dog see Hound. ;
a singing, song (above).
Canister see Cane." ; canzonet. Ital. canzo -
(Ital.— L.)
Canker. (F. — L.) North F. cancre. netia, dimin. of canzone , a hymn, song.—
(F. chancre). — L. cancrum acc. of cancer, ,
L. cantidnem, acc. of cantio a song. — L.
a crab, a canker. See Cancer, The G. cantus pp. of canere to sing.
,

hanker may be Teutonic (Kluge) ; so
4
perhaps E. canker in the sense of disease
of trees’; cf. Gk. yuyypos, an excrescence
Cant (2), an edge; as verb, to tilt. (Du.
— L.) Du. kant, an edge, corner. +Dan.
and Swcd. kant edge G. kante a corner.
, ; ,

on trees. p. All from Late L. cantus a corner; which

Cannel-coal. (L. and E.) Lit. a is prob. from L. can thus = Gk. kvlvBos, the
4
candle-coal/ because it burns brightly. corner of the eye, felloe of a wheel.
Prov. E. canncl, a candle. See Candle. Canteen. (F. -Ital.) F. cantinc.—
Cannibal. (Span. Indian.) For--W. Ital. cantina, a cellar, cool cave (hence
merly canibal. — Span, canibal ; for Caribal, the sense of vessel for liquids). Origin
a Caiib, native of the Caribbean Islands. doubtful. Perhaps from Late L. cantus a ,

The W. Indian (Hayti) word carib means comer.

4
brave.’ Hence also Caliban. Canter, an easy gallop. (Proper name.)
Cannon (l) see Cane. Short for Canterbury gallop, the pace at
Cannon (2), at billiards. (F. — Span.) which pilgrims rode thither.
A corruption of carrom shortened form of , Canticle, Canto; sec Cant (1).
F. caramboler, v., to make a cannon at Cantle, a small piece. (F.— L. ?) O.F.
billiards, to touch two other balls with cantel, a small piece (F. chanteati), dimin.
one’s own see Hoyle’s Games.
;
Orig. of Picard cant (F. chant), a corner Late ;

sense, to touch the red ball whence ; I,. ca?itus. Prob. from L. canthus, corner
caramboler to cannon (as above) and
,
of the eye ; see Cant (2).
carambolage sb a cannon. — Span, caram-
, ,
Canton, aregion. (F. — Ital.) F. canton.
bola a manner of playing at billiards, a
,
— Ital. cantone a nook, angle; also, a
,

device, trick, cheat. Origin unknown. corporation, township (Torriano) ; Late L.

Canoe. (Span. — W. Ind.) Span, canoa cantonurn, canto, a region, province.
orig. a Haytian word for boat. Canton (in heraldry),
4
Origin doubtful,
Canon (1) and (2) see Cane. ;
a comer of a shield, is from F. canton,
—
Canopy. (F. Ital. L. — Gk.) Should — a corner, Ital. cantone from Ital. canto, an
be conopy\ but we find F. canopi, borrowed edge ; see Cant (2).
from Ital. canopi. (Also F. conopee) — L. Canvas. — L. — Gk.) M.E.canevas
(F. .

condpeum Judith xiii. 9. — Gk. Kwvojireiov North F. canevas — Late L. canabdcius

.
,

an Egyptian bed with mosquito curtains hempen cloth. — L. cannabis hemp. — Gk. ,

(hence, any sort of hangings). — Gk. kowwtt-, Kawapis, hemp. Cf. Skt. fana, hemp
stem of K&vcuip, a mosquito, gnat; lit. see Hemp.
4
cone-faced or cone-headed,’ from the
* 4
canvass. (F.-L.-Gk.) Orig. to
shape of its head. — Gk. kwvo-s, a cone toss in a canvas sheet, to criticize or
;

and face, appearance, from Gk. base discuss thoroughly. From canvas sb.
On, to see (see Optics). Canzonet; see Cant (1).
74
 , , , , ;;
; , . , , h , ,

CAOUTCHOUC CAPTIOUS
Caoutchouc. (F.-Carib.) F. caout- ;
from L.
North F. capitcl (F. chapiteau )
chouc ; a Caribbean word, cahttchu
orig. capitellum (above). .

Cap, a head-covering. (Late L.) A. S. capitation, poll-tax. (F.-L.) F.

cccppe. — Late L. cappa a cap (Isidore). capitation. — Late L. acc. capitdtidnem ,
Capable. (F.-L.) F. capable, — Late poll-tax. — L. capit-, stem of caput poll,
L. capd bill's, comprehensible; afterwards, head.
able to hold. — L. capere, to hold (below). Capitol. (L.) The temple df Jupiter,
capacious, able to contain. (L.) at Rome, called Capitoliuvi. — L. capit-,
Coined from L capaci-, stem of capax, stem of caput , a head but the reason for
. ;

able to hold. — L. capere to hold, contain ; the name is obscure; see Smith, Class.
see Heave. Brugm. i. § 635. (y'QAP.) Diet.
Caparison, trappings of a horse. (F. capitular, relating to a chapter. (L.)
— Span.— Late L.) O. F. caparasson — Med. L. capitilldris, adj. of capitulum.
.

Span, caparazon cover for a saddle aug- a chapter of a cathedral, or a chapter of

;

mentative from Med. L. caparo , a cowl a book see Chapter. ;

from Span, a cloak, cover. — Late L. Capitulate. (L.) LateL .capitulatus,

a cape as below. ; pp. of capituldre , to divide into chapters,
Cape ( 0 a covering for the shoulders. also to propose teims (for surrender).—
,

(F. — Late L.) O. North F. cape. — Late L. Late L. capitulum a chapter ; see Chapter.
< 77/a, a cape (Isidore of Seville); whence Dor. re- capitulate.
also Prov., Span., Port, capa Icel. £<7/0, ,Capon. (L. — Gk.) A.S. capun. — \ ..
&c. Allied to cap. Doublet, cope. acc. cdponem, from nom. capo — Gk. /cavcuv, .

Cape (2\ a headland. (F. — Ital. — L.) a capon.

F. cap. — Ital. *77/0, head, headland. — L. Caprice. (F. — Ital. — L F. caprice. .

caput, head. — Ital. capriccio a whim. Perhaps from ,

Caper (1), to dance about. (Ital. — L.) Ital. capro, a he-goat; so that capriccio
Abbreviated from capreole (Sir P. Sidney). might mean a frisk like a goat’s; see
— Ital. capriolarc, to skip as a goat. — Ital. Caper (i).
capriola * a caper in dancing,’ Florio
, capricorn. (L.'i I,, capricomus,
also, a kid; dimin. of capra a she-goat. horned like a goat. — L. tapri lor capro-,
,

— L. capra a she-goat ; cf.

,
he-goat. stem of caper, goat and corn-u horn. ; ,

+Gk. KCL-npos , a boar; A.S. Juefer, Icel. Capriole, a peculiar frisk of a horse.
hafr. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. capriole (see Cot.).—
Caper (2), the flower-bud of a certain Ital. capiiola the leap of a kid; see ,

plant. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. F. capre (F. Caper (ib

cdpre). — L. capparis. — Gk. Kannapts, caper- Capsize, to upset. (Span.? — L.) Per-
plant its fruit; cf. Peis, kabar capers.
;
haps from Span, capuzar to sink (a ship)
,

Capercailzie- (Gael.) Here s repre- by the head apparently a derivative of L. ;

sents M. E. p, pron. as y.— Gad. capull- caput, the head. (A guess.)

coille great cock of the wood ; lit. horse
,
Capstan. (F.-Span.-L.?) F. cabe-
of the wood. — Gael, capull, a horse (see stan; Piov. cabestan. — Span, cabestiante
Cavalier) ; coille gen. of coill, a wood, cabrestante a capstan. Of these forms,
, ,

cognate with E. Holt. cabestrante is the better, and is allied to

Capillary, like hair. (I..) L. capil- Span, cabestrage, a halter, or a haltering,
lar is, adj. ; lrom capilitis , hair. Perhaps and to cabestrar, to halter. — L. capistrant-,
allied to cap-ut the head. stem of pres. pt. of capisirare, to halter.
Capital ( 1), chief. (F. — L.) F. capital. — L. capistrum (Span, cabestro), a halter.
— L. capitdlis, belonging to the head. — L. — L. capere to hold; with double suffix ,

capit-, stem of caput, the head. +Skt. kappa- - is-tro

la(tn), skull ; A. S. hafela , head. Brugm. Capsule, seed-vessel. (F. — L.) F.
i. § 64 1. capsule a small case. — L. capstila, dimin. ,

Capital (2), stock of money. (F.— of capsa, a case ; see Case (2).
L.) F. capital — Late L. capitate, wealth Captain. (F. - L.) M. E. capitain. -
neut. of capitdlis, chief; see Capital (i). O. F. capitain .— Late L. capit a ft ms, capit-
Capital (3), head of a pillar. (L. or antts a leader of soldiers. — L. capit- , stem
;

F. — L.) L. capitellam, head of a pillar of caput head. ,

dimin. from L. caput, head. Or from O. Captious. (F. - L ) F. captieux , cavil-

75
 ;; ; —

CAPTIVE CAREER
ling. — L. captiosus. — L. captio a taking, karawiyd-a caraway- seeds or plant.
,
Cf. }

a sophistical argument. — L. captus pp. of Gk. /capos, aapov cumin. , ,

capere to hold.
,
See Capacious. Carbine. (F. — Gk.) Formerly cara-
captive. (F.-L.) F. captif (fem. bine a musket, the weapon of a carabin , ,

captive), captiuns , a captive. — L.

— L. or musketeer. — F. carabin ‘an arque- y

captus pp. of capere to take.

,
W. , + buzier
’
Cot. Perhaps from O. F. calabrin ,
;

a captive; O. Irish a female captive. a light-armed soldier of uncertain origin. ;

captor. (L.) L. captor a taker. — L. , Carbon. (F. — L.) F. carbone. — L.

ra/-, as in capere to take; with suffix
,
acc. carbonem a ,
coal.
capture. (F.-L.) F. capture, — L. Carbonado, broiled meat. (Span.
captura a taking. — L. cap- as in capere , to
y y
L. ) Span, carbonado meat broiled over ,

take with fem. suffix -turn.

;
coals. — Span. carbon y coal; see above.
Capuchin, hooded friar, hood. (F. - Carbuncle. L. carbunculus (1) a ,

Ital. — Late L.) M.F. capuchin ; F. small coal, (2) a carbuncle, gem, from its
capucin. — Ital. cappucino a small hood, ,
glowing, (3) a red tumour. Double
hence a hooded friar dimin. of cappuccio ; y
dimin. of L. carbo y coal.
a cowl. — Ital. cappa , a cape ; see Cap and Carboy, a large glass bottle, protected
Cape (i). by wicker-work. (Pers.) Pers. qarabah %

Car. (F.-C.) M. E. carre. — O. North F. a large flagon ; which is prob. of Arab,

carre y a car (Ducange, s. v. A/arcellum). origin. Cf. Arab. qirbah y a water-skin,
— Late L. carra f. ; allied to L. carrus
, ,
water-bottle.
a car; of Gaulish origin. — Bret, Carcanet. (F. — Teut.) Dimin. of F.
a chariot; W. rar, O. Gael, car, Irish carcan f a collar of jewels, or of gold.—
Allied to L. currus , a chariot O. Ii. G. querca y the throat; cf. Icel.
Brugm. i. § 516. kverkr pi. the throat ; Lith.^i?^ 4f, throat,
,

Caracole. (F. — Span.) F. caracol ,

gerti, to drink. i. § 653. Brugm.
caracole a snail ; whence faire le caracole,
, Carcase, Carcass. (F.-Ital.) From
applied to a manoeuvre by soldiers, and to M. F. carquasse y a dead body. — Ital.
turns made by a horse. — Span, caracol ,
carcassa, a kind of bomb-shell, a shell;
a snail, winding staircase, turning about also, a skeleton, frame ; cf. Port. carcassa y
(from the snail-shell’s spiral form). Per- a carcase, a very old woman. Of unknown
haps of Celtic origin; cf. Gael, carach ,! origin.
circling, winding ; r/rr, a turn, twist. Card ( 0 piece of pasteboard. (F.
,

Carafe, a glass water-bottle. (F. — — Gk.) Corruption of F. carte ‘a

Ital. y

Span. — Arab.) F. carafe . — Span, garrafa ,

a cooler, vessel to cool wines in. — Arab.
ghirdf draughts of water; Arab, root
gharafa, to draw water. (Dozy, Devic.)
Or from Pers. qardbah a large flagon ;
but see Carboy.
card/ Cot. — Ital. carta L. charta. — Gk.
XapTVt X<*P Tr)Si a leaf of papyrus. Der.
cardboard. Doublet, chart.
Card (2), an instrument for combing
,
wool. (F. — L.) F.carde. — Med.L, cardzis,
L. cartltms y a thistle for wool-combing. ;

Carat. (F. -Ital. -Arab. - Gk.) F. Cardinal. (L.) L. cardindlis, prin-

carat a very light weight. — Ital. carato.—
,
cipal, chief orig. relating to the hinge of
;

Arab. qirrat a pod, husk, carat, 24th

y a door. — L. cardin- y stem of cardo y a
part of an ounce. — Gk. tccpariov fruit of ,
hinge.
the locust-tree also, a carat lit. ‘ a small
; ; Cardoon, a plant. (F.-Trov.-L.)
horn.* — Gk. Ktpar- y stem of tcipas, a horn ;
F. cardon Cot. — Prov. cardoit with aug-
y \

see Horn. ment. suffix from Med. L. card-us a y

Caravan. F. caravans. —
(F. — Pers.) thistle. Card (2). See
Pers. kanvan y a caravan, convoy. Care. (F.) M. E. care. A. S. caru t
caravansary. (Pers.) Pers. kdr- cearu anxiety.
y +
O. Sax. kara sorrow; y

wdnsaray, an inn for caravans. — Pers. O. H. G. chara a lament; Goth, kara ;

y

kdrwan caravan sardy y public building,

, ; Teut. type *kardy f. Hence, care vb. A. S. , ;

inn. carian. Not allied to L. enra.

Caraway, Carraway. (Span.- Careen. (F.— L.) Lit. ‘to clean the
Arab.) Span, al carahueya, a caraway keel * hence to lay a ship on its side. — F.
;

where al is merely the Arab. def. art. carint y carlne, keel. — L. carlna, keel.
also written carvi. — Arab, karwiyd-a. \
Career. (F.-C.) F. carrilre y a race-
 , , ;;,
, , ,, ,

CARESS CARP
course. — Late
L. carraria uia), a road and leudre, to lift, remove, take away,
for cars. — Late
L. carra , L. carrus, a car from leu is, light.
of Celtic origin ; see Car. carnivorous. (L.) L. camiuorus
Caress. (K. Ital. L.) F. caresse — — flesh -eating. — L. carni-, decl. stem of caro
a fondling. — Ital. carezza, a caress, fondling. flesh and uor-dre to devour.
;

— Late L. cdritia ,
dearness. — L. cams, Carob-tree 9 the locust-tree. (F. -
dear. Brugm. i. § 637. Arab.) M. F. carobe , caroubes — Arab.
Carfax. (F. — L.) M. E. car/oukes kharrub bean-pods. ,

a place where four roads meet. — O. F. pi. Caroche, Carroche, a kind of coach.
carrefourgs, the same: from sing, carre- (F. — Ital. — C.) Nearly obsolete; but
fourg. — Late L. quadrifurcus four-forked. the present sense of carriage is due to it.—
— L. quadri (from quatuor), four; and F. carroche variant of carrosse, a carosse
- ‘

furca, a fork. See Fork. or caroach ’ Cot. — Ital. carroccia car- ; ,

Cargo. (Span. -C.) Span, cargo, freight, rozza, a chariot. Extended from Ital.
load; cf. cargar, to load. — Late L. carri- carro, a car. See Car.
cure to load a car see Charge.
, ;
Carol, a song. ( F. — L. — Gk ?) F or- .

caricature. (Ital.-C.) Ital. cart- merly, a kind of dance. — O.F. carole ,

catura a satirical picture ; so called because a (singing) dance. Godefroy (s. v. carole )
}

exaggerated or overloaded.* — Ital. cari- cites Swiss Rom. coraula, a round -dance,
*

care, to load, burden. — Late L. carricdre , also a dance-song. Prob. from L.

to load a car; see Charge. choraules, a flute-player to a chorus. — Gk.
Caries. (L.) L. caries, rottenness. Xopavkrjs, the same. — Gk. x°P‘° s a chorus, j

Cork. burden, anxiety. (F. — C.) A. F. round-dance; and av\ 6 s, a flute.

karke North. F. form of F. charge i. e.
, Carotid, adj. (Gk.) Gk./rapotm8(s,s.pl.,
,

load; see Charge. Cf. M.E. karke, a the two great arteries of the neck it was ;

load as in a karke ofpepper/

;
* thought that an alteration in the flow of
Carkanet; see Carcanet. blood through them caused stupor. —
C armin ative, expelling wind‘ from Gk. Kapoou 1 stupefy /capos, stupor. , ;

the body. (F. — L.) F. carminatif wind- Carousal, (1) a drinking-bout; (2), a
Cot. — L. carmindt-us, pp. of pageant. (1. F. — G. ; 2. F.— Ital)
9
voiding ;
1.
car minore, to card wool (hence, in old Sometimes used as if from the verb carouse
medicine, to cleanse from gross humours) below. 2. But, in old authors, cdrousil
;

with suffix -Ttcus. — L. carmin-, from car- (also carousal) means a sort of pageant,
men, a card for wool. — L. carere, to of which some kind of chariot-race formed
card. a principal part; Dryden, Virgil, ^En. v.
Carmine. (Span. — Arab. — Skt.) Span. 777. — F. carrousel a tilting-match. — Ital.
carmin, short form oi car mesin, adj. from carosello, also spelt garosello, a tourna-
;

carmesi, crimson. — Arab, qirmizi crimson ment of uncertain origin. ;

from qirmiz, cochineal. — Skt. mi, a worm, Carouse. (F. — G.) F. carous, ‘aca-
b
the cochineal insect. rousse of drinke/ Cot. — G. garaus right ,

Carnage ; see below. out used of emptying a bumper. — G. gar, ;

Carnal. (L.l L. canidlis, fleshly. — quite and aus, out. (Raleigh even writes ;

L. earn stem of caro, flesh. Brugm. i. garouse; directly from G. garaus,) Der.
§ 5*5 - carous-al, but only in one sense of that
Carnage. (F.—L.) F. carnage, flesh- word ; see above.
time, slaughter of animals. — Late L. car- Carp ( 0 ,
a fish. (F.) M.E. carpe .
ndticum, a tribute of flesh-meat cf. ;
XV cent. —0 .F. carpe (Span. Port, carpa,
camdtum, time for eating flesh. — L. cam-, Ital. carpa ,
Florio; ; also Du. karper\
stem of caro ,
flesh. Icei. karfi ;
Dan. karpe ; Swed. karp ;
Carnation. (F.—L.) F. carnation G. ka/pfen ; O. H. G. charpho ; Russ.
flesh colour (Littre). — L. acc. carndtidnem ,
karp * j Lith. karpa .
fleshiness. cam-, stem of— L. caro, flesh. Carp (2), to cavil at. (Scand.) M. E.
carnival. (F.-Ital.-L.) F .cama- carpen, which often merely means to talk,
val, Shrovetide. —
Ital. camevale, carnovale, say. — Icel. karpa, to boast; Swed. dial.
the last three days before Lent. Med. L. — karpa , to boast, talk much. The pre-
camelevdle,camelevdmen,xtxaoytx\ of flesh. sent sinister sense is due to confusion with
Shrovetide. — L. carnc-m, acc.of caro, flesh L. carpere , to pluck.

77
 , ,, , ,, , , , \ ,; , , , , , ,;
; ;

CARPENTER CASINO
Carpenter. (F.-C.) A.F. carpenter ;
register. — Late
L. chartula , a document
O. North F. carpentier (F. charpentier), — dimin. of charta a paper ; see Card (1).
,

Late L. carpcntdrius sb. ; carpentdre to , Carve. (K.) M. E. kertten. A.S. ceorfan ;

work in timber. — L. carpentum, a carriage pt. t. cearf pi. curfon , pp. corfen [The .

a word of Celtic origin. — O. Irish carpat ,

A. S. ceorfan would have given *ckarve ;
Gael, and Irish carbad W. cerbyd a car- , c was retained from the pt. pi. and pp.j
riage, chariot, litter. + Du. kerven G. kerben , to notch, cut
;

Carpet. (F.-L.) O. F. carpite. - Late also Dan, karve, Swed. karfva , to notch,
L. carpi ta, carpeta a kind of thick cloth ;
from the 2nd stem. Gk. yp 6<f>(iv, Brugm.
also carpia (F. charpie'), lint. — L. r<zr- i. $ 791-
to pluck, pull to pieces (lint being Cascade. ( F. — Ital. — L. ) F. cascade . —
made of rags pulled to pieces, and carpet, Ital. cascata, a waterfall ;
orig. fem. pp. of
probably, from shreds). case are, to fall. For *casicare. —
L. cdsdre ,
Carrack. (F.) O. F. carraque a ship ,
to totter. — L. cdsitm sup. of cadere to
, ,
fall.
of burden Late Lat. carraia , the same.
; Case (1), an event. (F. — L.) M.E.
.Of unknown origin. oz.y. — F. — L. acc. cdsum a fall, a
Carriage. (F. —
C.) M.E. cariage, that case. — L. casus, pp. of cadere to fall. ,

which carried about (as in Bible, A. V.).

is Case (2), a receptacle. (F.-L.) O. F.
— O. F. cariaqc ; from carter , to carry see ;
casse.— L. ert/xa, a box, cover. — L. capere ,

Carry, Its modern use is due to con- to hold.

fusion with caroch a vehicle (Massinger, Casemate. (F. Ital.) F. casemate, —
Kenegado, i. 2) ; see Caroche. a loop-hole in a fortified wall. — Ital. casa-
Carrion. (F. L.) M. E. caroignc, a — matta, a chamber built under a wall or
carcase. —
O. North F. caroigne Late L. bulwark, to hinder those who enter the
;

cardnia , a carcase. — L. caro flesh. ditch to scale the wall of a fort. It seems
Carronade, a sort of cannon. (Scot- to mean 1 dark chamber.’ — Ital. and L.
land.) So named because made at Carrott casa, house, cottage, room; and Ital .matta, ,

in Stirlingshire. fem. of malto, orig. mad, but the Sicilian

—
Carrot. (F. L.— Gk.) F. carote ca- maltu means dim.* ,
‘

rotte — L. cardta — Gk. Kapairuv a carrot.

. .
Casement, frame of a window. (F. —
Carry. (F. -C.) O. F. - Late L.) Coined with the sense of encasement
L. carricdre. — L. carries a car; see Car. that which encases or encloses. From
Cart. (F.) A. S. rra/, mz/; cf. Du. case, verb with suffix -ment. ;

Or from Icel. kartr a cart whence, Cash, coin. (F. — L.) Orig. a till or box
;

probably, Picard carti a cart. ,to keep money in. — F. casse, a case ; see
Carte, a bill of fare. (F. — Gk.) Chiefly Case (2) above. Der. cash-ier, sb., one
in the F. phr. blanche lit. white who keeps a money-box or cash.
,

paper. — Late L. carta see Card (O. Cashew-nut, the nut of a W. and E.
\

Cartel. (F. — Ital. — Gk.) F. cartel. — Indian tree. (F. —Brazilian.) Cashew is
Ital. cartello, lit. a small paper ; dimin. of a corruption of F. acajou. Brazil, acam , —
carta paper, bill; see Card (1).
,
the fruit of the tree named acajaba or
Cartilage. (F.-L) F. cartilage acajaiba. (Mahn, Littr£.)
gristle. —
L. cartildginem acc. of cartildgo. Cashier, to dismiss from service.
Der. cartilagin-ous. (Du. — F. — L.) Du. c as sere n, to cashier ;

—
Cartoon. (F. Ital. — Gk.) F. carton — merely borrowed from F. casser to . ‘

Ital. cartone, lit. a large paper ; from carta, breake, burst, . . also to casseere, dis-
a card see Card (1).
; charge ; Cot. [Du. words, borrowed ’

cartouche, cartridge. (F. - Ital. from F. end in -eren.’] — L. quassdre, to f

— Gk. N Cartridge (with intrusive r) is for shatter, frequent, of quatere to shake

,

cartidge corrupt form of cartouche — F. which annexed the senses of L. cassare , to

, .

cartouche a roll of paper. — Ital. cartoccio annul, discharge, from L. cassus, void, null, ,

a roll of paper, cartridge. — Ital. ra/VA, Cashmere, a soft wool. (India.) So

paper; Late L. rarto see Card ( 1). The called from the vale of Cashmere in India.
;

cartridge took its name from the paper in Also spelt cassimere, kerseymere .

which it was rolled up. Casino, a room for dancing. (Ital. — L.)
cartulary, a register. (LateL.-Gk.) Ital. casino dimin. of casa , a cottage,
Late L. cartularium, chartularium , a house. — L. casa , a cottage.
78
 ; , — ; ;

CASK CATAPLASM
Cask. (Span.— L.) Span, casco, a skull, tellum , dimin. of castrum, a fortified
sherd, coat of an onion ; also a cask of place. Der. castell-an O. North F. caste- ,

wine, a casque or helmet. The orig. sense lain, O. F. chaste lain, the keeper of a
4 7
is husk ; cf. Span, cascara, peel, rind, chastel, or castle ;
also chdtelaine (fem. of
shell, Port. casca, rind. — Span, cascar, to F. ch&telain — O. F. chastelaih) now applied ,

burst open ; formed (as if from Lat. *</uas- to a lady’s chain or ‘keeper’ of keys,
sicdre) from an extension of L. quassdre , &c. *
to break, burst ; see Quash. Castor. (L. —
L. castor. — Gk.Gk.)
casque, a helmet. (F. — Span. — L.) KCLOTwp, a beaver. But of Eastern origin ;
F. casque. — Span, casco , a helmet, head- cf. Malay kasturi, Skt. kasturit musk ;
piece ;
see above. Pers. khaz beaver. ,

Casket, a small box. (Span. — L.) Ap- castor-oil. Named from some con-
parently confused with F. cassette , 4 a small fusion with castoreum , 4 a medicine made
J
casket Cot. Formally, it is a dimin. of of the liquor contained in the little bags
Cask. that are next the beaver’s groin ; ’ Kersey.
Casque ;
see Cask. But it is really a vegetable production.
Cassava, a plant. (Span. Hayti.) — Castrate. (L.) L. castratus , pp. of
Span.rastf^; also cazavi 4 the bread made ,
castrdre to cut. ,

in the \V. Indies of the fruit called the Casual. (F. — L.) F. casuel,— L. cdsu-
yuca ;
’
Pineda. It properly means the dlis ,happening by chance. — L. cdsu -,
plant, which is also called manioc ; said to stem of casus chance. See Case (ij.
,

be from the Hayti casabbi, with the same Cat. (E.) A. S. cat.+ Du., Dan. kat ,

sense. See R. Eden’s works, ed. Arber, Icel. kottr, Sw. katt, G. hater, katze L. ;

p. 175. See Tapioca. cat us, W. cath f Ir. Gael, cat, Russ. kot\
Cassia, a species of laurel. (L. — Gk. — koshka , Arab, qitt, Turk. kedl. (Prob.
Ileb.) L. casta, cassia. — ( Ik. Kaoia a spice ,
Eastern.)
like cinnamon. — leb. qetsVdtli in Ps. xlv. 1
, Cat a-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. Kcmi, down,
8 a pi. form from qetsi'dh , cassia-bark.—
,
thoroughly.
Heb. root qdtsci to cut away ; because the Cataclysm, deluge. (Gk.) Gk. /cara-
bark is cut off. k\voh 6 s, a dashing over, flood. — Gk. /cani,
Cassimere ;
see Cashmere. down ;
/cAvffti/, to dash, wash, as waves.
Cassock, a vestment. (F. Ital.) — F. Catacomb. (Ital. — L.) Ital. cata -
cosaque . — Ital. casacca , an outer coat. Of comba a sepulchral vault. — Late L. caia-
,

uncertain origin. cumbas of which the sense and origin are

;

Cassowary, a bird. (Malay.) First unknown.

brought from Java. Malay kasawdri. Catafalque, a stage or platform,
Cast. fScand.) Icel. kasta, to throw chiefly used at funerals. (F. — Ital.) F.
Swed. kasta Dan. kaste ;
Der. re-cast. . catafalque. — Ital. catafalco ; of unknown
Castanets, instruments used for origin. See Scaffold.
making a snapping noise. (F.— Span. — Catalepsy, a sudden seizure. (Gk.)
L. — Gk."s F. tastagnettes ‘finger-knack- ,
Formerly catalefsis. — Gk. Kara\rji//is , a
ers, wherewith players make a pretty giasping, seizing. — Gk. Kara down;
,
Aa/i-
noise in some dances;’ Cot. — Span, cas - fiaveiVy to seize.
tanetas, castanets ; pi. of castaneta a , Catalogue. (F.-Gk.) F. catalogue.-
snapping noise resembling the cracking of Late Lat. acc. catalogum. — Gk. KaraKoyos,
roasted chestnuts. — Span, castafia a chest- ,
a counting up, enrolment. — Gk. /rara, fully
nut.— Lat. castanca the chestnut-tree.— ,
\iyav, to say, tell ; see Logic.
Gk. Kaaravov see Chestnut. ; Catamaran, a sort of raft. (Tamil.)
Caste, a breed, race. (Port. — L.) Port. In Forbes, Hindustani Diet., ed. 1859,
casta a race, orig. a pure’ breed a name
,
‘
; p. 289, we have katmaran, a raft ‘
;
the . .

given by the Port, to classes of men in word is orig. Tamil, and means tied logs / —
India. — Port, casta fem. of casto pure. , ,
Tamil katitt, binding ; marattiy wood
I,, castus, pure, chaste. (Yule).
castigate. (L.) L. castigdtus pp. of , Cataplasm, a poultice. (F.-L.~
castigdre , to chasten ;
lit. ‘
to keep pure.’ — Gk.) F. cataplasme. — L. cataplasma. —
L. castus chaste. ,
Doublet, chastise. Gk. KaThnXaofiay a plaster, poultice. — Gk.
Castle. (L.) A. S. castei. — L. cas - Karairk&acay, to spread over. — Gk. Kara,

79
 CATAPULT CATTLE
fully ; and irkacrauv, to mould ;
see acciperty to receive, also to buy; see
Plaster. Accept and Cates.
Catapult. (Late L. — Gk.) Late L. Cateran, a Highland robber. (Gael.)
catapulta an engine for throwing stones. —
,
Low L. cateranuSy answering to Gael.
Gk. HarancKrrjs, the same. — Gk. Kara, ceathaimty lit. common people 4
cf. ;
’

down ; iraAAfti', to swing, hurl. ceathairne-choilUy s. pi., freebooters, out-

Cataract. (L.— Gk.) L. cataracta ,
laws. From Irish cethern ceithem a , ,

Gen. vii. n. — Gk. HarafipaHrrjSy as sb., a troop, band ; cf. L. cateruay a band of
waterfall as adj., broken, rushing down.
;
men. See Kern.
Prob. allied to Harapprjyvvpiy 1 break Caterconsin. (F.-L.) Nares (ed.
down ; the 2 aor. Karsppdyrp was used 1876) has Cater-cousins
:
*
friends so ,

of the rushing down of waterfalls and familiar that they eat together.* If so,
storms. — Gk. Kara , down ; firjyvvfu, I the word is from cater, vb., and
break. cousin.
Catarrh. (F. - Late L. - Gk.) F. Caterpillar. (F.-L.) Adapted from
catarrhe — Late L. catarrhus. — Gk.
. O. F. chatepelose a caterpillar (Godefroy);
,

tcarafifioos, a flowing down (of rheum), the latter half of the word was assimilated
a cold in the head. — Gk. Kara, down ; and to pillei'y one who pills y or robs or spoils.
/5«W, to flow. O. F. chatepelose is lit. ‘hairy she-cat.’ —
Catastrophe. (Gk.) Gk. KaraorpoffiTj, O. F. chate f fern, of chat cat pelose , , ;

an overturning, sudden turn. — Gk. Hardy — L. cdtuSy cat pilosus hairy, from
hairy. ; ,

down arptyciVy to turn.

;
pihiSy a hair.
Catch. (F. L.) —
O. Picard cachier, Caterwaul. (E.) M. E. catenuawen;
variant of O. F. charier, to hunt, chase; coined from cat } and wawoiy to make a
hence, to catch. It answers to Ital. cac - wailing noise.
ciarty Late L. *captiare extended form of
,
Cates, provisions. (F. - L.) So called
L. captdrey to catch. — L. captus, pp. of because provided by the catour mod. E. ,

capere, to seize. We even find M. Du. cater-er see Cater. ‘ Cater, a steward, a;

kaetseHy to catch, borrowed from Picard provider of cates Baret (1580). ;

*

cachier. The M. E. pt. t. caujte imitated Cathartic, purging. (Gk.) Gk. KaOap -
laujte pt. t. of M. E. lacchen to catch. riKus, purgative. — Gk. naQaipuVy to cleanse,
, ,

Doublet, chase ( 1 ). purge. — Gk. Ka6ap6s t pure.

—
Catechise. (L. Gk.) Late L. cate- Cathedral. (L. - Gk.) I,, cathe-
chizdre. — Gk. KarTjxK* lvi 1° catechise, dra /is ecclesia ~ a cathedral church, or one
instruct lengthened form of Karrjxriiv, to which has a bishop’s throne. — Late L.
;

din into ones ears, lit. ‘to din down.* — cathedra , a throne. — Gk. KaOidpa, a scat.
Gk. nar-dy down ; iJxftV, to sound ; cf. — Gk. naO-, for Hardy down; and a
a ringing in the ears ; see Echo. seat, chair, from e{opai ( — kh-yopaC), I sit;
Category, a class. (Gk.) Gk. Karrj- see Sit.
yopia, an accusation ; but in logic, a pre- Cathplic. (L. — Gk.) L. catholic us
dicament or class. — Gk. HarrjyopeiVy to (Tertullian.) — Gk. KaOokiKos, universal.
accuse. — Gk. /rar-a, down, against; *ayo- — Gk. Ka06\-ovy adv., on the whole, in
p€tv f with the sense of ay opcvuv, to declaim, general. — Gk. /;a0-, for nardy according
address an assembly, from ayopa an to and oAov, gen. of uAos, whole.
, ;

assembly. Catkin. (Du.) loose spike of A

Catenary, belonging to a chain used flowers, named from its soft downy ap-
;

of the curve in which a chain hangs. (L.) pearance. — M. Du. kattekeny ‘a kitling,’
From L. catena a chain ; see Chain.
,
Hexham. (It also meant ‘catkin*; cf.
Cater, to buy provisions. (F. - L.) F. chattom in Cot.) Dimin. of Du. kat y a
Formed as a verb from M. E. catour a cat (M. Du. kalte). ,

buyer of provisions (whom we should now Catoptric, relating to optical reflec-

call a caterer), Catour is shoit for tion. (Gk.) Gk. HaronrpiHoSy reflexive. —
acatoury formed from acat a buying, pur- Gk. KaroiTTpoVy a mirror. — Gk. nar-dy
,

chase, Ch. prol. 571. — O. F. acat (mod. down, inward 6ir-ropai y I see, with suffix
;

F. achaf)y a buying. — Folk-L. acaptuviy a -rpovy of the instrument.

purchase; for accaptum. — Folk-L. accap - Cattle. (F.-L.) M.E.catel, property;
tarty to purchase (a. d. 1060), frequent, of hence, live stock, cattle. — O. North F.

80
 ; , , — ,,; , , , , L ,

CAUCUS CEIL, CIEL

catel. — Late
L. capitdle , capita], property cauerc, to beware. Cf. Skt. kavi{s), wise.
see Capital (2) and Chattels. Brugm. i. § 635. Der. pre-caution .

Caucus, a name applied to certain Cavalier. — Ital. — L.) F. cava-

(F.
political meetings. (American Indian?) lier, a horseman. — Ital. cavaliere, the
Said to be from an Algonkin word mean- same. — L. caballariutn, acc. of caballdrius,
ing to speak, to counsel, whence kaw-kaw- the same. — L. caballus, a horse. See
asu, a counsellor. *
Their elders, called Chevalier. *

caivcatuwassoughes Capt. Smith’s Works,’

cavalcade. L.) F. (F. - Ital. -
ed. Arber, p. 347. *
Caucorouse, which is cavalcade. —
cavalcata , a troop of
Ital.
captaine;’ id. p. 377. This is more horsemen; orig. fem. of pp. of cavalcare,
likely than the entirely unsupported story to ride. — Ital. cavallo, a horse. — L. ca-
about caulkers meetings. ballum, acc. of caballus, a horse.
Caudal, belonging to the tail. (L.) L. cavalry. (F. - Ital. L.) O. F. -
cauda, the tail. cavallerie — Ital. cavalleria cavalry.
. —
Caudle, a warm drink. (F. — L.) O. Ital. cavaliere a knight ; see Cavalier.
North F. caudel, O. F. chaudel, a sort of Cave. (F. — L.) M. E. caue. — O. F.
warm drink. — O. F. chaud, chald, hot. cave, a cave. — Folk-L. cava, a cave. — L.
L. caldus, for calidus hot. ,
cauus, hollow. (^KEU.) Der. cav-ily;
Caul, a net, covering, esp. for the head. cav-ern (F. caverne L. laucrtia ).
*
(F.) O. F. cale, ‘a kind of little cap ; Cave (M. Du.)
in. Properly to
Cot. Origin unknown. calve phrase introduced by Du.
in, a
Cauldron; see Caldron. navvies. Cf. W. Flanders inkalven, to
Cauliflower. (F. - L.) Formerly cave in ; E. Friesic kalfen , to calve as a
colyflory. From M. E. col (O. F. col), a cow, whence kalfen in, to cave in. The
cabbage; and Jlory from O. F. Jlori falling portion of earth is compared to a
Jleuri, pp. of Jleurir to flourish. The calf dropped by a cow. Confused with
O. F. col is from L. acc. caulcm , from cave a hollow.
caulis a cabbage ; and Jleurir is from L.
, Caveat, a caution. (L.) L caueat ,

Jlorere , to flourish. See Cole and Flourish. lit. let him beware. — .cauere, to beware.
Caulk, Calk. (F. - L.) M. E. Caviare, roe of the sturgeon. (F.—
cauken, to head; hence, to squeeze in (as Ital.) F. caviar. Ital. caviaro; — whence
oakum into a ship’s seams). — O. F. cau- also Turk, khdvydr caviare. ,

quer, to tread; to tent a wound with lint. Cavil. (F. — L.) O. F. caviller. — L.
— L. ealedre , to tread, force down by cauilldrt, to banter; hence, to wrangle,
pressure. — L. calc-, stem of calx, the heel. object to. — L. cauilla, a jeering, cavil-
Cause. (F. — L. ) F. cause. — L. causa ling.
caussa, a cause. Der. cause, vb. Caw. (E.) An imitation of the cry of
Cause wav, a paved way, raised way. the crow or daw. Cf. Du. kaauw, Dan.
(F. — L. and E.) Formerly caus ey-way
; ;
kaa, a jackdaw which are imitative. :

by adding way to M. E. cattsl, causie, Cayman, ail American alligator. (Ca-

causey. — O. North F. caucie (mod. F. ribbean.) Also caiman The spelling .

chaussde, Prov. causada. Span, calzada ).— cayman is Spanish. — Caribbean acayuman
Late L. calcidta, for calciata uia, a paved (Littre).
way. — Late L. calcidtus, pp. of calcidre, Cease. (F. — L.) F. cesser. — L. ccssdre,
to make a roadway by treading it down ;
to loiter, go slowly, cease ; frequent, of
from L. calc are, to tread. — L. calc-, stem cedere (pp. cessus\ to yield, go away,
of calx, heel ;
see Caulk. go.
Caustic. (L. — Gk.) L. causticus . — Cedar, a tree. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
Gk. navariKos, burning. — Gk. /cavaros, cedre. — L. ccdrus. — Gk. Ktdpos.
burnt. — Gk. fcatuv (fut. /ravVw), to burn, Cede. (L.) A
late word (A. D. 1633).
cauterise. L. - Gk.)
(F. - Late
F. — L. cedere to go, to come, to yield.
cauteriser.— Late L. cauterizdre , to sear. Ceil, Ciel, to line the inner roof or
— Gk. KavTrjpidfrtv, to sear. — Gk. tcavTij- walls of a room. (F. L.) Hence the —
piov, a branding-iron. — Gk. xaUiv , to sb. ceil-ing or ciel-ing. M. E. ceelett , to
bum (above). ceil ;
from the sb. syle or cyll, a canopy.—
Caution. (F. -L.) F. caution - L. . F. ciel, a canopy the same word as ciel, ;

acc. cautioncm , heed. — L. cautus , pp. of heaven. [Cf. Ital. cielo, heaven, a canopy,
 . , , , ; . , ;

CELANDINE CENTAUR
a cieling.] — L. ccelum heaven. % Not to ,
pass., to fall asleep. Alfied to KtifMt, I
be confused with E. sill, nor with seal ; nor lie down ;
Skt. fi, to lie down.
with seel (F. siller) nor with L. celdre, ; Cenobite. (L. — Gk.) L. ccenobita,
to hide. The L. caldre, to emboss, seems a member of a (social) fraternity (Jerome).
to have had some influence on the word, — L. canobium, a convent. Gk. koivo&iov, —
but did not originate it ; cf. M. E. celure, a convent. — Gk. koiv 6 (3 ios, living socially.
a canopy. Late L. caldtura. — Gk. Koivu-s, common j 0tor, life.
Celandine, a plant (F.-Gk.) O. F. Cenotaph. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
celidoine. — Late L. celidonia. — L. c he li- cenolaphe — L. cenotaphium. — Gk. Ktvo-
donia. — Gk. xt\ibt>VL°v, swallow- wort. — T&(ptov an empty tomb. — Gk. nevus,
Gk. x*^oy-, stem of x ( 6jv, a swallow. ^ empty
,

;
ra</>-os, a tomb.
— L.) —
(The n is intrusive.) Censer. (F. M. E. censer .

Celebrate. (L.) L.
celebrdtus pp. O. F. censier senser (Godefroy) ,
short- ;

of celebrdre to frequent, to solemnise, ened from O. F. encensier. — Late L. in-

honour. — L. celebcr, frequented, populous. censdrium also incensorium
,
(whence
Celerity. (F.-L.) F. cWrite. — L. mod. F. encensoir ). — L. incensum in- ,

acc. celeritdtcm, speed. — L. celer quick. ,

cense; from pp. of incendere, to kindle.
Cf. Gk. /((Ktjs, a runner; Brugm. i. § 633. See Incense.
Celery. (F.-L. — Gk.) F. clleri, in- Censor. (L.) L. censor a taxer, valuer, ,

troduced from the Piedmontese ltal. sel- assessor, critic. — L. censere, to give an
leri ; for ltal. selini pi. of selino parsley. , ,
opinion, appraise. +Skt. to praise.
— L. selinon parsley. — Gk. <sk\ivov, a kind
, Censure. (F. — L.) F. censure. — L.
of parsley. censura, orig. opinion. L. censer e —
Celestial. (F. L.) O. F. celcstiel. — (above).
— L. calesti-s, heavenly. — L. ccelum, Census. (L.) L. census, a register-
heaven. ing. — L. (above ).
ceil sere

Celibate. (L.) The orig. sense was Cent, a hundred, as in per cent. (I,.)
1
‘a single life ;
it was afterwards an adj., In America, the hundredth part of a
and again a sb., meaning one who is ‘
dollar. — L. centum a hundred ; see
single.’ — L.
calibdtus sb. celibacy, single ,
Hundred.
life. — L. calib -, stem of Calebs single, un- , centenary. (L.) I,, eentendrius,
married. Der. celibacy (for *calibdtia). relating to a hundred. — L. center us, a
Cell. (L.) M. E. cclle. — L. cella, hundred (usu. distributively). — L. centum.
small room, hut. Cf. celdre ,
to hide. centennial. (L.) Coined to mean
See Helm (2). (y'KEL.) relating to a century. — L. cent-um hun- ,
*
cellar. — L.) M. F. celer. A. F.
(F. dred ann-us, a year.
;

celer \ O. F. celier. — L. celldrium a cellar. , centesimal. (L.) L. centesim-us ,

— L. cella (above). hundredth.— L. centrum,

hundred.
Celt (1),a name originally given to the centigrade. (L.) Divided into a
Gauls. (C.) From L. pi. Cella, the hundred degrees. — L. centi for centum,
Celts ; the word probably meant * war- hundred grad-us, a degree ; see Grade.
;

riors ’
;
cf. A. S. hiId, Icel. hildr, war centipede, centiped. (F -L.) F.
Lith. kalli, to L. per-cellere to strike ; centipede. — L. a many-footed
centipeda ,

strike through, beat down (Rhys). (lit. hundred -footed) insect. — L. centi-, for

Celt (2), a primitive chisel or axe. centum, hundred; and ped-, stem of p?s,
(Late L.) Late L. cellis, assumed nom. foot.
of the abl. celte (-with a chisel), in the Centuple. (L.) L. centuplex (stem
Vulgate Version of Job xix. 24. But this cen tup lie-), a hundredfold. L. cent u -m, —
reading is due to some error, and there hundred plic-dre , to fold.
;

seems to be no such word in Latin. Centurion. (L.) L. acc centuria -

Cement. (F.-L.) O. F. ciment.- nem, a captain of a hundred. — L. centuria
L. camentum rubble, chippings of stone
, ; (below).
hence, cement. Perhaps for *cadmenlum , Century. ( F. L.) F. centurie. — —
from cadere to cut (Brugm. i. § 587).
,
L. centuria a body of a hundred men
,

Cemetery. (L. — Gk.) Late L. came- number of one hundred. — L. centu-m,

terium — Gk. KoturjT^piov, a sleeping-place, hundred.
cemetery. — Gk. Koipibw, I lull to sleep ;
in I

Centaur. (L. — Gk.) L. Centaurus.

 - - e , , 7;

CENTAURY CHAIR
•Gk. Kcvravpof, a centaur, a creature half 1 Hen. IV. ii. 1. 8. Orig. a tax, rate,
man and half horse; which some have com- rating, assessment ;
see Spenser, State of
pared with Skt. gandharvas, a demi-god. Ii eland, Globe ed., p. 643, col. 2. For
centaury, a plant. (L.-Gk.) L. sess from sess, verb, to rate; which
;
is
centaurea. — Gk. Ktvravpuov, centaury a ;
short for Assess.
plant named from the Centaur Chiron. Cessation. (F.-L.) F. cessation —
Centenary, Centennial, Centn- L. acc. cessdtidnem , a ceasing. — L. cessd-
pie, Centurion, &c. see Cent. ;
tus pp. of cessare , to cease. — L. cessus
,

Centre, Center. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. (below).

centre —
L. centrum.
. Gk. — Ktvrpov, a cession. (P\ L.) F. cession. — L. —
spike, goad, prick, centre. Gk. tccvrioj, — acc. cessidnem, a yielding. L. cessus pp. — ,

I goad on. Cf. W. cethr a spike. ,

of cedcre to yield, to cede.
centrifugal, dying from a centre. Cess-pool. (Hybrid.) Most probably
(L.) L. centri for centro stem of cen- equiv. to (se] cess-poo/; see N. E. D. Cf.
trum and fug- ere, to fly.
; Ital. a privy (Torriano) ; which is
cesso,
Centripetal, tending towards a a shortened lorm of secesso a retreat.— ,

centre. (L.) L. centri (above); pet-ere , L. secessus , the draught Matt. xv. 1
‘
;
’

to seek. (VulgateC
Ceramic, relating to pottery. (Gk.) Cetaceous, of the whole kind. (L.-
Gk.K€ papuic 6 s, adj. — Gk. k( pap-os, potter’s Gk.) L. cetus. — Gk. ktjtos a sea-monster.
,

earth. Cf. Kfpavvvpt (fut. tccpaaoj), I mix.

Cere, to coat with wax. (L.) L. Ch.
cerdre , to wax. — L. cera, wax.+Gk. tcrjpos,
wax. Chablis, a white wine. (F.) F'rom
Cerecloth. (L. and E.) Lit. a waxed Chabiis, 12 mi. E. of Auxerre, in the de-
cloth. partment of Yonne, France.
cerement. (L.) From cere; with Chafe, to warm by friction, vex. (F. —
suffix-ment (L. - mentum ). L. ) M. K. c hau fen to warm. — O. F.
ceruse, white lead. (F. -L.) O. F. chaufer (F. chauffer\ to w arm ; cf. Prov.

ceruse — L. cerussa, white lead. — L. cera

. ,
calfar to warm.— Late
,
L. *ca/efdre, to
wax. warm; for L. calejacere , to warm, make
Cereal, relating to corn. (L.) L. to glow\ — L. cali'-re, to glow; facere, to
ceredlis. — L. ceres corn.
,
make.
Cerebral, relating to the brain. (L.) Chafer, Cockchafer. (E.) A.S.
Prom L. cerebr-um, the brain. Cf. Gk. cefer (also ceafor), a kind of beetle.+Du.
fcapciy the head. Brugm. i. § 619.
kever G. kafer. ;

Cerecloth, Cerement see Cere. Chaff. (E.) A. S. ceaf later chief husk
;

Ceremony. (F. - L.) M. E. cere- of grain, -p Du. kaf\ Low G. kaff. The
monie. — F. certmonie. — L. carimdnia , a verb to chaff-to chafe i.e. vex. So also ,

ceremony, rite. chaff- wax, for chafe-wax.

Certain. (F. - L.) O. F. certein chaffinch, a bird. (E.) I.e. chaff-

,

certain. —
L. cert-us sure; with suffix finch
,
it frequents barn-doors. ;

-anus. Allied to L. center to discrimi- Chaffer. (E.) ,

The verb is from the
nate ; Gk. Kptvttv , to separate, decide. M. E. sb. chapfare, also chaffare, a bargain-
Certify. (F. L.) M. E. certifien — ing. —A. S. ccap, a bargain, and faru , a
— .

F. certifier. — Late L. certificate, to make journey, also business ; see Cheap and
sure.— L. certi-, for certo-, stem of certus Fare.
(above) and fie-, for fac-ere to make.
;
, Chaffinch ;
sec Chaff.
Cerulean, azure. (L.) L. cceruleus ,
Chagrin. (F.) F. chagrin , melan-
carulus. blue; for *ca!uleus *ctc.lulus, from %
choly. [Diez identifies it with F. chagrin ,
catlum, sky. Brugm.
483. i. §
shagreen ; but wrongly.]
Ceruse, white-lead ; see Cere. Chain. (F. — L.) O. F. chains, chaene.
Cervical, belonging to the neck. (L.) — L. catena a chain. ,

From L. cerulc-, stem of ceruix, neck. Chair. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. chain,

Cervine, relating to a hart. (L.) L. chaere. — O F. chaiere , ckaere.—L. cathe-
ceruln-us.— L. ceru-us a hart; see Hart.,
dra, a throne, raised seat, chair. — Gk.
Cess, limit, measure. (F. — L.) In icaOefya, a seat. — Gk. Ka$-, for Kara, down
 ; \ , ; y --

CHAISE CHAP
ttipa, a seat, from t^opai (= kb-yoptai), named from Champagne in France, which
I sit ; see Cathedral, Sit. means ‘
a plain
see below. *
;

chaise, a light carriage. (F.—L.— champaign, open country. (F. L.) —

Gk.) F. chaise, a chair, also, a chaise ; a In Sh. F. champaigne of which the Picard
Parisian modification of F. chaire , a pulpit, form was campaigne ;
see Campaign.
orig. a seat. Champak, a tree. (Skt.) Skt. cham
Chalcedony, a kind of quartz. (L. — pakay the champak.
Gk.) L. chalcedonites , Rev. xxi. 19. — Gk. Champion. (F. - L.) O. F. cham-
Xa\/crfdwv, Rev. xxi. 19. pion.— L. campion em, acc. of campio a ,

Chaldron, a coal- measure. (F. — L.) combatant (Isidore). — L. campus a place ,

O. F. chaldron , orig. a caldron ; see for military exercise; a peculiar use of

Caldron. campus, a field. Camp.
See
Chalice, a cup. (F. — L.) A.F .chalice \ Chance, hap. (F. — L.) M. E. cheaunce .

O. F. calice. — L. calicem , acc. of calix, a — O. F. cheance, chaance. — FtiLQ L. caden

cup. Allied to calyx, but not the same tia , a falling, a chance. — L. caderey to fall,
word. happen; see Cadence.
Chalk. (L.) M
E. chalk. — A. S. cealc Chancel. (F. — L.) So called because
(Southern). —
L. ca!c-> stem of calx lime. ,
orig. fenced off by a latticed screen.—
Challenge. (F.-L.) M. E. cha tenge, O. F. chancel an enclosure fenced off with
calenge often in the sense ‘a claim.’ —
,
an open screen. — Late L. cancellus, a
A. F. chalenge O. F. chalonge, calenge a
, ,
chancel, screen L. cancelliy pi., a grating;
;

dispute, claim an accusation. — L. calum -

;
see Cancel.
ww, false accusation see Calumny. ; chancellor. (F.-L.) O. F. chance-
Chalybeate. (I- Gk.) Used of - lier.— Lale L. acc. cancelldrium, a chan-
water containing iron. Coined from L. cellor; orig. an officer who stood near the
— Gk. x^*# (stem x°^W3 -),
chalyb-s , steel. screen before the judgment-seat. — L. can-
steel named from the CItaly bes, a people
;
celliy a grating ; see Chancel, Cancel.
of Pontus, who made it. chancery. ( F. — L.) For chancdry.
Chamber. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. cham- M. E. chancelerie — O. F. chancellerie. —
.

bre Prov. cambra. — L. camera camara,

; ,
Late L. cancelldriay the record-room of a
a vault, vaulted room, room. — Gk. *a/*dpa, can cellar ius ; see Chancellor.
a vaulted place. Chandelier. (F.-L.) O.F. chande-
chamberlain. (F.-O.II.G.-L.- liery candle-holder. — Late L. cande
a
G k.) F. chamberlain O. F. chambrelenc. — ,
lariuSy m. cf. candeldria f a candle-stick.
;

O. H. G. chamerlinc, M. H. G. kamerlitiCy — L. candela ; see Candle,

one who has the care of rooms; formed chandler. (F.—L.) O.F .chandelier,
with suffix -l-inc (the same as E. l-ing ), -
a chandler. — Late L. candeldrius a ,

from L. camera (above). candle-seller. — L. candela see Candle.

Chameleon. ) L chamce-
(L. - Gk. . Der. corn-chandlery where chandler merely
leon.— Gk. a ground-lion, lit. means seller, dealer.
dwarf-lion a kind of lizard. — Gk. x a fMl
; > Change, vb. ( F. - L. ) O.F. changer ,

on the ground (also dwarf, in comp.) and ;

changier. — Late L. cambidre to change ,

Ki<uv, lion. Cf L. h umi, on the ground. (Lex Salica). — L. cambtre to exchange. ,

chamomile. Late L. - Gk.) Late 1 Cf. Late L. cambium exchange , ; whence

L. camomilla ychamomilla). — Gk. x a^ al ~ F. changty E. changey sb.
pj)\ovy lit. ground-apple, from the apple- Channel. (F.-L.) M. E. chattelt
like smell of the flower. -Gk. x a M at on X — O.Y
canel. . chanel candy a canal. — 1 ,.
,

the ground fsee above); fxrj\ov, apple. acc. candlem see Canal.
;

Chamois. (F. - G.) F. chamois ; Chant. (F. —

L.) F. chanter vb. L. ,
—
borrowed from some Swiss dialectal form cantdre f
to sing ; frequent, of canere y to
cf.Piedmontese camossa.— M. H. G. gamz sing. Der. chant -ry, M. E. chauntenty
(for*gamuz\ a chamois (G. gemse) Late L. cantaria chanti-cleer, M. E.;

Champ, to eat noisily. (E.) Formerly chaunte cleery clear-singing.

cham or chanttn ; of imitative origin, like Chaos. (Gk.) L. chaos Lat. spelling
jam % to crush. Cf. Swed. dial. kdmsa % to of Gk. x«0s, chaos, abyss, lit a cleft. C(.
chew with difficulty. Gk. to gape. See Chasm.
Champagne. (F. - L.) A wine Chap (1), to cleave, crack. ^H.) M. E.
 , \ , , , ,;,
,, , , , , ., ;

CHAP CHASE
cliappen to cut; hence, to gape open like Character. (L. — Gk.) L. character.
a wound made by a cut. E. Fries, happen — Gk. xa PaKT *IPi an engraved or stamped
to cut ; not found in A. S.+M. Du. happen mark. — Gk. xa P^ a<J€lv to furrow, scratch, >

to cut Swed. kappa, Dan. kappe , to cut

; engrave.
G. kappen , to cut, lop. See Chop (i). Charade. (F. — Prov.) F. charade,
Chap (2) ; see Chapman. introduced from Provencal chqrrada , a
Chapel. (F.-L.) O. F. chapele .- long talk, from charrh to chatter (Supp. ,

Late L. cappclla orig. a shrine in which ,

to Littre) ;
Languedoc charrade idle
cf.
was preserved the edpa or cope of St. talk. Cf. also Span, char* ada speech or
Martin (Brachet). — Late L. cdpa, cappa action of a clown, from Span, charro, a
cape, hooded cloak; see Cape (1). clown, peasant.
chaperon. (F.-L.) F. chaperon, a Charcoal. (E.) From char and coal;
protector orig. a kind of hood. — F. chape
;
but the sense of char remains unknown ;
a cope. — Late L. cdpa as above. ;
some refer it to M. E. cherren , to turn (as
Chapiter, the capital of a column. if to turn to coal), but there is no proof
(F.— L.) O. F. chapitre usually a chapter of this. See char (2).
of a book, but representing L. capitnlum Charge. (F.-C.) F. charger, to
which meant chapiter
7
as well
‘ as load. — Late L. carricdre , to load a car. —
‘
chapter.’ See Chapter. L. carrtis a car, a Gaulish word ; see
Chaplet. ( F.
— L. ) M . E. chapelet. — Cark, Car. Der. charg-er, a dish or hoise,
O. F. chape let, a head-dress, wreath. — because carrying a burden.
O. F. chapel head-dress. — O. F. chape a chariot. (F.~c.) F. chariot, aug-
cope see Chaperon.
; mentative of F. char, a car. — L. carrus a
Chapman, a merchant. (E.) The car see Car.
;

familiar chap is merely short for chapman. Charity. (F. — L.) O. F. cliaritet —
— A. S. ceapman a merchant. — A. S. ceap
, ,
L. acc. caritdtem love. — L. carus, dear.
price, barter (see Cheap) and man, man. ;
Brugm. i. § 637. Not allied to Gk.
Chaps, Chops, the jaws. (E.) A Xapts.
late word, of unknown origin ;
possibly Charlatan. (F. — Ital.) F. charlatan.
from Chap (1). Perhaps suggested by % — Ital. ciarlatano, a mountebank, great
North E. chafts or chaffs jaws (Cleveland talker, prattler. — Ital.
ciarlare , to prattle;
Gloss.). — Icel. kjaptr ( pt pron. as ft ), the prob. of imitative origin.
ciarla, prattle ;

jaw Swed. haft, Dan. kiaft, jaw.

; Charlock, a kind of wild mustard.
Chapter, a division of a book, synod (E.) Prov. E. carlock. — A. S. cerlic ;
of clergy. (F. — L.) M. E. chapitre, in both originunknown.
senses. — F. chapitre, variant of an older Charm. (F.—L.) M. E. charme, sb.
form chapitle. — L. capitnlum, a chapter — O. F. charme an enchantment. — L. car-
,

of a book (little head); also, in Late L., men, a song, enchantment.

a synod; dimin. of caput, a head. Charnel. (F. - L. ) Properly an adj.
Char (1), a turn of work. (E.) Also containing carcases, as in charnel-house .—
chare, chore, chewre M. E. cher, char, ;
O. F. charnel, adj. carnal as sb. a ceme- ;

orig. a turn, hence, a space of time, turn tery. — Late L. carndle, glossed by fldschus
of work, &c. — A. S. cerr (below). Hence. (flesh-house) Wright-Wulker, Yoc.
; 184.
char-woman, a woman who does a turn of 37.— L. carndlis ; see Carnal.
work. See Ajar. Chart. (F. — L. - Gk.) O. F. charte .

char (2), usually chare, to do a — L. charta, a paper. Gk. x^P T l> — a

turn of work. (E.) cherren, c bar- of paper. Doublet, card (O.
ren, to turn ; A. S. cerran, to turn. A. S. — charter. (F. L. Gk.) M. E. - -
cerr (cierr, cyrr), a turn. The sense % chart re. ^ O. F. chart* e. — Late L. cartula ,
*
bum ’ is later than the appearance of the a small paper or document.— L. charta , a
sb. char-coal. paper see above.
;

Char (3), a fish. (C. ?) Of unknown Chary, careful, cautious. (E.) M. E.

origin; perhaps named from its red belly chari. A.S. cearig, full of care, sad.—
[
the W. name is torgoch , red-bellied, from A. S. cearu, cam, care. + Du. hang, G.
tor, belly, and cock, red]. — O. Gael, ceara. harg, sparing. Chary meant (1) sorrowful,
red, from cear, blood; Irish cear, red, (2) heedful. See Care.
also blood. Chase (1), to hunt after. (F.-L.)
 ;,; , , ; , ,

CHASE CHEEK
O. F. charier ,
chacert to pursue; see L. ;
in particular, that H. G. choufoy a O
Catoh. huckster, is from L. caupo a huckster. ,

Chase (
2 ), to enchase; short for en- But this is now held to be unlikely (Kluge,
chase , which see. Franck).
Chase a printer’s frame. (F.
(3), — L.) Cheat, to defraud. (F. -L.) Cheat is
F. chdsse, a shrine. — L. capsa, a box ;
see merely short for escheat cf. M. E. elide ;

Case (2). an escheat (Prompt. Parv.). The eschea-

Chasm. (L. — Gk.) L. chasma a , iers were often cheaters hence the vei b.
— Gk.
gulf. a yawning cleft. Allied See Escheat.
to xaaKUVy to gape ; see Chaos. Check, a sudden stop, repulse. (F. —
Chaste. (F. L.) -
O. F. chaste. - L. Pers.) M. E. click, a stop also check ; !

castus, chaste ;
see Caste. in playing chess. The word is due to the
chasten. (F.-L.) Used in place of game, which is very old. The orig. sense
M. E. c/iasty or chastien ;
see below. of check was king ‘
!
*
i. e. mind the king,
chastise. (F. — L.) M. K. chasrisen the king is in danger. — O. K. eschec 'a ,

shoiter form chastien. — O. F. chastier.— L. check at chess-play,’ Cot. — Pers. shah, a

castigate lit. ‘ to make pure.’ — L. castus
,
king, king at chess whence shah-mat, ;

chaste ; see Castigat 9 . check-mate, lit. * the king is dead,’ from

Chasuble, a vestment. (F. L.) F. - Arab, mat, he is dead. Similarly we have
chasuble. — Late L. casubula , with the same F. tehee, a check, repulse, defeat, pi. tehees ,
sense as Late L. casula, a little house chess ; Ital. scacco a square of a chess-
,

hence, a mantle. — L. casa, a cottage. board, also a check, defeat. See chess
Chat, Chatter. (F.) M. E. chateren ,
below. Devic shews that O. F. eschec
also chiteven, to chatter, twitter; frequent- represents Arab, esh-shdg where esh is ;

ative form of chat An imitative word ; . for al, the def. art., and shag is the Arab,
cf. Du. kiuetteren, to warble, chatter, Swed. pron. of Pers. shah.
kvittra to chirp.
, checker, chequer, to mark with
Chateau. (F.-L.) F. chateau, O. F. squares.(F. — Pers.) To mark with
chastel — L. caste Hum, dimin. of cast rum, squares like those on a chess-board. M. E.
a fortified place. Der. castell an also ;
chekker chekere a chess-board.
, ,
(Hence
chdtelaine for which see Castle.
; The Checkers, an inn-sign.) — O. F. esche-
Chattels. (F.-L.) Pi. of M.K. quier , a chess-board, also, an exchequer.
chatel, property, also cattle. — O. F. chatel, — Low L. scaccdrium , a chess-board.—
0. North F. cately property ; see Cattle. Low L. scacci, chtss, pi of scaccus, from
Chatter see Chat. ;
the Arab, form of Peis, shah king. ,

Chaudron, entrails. (F.) Macb. iv. checkers, chequers, an old name

1. 33. The r is inserted by confusion with for the game at draughts from th z checker ;

F. chaudron, a caldron. — O. F. chaudun ,

or chess-board see above.
;

older forms caudun y caldun, entrails check-mate. (F. — Pers. and Arab.)
(Godefroy). [Cf. G. kaldauneHy entrails ;
From Arab. * shag- mat, for shah- mat, the
from Mid. Low G. kaldune, the same ] king is dead; see Check.
Thought to be from Late L. calduna , cheque. (F. - Pers.) A pedantic
a dish containing entrails (Ducange). Per- spelling of check, from confusion witli
haps from L. cahdus waim (F. chaud). , exchequer ; it is given to a
really a name
Chaw; see Chew. draft for money, of which one keeps a
Chaws, by-form of Jaws ; see Jaw. memorandum or counter-check.
Cheap, at a low price orig. a sb. (E ) ; Chess, the game of the kings. (K. —
M.E. chepy cheep barter, price; always a
%
Pers.) Equivalent to checks i. e. kings ;

sb. Hence, good cheapy in a good market see Check above. — O. F. esches , chess;
(F. bon marchi ) whence E. cheap used
; ,
really the pi. of eschec, check, orig. ‘king/
as an adj. A. S. ceap price whence the , ;
From Pers. shah a king, were formed
verb ceapian, to cheapen, buy. So also O. F. eschec F. tehee, E. check Ital. scacco
, , ,

Du. koopy a bargain, koopen to buy; G. , Span. xaque,jaque Port, xaque, G. sc hack,
katify purchase, kaufen, to buy; Ictl.kaup ,
Du. schaaky Dan. skaky Swed. schad’y
Swed. kdpy Dan. kiob, a purchase Goth. ;
Low Lat. Indus scaccorum = game of
kaupon (weak vb.) f to traffic. % Some checks, or of kings.
«ay that these words are borrowed from Cheek. (E.) M. E. duke, cheoke . O.
 , , —
,; ,; , , , , , ;

CHEER CHICORY
Merc. cece A. S. cedcey cheek.
t E. chestein. — O. F. chastaigne (F.
+ Du. in M.
kaakj jaw, cheek Swed. kak jaw. ;
chdtaigne).— L. castanea chestnut-tree.—
, ,

—
Cheer. (F. L.) M. E. chere, orig.* Gk. Kaaravov a chestnut. Chestnuts are ,

the mien hence, ‘ to be of good cheer

;
said to have been called naarava, or «dpva
— O. F. chere the face. — Late L. cara, Ka<rTavafa, from Kacrrava, Castana, the
,

face. (Relationship to Gk. /c&pa, the head, name of a city in Pontus where they
is doubtful.) Der. cheer~ful. abounded; but more probably frofo Armen.
Cheese. (L.) M. E. chese . O. Merc. kaskeni a chestnut-tree, from a chest- ,

cese (A. S. cyse, for earlier *ctese<J*ceasi) y nut (Kluge).

with /-mutation prehistoric A. S. *acsi
;
val-de-fris e , an obstruction with Che
< *ctrsioz. — L. cdscus, cheese whence spikes. (F.) Lit. ‘ horse of Friesland/ a
;

other foims (G. hast, Du. kaas) are bor- jocular name; the pi. chevaux-de^Frise is
lowed. Sievers, 2nd ed. § 75. 2. commoner. See below.
Cheeta, Cheetah, the hunting leo- chevalier. (F.-L.) F. chevalier, a
paid, a leopard used for the chase. (Hind. horseman. — F.
a horse. — L. ca -cheval,
— Skt.) Ilind. child. Skt. chit raka, a — bathtm, acc. of caballus a horse.
cheeta; fiom chitra spotted, also visi- Che veril, kid leather. (F.-L.) O. F.
ble, clear. — Skt. chit , to perceive. See chevrele fern., a little kid. Dimin. of
Chintz. O.F. chevre F. chlvre, a goat, kid. — L.
,

Chemise. (F\ — L.) F. chemise . capram, acc. of capra a she-goat.

Late L. camisia a shirt, thin dress; chevron, an ordinary, in heraldry, re-
whence O. Irish caimmsc , shirt (Stokes). sembling two rafters of a house. (F. — L.)
Chemist, Chymist; short for al- (Most likely meant to represent the saddle-
chemist ;
see Alchemy. peak.)— F. chevron , 4 a kid, a chevron in
Cheque, Chequer ;
sec Check. building, a rafter;’ Cot. Augmentative
Cherish. (K-L.) O. F. cheris form of chevre a she-goat. — L. capra, a
,

stem of pres. pt. of cherir, to hold dear. she-goat; see Caper (1). Cf. L. capre-
F. dear. — L. ciirus, dear. olus which likewise means a prop.
,

Cheroot, a cigar. (Tamil.) Tamil Chew, Chaw. (E.) M.E. chewen .

shumttu a ,
roll hence, a roll of tobacco
;
A. S. ceowan, to chew, eat. -f- Du. haauwen
(Yule,. G. kauen O. H. G. kiuivan Russ, je vale.
; ;

Cherry. ( F. — L. — Gk.) M. K. rAm,

a Cf. also led. tyggja , tyggva ,
to chew
mistake tor cheris the final j being mis- ,
(Strcitberg).
taken fortlie pi. inflexion. — O. North F. Chibouk, a Turkish pipe. (Turk.)
cherise, O. F. cerise ; representing Folk- Turk, chtbuk, chybuk a stick, tube, pipe
L. *cercda, *ceresca. — I, cerastes, a cherry- (Zenker, p. 349).
tree. —Gk. Ktpaaos, a cherry-tree; usually Chicanery. (F. -Pers.?) F. chica-
said to come from Cerasos, in Pontus nerie, wrangling, pettifogging; Cot. — F.
a story w hich Curtius doubts. chicaner, to wrangle ; orig. to dispute in
Chert, a kind of quartz. (?) Unknown. the game of the mall or chicane (Brachet).
Cf. Irish ceart a pebble. ,
Perhaps from the medieval Gk. r^vKaviov,
r
Cherub. (Ileb.) r'he true pi. is cherub - a word of Byzantine origin (id.) ;
from
im. — lleb. k'ruv (pi. k'uivim), a mystic Pers. chaugdn a club, bat.
figure. Chicken. (E.) Sometimes shortened
Chervil, a plant. (L. Gk.) A.S cer- — . to chick but the M. E. word is chiken
; .

fille. — L chcerephylla pi. of chirrephyllum. ,

A.S. cicen, earlier * due in. -f- Du. kieken,
— Gk. ycu/JCf/wAAoiq chervil, lit. pleasant kuiken, a chicken, Low G. kiiken cf. G. ;

leaf. — Gk. x ai P m * LVi t0 rejoice; <pv\\ov, kiichlein, a chicken, Icel. kjukling Swed.
leaf. kyckling related to Cock, which shews the
Chess ;
sec Check. weak grade *cuc - ; see Cock (1). Sievers,
Chest. (L. -Gk.) M. E. 2nd ed. § 165.
A.S. cist. — L. r/jfa. — Gk. /h'jtt;, a chest, Chicory, a plant, succory. (F. - L. -
box (whence G. &c.). Gk.) F. chicorte. — L. cichorium. — Gk.
Chestnut, Chesnut. (F. L. -- Gk.) - Ki\opia , neut. pi. also Ki\wpiov y KiX&Ph ;

Chesnut short for chestnut, which is

is succory, p. Succory is a corrupter form
short for chesten-nut , nut of the chesten of the word, apparently for siccory or
which is the old name of the tree, called cichory y from L. cichorium .

87
 , , , , , , , , ;

CHIDE CHIRURGEON
Chide. (E.) M.E. chiden. A.S .ctdan, pi. hence Chinee in the singular, by a ;

to chide, brawl pt. t. cidde . ;

second dropping of se .

Chief. (F. - L.) M. E. chef, chief - Chinchilla, a small rodent animal.

O. F. chef chief the head. — L. type (Span. — L.) Span, chinchilla lit. ‘a little
*caputn (Ital. capo ) — L. caput head. bug,* as if from its smell but undeservedly
.
, ;

Der. ker-chief q. v. so named. — Span, chinche a bug.— L. cl- ,

Chieftain. (F. — L.) O.F. ckevetaine. iniccm, acc. of citnex a bug.

— Late L. capitdneus, capitdnus a captain. Chinchona ; the same as Cinchona. ,

— L. capit-y from caput a head. ChinCOUgh, whooping-cough. (E.)

,

Chiffonier, a cupboard. (F.) Lit. a For chink-cough cf. Scotch kink- cough, ;

place to put rags in. — F. chiffonier a rag- kink-host host means cough). A kink is a '

picker, also a cupboard. — F. chiffon aug- catch in the breath, nasalised form of a ,

ment. o i chiffe, a rag. Orig. unknown. base *kik, to gasp. Du. kinkhoest\ M. +
Chignon. (F. — L.) Hair twisted T)u.kieckhoest; Swed. kikhosta, chincough, ;

another spelling of F. chainon a link. — kikna to gasp G. keichen, to gasp. , ;

F. chatne O.F. chaine a chain.— L. ca- Chine ( F. — O. G. ) O. F. eschine (F.

, .
H .

tena a chain.
,
4chine), the back -bone. — O. H.G. skina, a
Chilblain. (E .) A Main caused by needle, prickle (G. schiene, a splint). For
a chill. the sense, cf. L. spina, a thorn, spine,
Child. (E.) M. E. child. A. S. cild. backbone.
Teut. type *kiipom neut. cf. Goth, kil- Chink (0, a cleft. (E.) Formed with
, ;

thei the womb.

,
suffixed k, from the base of M. E. chine, a
Chill, cold. (E.) Orig. a sb. A. S. cleft, rift. — A. S. cinu, a chink. — A. S. cin-,
cele ciele chilliness.
,
Teut. type *kaliz
,
weak grade of c/nan, to split (strong vb.). ,

sb. from *kal-an to be cold, as in A. S.

; ,
Du. keen, a chink, also a germ, kenen + ,

calan. to be cold, Icel. kala, to freeze. to bud cf. G. keimen, Goth, keittan, to + ;

Du. kil a chili ; cf. L.

,
frost. bud. (Germinating seeds make a crack in
Chime, sb. (F. — L. — Gk.) M.E. the ground.)
chimbe of which the orig. sense was cym-
,
Chink ( 2 ), to jingle. (E.) An imitative
bal henci the chime or ringing of a cym- word; cf. clink, clank ; and see Chin-
;

bal. Shortened from O. F. chimhale dia- cough. K. Fries, kinkcn (a strong vb.) ,

lectal form of O. F. cimbale a cymbal. — M. Dan. kinke. ,

L. cymbalum. — Gk. Kvp&aXov see Cym- Chintz. (Hindustani — Skt.) Y ox chints,

;

bal. N. B. We find M. E. chyme-belle pi. of chint. Hind, chhint, spotted cotton ,

which looks like a popular form for cymbaL cloth, named from the variegated patterns
Der. chime verb. on it; chhit chintz, also a spot —Skt. ,

Chimera, Chimara. (X. — Gk.) L. chitra variegated, spotted. See Cheeta. ,

chimcera. — Gk. xiixcupa., a she-goat ; also, Chip, vb. (E.) Related (with a lighter
a fabulous monster, with a goat’s body. — vowel; to chap (i) or chop as if to cut ;

Gk. he-goat. a little at a time. Cf. A. S. for-cyppod,

Chimney. (F. — L. - Gk.) F. cheminie gloss to praecisus (Lye) ;
E. Fries, kifpen,
*a chimney;’ Cot. — Late L. camlndta, to cut.
provided with a chimney; hence, a chimney. Chirography, handwriting. (Gk.)
— L. caminus an oven, a fire-place. —Gk.
,
From Gk. x (l P o yp a <pw >
to write with the
Kdfuvos, oven, furnace. hand. — Gk. x €l P° m > from x aV> *h e band;
Chimpanzee, an ape. 7 pd(p(iv, to write. (African.) I am Cf. chiro-mancy, for-
informed that the name is tsimpanzee in tune-telling by the hand chiro-pod-ist , ;

the neighbourhood of the gulf ol Guinea. one who handles (and cures) the feet.
Chin. (E.) M.E. chin. A.S. cin.+ Chirp. (E.) Also chirrup. M. E. chir-
Du. kin Icel. kinn, Dan. kind, Swed. pen. Also M. E. chirken chirmen to , ,

kind Goth, kinnus the cheek G. kinn, chirp. The forms chir-p, chir-k, chir-m
; , ;

chin ; L. gena, cheek ; Gk. ytvvs, chin are from an imitative base cf. Du. kirren, ; ;

cf. Skt. hattus , jaw. to coo.

China. (China.)
Short for china-ware, Chimrgeon, the old spelling of sur-
or ware The name of the geon
from China (F. — L. — Gk.)
. F. chirurgien, .

people was formerly Chineses we have a surgeon ; ' Cot. — F. chirurgie sur- ;
1
,

dropped the final s } and use Chinese as a gery.— L. chirurgia % — Gk. x uP 0Vpy^a * a
88
 , , , , , , ,

CHISEL CHRIST
working with the hands, skill with the quent lengthening. Cf. Icel. koka , to
hands, art, surgery. — Gk. x* l P°~f fr° m gulp I gullet.

X«'/>, the
hand ; and tpyuv, to work. Cnoler, the bile, anger. (F. — L. — Gk.)
Chisel. (F.—L.) M.E. chisel. — A. F. Anger was supposed to be due to excess of
chisel O. F. cisel (F. ciseau ).
,
Cf. Late L. bile. M.E. coler — O.F. colere — L. cholera,
. .

clsellus, scissors (a. d. 1352). O.F. cisel bile also cholera, bilious complaint. — Gk.
;

answers to Late L. * cisellutn with the x°^*P a ) cholera; x°*V> bile; os > bile, x^
sense of L. clsdrium a cutting instrument wrath. See Gall.
( Vegetius) ; see Scheler’s note to Diez. — cholera. (L. Gk.) L. cholera as — ,

L. * cisum , for cccs-um, supine of c cidere, above. And see Melancholy.

to cut; whence also Late L. incisor, a Choose. (E.) M.E. chesen , chusen .
carver, cutter see Caesura.
;
A. S. ceosan (also cedsan ), to choose
Chit (1), a pert child. (E.) M.E. chit, (pt. t. etas, ceds). +Du. and G. kiesen
a whelp, cub, kitten. Allied to kit-ling Icel. kjosa, Goth.
Teut. type kiusan\
(Icel. ketlingr), and to kit-ten ;
cf. G. kitze, *keus-a?i-. Allied to L. gus-tare to taste, ,

a female cat. Gk. 7 coo/mt, I taste, Skt. jush, to relish.

Chit (2), In Hoi-
a shoot, sprout. (E.)
land’s Pliny, xiii. 4. Perhaps allied to
M. E. chit ke , a sprout(N.E.D.). — A. S.
cid, a germ, sprout. Cf. Goth, keinan to
produce a shoot G. keim, a germ. ;
Chivalry. (F.
O.F. chevalerie, horsemanship, knighthood.
— F. cheval a horse. — Late L. caballnm,
,
acc. of caballus, a horse.
Chlorine, a pale green gas. (Gk.)
(VGEUS.) See Gust. Brugm. i. § 602.
Chop (1), to cut; a later form of
Chap (1).
Chop (2), to barter. (E.) Piobably a
variant of chap , a verb which seems to
— L.) M.E. chivalrie . — ha\e been evolved from the sb. chapman .
Chopine, a high-heeled shoe. (F.—
Span.) In Hamlet, ii. 2. 447 ; lor chapine.
— O. F. chapin ; later chappin (Cotgrave).
—Span, chapin a clog with a cork sole. ,

Named from its colour. — Gk. P a ^e w oman’s shoe, high cork shoe. Perhaps
green. from Span, chapa a thin plate (of metal), ,

Chloroform. (Gk. and L.) The latter used to strengthen the work it covers,
element relates to formyl and formic acid, Chops ;
see Chapa,
an acid formerly obtained from icd ants.— Chord. (L. — Gk.) L. chorda. — Gk.
L. formica, an ant. X°P^7» the string of a musical instrument.
Chocolate, a paste made from cacao, orig. a string of gut. Biugm. i. § 605.
(Span. — Mex.) Span, chocolate — Mex. . The same word as Cord.
chocolatl chocolate;
,
Clavigero, Hist. Chorus. (L.— Gk.) 1.. chorus, a band
Mex. i. 433. Not allied to cacao. of singers. — Gk. x°P^ s* a dance, a band of
Choice. (F. — Teut.) Not E. M. E. dancers or singers. See Choir. Der.
(hois. O. F. chois (F. choix). — O. F.
— chor-al chor-i-ster.,

choisir, O. North F. coisir, to choose. Of Chough, a bird. (E.) M. E. cho}e,

Teut. origin. — Goth, kausjan , to try, chough. Not found in A.S., which has
te^t; causal of kiusan , to choose. See (however) the forms cco, cio, and the early
Choose. forms ciae, chyae. Somewhat similar forms
Choir. (F.—L. — Gk.) The choir of a are seen in Du. kaauw Dan. kaa Swed. ,

church is the pait where the choir sit. kaja, a jackdaw.

Also spelt quire M.E. queir, quer.-
O. F. cuer later choeur, ‘the quire of a
church, a troop of singers;’ Cot. - L.
chorum, acc. of chorus, a choir. — Gk.
Xopos, a dance, a band of dancers or
singers. See Chorus.
Choke. (E.) M. E. chokcn cheken,
cheoken. A. S. ceocian only in the deri-
vative dceocung to translate L. ruminatio
;
; ChOTLSe, to cheat. (Turk. ?) To act as a
chouse or cheat. Ben Jonson h&schiaus in
the sense of ‘a Turk/ with the implied
sense of ‘cheat'; Alchemist, i. 1. The
allusion is alleged to be to a Turkish
chiaus or interpreter, who committed a
— ,
notorious fraud in 1609. Turk, chd'ush,
;
a sergeant, mace- bearer, Palmer’s Pers.
Diet. chdwush, a sergeant, herald, mes-
;

which the glossator hardly seems to have senger, Rich. Diet p. 534. Or (medi-
understood, and in the pp. aceocod, iElfric, ately) from M. Itai. ciaus.
Horn. i. 216 with change from eo to eo,
: Chrism ; see below.
shortening of 6 to 0 in M. E., and subse- Christ, the anointed one. (L. — Gk.)
89
 ;- \ , ;

CHRISM CID
A. S. Crist. — Christus. — Gk. xP l(TT ^> Chuck (1), to strike gently, toss. (F.—
anointed. —
Gk. xp<"> I rub, anoint. Der. Teut.) Formerly written chock (Turber-
Christ-ian, Christ en dom , &c. ; Christ- ville). — F. choquery to give a shock, jolt. —
mas (see Mass^ anti-christ , opponent of
;
Du. schokken, to jolt, shake ; allied to E.
Christ (from Gk. duri y against; see shock and shake.
i John ii. 1 8). Chuck (2), to chuck as a hen. (£.)
chrism, holy unction. (L. — Gk.) An imitative word Ch. has chuk to ex- ;

Also spelt chriso me, whence chrisomc-child, press the noise made by a cock C. T. ;

a child wearing a chr iso me - cloth , or cloth 15180(13.3464). Ci. cluck. Der. chuck- Ic,
1
which a child wore after holy unction cf. in the sense to cluck/ ;

>
O. F. crestne , * the crisome, or oyle ; Cot. Chuck (3), a chicken. A variety of
— Late L. chrisma , holy oil. — Gk. xpiaim, chick for chicken. See above. ,

an unguent. — Gk. xp^ (as above). Chuckle. (E.) To chuckle is to laugh

Chromatic, relating to colours. (Gk.) in a suppressed way; cf. Chuck (2).
Gk. x/xw/MTitfOj, adj. — Gk. xP^ ar -» stem Chump, a log. (E.) Cf. Swed. dial.
of xpw/ia, colour allied to XP^ 9 skin,;
kumpa y to chop into logs bumping, a
> ;

chrome, chromium. (Gk.) A log, round stick ; also Icel. kumbr tre - ,

metal; its compounds exhibit beautiful kumbr, a log of wood, from Icel. kumbr ,

colours. — Gk. xp&ft-a, colour. nasalised form of kubbr a chopping !

Chronicle. (F. — Late L. — Gk.) M. E. Icel. kuhba , to chop. Der. chump-end

cronicle y with inserted l also crottike i. c. thick end.
; ,

cronique. — A. F. cronicle O. F. cronique Church. (Gk.) M. E. chirche, chireche.

; ,

pi. croniques, chronicles, annals. — Late L. A. S. cirice later circs (cf. Icel. kirkja , ; ;

chronica fern.
,
sing. for lieut. pi. — G. kirche Du. kerb). — Gk. KvpiaKuv , a
; ,

Gk. xpovina, pi., annals. — Gk. XP 0VIK “*> church, neut. of Kupiauvs , belonging to
adj. from xp^os, time. Der. chron ic the Lord or (possibly) from Gk. Kvpiaitd ; ,

(*=: Xpovucos). pi., treated as a fern. sing. — Gk. Kvpios

y

chronology, science of dates. (Gk.) a lord, orig. mighty. — Gk. /cupo?, strength.
From xpfoo - ?, time -\oyia, from \ 6 y-os, Cf. Skt. {lira, a hero.
;

discourse ; see Logic. Churl. (E.) M.K. cherl, cheorl. A.S,

chronometer, time-measurer. (Gk.) ceorl a man. -f-Du. kercl, G. kerl Dan. ;

From xpoi'o-s, time ;

piirpov, measure ;
see Sw. Icel. karl. Teut. types, *kerloz ,
Metre. *karloz .

Chrysalis, the form taken by some Churn, sb. (E.) A. S. cyrin ; older
insects.(Gk.) Gk. xP vara ^‘ s the gold- i
form cirin (printed cirm), Corp. gloss.
coloured sheath of butterflies, chrysalis. — 1866. 4- Icel. kirna. Sued, karna Dan. ,

Gk. xP v<T ‘V*y g°ld. kierne a chum; cf. O. Swed. kerna ,

,

chrysanthemum, a flower. (L.— Swed. karna, Dan. kierne , to churn, Du.

Gk.) L. chrysanthemum. —Gk. xpvffdv- kernen, to churn.
Ocfiov ,
a marigold. — Gk. xP V(T ~“ s gold; >
Chutney, Chutny, a kind of hot
dvOtfiov, a bloom, from dvQeiv, to bloom, relish. (Ilind.) Hind, chatHi (Yule).
related to avOos y a flower, a bud. Chyle, milky fluid. (F. — L. — Gk.) F.
Chrysolite, a yellow stone. (F. — L. chyle. — L. chylus. — Gk. x v 9 juice. — ^ >

— Gk.) O. F. crisolite. — L. chrysolithus, Gk. x*& {-X^F mW )y 1 pour- (VGHEU.)

Rev. xxi. 20. — Gk. xP u<r 0S — Gk. ^^ * chyme, liquid pulp. (L. — Gk.) For-
Xpvcr 6 - y, gold A iOos, stone.
;
merly chymus. — L. chymus.— Gk. x vP^»
chrysoprase. (L.-Gk.) L.chryso — Gk. x* mCJ * as above.
juice.
prasus, Rev. xxi. 20. —Gk. xP vor ^ irPa<ros a y
Chymist ; see Alchemist.
yellow-green stone. —Gk. xp v<r6 -* gold; t

irpdaov, a (green) leek. Ci— Cz.

Chub, a fish. (E.) Etym. unknown.
Cf. Dan. kobbe, a seal, prov. Swed. kubbug y Cicatrice, (F. -* L.) F. cicatrice.
scar.
chubby, fat Norw. ;
kuhben stumpy,
— L. cicdtricem, acc. of cicatrix a scar.
Swed. kubb, a block, log. This does not Cicerone. Ital. - L.) Ital. cicerone , a
(

explain the ch ; but see Chump. guide orig. a Cicero. — L. acc. Ciceronem ,
;
*
chubby, fat. (E.) Lit. ‘ like a chub ;
proper name.
cf. prov. Swed. ktibbug (above). Cid, lit. a chief or commander. (Span.
90
 ; , ; ) ,' , , ,
, , , ,-

CIDER CITE
— Arab.) Usually a title of Ruy Diaz, (also circutre), to go round. — L. circum
the national hero of Spain. — Arab. sayyid, round ; *>*, to go.
a lord Richardson’* Diet. p. 864.
; Circum-, prefix, round. (L.) L.
Cider. (F. - L. - Gk. - Heb.) It circum, around, round orig. acc of ;

merely means strong drink. M. E. sicer, circus, a circle; see Circle. Der circum-
cyder. — F. cidrt O. F. cisdre (for *cisre). ;
ambient (see Ambient) circum- ambulate ;

— Jj. sicera. — Gk . a'uecpa, strong drink.— (see Amble) and see below. « ;

Ileb. shekar strong drink. — Heb. shakar

, circumcise. (L.) L. circumcis-us ,

to be intoxicated. pp. of circum cidere to cut round. — L.

Cieling see Coil. ;
circum round , ;
and cccdere, to cut.
Cigar, Segar. (Span.) Span. cigarro; circumference. (L.) L. circum -
whence also F. cigare. ferentia , boundary of a circle. — L circum -
Cinchona, Peruvian bark. (Span.) ferent stem of pres pt. of circum ferre, to
Named after the Countess of Chiu chon, carry round ; from fene to bear. ,

wife of the governor of Rem, cured by it circumflex. (E.) L. syllaba cir-

A. i). 1638. Chinchon is S.E. of Madrid. cumfiexa a sj liable marked with a cir-
,

(Should l)e chinchona .

cumflex (a) or ‘bent’ mark. — L. circum-
Cincture, ^E.) L. cinchira , a girdle. fiexus pp. of circum fiecteie, to bend
— L. cinctus , pp. of cittgere to gird. ,
lound from fieciere to bend.
;

Cinder. (E.) Misspelt for sinder (by circumjacent, lying near. (L.)
confusion with F. ccndre - L. cinerem ;
From stem of pres, part of ci) cum-iacere,
see Cinerary). A. S. sinder, * scoria,’ slag. to lie around from iacere to lie. ;

+Icel. sin dr Swed. sinder G. sinter , ; circumlocution. (L.) L. circum -

dross, whence Du. sintels , cinders, The lociitio , a periphrasis. — ].,, circumloc ulus,
A. S. sinder occurs in the 8th century. pp. of circum-loquT, to speak in a round-
Cinerary, relating to the ashes of the about way from loqui, to speak. ;

dead. (L.) L. cincr<irius — L. ciner-, . circumscribe. (L.) L. circum

stem of rfwiV, dust, ashes of the dead.+ senbere to write or draw around, to limit;
Gk. /tom, dust. Der. cineraria a flower ; ,
from sertbere, to write.
named from the ash -coloured down on the circumspect, prudent. (L.) L. cir-
leaves. Brugm. i. § 84. cumspectus, prudent orig. pp. of circum - ;

Cinnabar, Cinoper. (L. - Gk. - sphere to look around; from specere to

, ,

Pers.) L. cinnabaris — Gk. nivvafiapi, .

look.
vermilion. P rom Pers. zinjifrak , zinjarj, circumstance. (F. -1 ,.) Adapted
red lead, vermilion, cinnabar. from O F. cirConstance. — L. circumstantia ,

Cinnamon, a spice. (L. -Gk.-Heb.) lit. a standing around, also an attiibutc,

L. cinnamdmum. — Gk. Kivvaficupov. — Heb. circumstance (influenced by F. circon -

qinndmdn said ;
to be of Malay origin stance). — L. ci? cum slant-, stem of pres. pt.
t G esen 1 us) . C f. M alay kayn minis ,
cinna- of circum-stare to stand round ; from stare,
,

mon from;
wood, minis sweet. ,
to stand.
Cipher. (F. — Span. — Arab.) O. F. Circus see Circle. ;

cifre (P. chiffre ), a cipher, zero. — Span. Cirrus, a fleecy cloud, tendril. (L.)
cifra.— Arab. sifr, a cipher; lit. ‘ empty L. cirrus a curl, curled hair.
,

thing ;* from 1ifr, adj. empty; Rich. Diet, Cist, a sort of tomb. (L. — Gk.) L.
p. 937 (A translation of Skt. punya, (1)
*
cista, a chest. —
Gk. /riVri?, a box, chest
empty; (2) a cipher.) Der. de-cipher , cistern. (F.-L. — Gk.) F .cisterne.
from L. de in the verbal sense of itn-, and — L. cistema, a reservoir for water. — L.
;
cipher cf. M. F. dechiffrer, to decyphcr
*
cista, as above.
Cot. cistvaen, a British monument. (L.
Circle. (F. — L.) A.S .circul; butM.E. and \Y.) \Y. cistfaen a stone chest,
cercle. — F. cercle. — L. circulus dimin. of monument made with four upright stones,
,

circus, a ring, circle; see Ring (1). Der. and a fifth on the top. — \V. cist, a chest
encircle semi-circle, ;
and see circum (from L. cista) and maen. a stone.
;

circus, a L. rm-wj* (above).

ring. (L.) Cit, Citadel; see Civil (below).
Circuit. (F. — L.) F. circuit. L. — Cite, to summon, quote. (F. — L.) F.
acc. circuitum a going round. — L. r/V- ,
citer. — L. citdre, frequent, of ciere, to
cuitus , also circum it us, pp. of circumire rouse, excite, call. + Gk. kios, I go.

91
 , ~ , . —
;;,
;,; , . \ t

CITHERN, CITTERN CLARION

(^KI.) See Hie. Der. ex- cite, in -cite, outcry. — L. clatndre (above). Der. clamor*
re-cite. ous.
Cithern, Cittern, a kind of guitar. Clamber, to climb by grasping tightly.
(L. — Gk. ) [Also M. E. giterne from O. ; (E. perhaps Scand.) XV. cent. M. E.
;

F. guiterne, a guitar.] The n is excres- clameretiy clambren Cf. Icel. klambra ,

cent, as in bitter-n in imitation of M. E.
,
to pinch closely together; Dan. klamre ,

giterne. L. cithara. — Gk. mddpa, a kind to grip firmly ;Clamp. Affected by

see
of lyre or lute. Climb, of which the M. E. pt. t. was
Citizen; see Civil (below') clamb, clam.
Citron. (F. —L —
Gk.) F. citron. — Clammy, viscous. (E.) Earliest form
—
Late L. acc. citronem. L. citrus , orange- claymy, perhaps- from A. S. clam, clay (see
tree; orig. a tree with fragrant wood.— Clay); but confused with an adj. clam ,
Gk. /ciSposy a cedar. Brugm. i. § 764. sticky; with which E. Fries, and Du. cf.

City; see Civil (below;. klam ,

Dan. klam, clammy, moist. See
Civet. (F. —
Arab.) F. civeite , civet Clamp.
also the civet-cat; Ital. zibetto \ borrowed Clamour ;
see Claim.
from medieval Gk. £airinou (Brachet).— Clamp. (Du.) XV. cent. Du .klatnpe,
Arab, zabdd civet ,
Rich. Diet. p. 767.
; a holdfast whence klampen, to clamp, ;

Civil. (F.-L.) F. civil. — L. ciuilis grapple, also to board a ship. Dan. +

belonging to citizens. — L. ciuis, a citizen. klarnme, a cramp-iron ; Swed. klamp , the
Allied to A. S. hiwan , members of a same ; Icel. kldmbr a smith's vice Teut. , ;

household. Der. civil-ise civil-i-an. base *klampt answering to the 2nd grade
,

cit; short for citizen (below), of M. H. G. klimpfen, to press tightly

citadel. (F. - Ital. — L.) F. citadelle. together. Cf. Clump.
— Ital. cittadella , a small town, fort Clan. (Gael.) Gael, clann, offspring,
dimin. of cittade = cittate ( cittk ), a city. children ; Irish eland, clann , descendants,
L. ciuitdtem , acc. of ciuitds, a city. — L. a tribe W. plant, pi. offspiing, children. ;

a citizen (above). Cf. Skt. kula(m ), a herd, family. Brugm.

citizen. (F. — L.) M. E. citesein i. § 669.
from A. F. citisein , in which j was an Clandestine. (L.) L. clandestinus,
insertion. — O. F. citeain (F. citoyen ) secret, close. Allied to clam , secretly.
formed from O. F. cite (cit4) city, by help Clang, to resound. (L.) I., clangere,
of the suffix -ain — L. -anus see below. to resound ; whence clangor a loud noise.
;

city. (F. — L.) M. E. cite citee. - +Gk. K\ayyrj, a clang; allied to n\d{en/ f
,

O.F. (F. citl).— Late L. typefciv' latent, to clash (fut. K\ay£co). Der. clang-or.
for ciuitdtem acc. of ciuitds see citadel. See below. ;

Clachan, a small village with a church. Clank, a heavy ringing sound. (Du.)
(Gael.) Gael. clachan,( 1) a circle of stones, XVII cent. — D11. klank , ‘a ringing;’
(2) a small rude church, (3) a small village Hexham. Cf. Du. klonk , pt. t. of klinken ,
with a church. — Gael, clock a stone. So to clink. See Clink. Der. clank, vb.
,

also Irish clachan a hamlet ; ,

O. Ir. Clap. (E.) M. E. clappen. [We only
clock a stone. find A.S. clceppetan , to palpitate; Voc.
Clack. M.
E. clacken Imitative
(E.) 473.] E. Fries, klappen to clap hands.
.
,

allied to Crack. E. Fries. klakketi.+ The orig. sense is to make a noise by

Icel. klaka, to chatter; Du. klakken to striking. Icel. klappa, Swed. klappa , , +
clack, crack ; Irish r/ag*, the clapper of Dan. klappe , Du. klappen M. II. G. klaffen , ,

a mill. to pat, clap, prate, make a noise. Allied

Claim, to demand, call out for. (F. — to Clack, Clatter.
L.) O.F. claimer clamer. — L. clamdre,
, Claret. (F.— L.) Orig. a light red wine.
to call out; cf. O. L. caldre to pro- M. E. claret. — O. F. claret, claire (F.
,

claim; Gk. tca\tiv, to summon. Der. clairet), adj.; dimin. of clair, clear. — L.
ac-daim de claim, ex-claim pro* claim, clanis clear. See Clear
, , ,

re-clatm ; also (from pp. domains) ac- Clarify. (F.-L.) O. F. clarifier. -

clamation!, de-clamation ex- clam at- ion, L. clarificdre , to make clear. — L. cldri-,
,

tro-clamat-ion, re-clamat-ion. from cldrus clear; and -Jic-, for facere ,

Clamour. (F. — L.) M. E. clamour. to make.
— O.F. clamour. — L. acc. cldmorem an Clarion. (F.-L.) M. E. clarioun . . —
92
 , e , , , , ;
,
, a . , , , , =,

CLASH CLEVER
O. F. 'clarion claron (F. clairon ), a clear-
,
iron to fasten ropes to. (E.) M. E. dele ,
sounding horn. — Late L. acc. cldrionem. — a wedge from A. S. 'cleat), also
(as if
L. cldri- (as above). elite, clote, a lump; cognate with Du.
Clash. (£.) An imitative word ;
sug- kloot, a ball, G. kloss, a clot, lump. Allied
gested by clack and crash, dash , &c. Cf. to Clot and see Clout.
;

E. Fries, klatsen to crack a whip. , Cleave (1), to split. (E.) Strong verb. 1
Clasp. (E.) M. E. claspe, elapse sb. ,
A. S. cleofan, pt.t. cleaf, pp. clofen (

claspen , clapsen, vb. The base seems to be E. cloven). klieven, lcel. kljiifa (pt. t.
klap-s-, extended from £Az/- (see Clap), klauf), Swed. klyfva, Dan. klove, G. klie-
and influenced by M. E. clippen to em- ben. Teut. base * kleub cf. Gk. 7X1/- ;

brace. Cf. G. klafter a fathom; Lith. ,

<puv, to hollow out.
glebys, an armful; and cf. Grasp. cleft, Clift. (Scand.) The old spelling
Class. (F. — L.) F. classc, a rank.— is clift. — Icel. kluft, Swed. klyft Dan.
L. acc. classem, a class, assembly, fleet. kldft, a cleft, chink, cave. — Icel. kluf-,
Clatter. (E.) frequentative of clatA weak grade of kljiifa (above) ;
cf. Swed.
which is a by-form of Clack. A. S. clat- klyfva, to cleave.
rung, a clattering E. Fries, klattern, to; Cleave (2), to stick. (E.) Weak verb.
clatter, -f- Du. klateren, to clatter. Of The correct pt. t. is cleaved, not clave,
imitative origin. which belongs to the verb above. A. S.
Clause. (F. — L.) F. clause. — Late L. clifian, cleofan, pt. t. clifode.+T)y\. klevcn,
clausa a passage from a book, a clause.—
,
Swed. klibba sig, G. kleben to adhere,
L. clausus pp. of claudere, to shut.+ cleave to. All from Teut. base *klib~,
O. Fries, sluta, to shut. See Slot (i). weak grade of Teut. root *kleib-, found in
(VSKLEU.) Urugm. i. § 795. A. S. cltfan (pt. t. cldf), Du. be-klijven ,
Clavicle, the collar-bone. (F. L) — to cleave to. Allied to Clay, Climb.
F. clavicule the collar-bone. — L. clduicula
, Clef, a key, in music. (F.—L.) F. clef
lit. a small key ; dimin. of clduis , a key. — L. clduetn, acc. of clduis a key.
Allied to clauder ; see Clause. Cleft ; see Cleave (1).
Claw. (E.) M. E. A. S. Clematis, a plant. (Gk.) Gk. kKtjimt'is,
(also clecP), a claw.+Du. klaamu; a creeping plant. — Gk. KXrjfiar-, stem of
G. klaue; klo, Dan. Swed. klo.
Icel. K\r)fjiaj a shoot, twig. — Gk. kKoluv, to
Allied to ClewfromaTeut. base 'klau-,
;
break off, prune (Brugm. ii. § 661).
2nd grade of 'kleu-, to draw together; Clement. (F. L.) F. clement. L. — —
cf. O. II. G. kluwi, forceps. clemejttem, acc. of clemens mild.
Clay. (E.) M. E. clai, cley. A. S. Clench ; sec Clinch.
clceg.+ Du. and Low G. klei Dan. klag. Clerestory, an upper story in a church,
Teut. type * klai-jd fern. from 'klai-, 2nd ;
furnished with windows. (F.—L.) Old
grade of Teut. root 'klei- cf. A. S. clam ;
spelling of clear-story . The triforium
(for *klai-moz), earthenware Gk. 7 Aoi-os, ;
below is sometimes called the blind-story.
sticky matter. See Cleave (2) and Glue. See Story (2).
Claymore, a Scottish broadsword. Clerk. (F. - L. - Gk.) A. S. and 0 F. .

(Gael.) Gael, claidheamh ?nor, a great clerc, — L. clcricus — Gk. fcXrjpucbs, one of
sword. Here claidheamh is cognate with the clergy. — Gk. K\rjpos, a lot ; in late Gk.,
W. cleddyf, O. Ir. claideb, sword ;
and the clergy, whose portion is the Lord,
Gael, mor, great, is allied to W. mawr, Deut. xviii. 2, 1 Pet. v. 3 ;
cf. Acts i. 17.
great. Cf. \V. cledd, a sword. (St. Jerome.)
Clean. (E.) M. E. dene. A. S. clcene, clergy. (F.—L.) M. E. clergie, often
clear, pure. + O. Sax. cleni, cleini ;
O. also (2) Teaming.* — (1) O. F. clergie, as if
‘

Fries, klen Du. klein, small ; G. klein

; ,
from L. 'cleric! ; (2) mod. F. clergi
O. H. G. chleini, pure, bright, fine, small. from Late L. clericdtus clerkship. — Late ,

All from Teut. 'klaini-, orig. * clear, pure.* L. clericus, a clerk (above).
Cleanse. (E.) A. S. cllensian to Clever. (E.) Cleverly is in Butler’s
make clean. — A. S. clane, clean. Hudibras, i. 1. 398 (1663). For M. E,
Clear. (F.-L.) M.E. deer, cler. — O.F. cliver adj., meaning ready to seize, allied
,

cler, clair, — L. cldrus, bright, clear, loud. to M. E. cliver, a claw, and to Cleave (2).
Cleat, a piece of iron for strengthening So also E. Fries, kliifer clever, Dan.
the soles of shoes; a piece of wood or dial, klover, klcver (Molbech). It took %
93
 \ . , , , , , ;

CLEW, CLUE CLOG

the place of M. E. deliver quick, nimble, Cf.Du. klink , a latch, rivet also, a blow ;

Ch. prol. 84. — O. F. delivre, free, prompt, and O. II. G. klenkan to knot or bind ,

alert ;
compounded of L. de, prefix, and together.
liber, free Deliver. ; see Cling. (E.) M. E. clingen, to become
Clew, Clue, a ball of thread. (E.) stiff,be matted together. A.S. clingan
M. E. clewe. A. S. cliwen a clew also , ; (pt. t. clang pp. clungen), to dry up,
cleowe (Epinal gl. cleouuae ). Du. kluwen + ,
shrivel up. +
Dan. klynge to cluster. Allied ,

whence kluwenen to wind on clews (E. , to Swed. klanga , to climb; 0 H.G.

.

clew up a sail); M. Low G. kluwen and ;

clunga, a clew.
cf. G. knauel (for *klduel), a clew. Per- Clinical. (F. — L. Gk.) F. clinique, —
haps allied to L. gluere, to draw together. ‘
one that is bedrid Cot. — L. clinicus,
Cf. Claw. the same. — Gk. kXivikos, belonging to a
Click. (E.) An imitative word, ex- bed, a physician 1) kXivikt), his art. — Gk.
;

pressing a lighter and thinner sound than uXivrj, a bed. — Gk. kXivuv, to lean; see
Clack. E. Fries, klikken. Cf. Du. klik- Lean (1).
klakken to clash. , Clink. (E.) E. Fries, klinken. Nasa-
Client. (F. — L.) F. client, a suitor. — Used form of Click. +
Du. klinken, to
L. clientem acc. of cliens — cluens, orig. a
,
sound, pt. t klonk pp. geklonken ; Swed.
,

hearer, one who listens to advice pres. pt. ;

klinka, to jingle. Cf. Clank,
of chierc, to hear. (y'KLEU. > clinker, a hard cinder. (Du.) Du.
Cliff, a steep rock, headland. (E.) blinker, a clinker, named from the tinkling
A.S. clif, a rock, oliff.+Du. and Icel. sound which they make when they strike
klif\ O. H.G. klep. Cf. G. and Dan. each other. — Du. klinken, to clink cog- ;

klippe Swed. klippa a crag and Icel. nate with E. clink,

, ;

kleif a ridge of cliffs. Clinquant, glittering. (F. — Du.) In

Climate. (F. — L. — Gk.) M.E. dim at. Shak. Lit. tinkling. — F. clinquant, pres.
1
*

— F. cliniat, — Late L. dim at-, stem of pt. of O. F. clinquer to clink. — Du. ,

clima. — G k. feXipar-, stem of /cXipa, a klinken (above).

slope, zone, region of the earth, climate. — Clip, to cut. (Scand.) M. E. klippen. —
Gk. kXlvuv to lean, slope see Loan. ; Icel. klippa, Swed. klippa, Dan. klippe , to
climacter, a critical time of life. (F. clip, shear hair. Cf. Snip.
— Gk.) M.F. climactere, adj.; whence l' an Clip '2), to embrace, (h ) A. S. clyppan.
climactere, ‘the climatericall (sic) year; Clique, a gang. (F. — Du.) F. clique, a
every 7th, or 9»h, or the 63 yeare of a gang, noisy set. — O. F. cliquer , to click,
man’s life, all very dangerous, but the last, make a noise. — Du. klikken to click, ,

most ;* Cot. — Gk. uXtiicucr-qp, a step of a clash; also to inform, tell cf. Du. klikker, ;

ladder, a dangerous period of life. — Gk. a tell-tale. See Click.

uXifiau-, stem of fcXipa(, a ladder, climax, Cloak, Cloke. (F. — C.) M. E. cloke. —
with suffix -TTJP of the agent see below. O. North F. cloque, O. F. cloche. — Late L.
;

Climax, the highest degree. (Gk.) cloca, a bell also a horseman’s cape, which ;

Gk. tcXip a£, a ladder, staircase, highest resembled a bell in shape see below, :

pitch of expression (in rhetoric). —Gk. clock. (C.) The orig. sense was ‘bell*;
kXivuv, to slope. Der. anti-climax. bells preceded clocks for notifying times.
Clime. (L. — Gk.) L. clima, a climate. Either from M. Du. clocke (Du. klok) a
— Gk. tcXipa see Climate. ; bell or from O. North F. cloque, a bell.— ;

Climb. (E.) M. E. climben, pt. t. clomb. Late L. cloc(c)a a bell ; of Celtic origin. —
A.S. climban pt. t. clamb, pi. clumbon.^r Irish clog, a bell, clock clogaim 1 ring ; ,

Du. klimmen, M. H.G. klimmen. Teut. or sound as a bell; O. Irish cloc a bell, ,

type *klimban -. The m

was orig. in- Cf. W. clock, a bell, &c. The G. glocke is
serted in the present stem, and did not a borrowed word ; so also Du. klok &c. ,

belong to the root ; as is shewn by Icel. Clod. (E.) M. E. clod, clodde. A. S.

kltfa, to climb. Hence it is allied to clod (in compounds), a lump of earth.
Cleave (2). Teut. type *klu-do from the weak grade
Clime; see Climate. of Teut. root *kleu to stick together. See
Clinch, Clench, to rivet. (E.) M.E. Clew, Cloud. Cf. Clot.
clenchen , klenken , to strike smartly, to Clog, a hindrance; a wooden sole of
make to clink ; causal of klinken, to clink, a shoe wooden shoe. (E.) M. E. clog, ;

94
 ,, , , ; , , . ; , ;;

CLOISTER CLUMSY
a log, clump. Not found in A. S. A late de girojle from the
,
1
a clove,’ Cot. ;

word; cf. Norw. klugu a hard log. semblance a to a nail. Cf. Span, clavo
Cloister. (F.-L.) M. E. cloister .- nail, also a clove. — L. clduum, acc. of
O. F. cloistre (F. cloit re). — L. claustrum , clduus a nail.+O. Irish do a nail.
, ,

lit. enclosure. — L. claus es, pp. of clau- Clove or spherical shell of

(2), a bulb,
dere, to shut. See Clause. a bulb of garlic, &c. (E.) A.S. clufu , f.
Close ( 0 / to shut in. (F.— L.) M. E. cf. cluf-wyrt, a buttercup (lit. clbve-wort).

closen. — O. F. clos, i pr. s. of O. F. clove Named from its cleavage into shells.—
to shut in. — L. claudere (above\ Der. A. S. cluf-y weak grade of cleofan, to split;
dose, a field ; dis-close, en-close , in- dose. see Cleave (1). Cf. Icel. klofi, a cleft.
Close (2), shut up. (F. L.) M. E. — Clove (3), a weight. (F. — L.) A. F.
clos, c/oos. — O. F. clos, pp. of clove (above). clou the same word as Clove (1).
;
Late —
closet. (F.-L.) O. F. dimin.
closely L. claims, a weight (for wool).
of clos an enclosed space. — O. F. clos, Clover. (E.) M. E. claver. A. S.
pp. see close (2).
; cldfre, cldfre trefoil. Du. klaver , whence,
+
Clot. (E.) M. E. clot clotte , ,
a ball, Swed. klofver, Dan. k lover Low G. \

esp. of earth. A. S. clotty clot a ,

lump.+ klever cf. G. klee.; The supposed
G. klotZy a lump. Teut. type *klut-to connexion with cleave (1) is impossible.
from the weak grade of Teut. base *kletit ; Clown. (Scand.) Icel. klunni, a clumsy,
see Cleat, Clout, Cluster. boorish fellow : Swed. dial, klunn a log, ,

Cloth. (K.) M. E. cloth, clalh. A. S. kluns a clownish fellow; Dan. klunt a

, ,

cl(W.+ Du. bleed G. kleid, a dress. Der.
clothes A. S. cldtSas, pi. of daft.
Clothe, to cover with a cloth. (E.)
M. K. clothen, clathen pt. t. clothede (or
cladde ), pp. clothed (or clad). Formed
from A. S. r&7(T.+Du. kleeden from bleed
so also G. kleiden from kleid. But the,
pt. t. and pp. clad are of Scand. origin
cf. Icel. hlcedd-r, pp. of klceba, to clothe ;
Swed. kladd, pp. of hlada.
Cloud. (E.) M. E. cloud, orig. a mass
of vapours the same word as M. E. dud
; ,
a mass of rock. A. S. dud, a round mass,
log cf. Dan. kluntet, clumsy. Allied to
;
9
Clump. Orig. sense i log or * clod.’
Cloy. (F. — L.) Oi ig. to stop up, hence,
,
to sate. M.F.r/^r,‘tocloy,stopup,’ Cot.;
a by- form of F. clouer (O. F. cloer), to nail,
, ;
fasten up. [A horse pricked with a nail,
in shoeing, was said to be cloyed,] — O. F.
: do, F. clou a nail; see Clove (1). Cloy %
(in E.) is usually short for ac-cloy or a-cloy ,
where the prefix a- represents F. en- see
F. en clouer, encloyer in Cotgrave.
Club (1), a heavy stick. (Scand.) M.E.
clubbe — Icel. klubba klumba , a club;
.
,

mass of rock, hill. From Teut. root *kleu, Swed. klubby a club, log, lump ; Dan. kltib,
to stick together see Clew, Clod. ;
club, klumpy lump. mere variant of A
Clough, a hollow in a hill-side. (E.) Clump below. See Golf.
M. E. dough, cloje. Answering to A. S. Club (2), an association. (Scand.)
*cldhy not found; connate with O. II. G. XVII cent. Lit. ‘a clump of people/
kldh. The A. S. *dok ( — 11 G. kldh, 0 . . Cf. Swed. dial, klubb, a clump, lump, also
as in Klah-uelde Forstemann) represents ,
a knot of people (Rietz). See above.
a Teut. type *klan\o-y from *klan\ 2nd , Cluck. M.E. clokken to gluck (E.) ,

grade of *klinx‘, cf. G. k tinge, O. H. G. as a a mere variant of Claok.+

hen ;

cklinga, a dough (Acad., Aug. and Sept. Du. klokkcn Dan. klukke G. glucken , ,

1889). L. glocire. An imitative word.

Clout, a patch. (E.) M. clout. A.S. E Clue ;
see Clew.
chit, a patch ; whence W. chut. Corn, clut, Clump, a mass, block. (E.) XVI
a patch, clout Ir. and Gael, clud, the
;
cent. Not in A.S., except as in clymp-re ,

same. Orig. sense mass, piece of stuff’ ‘ a clump. Cf. Dan. hlump, Swed. klump ;

orig. Teut. type *klut-oz, from Teut. root Du. kiompy Low G. klump a clump,
*kliit- , *kleul-y as seen in Clot. Closely lump, log ; (Icel. klumba, a club, with b
allied to Cleat (which is from the 2nd for p). From klump-, weak grade of
grade of the same root). Teut. *klemp-, as in M.H.G. klimpfen , to
Clove 0 ), a kind of spice. (F. — L.) press tightly together. Clamp.
Cf.
M. E. clow ; the change to clove, in the Clumsy. (Scand.) M. E. clumsed,
Cf.
XVIth cent., was due to the influence domsed, benumbed ;
benumbed lingers are
of Ital. chiovo. — F. clou, a nail; clou clumsy. This is the pp. of clomsen, to
 , , -
;; , , , ,

CLUSTER COCHINEAL
benumb, or to feel benumbed. Cf. Swed. Coarse, rough. (F.— L.) Formerly
dial, klummsen benumbed (Rietz) Icel. course an adj. which arose from the phrase
, ; ,

klumsa lock-jawed. Cf. Du. klemmen to in course to denote anything of an ordinary ,

pinch; kleumen, to be benumbed, kleumsch character; cf. mod. E. of course See , .

numb with cold also A. S. a Course.

;

bond, clasp. See Clammy. Coast. (F. - L.) M. E. coste. - O. F.

Cluster, a bunch. (E.) A. S. cluster, coste (F. cdte ), a rib, slope of a hill, shore.
clyster a bunch. ,
+
Low G. bluster Suggests — L. costa , a rib. .

a Teut. type *klut-tro -, a cluster formed Coat. (F. - G.) M. E. cote. - O. F. ;

with suffix -tro from *blut-, weak grade of cote (F. cotte) Low L. cota, cotta a coat. ; ,

Teut. root *kleut to mass together; for — M. II. G. kotte, butte a coarse mantle; ,

which see Clot, Cl9at, Clout. O. Sax. cot, the same.

Clutch, to seize. (E.) M. E. clucchen, Coax. (E. ?) Formerly cokes, vb., from
clicchen. A. S. clyccan (whence pp. ge- cokes, simpleton, dupe.
sb., a Perhaps
cliht, Somner). We find also M. E. cloke , allied to Cocker or to Cockney.
a claw; which was superseded by the Cob (1), a round lump, knob. (E.) As
verbal form. applied to a pony, it means short and
Clutter, a clotted mass also clutter, ; stout. M. E. cob a great person
vb., to clot. Clutter vb., is a variant
(E.) ,
(Hoccleve). In some senses, it seems to
of clotter, to run into clots see Clot, and ;
be allied to A. S. copp, a top, summit.
cf. E. Fries, klutern , to become clotted. Cobble (1), a small round lump. (E.)
Clutter also meant confusion, a confused M. E. cobylstone, a cobble-stone. Dimin.
heap, turmoil, din by association with ; of cob (above).
Clatter. Cf. E. Fries, kloter a rattle. Cob (2), to beat. (E.) Cf. W. cobio , to
,

Clyster. (L.~ Gk.) L. clyster an thump; cob, a bunch; prov. E. cop, to

injection into the bowels. — Gk. kKvg rrjp, a strike, esp. on the cop or head. See Cob
clyster, syringe. —Gk. K\vfav, to wash.-f- 0 .
(
L. cluere , to wash. (y'KLEU.) Cobalt, a mineial. (G.) G. kobalt,
Co-, prefix. (L.) L. co together; cobalt a nickname given by the miners, ;

used for con - (=*cum), together, before a because considered poisonous ; better
vowel. Hence, co-efficient co-equal, co spelt kobold meaning (1) a demon, (2)
,

operate , co-ordinate See others below cobalt.

. Of G. origin (Kluge). ;

and see Con-. Cobble (0 ; see Cob (1).

Coach. Hung.) F. (F. a— ‘
Cobble (a), to patch up. (E.) Origin
coach Cot. ;
Etym. disputed. Said, as
’ unknown; cf. Cob (2), of which it seems
early as A. D. 15 53, to be a Hungarian to be the frequentative.
word from Hung, kocsi, a coach, so called
; Cobra, a hooded snake. (Port. L.) —
because first made at a Hung, village called Port, cobra, also cobra de capello, i. e. snake
Kocsi or Kocs, near Kaab see Littre, and ; with a hood. — L. colitbra , snake; de, of;
Beckmann, Hist, of Inventions. cape Hum, acc. of capellus, hat, hood,
Coadjutor. (F.-L.) XV cent. A.F. dimin. of capa , a cape. See Notes and
coadjutour - L. co-, for con - « rw/w, together;
.
Queries, 7 S. ii. 205.
and adiutor, an assistant, from vb. Cobweb. (E.) M. E. copiveb, coppe-
to assist. — L. a</-, to; iuuare to , web from M. E. coppe, a spider, and web.
;

help. Cf. M. Du. kop boppe ‘a spider, or a cob/

} ,
Coagulate, to curdle. (L.) L. Hexham. From A. S. coppa, as in dttor -
/tf/ttj-, of coagulare , to curdle.
pp. L. — coppa a spider; lit. poison-bunch; from
codgulum rennet, which causes milk to
, A. S. dttor dtor poison, and cop, a head.
,
run together. L. —
(raw), together Coca, a Peruvian plant. Span. — Peruv.) (

ag-ere, to drive. Span, coca. — Peruv. cuca; Garcilasso, Peru,

Coal. (E.) M. E. col A.S. a>/.+ bk. 8. c. 15. Distinct both from cocoa (or
Du. A00/, Icel. Swed. kol, Dan. G. coco) and cacao, Der. coca-ine.
Cf. Skt. yz/<z/, to blaze. Cochineal. (F. - Span. — L. — Gk.)
Coalesce, to grow together. (L.) L. F. cochenille. — Span, cochinilla, cochineal
coalescere, — L. co-, (or con- = rww, together ^made from insects which look like berries).
and alescere , to grow, inceptive of to — L. coccinus, of a scarlet colour; see
nourish. Isaiah i. 18 (Vulgate). — L. coccurn , a berry;
96
 , ; .

COCK COD
also kermes, supposed to be a berry. — Gk. tread; with fem. suffix -trix, of the
k6kkos a berry, cochineal.
, agent.
Cock (i),a male bird. (X) M. E. cok. Cocker, to pamper. (E. ?) M. E.
A. S. cocc from the bird’s cry. 1 Cryde
; cokeren (whence W. cocri, to fondle, in-
anon cok l cok /* Ch. C. T. Nun’s Priest’s dulge). Cf. M. Du. kokelen, keukelen ,

Tale, 457. Cf. Skt. kukkuta a cock; ,

‘
to cocker, to foster,* Hexham^ M. F.
Malay kukuk, crowing of cocks. And coquel/ner, * to dandle, cocker, pamper
cf. Cuckoo. (a child) * Cot. Norw. kokra, to call as
;

COCk,
the stop-cock of a barrel, is the a cock ; also, to cocker.
same word. So also G. hahn, (1) a cock, Cockerel; see Cock (1).
(2) a stop-cock. Cockle (i)> a sort of bivalve. (F.— L.
COCk, part of the lock of a gun. From — Gk.) M. E. coke l [Cf. cock, a cockle
its original shape cf. G. den Hahn span -
;
(P. Plowman, C. x. 95) A. S. sd-cocca\ ;

tten, tocock a gun. (where sea).] — F. coquille, a cockle-

COCkade, a knot of ribbon on a hat. shell cf. Ital. cochiglia. — Lat. type *cochy-
;

(F.) F. coquarde, fem. of coquard saucy , ;

lium for conchylium a cockle, shell-fish.
, ,

also coquarde bonnet d la coquarde

,
any * — Gk. KoyyyXiov, a cockle, dimin. of uoy-
bonnet or cap worn proudly; Cot. Formed ’
kv\tj, from Hoytcr], a cockle or mussel.
with suffix - ard from F. coq a cock (from , Cockle (2), a weed among com. (E.)
the bird’s cry). A. S. coccel, tares ;
whence Gael. cogally
cockerel, a young cock. (E.) Double tares, husks, cockle; cogully corn-cockle;
dimin. ofCock (1). Cf. pik-erel. Irish cogally corn-cockle.
COCkloft, upper loft. (E. and Scand.) Cockle (3), to be uneven, pucker up.
From cock and loft So also G. hahnbalken
.
,
(Scand.) Of Scand. origin; cf. Norw.
’
Dan. loftkammer a
a roost, cockloit ; ,
loft- koklutt lumpy, uneven,
,
cockled up 1
;

chambcr, room up in the rafters. from Norw. kokle, a little lump, dimin. of
Cock (2), a pile of hay. (Scand.) Dan. kok a lump; see Cock (2). Cf. Swed-
,

kok a heap; prov. Dan. kok, a hay-cock,

,
kokkel dimin. of kok a, a clod. ,

at kokke hoet, to cock hay Icel. kbkkr , Cockloft; see Cock (1).
;

lump, ball ; Swed. koka, clod of earth. Cockney, orig. an effeminate person.
Cock (3), to stick up abruptly. (E.) (E.) Florio has: * Caccherelli, cacklings
Apparently with reference to the posture of hens also egs, as we say cockanegsl ;

of a cock's head when crowing or to that From M. E. colcenay a foolish person, Ch.
; ,
*
of his crest or tail. Cf. Gael, coc to cock C. T. 4208. Lit. cocks’ egg ; ’ i.e. yolk-
,

as in coc do bhoineid, cock your bonnet less egg. From M. E. coken , gen. pi. of
coc-shronach , cock-nosed. And see Cock- cok a cock and ay ey t A. S. (Eg, egg. , ; ,

ade. See C. S. liurne, Shropshire Folk-lore,

Cock (4\ Cockboat, a small boat. p. 22Q.
(F. — L. — Gk.) O. F. coque, a kind of Cockroach. (Span.) From Span.
boat, orig. a shell. Cf. Span, coca, Ital. cucaracha, a wood-louse, cockroach ; from
cocca , a small ship. Derived (by Diez) cuca (also cuco), a kind of caterpillar.
from L. concha a shell; from Gk. KoyKTj, Origin uncertain.
,

a cockle ; see Cockle (1). the cocoa-nut palm. Cocoa (1), COCO,
Cockade; see Cock (1). coco , a bugbear, (Port.) Port, and Span,
Cockatoo, a kind of parrot. (Malay.) an ugly mask to frighten children ; hence
Malay kakatua ; from the bird’s cry. Cf. applied to the cocoa-nut on account of
Malay kukuk, crowing of cocks. Skt. the monkey-like face at the base of the
kukkuta , a cock. See Cock (1). nut. Cf. Span, cocar , to make grimaces.
Cockatrice. (F. - Late L. - L.) By Cocoa (2), a corrupt form of Caoao.
confusion with cock , it was said to be a Cocoon, case of a chrysalis. (F.—L.—
monster hatched from a cock’s egg. — O. F. Gk.) F. cocon a cocoon ; from coque, a ,

cocatrice, — Late L. cSeattlecm, ace. of shell. See Cook (4).

cScdtrix, caucdtrixj answering to a Latin Cod (1), a fish. (E. ?) Spelt codde in
type *calcdtrixy i. e. * the treader or tracker,’ Palsgrave. Perhaps named from its round-
used to render the Gk. and ed shape; cf. M. Du. kodde a club (Hex- ,
*
afterwards transferred to mean * crocodile ham) and see below. Der. cod-ling, a ;

(see account in N. E. D.). — L. calca-re, to young cod ; M. E. codlyng.

97
 , , ; , ,, , , , , , , , -
; ; , ;;

COD COISTREL
Cod (a), a husk, bag, bolster. (E.) (F. Cognisance, knowledge, a badge.
Henc e,peas-cod, husk of a pea. A. S. codd, —
con - I F ormerly conisaunce. — O. F.
a bag.+Icel. koddi, pillow, kotSri, scrotum noissance } knowledge ; M. F. cognoissance .
Swed. kucLie a cushion.
,
— O. F. conoissant, pres. pt. of O. F.
Coddle, to pamper, render effeminate. conoistre to know. — L. cognoscere, to ,

(F. — L. ?) Perhaps for caudle vb. (in know. — L. co- (cum), together, fully;
Shak.), to treat with caudle ; see Caudle. gnoscere, to know ; see Know.
Cf. prov. E. coddle, to parboil, stew. cognition, perception. (L.) From
Code, a digest of laws. (F. — E.) F. acc. of E. cognitio. — E. cognitus pp. of
code. — L. codicem , acc. of codex, a tablet, cognoscere (above).
book; older form caudex, a trunk of a Cognomen, a surname. (L.) E. co-
tree. gnomen, a surname. — E. co- (cum), with;
Codicil. (L.) L. codicillus a codicil nomen , a name, altered to gndmen by con-
to a will ditnin. of codex (stem codic -).
;
fusion with gnoscere noscere, to know. ,

Codling ( 0 , Codlin, a kind of apple. See Noun, Name.

(C. ?) Earlier spellings qucrdling, quad Cohabit. (E.) L. co-habitare, to
ling, quodling. Apparently formed, with dwell together with. — L. co - (cum-), to-
E. suffix -lingy fiom Irish cueirt, an apple- gether; habitdre to dwell. See Habi- ,

tree. tation.
Codling (2' see Cod (i). Cohere. (E.) L. co Jnerere, to stick
Coerce. (E.) L. coercere to compel. together (pp. co/iasus). — E. co-, together
— L. co- (cum), together; arcere , to en- liarere, to stick. Der. colics -ion, cohes-
close, confine, allied to area a chest ; see ive, from the pp.
Ark. Cohort, a band of soldiers. (F. — L.)
Coffee. (Turk.— Arab.) Turk, qah - F. cohorte. — L. acc. cohortem, from cohors,
veh. — Arab, qahwah coffee. a court, also a band of soldiers. See
Coffer. ( F. — L. — Ok.) M. E. cofrc. Court, of which it is a doublet.
— O. F. cofre also cofin a chest. — E. acc. Coif, Quoif, a cap.
,
(F.-G.-E.)
coptimum. — Gk. Ku<pivo$ a basket. O. F. coije, coiffe Eow E. cofea, a cap.—
, ;

coffin. (F. — L. — Gk.) Grig, a case, M.II. G. kuffe kupfe a cap worn under , ,

chest. — O. F. cofin as above. (Doublet the helmet ; O. II. G. chuppha stem ;

of coffer .) *kupp-jon-. — O. II. G. chuph G. hop/), a i

Cog (i), a tooth on a wheel-iim. cup also, the head. — L. cuppa see Cup. ; ;

(Scand.) M. E. cogge [whence Gael, Coign ; see Coin.

and Irish cog, a mill-cog ; W. cocos cocs Coif (1). to gather together. (F. — E.)
, ,

cogs of a wheel]. Not in A. S. — M. Dan. Coiled up in a cable Beaumont and ‘

;
’

kogge, a cog, kogge-hjul a cog-wheel Fletcher. — O. F. coillir , to collect. — E.

(Kalkar) Swed. kugge a cog M. Swed. colligere see Collect.
; ;

(Ihrc). Coil (2), a noise, bustle. (F. — E. ? )

Cog (2), to trick. (Scand.) Prob. Orig. a colloquial or slang expression
to catch as with a cog; to cog a die, to prob. from Coil (1). find ‘a coil of We
check it so as to make it fall as desired. hay,’ a heap ; and coil, to twist.
Cf. Swed. dial, kugg, Norw. kogga to Coin. (F.-L.) M. E. coin. - O. F. ’
dupe Swed. kugga
;
to cheat, to cog
‘ coin a wedge, stamp on a coin, a com
; ,

Oman. (stamped by incans of a wedge). — E.

Cogent. (L.) L. cogent-, stem of cuneum acc. of cuneus, a wedge. Not , ^
pres. part, of edge re , to compel for allied to Cone. ;

co-agere (-- con-agere ), lit. to drive to- coign. (F.— L.) F. colug, coin a ,

gether. Biugm. i. § 968. corner lit. a wedge (as above). ;

Cogitate. (L.) L. cdgitdtus, pp. of Coincide, to agree with. (L.) E. co-

edgitdre, to think; for co-agitdre, irom (for con- — cum, with); and incidere, to
co-, con-, together, and agitdre to agitate, fall upon, from in, upon, and caderc, to
,

frequent, of age re, to drive. fall.

Cognate. (E.) L. co-gndtus, allied Coistrel, a mean fellow. (F. — L.)

by birth. — L. co - (for cum), together; For coustrel the older form (Palsgrave). ,

gndtus born, old form of natus, pp. of An E. adaptation of M.F. coustillier,

,

nasci to be born; see Natal. an armour-bearer, lackey ; lit. ‘ one who

 , , . , . ,, , , ,

COIT COLLOP
carries a
poniard.* M. F. const ille , a — conference. L.) (F. —
O. F. collation , a
poniard ; variant of O. F. consul, better conference. — L. acc. collatidnem, a bring-
cotifel, a knife. — L. cultellum acc. of cul- ,
ing together, a conferring. L. colldtum, —
tellus , a knife; dimin. of c idter. See supine in use with the verb conferre, to
Coulter. bring together (but from a different root).
Coit ; sec Quoit. - L. cod (for con- = cum), together latum ;

Coke, charred coal. (E. ?) ‘ Coke

,
supine of tollere, to take, bear. See
pit-coal or sea -coal charred;’ Ray, 1674. Tolerate.
Etym. unknown ; cf. M. E. colky the core Colleague (1), a partner. (F.-L.)
(of an apple). M. F. collcgue.— L. collega, a partner in
Colander, Cullender, a strainer. office. —
F. cod (for con-, cum), with;
(Prov. — L.)
E. colyndorc. — O. Prov.
M. legere, to choose ;
see Legend.
* cola dor, 01 ig. lorm of Prov. louladou, a Colleague (2), to join in an alliance.
strainer. — Late L. *cdldtorem acc.; for L. (F. —L.) O. F. colliguer colleguer, to ,

cbldtorium a strainer. — L. colare, to strain.

,
colleague with. — L. colligdre, to bind
— L. cdlum a sieve. Cf. Span, colador a together. — L. cod (for con-, cum), to-
strainer from L. coldre). gether ; ligdre, to bind. See League (i\
Cold. (K.) M. E. cold ,
kald, adj. ; Collect, vb. (F. L.) 0. F. collecter, —
O. Merc. A. S. ceald, ad). Icel. + to collect money (Roquefoit). — Late L.
kaldr, Swed. kail, Dan. hold, Du. koud. co Hectare (the same), from collecia , a col-
Goth, kalds, G. kail. Teut. *kal-doz ,
lection, orig. fern, of pp. of colligere , to
cold from Teut. *kal, to be cold (as in
; collect. — L. col- (for con-, cum), with;
Icel. kala, to freeze), with suffix -doz=G k. legere , to gather ;
see Legend.
-t 6 s. Lat. gel-idus, cold
Cf. ;
see Con- collect, sb. (L.) Late L. collecta a ,

geal, Chill, Cool. collection in money, an assembly for

Cole, Colewort, cabbage. (L.) For prayer, hence a short prayer; see above.
- wort see Wort.M. E. col caul. A. S. , Colleen, a girl. (Irish.) Irish cat tin ,
caul, cdive l (or Icel. kdl). L. can Its, a — a girl dimin. of cailc, a country-woman.
;

stalk, cabbage. -f-Gk. tcuv\or, a stalk. Gael, cailin, dimin. of cailc.

Coleoptera, sheath - winged insects. College, an assembly, seminary. (F.—
(Gk.'i Gk. Koktu-s, a sheath; jnep-bv, a L.) O F. college. — L. collegium , society of
.

wing. colleagues or companions. — L. collega, a

Colic. (F. — L. — Gk.) Short for colic colleague; see Colleague (1).
pain. — Y. coliijue ,
adj. — L. caliens. — Gk. Collet ; see Collar.
Kcvkucos, for KokiKus suffering in the colon. Collide. (L.) L. collidere, to dash to-
— Gk. Kokov. See Colon (2). gether. —L. cod (for con-, cum), together;
Coliseum. (Med. L. — Gk.) The same hedere to strike, hurt.
,
Dor. collis-ion
as colosscum a large amphitheatre at Rome,
, (from pp. co Ilfs -us).
so named from its magnitude (Gibbon). Collie, Colly, a kind of shepherd’s
The Ital. word is coliseo See Colossus. . dog. (E.) Formerly, coally coley ; prob. ,

Collapse, to shrink together, fall in. the same as coaly coal-coloured, black. ,

(L.) First used in the pp. collapsed Cf. obs. colly, adj., coal-black ; eollied in
Englished from L. collapsus, pp. of colldbf , Sliak. M, N. I). i. 1. 145.
to fall together. — L. col- (for con-, i. e. cum), Collier. (E.) M 1C coder fromM.E. .
;

together lain, to slip. See Lapse.

;
col, coal. Cf. bow -ye r saw-ycr. ,

Collar. (K. — L.) M. E. and A. F. Collocate, to place together. (L.)

coler.—Q. F. coder, a collar. — L. colldre a ,
From pp. of L. col-locdre, to place together.
band for the neck. — L. collam, the neck.+ — L. col- (for con-, cum), together ;
loaf re,
A. S. heals, G. ha Is. the neck. to place, from locus, a place.
Collet, the part of the ring in which Collodion, a solution of gun-cotton.
the stone is set. (F. — L.) F. collet a (Gk.) From Gk. icokkwb-rjs, glue-likc.—
collar. — F. col neck. — L. colltun, neck.
, Gk. K 6 kk-a, glue ; -etfys, like, cUos.
Collateral. (L.) Late L. collaterdlis appearance.
side by side. — L. cod (for com--* cum), slice of meat. (E. ?) M. E. Collop, a
with; lateralis , lateral, from later-, for coloppe col-lioppe\ pi. col-hoppes (P. Plow- ,

*lates stem of latus, side. man'', whence M. Swed. kollops Swed.

Collation, a comparison: formerly, a kalops Here cod = coal (see Coal) ; cf. .

99
 , , - ; )\;

COLLOQUY COMBUSTION
Swed. dial. glo{d)hoppa, a cake baked over Colt. (E.) A. S. colt, a young camel,
gledes or hot coals. (K. Bjorkman). young ass, &c.+Swed. dial, kullt) a boy ;

Colloquy. (L.) From L. colloquium , Swed. hill, Dan. kuld, a brood ; cf. Dan.
conversation. — L. col-loqui to converse dial, koltring) a lad.
with, lit. to speak together. — L. col (for Columbine, a
plant. (F.— L.) M. F.
con-* cum), together; loqui, to speak. colombin. — Late L. columblna a colum- ,

bine L. Columbians dove-like

Collude, to act with others in a fraud. ;
from a , ;

(L.) supposed resemblance. — L. columba , a

L. colhidere (pp. collusus), to play
with, act in collusion with. — L. col- dove. See Culver.
(for con-> cum), with Column, a pillar, body of troops.
Iftderc , to play.
;

Der. collus-ion from the pp. (F. L.) —

L. columna , a pillar; cf.

Colocynth, Coloquintida, pith of columen , cultnen a summit, collis, a hill, ,

the fruit of a kind ot cucumber. (Gk.) Gk. ko\w 6 s) a hill. See Hill. (-/QEL.
From the nom. and acc. cases of Gk. Colure, one of two great circles on the
koXokvvQU (acc. KoXoKvvB&a)) a kind of celestial sphere, at right angles to the
round gourd or pumpkin. equator. (L. Gk.) So called because —
Colon (i), a mark (:) in writing and a part of them is always beneath the
printing. (Gk.) Gk. kuj\ov, a limb, horizon. The word means docked, clip-
clause ;
hence, a stop marking off a clause. ped.— L. coltirus curtailed; a colure. ,

Colon (2), part of the intestines. (Gk.) — Gk. Ko\ovpo$) dock-tailed, truncated a ;

Gk. koKoV) the same. colure. — Gk. tc 6 \-os, docked, clipped; and
Colonel. (F. — Ital. — L.) Sometimes ovpA, a tail.
coroncl) which is the Span, spelling; Colza oil, a lamp-oil made from the
whence the pronunciation as kurnel. Y. — seeds of a variety of cabbage. (F. L. and —
colonel) colonnel. — Ital. colonello, a colonel Du.) F. colza, better colzat. — Du. koolzaad
lit. a little column, as being ‘
the upholder rape-seed, cabbage-seed. — Du. kool (bor-
of the regiment ; Torriano. The colonel
*
rowed from L. caulis)) cole, cabbage ; and
was he who led the company at the head Du. zaad— E. seed.
of the regiment. Dimin. of Ital. colonna, Com-, prefix. (L.) For L. cum, with,
a column. — L. columna, a column. See together when followed by b,
; m, f
Column. p. See Con-.
colonnade. (F. - Ital. ~ L.) F. Coma. (Gk.) Gk. /rw^a, a deep sleep.
colonnade — Ital. colonnata a range of
.
, Comb. a comb, crest,
(E.) A. S. carnb)
columns. — Ital. colonna , a column (above). ridge. + Du. kam
kambr, Dan. Swed.
,
Icel .

Colony. (F. — L.) F. colonic. — L. katn G. katnm. Teut. type * kamboz ;

;

colonia , a colony, band of husbandmen. Idg. type *gombhos cf. Gk. 7 upupos, a ;

— L. colonus, a husbandman. — L. colerc , pin, peg; Skt .jambha-s, a tooth.

to till. Colerc is for ^ quelere ;
cf. L. Comb, Coomb,
a dry measure. (E.)
inquilinus , a sojourner. Brugm. i. § 12 1. cumb) a cup.+Du. kom, a bowl ; G.
A. S.
Colophon, an inscription at the end of kutnpf) kumme a bowl. ,

a book, with title, and (sometimes) name Combat. (F. — L ) Orig. a verb. - F.
and date. (Gk.) Late L. colophon — Gk. . combattre O. F. combatre to fight with. —
, ,

Ko\o<pwV) a summit; hence, a finishing- F. com - (for L. cum), with and F. bait re ; ,

stroke. Allied to Column. O. F. batrC) to fight, from * battere for ,

Coloquintida ; see Colocynth. L. battuere to beat. Der. combat-ant, ,

Colossus. (L. - Gk.) L. colossus. — from the F. pres. pt.

I

Gk. koKooous, a large statue. Der. coloss- Combe, a hollow in a hill-side. (C.)
al, i. e. large coliseum q. v.
; ,
W. cwm Corn, cum a hollow, dale , ,

Colour. (F. — L.) M. E. colour. — O. F. Celtic type *kumbd a valley; cf. Irish ,

colour (F. couleur).— L. acc. eoldrem , from cumar a valley. ,

color a tint.
, Combine. (L.) L. combinare to unite, ,

Colporteur, a hawker of wares. (F. — join two things together. — L. com - ( cunt ),
L.) Lit. ‘one who carries wares on his together and binus twofold. See Binary.
; ,

F. colporteur. — F. colporter to
9
neck ; Combustion. (F.-L.) F. combus-
,

carry on the neck. — F. col, neck porter tion. — L. acc. combustibnem a burning up.
; , ,

to carry.— L. collum t neck; portare, to — L. combust -us, pp. com -burere, to burn
carry. up. — L. com- (for cum), together; and
I

TOO
 ,, , , , . , G
, ; , , ; , , .

COME COMMISSARY
(perhaps) urere, to burn, with b inserted clause of a sentence, a comma (that marks
by association with amb-urere. the clause). — Gk. kott-tuv, to hew, strike.
Come. (E.) A. S. cuman pt. t. c(w)om, Command. (F. L.) — O. F. com-
pp. cumen.+ Du. komen Icel. koma, Dan. mander, comander. —
L. commenddre, to
k omme, Sw. komma Goth, kwitnan , G.
,
entrust to; confused with Late L. com-
hommen\ L. tien-ire , ( *guen-tre ), Gk. manddre, as if an intensive form of man-
Qaivuv, Skt. to go. (-^GwhM.) ddre, to command. Both forms are from
Comedy. tE.-L.-Gk.) O.F. comedie, L. com- (cum), together; and manddre, to
1
a play;’ Cot. — L. comadia.— Gk. koj^w- put into the hands of, entrust to, command.
8/a, a comedy. — Gk. Kw^bus, a comic See Mandate.
actor. — Gk. /caifio-s, a banquet, revel, Commemorate. the pp.
(L.) From
festal procession doxSoy, a singer, from
;
of L. commemordre ,
to call to mind.
L. —
dtlbttv, to sing. A
comedy was a festive com- (for cum), together; mem ora re, to
spectacle, with singing, &c. See Ode. mention, from manor, mindful.
COmic. (L. — Gk.)
L. comicus — Gk. Commence. (F. - L.) F. commences,
kcojukos, belonging to a /caifios, as above. O. F. comencer ^vith one cf. Ital.m
Comely. (K.) M. E. comli, kumli. cominciare). — L. com- (cum), together;
A. S. cynilic earlier form cymlic , beautiful,
,
initiare, to begin ; see Initiate.
fair. The A. S. cyme, exquisite, is closely Commend. (L.) L. comtnenddre, to
allied to O. H. G. cumig, weak, tender, entrust or commit to see Command.
;

and to O. II. G. kum, with difficulty (G. Commensurate. (L.) From L.

kaum ). The A. S y was shortened before co?nmensurdtus, as from *commensierdre
if ,

//*/, and the M. K. xrxw//* was associated to measure in comparison with ; a coined
with M. E. comen, to come, and so gained word. — L. com- {cum), with; mensura a
the sense of becoming/ pleasing, decorous.
* measure see Measure.
;

Cf. M. E. kirne, a weak person. Comment ,

vb. (F. —
L.) F. commenter
Comet. (L. — Gk.) Late A. S. cometa. — Late L. commentdre for L. commentdri,
— L. cotneta.— Gk. Hofirjrrjs , long-haired ;
to consider, make a note on. L. com- —
a tailed star, comet. — Gk. hair.+L. men/us, pp. of couiminisci, to devise. — L.
coma, hair, Also O. F. comete. com- (cum), with; -min- for */nen, to
Comfit, sb., a sweatmeat. (F. — L.) think, as in tne-min-t (- *me-men-i), I
Formerly conjit, confitc. — O. F. confit, lit. remember, and men s, mind. See Mental.
confected, prepared; pp. of conjire. — L. Commerce, traffic. (F. — L.) F. com-
confect um, pp. of conficere to prepare, put merce.— L. commerciutn, trade. — L. com-
together. — L. con - (cum), together facere, ;
(~cum), with; mere-, stem of merx,
to make. See Confect. merchandise, with suffix - i-tim .
Comfort, vb. (F. — L.) M. E. con- Commination, a threatening, de-
forten, later comforten. — O. F. conforter , nouncing. (F. — L.) F. commutation.-
to comfort. — Late L. confortare to L. acc. commindtidnem, a threatening.—
strengthen. — L. con* (cum), together L. commindtus, pp. of cotn-mindri to
and fort -is, strong; see Force (i). threaten.— L. com- (cum), intensive prefix;
Comfrey, a plant. (F. — L.) O. F. and mindri, to threaten. See Menace.
confire, cumjirie ; Late L. cumfiria pro- ; Commingle. (L. and E.) From
bably for Lat. conferua (Pliny), comfrey, Com* and Mingle.
a name given to the plant from its sup- Comminution, a reduction to small
posed healing powers. — L. cotiferuere to fragments. (L.) Formed from
L. com-
grow together, heal up (Celsus). — L. con- minut-us, pp. of com-minuere, to break
(cum), together; feruere, (orig.) to boil. into small pieces; see Minute.
% It was also called confirma (from L. Commiseration. (F. - L.) M . F.
firmdre, to make firm), and consolida commiseration. — L. acc. com miserdtioncm,
(from L. soliddre to make solid). part of an oration intended to excite pity.
Comic ;
see Comedy. — L. commiserari, to excite pity (pp. -di-
Comity, urbanity. (L.) L. cdmitdtem, ns). — com - (cum), with ; miserart,
L.
acc. of comitds urbanity. — L. comis, to pity,from L. miser, wretched, pitiable.
friendly, courteous. Commissary, an officer to whom
Comma. (L. — Gk.) L. comma. — k. something is entrusted. (L.) Med. L.
HofJtfM, that which is struck, a stamp, a commissdi ins a commissary. — L. com-
101
 , , ,, , . e , -
, , , , . , , , ;-

COMMIT COMPENSATE
missus pp. of committere , to commit ; see a companion, O. F. companion (F. com-
,

below. pagnon ), a companion.] — Med. L. com

commit, to entrust to. (L.) L. com- pdniem, acc. of companies, a taking of
mittere y to send out, begin, entrust, meals together. — L. com - (cum), together;
consign; pp. com missus. — b. com - (cum), and pdnis bread see Pantry. Der. , ;

with; mittere, to send, put forth. Der. companion, from O. F. companion. Also
commission, F. commission from L. acc. accompany O. F. accompaignier from F. a
,

commissioncm perpet rat ion ,

(for L. ad) and O. F. compaignier to asso- ,

Commodious. (F.-L.) O. F com- ciate with, from compaignie company. . ,

modieux Med. L. commodidsus useful.—

; Compare, to set together, so as to
L. commodus, fit, suitable. — L. examine likeness or difference. (F. — L.)
\curn), with modus measure. ;
F. comparer. — L. compardre, to adjust, set
,

Commodore, the commander of a together. — L. compar, co-equal. — L. com-

squadron. (I)u. — F. — L.) Formerly [cum), together ;
par, equal.
spelt commandon (1695) ;
also comment Compartment. (F.-Iial.-L.) F.
Cot. — Ital.
7
Dutch; Hexham has: den
dettr, as in
1
compariiment, ‘a partition;
Commandeur van een Stadt, The Com- compart imento. — Ital. compart h c; Late L.
mandeur of a Towne. 7 — F. commandeur compartire, to share. — L. com- (cum),
a commander. — I,, acc. type *comman- together; partire, to share, to part, fiom
ddtorem from Late L. commanddre ;
parti-, decl. stem of pars, a part.
see Command. Compass. (F. - L.) F. compas, a
Common. (JL — L.) M. E commun ,
circuit, circle, limit
;
also, a pair ot com-
comottn . — L. communis,
O. F. comun. — passes. L. compass us, a circuit. — L.
—Late
common, general. — L. com- (cum ), together corn- (cum), with passus a pace, step, :

with and munis ready to serve (Plautus) ;

;
passage, track so that compassus — a track
;

cf. tnunus service. (As if helping each * that joins together, circuit. See Pace.
other.’) Cf. Lith. mainas, Russ, miena ,
Der. compass ,
verb ;
compasses ,
s. pi., an

barter. Prugm i.
§ 20S. Der. commun- instrument for drawing circles.
ion, community . Compassion. - L.) F. com- (F.
commune, verb. (F. - LA M. E. passion. —
L. compassionem, acc. of covt-
comnnen. — O. F. communer, to commune passio sympathy. — L. com- (cum), with;
,

with; Late L. commundre. — L. communis, passio, suffering, from pad, to endure.

common (above). compatible. (F.-L.) F. compati-
communicate. (L.) L. commfmi - ble, compatible, concurrable ;
* Cot. — *

cat us, pp. of communicate. communis, — L. Late L. compatibilis adj., used of a bene-
common. Der. excommunicate. fice which could be held together with

Commotion. (F. — L.) F. commotion. another. — L. compati, to cnduie together

— L. commotionem, acc. of commotio — L. . with. — L. com - (cum), with. pad to ;

commdt-us pp. of commoner ,

to disturb. endure.
— L. (cum), intensive; and mouere, Compeer, ail associate. (F. — L.)
to move. See Move. M. E. comper. — V com-, together; O. F. .

Commute, to exchange. (L.) L. com - per, a peer, equal. — L. com- (cum), to-
miltare, to exchange with. — L. com- (cum), gether; parent, acc. of par, equal; see
with miitdre, to change.
;
Peer.
Compact ( 0 , adj., fastened together, Compel. (L.) L. com-pellere, to com-
fitted, close, firm. (F.— L.) M. F. com- pel, lit. todiive together. — L. com- (cum),
pacts.— L. comfaclus, fitted together, pp. together; pellere,io diive. Der. compuls-
of compingere. — L. com- (cum), together; ion from pp. compuls-us
pangere to fasten. See Pact. Compendious, brief. (F. - L.) F.
Compact (2), sb., a bargain, agree- compendieux — L. compendidsits, adj., from .

ment. (L.) L. compactum, si). — L. com- compendium an abridgment, lit. a saving, ,

pactus, pp. of compacisci, to agree with. — sparing of expense. — L. compendere , to

L. com- (cum), with paciscT, to make a weigh together. — L. com - (cum), with
;

bargain, inceptive lorm of O. Lat. pacere pendert, to weigh. ,

to agree. See Pact. compensate. (L.) From pp. of L.

Company. (F.-L.) M
E .companye. compensare, to weigh one thing against
— O. F. companie. [Cf. also O. F. compain another. — L. com- (cum), together; pen- ,
 , , , , , , , , -
,

COMPETE COMPREHEND
to weigh, frequent, of
scire, pendere, to Compliance, Compliant; formed
weigh (pp .pensus). with F. suffixes -atice, -ant, from the verb
Compete. (L.) L. competere. - L. to comply , which, however, is not of F.
com - (< cum ), together; petere, to strive origin ;
see Comply.
after. Compliment. (F. - Ital. - L.) F.
competent. (F.-L.) M. F. com- compliment — Ital. complimento compli-
.
j
petent orig. pres. part, of competer to be
; ment, civility. — Ital. complire, to fill up,
sufficient for. —
L. competere , to be sufficient to suit. — L. complere, to fill up see Com- ;

for. — L. com - {cum), with ;

petere, to seek. plete. Doublet, complement .

competitor. (L.) L. competitor a ,

—
compline. (F. L.) M. K. complin,
rival candidate. L. com - {cum), with — ;
the last church-service of the day ; it was
petitor, a seeker, from petltus, pp. ofpetere, orig.an adj. (like golden from gold), and
to seek. stands for complin song ; the sb. is compile
Compile. (F. - L.) O. F. compiler. - (Ancren Riwle). — O. F. compile (mod. F.
L. complldre ,
lit. to press together. — L. complies which is pi.), compline. — Late
com - (for «m), together; and pilare, to L. completa (sc. hdra), fern, of completus,
press down, from piluni, a pestle. Cf. L. complete; because it completed the ‘horns’

pin sere, to pound. See Pile (3). of the day’s service see Complete.
;

Complacent. (L.) From stem of comply, to yield, accord with. (Ital.

pres. of complacere, to please. —
pi. L. — L.) It has no doubt been supposed to
com - {cum), intensive placcre to please. be allied to ply (whence compliant , by
; ,

complaisant. (F. - L.) F. com- analogy with pliant), but is quite distinct,
plaisant, obsequious, pres. part, of com- and of Ital. origin. — Ital. complire , to fill
plaire to please. — L. complacere to please up, fulfil, to suit, ‘also to use compli-
,

^above). ments, ceremonies, or kind offices and

Complain. (F. L.) -
O. F. com- offers;’ Torriano. Cf. Span, complir , to
plaign-, a stem of tomplaindre. — Late J.. fulfil, satisfy. — L. complete to fill up; see
complangcre, to bewail. — L. com - (cum), Complete. Cf. supply .
with ; plangere, to bewail, lit. to strike, Complot, a conspiracy; see Plot (1).
beat the breast. Component, composing. (L.) L.
Complement. (L.) L. complementum. component-, stem of pres. pt. of compdnere ,
that which completes. — L. complere to compose. — L. com- (cum), together;
(below). Doublet, compliment. pdnere, to put. See Compound.
complete, perfect. (L.) L.cowpleius, Comport, to behave, suit. (F. — L.) F,
pp. of complete to fulfil. — L. com- {cum), sc comportcr to behave. — L. comportdre ,

together plere, to fill. Allied to ple-nus, to carry together. — L. com- (cum'', to-
;

full. See Plenary. gether; portdre, to cairy.

Complex, (L.) L. complexus, en- Compose. (F. L. and Gk.) F. -
twined round hence, intricate ; pp. of composer, to compound, make; Cot.—
;

complect 1 to embrace. — L. com - {cum), F. com- (L. cum), together; and F. poser,
,

together; and plcctere to plait, allied to to put, of Gk. origin, as shewn under
,

ptic-dre, to twine. See Pleach. Pose, q.v. Distinct from compound f .

complexion. (F. - L.) F. com- Composition. (F.-L.) F. composi-

plexion, appearance. — L. complexionem tion. — L. acc. compositioncm, acc. of com- ,

acc. of complexio, a comprehending, com- positio, a putting together. — L. compositus,

pass, habit of body, complexion. — L. corn- pp. of L. componere see compound. ;

plexus, pp. of complectl to surround, Compost, a mixture. (F. L.) O. F. —

entwine. — L. com- (cum), together; plcc- compost, a mixture. — L. composiium, neut.
tere, to plait. of compositus pp. of compdnere (below).
complicate. (L.) From pp. of L. compound. (F.-L.) The d is ex-
complicate, to fold together. L. com- crescent; M. E. cotnpounen. — — F. com Q .

(cum), together ;
plicare, to fold. ponre (Bartsch).— L. compdnere, to com-
complicity. (F.— L.) F. complicity pound, put together. — L. com- (cum),
‘
a bad confederacy ’ Cot. — F. complice a ; ,
together pdnere, to put. See Component.
;

confederate. — L. complicem , acc. of com -

Comprehend. (L.) L. com-prchendere,
plex interwoven, confederate with ; see to grasp. —
L. com- (cum), together, and
Complex. prehendere, to seize see Prehensile. ;
 , ; , , ; , ,, ,, , , ; ,

COMPRESS CONCLAVE
Compress. (L.) L. cotnpressdre, to concevoir , to conceive, though the real
oppress. — L.
com- (cum), together; pres- pp. was conceu (F. confu) by analogy
sure, frequent, of premcre to press. with deceit, q.v. See below.
Comprise. (F.-L.) From °* F * conceive. (F. — L.) M. E. conceven,
eompris , comprised, comprehended pp. ;
conceiven. — A. F. conceiv -, a stem of O. F.
of comprendre , to comprehend. — L. concever, concevoir, to conceive. L. con- —
prehendere see Comprehend. ;
cipcre, to conceive. — L. con - (cum), alto-
Compromise, a by con- settlement gether ;
capere, to take,
cessions. (F. — L.) F. compromis * a conception. (F.-L.) F. conception,
compromise, mutual promise;’ Cot. Grig, — L. conceptidnem. — L. concept-us , pp. of
pp. of F. compromettre , ‘ to put unto com- concipere, to conceive (above).
promise ’ Cot. — I., compromittere to
; , Concentre, to draw to a centre. (F. —
make a mutual promise. — L. (cum), L. and Gk.) F. concenlrer — L. con- (cum) .
,

mutually ; promiticre , to promise see ;

together ; and centr-um, a centre, from Gk.
Promise. nlvTpov; see Centre. Der. concent r-ic,
Comptroller, another spelling of (modem).
conceit tr-ate
troiler ;
see Control. Concern, vb. (F.—L.) F. concenter.
Compulsion. (F.-L.) See Compel. — L. concernere to mix; in Late Lat., to
Compunction, remorse. (F. — L.) refer to, legard. — L. con- (cum), with;
O. F. compunction. — Late L. acc. com- and cerncre, to separate, decree, observe.
plin dionem, — L. compundits pp. of r<?/W- , + Gk. npivtiv, to separate, decide Lith. ;

pungT, to feel remorse, pass, of compungere, skir-ti, to separate, distinguish. Brtigm.

to prick. — L. com - (c«w) ; pungere to ,
ii. §612. (VSKER.)
prick. concert. (F.— Ital. — L.) Often con-
Compute. (L.) L. computdre to ,
fused with consort in old writers. — F. con-
*
reckon. — L. rtf///- (rtf/;/), together; putdre cerier, ‘ to consort, or agree together ;
to clear up, reckon. Doublet, (2). Cot. — Ital. concertare, ‘to agree or tune
Comrade. (F. Span. — L.) F. camar- — together, sing in consort,’ Florio ; cf. con-
ade.— Span, camarada , a company; also certo, sb., agreement. The Ital. forms
an associate, comrade. —Span, camara a ,
shew that it was derived from L. concertare,
chamber, cabin. — L. camera a chamber. ,
to contend, struggle together ;
indeed, we
Con ( 1),
to study, peruse, scan. (E.) find also Span, concertdr, to settle or adjust,
M. E. cunnen ; A. S. cunnian , to test. covenant, bargain which also points to ;

Allied to A. S. cunnan to know ; see the same would seem that the
origin. [It
Can (1). Der. ale-conner , i. e. ale-tester. L. vb. took up the sense of to settle by
Con (2), short for contra, against. (L.) debate, and so, to agree.] — L. con- (cum),
In the phrase * pro and together ;
certare, to contend, vie with ;

Con-, Prefix. (L.) For com- (cum), orig. ‘

by contest ; frequent, of
to decide *

with, when the following letter is c, d,g, cerncre to decide. See Concern. Der.
j, n q, s /, or v.
,
Before b, m p, it is t
concert sb. ,
concert -ina.
com before /, col-
- ; before cor- before Concession. (F. — L.) F. concession.
/, com- or aw*. — L. acc. concessibnem . — L. concessus, pp.
Concatenate. (L.) L. concatendtus ,
of concedere, to concede ; see Concede.
pp. of concatendre to link together. — L., Conch, a marine shell. (L. Gk.) L. —
(Ttf/z- (cum), together; catena a chain. ,
concha. — Gk. /cuy\rj (also *07x0$), a cockle-
Concave. (F. — L.) F. concave, — L. shell. +Skt. paitkha a conch. Der. con -
concauus hollow. — L.
,
(cum), with, chology (from tc6yx°‘s).
together; raw/*, hollow. Conciliate. (L.) From the pp. of L.
Conceal. (F.— L.) O. F. conceler. conciliate, to bring together, conciliate.—
— L. conceldre, to hide. — L. [cum), L. concilium, a council ; see Council.
completely celdre, to hide. See Helm (2).
; Concise. (F. L. ; or L.) F . concis. —
Concede. (L.) L. concedere to retire, — L. conctsus, brief, cut short ; pp. of con -
yield. — L. con- (cum), together; cedere ctdere. — L. con- (cum), intensive; cade re,
to yield. Der. concess-ion (from pp. con- to cut. Der. concision.
cessus). Conclave. (F.—L.) F. conclave, a
Conceit. (F. — L.) M. E. conceit, con- small room (to meet in). — L. concldue
cetto, Formed as if from the pp. of O. F. a room later, a place of assembly of
;
 , , , , , ,;
, ,, , ;,

CONCLUDE CONFEDERATE
cardinals, assembly. Orig. a locked up nounce be guilty. — L. con- (cum),
to
place. — L. con- (cum), together; clduis wholly damtidre to condemn.
;

a key. Condense. (F.— L.) F. condenser.—

Conclude. (L.) L. conclude re, to L. C07idc7isdre. — L. condetisus, very thick.
shut up, close, end. — L. con- (cum), — L. co7i- (cum), very densus, thick, dense. ;

together; and -cludere — claudere, to shut. Condescend. L.) (F.

JF. co7tdc- -
Der. conclus-ion Similarly ex- elude, in-
. scendre. — Late L. cotidescendere , to grant
clude, pre -elude, se-clude; whence in-clus- (lit. to descend with). L. con- (o//w),with —
ive, pre-clus-ion, se-clus-ion (from pp. descefidere, descend ; see Descend.
to
-cliisus = clausus). Der. condescens-ion, from the pp.
Concoct. (L.) From L. concoct us, pp. Condign, well merited. (F.— L.) O.F.
of concoquere, to cook together, digest. — — L. condi onus, very worthy.—
condig7ie.
L. con - (cum) coquere , to cook.
;
L. con- (cut7i), very ; digtius, worthy.
Concomitant, accompanying. (L.) Condiment. L. condimentum ,
(L.)
From L. con- (cum), together; and seasoning, sauce. — L. condire , to season,
comitant-em, acc. of pres. pt. of comitdri, spice, preserve (as fruit).
to accompany, from cornit-, stem of comes, Condition. ( F\ L.) F. co7idition. — —
a companion; see Count (i). L. conditionem, acc. of co7iditio, a late
Concord. (F. L.) F. concorde.— L. — spelling of co7idicio a covenant, condition.
,

concordia , agreement. — L. co7icord-, stem — L. co7idiccre, to talk over together, agree

of con-cors agreeing. — L. con- (cum) ; cor upon. — L. con- (cum), together ; dicere, to
(stem cord-), the heart. speak.
concordant. (F. — L.) F. concord- Condole. (L.) L. co7idolere, to grieve
ant, pres. pt. of concorder, to agree. — L. with. — L. co7i - (cum), with ; dolere to
con cordare, to agree. — L. concord- (above). grieve.
concordat. (F.-L.) F. concordat Condone. (L.) L. condmdre, to remit,
an agreement. — Late L. concorddtum, a pardon. — L. co7i- (cut/i), wholly; do7id;e,
convention, thing agreed on, esp. between to give ;
see Donation.
the pope and F. kings ; pp. of concorddre, Condor, a large bird. (Span. -Peru-
to agree (above). vian.) Span, cofidor. — Pcruv. cimtur , a
Concourse. (F. L.) F. coizcoiirs.— — condor.
L. acc. concursum , a running together.— Conduce. (L.) L. C07idftcere, to draw
L. co7icursus, pp. of cofi-currere, to run together towards, lead to. — L. co7i - (cum),
together. — L. con- (cum), together; and together ; ducere, to lead.
currere to run. See Concur. conduct, sb. (L.) Late L. conductus,
Concrete, formed into one mass. (L.) defence, protection, guard, escort. — L. cott-
L. concret-us, pp. of concrescere, to grow ductus pp. of c07i- ddcere (above).
,

together. — L. con- {cum), together; cres- conduit. (F.-L.) M. E. co7iduit . —

cere, to grow. O. F. conduit, a conduit. — Late L. co7i-
Concubine. (F. — L.) O. F. concubine. ductus, a defence, escort; also, a canal,
— L. concubina.— L. con- (cum), together; tube see above. ;

aibdre, to lie. Cone. (F. — L. - Gk.) M. F. cotte. — L.

Concupiscence. (F.-L.) F. concu- c07iits. — Gk. Kufvos, a cone, peak, peg. +
piscefice. — L. co7nupisce7itia desire. — L. Skt. fdna s, a whetstone ; cf. L. cos, the
,

co7icupiscere, to desire ; inceptive form of same. See Hone. Brugm. i. § 401.

concupere. — lj co?i- (cum), intensive; and
. Coney; see Cony.
cupere, to long for. Confabulate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Concur. (L.) L. concnrrere to run co7ifdbuldri, to talk together. — L. co7i-
together, agree. — L. co7i - (cu7/i), together (
cum ), with; fabulari, to converse, from
currere, to lun. Der. coficourse. fdbula , a discourse ; see Fable.
Concussion. (F.— L.) F. concussio7i. Confect, to make up into sweetmeats.
— L. co7icussio7ie7n, acc. of concussio, a (L.) L. confectus pp. of conjicere, to put
violent shaking. — L. cottcusstts, pp. of together, make up. L. con - (cum), to- —
coticutere to shake together. — L. co7i- gether facere, to put. Der. cottfcct-tofi,
;

(cum), together; quatere to shake. ,

confedio7i-er See Comfit. .

Condemn. (F. — L.) O.F. co7tdemner, Confederate. (L.) L. confaderdtus

— L. condemndre to condemn wholly, pro- united by a covenant, pp. of confocderdre .
105
 , , , , , , , —
, ,, , , ,,

CONFER CONGLOMERATE
— L. con- (cum) together ;
fader-, for L. confundere to pour together, confound.
*fcedes-, stem of fadus a tieaty. See — L. con - (cum), together ; fundere, to
Federal. pour. See Fuse (1).
Confer. (L.) From L. confeiTe to Confraternity. ( F. - L.) From L.
bring together, collect, bestow. — L. con- con - (cum), with and Fraternity, q v. ;

( cum ), together; fare, to bring, bear. Confront. (F. — L.) F. confrouter, to

Not from F. bring face to face. — Med. L. confrontdri ,

Confess. (F. — L.) O. F. confesser. — to be near to. — L. con- (cum), together;

Late L. confess arc. — L. confess us, pp. of front-, stem offrons, forehead, front.
confiteri to confess. — L. con- (cum), fully; Confuse. (L.) M. E. confus used as ,

filters, to acknowledge, allied to far! to a pp. in Chaucer. — L. confHsus pp. of , ,

speak. Cf. Gk. (pans, a speech, lirugm. confundere, to confound see Confound. ;

i. § 195. Confute. (F. — L.) F. confuter. - L.

Confide. (L.) L. confidere to trust confutdre to repress, also to confute. ,

fully. — L. (cum ) lully fide re, to — L. con- (cum), together; ftitdre, to

, ;

trust, allied to fidcs faith see Faith.,

repress, beat back
;
probably from the ;

Configuration. (K. - L.) F. rrw- same root as A. S. beatan, to beat

figuration — L. configurationem , a con- (Walde). If so, it is not allied to L.
formation. — L. configftrdtus, pp. of fulilis.
figurdre, to put together. — L. *•<;//- (cum) Congeal. (F.-L.) F. congelcr.- L. ;

figfirarty to fashion, from figura , a figure. congeld i e, to cause to freeze together. — L.

S, e Figure.
j
con-, together geldre, to freeze, from gelu, ;

Confine* to limit. (F. — L.) F. r0>/- frost. See Gelid.

finer to keep within limits. — M. F.
, Congee, Cong6, leave to depart. (F.
confin near; Cot. — L. conflnis boidering — L.)
, F. congS, ‘leave, dismission ; ’ Cot.
,

on. — l^. <*0//- (cum), with finis, boundary. O. F. congie cunge, congiet (Burguy)
;
the , ;

See Final, Mod. F. has only con/ins same as Prov. comjat. — Late L. comidtus,
sb. pi., confines; representing O. F.V0//- leave, permission (VIII cent.) ; the same
fines, L. confinia pi. whence Ii. confines as L. com mealus a travelling together,
, ; ,

pi. also lea\e of absence. — L. com - (cum),

Confirm. (F.~ L.) M. E. confermen. together; meatus , a course, from pp. of
— O. F. confenner — L. confirmdre, to mean, to go.
.

make firm, strengthen. — L. 00//- Congenial, kindred. (L.) Coined

fully; fir mare, to strengthen, from firmus, fi om L. con- (cum) with and genial, ;

firm. adj. from L genius see Genial. ;

Confiscate, to adjudge to be forfeit. Congenital. (L.) Coined by adding

(L.) L. confiscdtus, pp. of confiscare, to -al to the obs. word congenite (XVII
lay by in a coffer, to confiscate, transfer to cent.). — L. congenitus, bom with. — L. con-
the treasury. — L. con- (cum) fisc us, a (cum) with genitus born, pp. of gignere
; ; ,

purse. to produce. See Genital.

Conflagration. (F. - L.) F. con- Conger, a sea-eel. (F. - L. — Gk.)
flagration. — L. acc. confidgrdtionem, a M. E. congre. — O. F. congre. — L congrtim,
great burning. — L. con- (cum), together; acc. of congrus, by-form of conger , a sea-
fldgrdre, to burn. See Flagrant. eel.— Gk. 7<>77/)os, the same.
Conflict, an encounter. (L.) I., con - Congeries, a mass of particles. (L.)
Jlictus, a striking together; from the pp. L. congeries a heap. — L. congerere, to ,

of confitgere to strike together. — L. con- bring together. — L. con- (cum), together;

,

(cum\ together fligere , to strike.

;
gerere to carry.
Confluent. (L.) From stem, of pres, congestion, accumulation. (L.) From
pt. of confiuere, to flow together ; see L. acc. congestionem.— L. congest us, pp. of
Fluent. So also conflux sb., from the congerere (above).
pp. confluxus . Conglobe, to form into a globe. (L.)
Conform. (F. — L.) F. conformer L. con-globdre. — L. con- (cum), together; .

L. conformdre to fashion like. — L. con globus a globe.

together ; formare, to form, from forma Conglomerate. (L.) From pp. of
form. conglomerdre, to wind into a ball, heap
Confound. (F. — L.) F. confondre — together. — L. con - (cum), together; and .
 , , , -
-
, , , , , , -
;

CONGLUTINATE CONSIDER
glotner for *glomes-, Connive . (F. — L.) F. conniver. — L.
stem of glomus
a ball, clew of yarn. conniuere to close the eyes at, overlook.
Conglutinate. (JO From pp. of — L. con- (cum), together; and *ntguere,
L. conglutindrc , to glue together. — L. to wink; cf. nic-tdre, to wink. Goth. +
con- (cum), together; glutinart, to glue, hneiwan, to bow Brugm. i. § 664. ;

from gift tin -, stem of gluten, glue. Connoisseur, a critical judge. (F.-
CongOU, a kind of tea. (Chinese.) In L.) F. connaissenr, foimerly connoisseur,
the Amoy dialect, called kang-hu te, where a knowing one. — O. F. connoiss-ant, pres,
kang-hti is lit. 4 work, labour i. e. tea on pt. of O. F. conoistre
;
*
see Cognisance. ;

which labour has been expended (Douglas). Connubial. (L.) L. con nttbialts re-
The true Chinese is kung-fu clia, with lating to marriage. — L. co{n)nubium, mar-
the same sense. riage.— L. con- (cum), with; ndbere, to
Congratulate. (L.) From pp. of I,. marry. See Nuptial.
congratuldri, to wish much joy. — L. con- Conquer. (F. — L.) M. E. conqueren.
ionin'), fully grdtulari , to wish joy, from — O. F. conquer) e. — L. conquirere, to seek
;

ad j. grains, pleasing. See Grace. after, go in quest of in Late L , to con- ;

Congregate. (JO From pp. of L. quer. — L. con - {cum), with; queerere, to

congregdre, to collect into a flock. — L. seek. Der. conquest M. E. con queste, ,

con- {cum), together; gregdre, to assem- from Late L. conquesta, L. conquisita ,

ble a flock, fiom greg-, stem of grex, a fem. of couqui situs, pp. of conquirere .

flock. Consanguineous. (L.) From L.

Congress, a meeting together. (L.) consanguine -us, related by blood, with
L. congressus. — L. congressus, pp. of con- suffix -ous. — I con - (cum), together; .

gredi to meet together. — L. con together; sanguin-, stem of sanguis blood.

,
.

gradf, to advance, walk. Conscience. (F. — L.) F. conscience,

Congrue, to agree, suit. (L.) I., con- \*.conscicntia, consciousness. — L .conscient-,
gruere, to suit. (Root uncertain.) Der. stem of pres. of conscire, to know along
pt.
congru ous, from L. congruus, suitable ;
with. — L. con- (cum), with; scire, to
congru-ity. know. See Science. Der. conscionable,
Conj ecture. F. conjecture. ( F. — L.) an ill-contrived word, used as a contrac-
— L. coniectura, a casting together, a tion of conscience)' able,
guess. — L. coniecius , pp. of conicert, to conscious. (L.) From L.consci-us,
throw or put together. — L. con - (ctvn\ to- awaie, with suffix -ous. — L. conscire, to be
gether; iacere, to throw. aware of (above).
Conjoin. (F. — L.) O. F. conjoindrt. Conscript. (L.) L. conscriptus en- ,

L. coniungere (pp. coniunctus), to join rolled, pp. of con sc rihere, to write down
together. — L. con- [turn), together; tun *
together. — L. con - (cum), together; sert-
gc?c to join. See Join. Der. conjunct- bere, to write.
ion, conjunctive fiom the pp. , Consecrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Conjugal, relating to marriage. (F.~ consecrdre to render sacred. — L. con-
L.) F. conjugal — L. coniugdlis , adj.— ic tun), with, wholl} ; sacrare to conse-
L. coniugem, acc. of coniux , a spouse.— crate Sacred.
; see
L. con together iug-, allied to itingtre,
, ; Consecutive. (F.-L.) M. F. consecu-
to join, iugum, a yoke see Join. ; tif Cot.
. Formed with suffix -//( L. -hi us)
Conjugation. (L.) From L. coniu from L. consecut-us, pp. of conseqtii to ,

gdtio, a conjugation (Priscian) ; lit. a follow together. — L. con - (< utn), together
yoking together. — L. coniugdtus , pp. of sequi, to follow. See Sequence.
coniugdre to yoke together. — L. con consequent. (L.) L. consequent-,
{cum), together iitg-um, a yoke. ;
stem of pres. pt. of conseqtii (above'.
Conjure. (F. — L.) M. K. coniuren. — Consent, vb. (F. — L.) F. consentir,
F. conjurer. — L. coniurdre, to swear to- — L. consentire to agree to. — L. con
gether, combine by oath. — L. con-, to- (cum), with senttre to feel. See Sense.
; ,

gether iurdre to swear ; see Jury.

;
Conserve, vb. (F.-L.) F. conserve,
Connect. (L.) L. conncctere, to tie — L. conserudrc, to preserve. — L. con-
together. — L. con - {cum), together; and (c uni), fully ; strudre, to keep. Der. con-
nectere , to bind (pp. nexus), Der. con- serve, vb. : conserv atory. See Serve.
nexion [not connection'], from the pp. Consider. (F. - L.) O. F. considered
 , , -,, , , ,;

CONSIGN CONTAIN
— L. considerare , to consider, orig. to con- ster nation. —
L. acc. consterndticnem ,
template the ''tars (Festus). — L. con- (cum) fright. — L. consterndtus, pp. of conster-
together ; side?'-, for *sides-, stem of stdus, ndre, to frighten. — L. con- (for cum), to-
a star. gether and * stemdre prob. allied to
;

Consign. (F. - L.)

F. consigner. - Gk. nTvpav, to fiighten (Walde). See
L. consignors, to attest, register, record. Brugmann, i.
§ 499.
— L. con - (cum), together signore, to ; Constipate. (L.) From pp. of L.
mark ; see Sign. constipdre , to join closely, press together.
Consist. (F. — L.) F. consister to — L. con - (cum), together; stipdre , to
consist, rest, abide, — L. consistere, to
&c. press, cram.
stand together, consist. — L. con (cum),
- Constitute. (L.) L. constitutus, pp.
together; sisters causal form from stars of constit tiere, to cause to stand together,
to stand ; see State. Der. consistory. establish. — L. con - (cum), together; sta-
Console. (F. — L.) F. consoler. — L. tuere to set up, denom. vb. from status
,

consoldri to comfort. — L. con- (cum), with

, ; a position ;
see Statute.
solan, to comfort see Solace. ; Constrain, to compel. (F. — L.) O. F.
‘
Consolidate. (L.) From pp. of L. constraint-, a stem of constraindre, later
consolidars, to render solid. — L. con contraindre. — L. constringere, to bind
(cum), 'together; soliddrs, to make solid, together, fetter. —
L. con- (cum), together;
from solidus , solid. Der. consols, a stringers to draw tight.
,

familiar abbreviation for consolidated an- Construct. (L.) From L. construe-

nuities. tus, pp. of construere (below).
Consonant, agreeing with. (F.-L.) construe. L. construere to (L.)
F. consonant, accordant; Cot. L. conso- — heap together, build, construct in Late L., ;

nant-, stem of pres. pt. of consondrs to ,

to construe a passage. — L. con - (cum), to-
—
sound together. L. con- (cum), together ;
gether; strucre, to pile, build. Der.
sonars to sound see Sound (3).
, ; mis-construe.
Consort, sb. (F. L.) —
F. consort. — Consul. (L.) L. consul a consul.,

L. consort-, stem of consors, one who shares Ktym. doubtful; but allied to consulere,
property with another, a partner. — L. con- to consult ; see below.
\cum), together; sort-, stem of sors, a lot, consult. (F.-L.) F. consttller. - L.
share. See Sort. consultdre, to consult ; frequent, form of
Conspicuous. (L.) L. conspicu-us con-sulere, to consult. Root uncertain
visible, with suffix -ous. — L. conspicerc, to prob. allied to sedere, to sit ; cf. solium ,
see thoroughly. — L. con-, fully spscere, to ;
a seat.
see. See Species. Consume. (L.) L. consumers, lit. to
Conspire. (F. — L.) F. conspirer.— take up wholly. — L. con- (cum), together,
L. conspirdre, to breathe together, com- wholly ;
siimere, to take up, from *stips-,
bine, plot. — L. con- (cum), together; allied to sub, under, up, and emere, to take,
splrdre to breathe. , buy. Brugm. i. § 240. Der. consumption ,

Constable, a peace-officer. (F. - L.) from the pp.

O. F. cones table (F. counttable). — L. comes Consummate. (L.) Frompp. ofL.
stabuli, lit. * count of the stable/ the title of consummdre to bring into one sum, to
,

a dignitary of the Roman empire and after- perfect. — L. con- (cum), together; sum-
wards in use among the Franks. See mare, to sum, from summa, a sum ; see
Count (1) and Stable. Sum.
Constant, firm. (F. — L.) F. con- Consumption ;
see Consume.
stant . — L. constant -, stem of constans , Contact, sb. (L.) L. contactus, a
firm; orig. pres. pt. of constdre to stand ,
touching. — L.
contactus, pp. of contingere,
together. — L. con- (cum), together ; stare, to touch closely ; sec Contingent,
to stand see State. ; contagion. (F.-L.) F. contagion.
Constellation. (F. - L.) F. constel- — L. contdgidnem, acc. of contdgio, a
lation. — L. acc. constellotionem, cluster of touching, hence contagion. — L. con - (cum),
stars. — L. con - (cum), together; stellat-us , with ; tag-, 2nd grade of tag*, as in *tag-
pp. of stelldre, to set with stars, from tus ( >tac-tus), pp, of tangere, to touch.
stella, a star. See Star. Contain. (F.— L.) From a tonic stem
Consternation. (F.-L.) F. con- of 0 . F. contenir . — L. continerc, to hold
108
 ; , , e , ,; , , , , , ,, ;

CONTAMINATE CONTRIBUTE
together, contain; pp. contentus.— L. con - Continue. (F. L.) F. continuer.— —
(cum), together ; tenere, to hold. L. continudre, to continue. L. continuus —
Contaminate. (L.) From pp. of L. (below). Der. dis-continue .
contaminate to defile. — L. contamin-, continuous. (L.) L. continu-us,
stem of contamen contagion which stands
, ;
lit.holding together ; with suffix -ous. —
for *contagmen. — L. con- (cum) ; tag-, L. continere, to hold together, contain. See
as in tactus, for *tag-ttis pp. of tangere, to ,
Contain. 1
touch. Brugm. i. § 768. Contort. (L.) pp. of L. contortus ,

Contemn. (F. - L.) M. F. contemner. contorquere , to twist together. L. con- —

— L. contemnere to despise. — L. con-
,
(cum), together; torqu ere, to twist.
(cum), with, wholly; temnere , to de- Contour, an outline. (F.-Ital.-L.)
spise. F. contour, esp. in an artistic sense. — ltal.
contempt. (F.-L.) M. F. contempt : contorno, a circuit ccntornare to en-
;
‘

Cot. — L. contemptus scorn. — L. ow- circle; Florio. — L. con - (cum), together ;

’

temptus, pp of contemnere (above). tornare, to round off, to turn ; see Turn.

Contemplate. (L.) From pp. of Contra-, prefix. (L.) L. contra,
contemplari, to observe, consider used at ;
against ;
orig. the abl. fern, of an obs. adj.
first of augurs. — L. con- (cum) tcmplum, ;
*con-i(c)r-us, a comparative form from con-,
an open space for observation (by augurs) ;
prep, together extra from exterus.
;
cf.
see Temple. Contraband. (Span. - ltal. -L. and
Contemporaneous. (L.) L. con- Teut.) Span, conirabando prohibited goods. ,

tempordne-us adj ,
,
at the same time ;
with — ltal. contrabbando prohibited goods. —
suffix -ous. —
L. con - (cum), with ; tempor ltal. contra (~L. contra against; bando,
for *tempos -, stem of temptis, time. a ban, from Late L. bannum, a word of
contemporary. (L.) L. aw-, with; Teut. origin, viz. from O. H. G. ban , a
and L. tcmpordrius temporary, ,
adj., from command. See Ban.
tempor - (above). Contract (1), to draw together. (L.'i

Contend. (F. -L ) O. F. contendre. — L. contractus pp. of contrahcre to ,

diaw
L. contendere to stretch out, exert, fight. —
,
together, — L. con- (cum), together; tra-
L. aw- (cum), fully; tender to strive. ,
here, to draw.
Der. content-ion (from the pp. contentus). (2), a bargain. (F.-L.) contract
Content, adj. (F.— L.) F. content F. contract ; Cot. — L. contractum , ,
M.
satisfied. — L. contentus content; pp. of acc. of contractus , sb.,a drawing together,
,

continere see Contain. Der. dis- con- a bargain. — L. contractus, pp. (above).
tent. Contradict. (L.) L. contradictus,
Contest, vb. (F. — L.) F. contester.m, pp. ol contradicere to speak against. L. —
L. contestdri to call to witness, to bring contra, against; d.'cere, to speak.
,

an action. — L. aw- (r«;//), together; to- Contralto, (ltal. — L.) ltal. contr-
Wr/, to witness, from testis, a witness. alto, counter-tenor. — ltal. contra, oppo-
Der. contest sb.
,
site to, and alto , high. L. contra against; —
Context. (L ) L. contextus. a joining altus, high.
together, order (hence, context of a book). Contrary. (F.~ L.) A. F. contraries
— L. contextus pp. of contexere, to weave F. contraire. — L. contra rius, contrary;
,

together. — L. aw- (cum), together from contra against ; see Contra-. ,

texere, to weave. Contrast, vb. (F. L.) F. contraster, —

Contiguous. (L.) L contigu-us, that to strive, contend against (hence to be in
.

may be touched, near ; with suffix -ous. — opposition to, &c.). — Late L. contrdstdre ,
L. aw- («*///), with; and tag-, as in to stand against. — L. contra, against
tac-ius (for *tag-tus), pp. of tangere to stare to stand.
touch ; see Contingent. Contravene, to hinder. (F. -L.) F.
Continent. (F. — L.) F. continent, contrevenir, * to thwart;’ Cot.— Late L.
adj., moderate. — L. continent -, stem ol contrduenire, to oppose ; to break a law.
pres. pt. of continere see Contain. ;
— L. contra against ; uenire, to come.
Contingent, dependent on. (L.) Contribute. (L.) From pp. of L.
From stem of pres. pt. of contingere to contribuere, to contribute, lit. pay to-
touch, relate to. — L. con- (cum ) ; tangere gether. L. con- {cum), together; tri- —
to touch. See Tangent. bucre , to bestow ; see Tribute.
109
 ) , , , , , )
;; , , , -
,

CONTRITE CONY, CONEY

Contrite. (F. L.) F. contrit. L. - - orig. pres. pt. of conuenlre, to come to-
eontritus thoroughly bruised, hence, peni- gether, suit (above).
tent ; pp. of L. conterere to rub together, , Convent. (E.) L. conuentus, an as-
bruise. — L. con- (cum), together; terere , sembly.— L. conuentus, pp. of con-uentre.
to rub. See Trit 9 .
convention. (F. - L.) F. conven-
Contrive. L. and Ok.) An (F. - tion, a compact;’ Cot. — L. acc. con-
f

altered spelling ; M. E. controuen con - ,

uentidnem, a meeting, compact. — 1,. con-
treueti (= controven, rente even), — O. F. uentus, pp. of con-uentre, to meet.
controver to find, find out (Bartsch).—
, Converge. (E.) Eate L. conuergcrc,
O. F. con- (L. con-, for cum) O. F. trover ; ,
to incline together (Isidore). E. ton —
to find; see Trover. Contrive (c f. (cum), together ; uergere, to bend, in-
retrieve is from M. E. con/reve, answering cline.
to O. F. contrtuv-, stressed stem of con- Converse, vb. Y.converser, (F. -L.)
trover. to associate with conuersdrT, to
;
Cot. — L.
Control, sb. (F. — L.) Control is short live with. — L. con- (cum), with uersdrt, ;

for contre-roll, old form of counter-roll. — to dwell (lit. turn oneself about), orig.
O. Y.contre-rol(l)e, a duplicate register, used pass, of the frequent, of uetdere, to turn,
to verify the official or first-made roll. — convert, vb. (F.—E.) O. F. con-
O. F. contre over against
, ; rol{l)e a roll. — vertir. — Folk-E. *conver tire, for E. con-
L. contra , against rolulum, acc. of ro- ; uertere, to turn wholly, change. — E. con-
tulus , a roll see Roll. ; demn), wholly uertere, to turn. ;

Controversy. tF.-E.) A. F. con- Convex. (L.) E. conuexus arched, ,

troversy ( 1 30 7 ) — E. controuer sia, a quar- vaulted. — L. con - (cum), together; and

.

rel. — L. contra uersus opposed. — L. *uaxus *= *uac-sus, bent, from *uac- (*uaq»),
contro masc. or neut. form corresponding to bend, as in uac-tlldre, to reel, go crook-
to fern, contra against uersits, pp. of edly. See Vacillate. Cf. A. S. wdh, crooked.
, ;

uertere to turn.
,
See Contra-. Convey, Convoy, vb. (F. - E.)
Contumacy. (F.-E.) A. F. contu- M. E. conueien, conuoien (conveien, con -
macie ( 1 303). — E. contumdcia obstinacy. — voien), to convey, also to convoy. — A. F.
L. contumdei- stem of contumax, stub- conveier, O. F. convoier to convey, convoy,
, ,

born.— L. con- (cum), very and *tum-ax, accompany on the way. — Eate L. conuidre
;

prob. from turn- ere, to swell with pride to accompany. — L. con - (cum), with; uia,
see Tumid. way. C onvey is the A. F. or Norman

Contumely. (F. — L.) M.Y.contu- form convoy is Parisian. ;

melie. — E. contumelia insult, repioach Convince. (L.)

, L. conuincere to ; ,

prob. allied to cont u mac ia see Con- overcome by proof. — L. con- (cum), ;

tumacy. wholly ; uincere to conquer. Der. con- \

Contuse, to bruise severely. (L.) L. vict verb and sb., from A. F. conviU< E. ,

cotitiisus , pp. of contundere, to bruise conuictus , pp. of conuincere.

severely. — L. con - (cum), with, much and Convivial. (E.) Coined as adj. from ;

tundere, to strike.+Skt. tud, to strike L. count ui-um a feast. — L. con- (cum), ,

Goth, stautan to strike. (^STEUD.) together utuere, to live (hence, eat).

, ;

Brugm. i. § 818. Convoke. (F. — L.) F. convoquer.—

Conundrum. (Unknown.) Formerly E, contiocdre to call together. — E. con-, ,

used in the sense of whim, crotchet, or together; noedre to call. ,

hoax. Also quonundrum ; orig. in univ. Convolve. (E.) E. conuoluere to roll

slang; prob. of L. origin. together, writhe about. — L. con- (cum\
Convalesce. (L.) E. conualescere to together; uoluere, to roll. Der. convolut- ,

besin to grow well ; an inceptive form. ion from pp. coniiolutus ; convolv-ul-us,
— L. con - (~=cum), fully; ualere, to be E conuo/uulus, a twining plant.
strong. Convoy ;
see Convey.
Convene, to assemble. (F.~ L.) F. Convulse, to agitate violently.
(E.)
convenir, to assemble. — L. conuenlre, to E. comiulsus, pp. of comtellcre, to pluck
come together. — L. con- (cum), together; up, convulse. L. con - (cum), with,—
uem re, to come. severely uellere to pluck.
; ,

convenient, suitable. ( F. — L. Cony, Coney, a rabbit. (F. L.) -

From stem of L. conueniens suitable; M. E. coni ; also conyng. Anglo-F. conil,
 , * , , , , , , ; , ., , , ;

coo CORACLE
cottin ;
O. F. connil. — L. cuntculus ,
a Copeck, a small Russian coin, worth
rabbit ;
a word of uncertain origin. less than \d. ; a hundredth part of a rouble.
Coo. (E.) A purely imitative word ;
(Russ.) Russ, kopieika , a copeck ; dimin.
also spelt croo. Cf. cuckoo rori. , of Russ, kopee a lance. So called from the
’

Cook. (L.) M. E. cook coken, to figure of Ivan IV, holding a lance (1535).
A. S. a cook. — L. coquus a cook; co- See Rouble.
quere to cook.+Gk. ttcoouu; Skt. pack, Copious, ample. (F.-L.) O. F. co-
to cook Russ. pech(c ), to bake.
;
(VREQ ;
pieux.—\j. copies us, plentiful. — L. copia,
whence Lat. pequere becoming *qucquere plenty; for *co-opia. — 1j. co - (for cum),
by assimilation, and then coquere ; Gk. together op-, base of op-es wealth.
;
Cf. ,

*n{q-t€iv, whence irtaattv.) Brugm. i.

661. A. S. coc — Late L. iww, for coquus
Cookie, a cake see Cake.
Cool. (E.) A. S. r<>/, cool. +Du. koel
Tcut. type *kol-uz\ also, with mutation,
§ in-opia, want.
. Copper, a metal. (Cyprus.) M.E .coper.
;
A. S. copor. — Late L. cuper, L. cuprum , a
;
contraction for Cuprium ces, Cyprian brass.
— Gk. Kvirpios, Cyprian Kvirpos Cyprus, ; ,

Dan. G. kiihl from kol-, 2nd grade

kol, ;
whence the Romans got copper.
of kal as in A. S. calan, Icel. kala, to Copperas, sulphate of iron. (F.—L.)
freeze ({it. t. kol see Cold. ) ;
M. E. coperose .— O.F. coperose ( couperose)
Coolie, Cooly, an East Indian porter. Ital. copparosa According to Die2, cf. .

(Hind, or Tamil.) Hind, kiili, a labourer, from L. cupri rosa, rose of copper, a trans-
porter, cooley (Forbes) prob. from Koll lation of Gk. x(*kfc-a.i'& o s, brass -flower,
;
,

a tribal name (Yule). Or from Tamili’/*//, copperas. But this is prob. only a popular
daily hire or wages hence, a day- etymology and the Late L. cuprdsa seems
; ;

labourer (Wilson). to be merely an adj. form from cuprum.

Coomb ; see Comb. See N.E.D'.
Coop. (L.) M. E. cupe a bnsket; Coppice, Coppy, Copse, a small ,

answering to A.S. *cupe, not found, though wood. (F. — L. — Gk.) Coppy is short for
cype (with /-mutation) occurs as a gloss coppice, and copse is contracted. — O. F.
to dolium. — L. cupa, a tub, whence also ropeiz [Low L. copecia\ underwood fre-
Du. kuip Icel. kiipa, a bowl
, ;
also Late L. quently cut, brushwood. — O.F. coper (F.
copa, whence G. kufe, tub, vat, coop; couper), to cut.— O. I ', cop (F. coup), a 4

O. Sax. tdpa, a tub. Cf. Skt. kiipa, a pit, stroke. — LowL. colpus, L. colaphus, stroke,
hollow. Der. coop-cr, tub-maker. blow. — Gk. /coka<po? a blow. O. F.
Co-operate. (L.) From pp. of L. copeiz answers to a Late L. type *colpdti-
co-operdri, to work with; from co- (cum'), cium, from colpare, to strike. Coppy arose
with; and opera ri, to woik; see Operate. from coppice being taken as coppies, pi.
Co-ordinate. (L.) From L. co- (cum), and copse (cops') fiom reducing a supposed
with and the pp. of ordinarc, to order.
;
pi. *coppis to cops.
See Ordinate. Coprolite. (Gk.) Lit. ‘dung-stone.’
Coot. (E.) M. E. cote, coote a water- Made from Gk. Konpo-s, dung andAi'0-os, ;

fowl. + Du. koet,a coot. Oiigin unknown. a stone. For

Aerolite. -life, cf.

Copal. (Span. — Mexican.) Span. copaL Copulate. (L.) From pp. of L. copu-
— Mex. copalli, resin. Idre to join. — L. copula, a band; see
Co-parcener, a co-partner, i F. — L.) Couple
Parcener is the true old spelling ofpartner ; Copy. (F. L.) —
M.E. copy , abun-
see Partner. dance the mod. sense is due to the mul-
;

Cope a cape. (Late L.) M. E.

(1). orig. tiplication of an original by means of copies.
cope ,
A. S. *cdpa, not found
earlier cape ; ;
— O. F. copie, abundance ; also a copy. —
but Icel. kdpa occurs.— Late L. cdpa a ,
L. copia, plenty see Copious. ;

cape; see Cape (i\ [Cf. pope from Coquette. (F.) F. coquette, ‘a pratling
A. S. papa. ] Der. coping-stone. or proud gossip,* Cot. ; fem. of coquet a ,

Cope (2), to vie with. (F. — L. — Gk.) little cock, dimin. of coq, a cock. Cf. prov-
M.E. copen coupen to fight. — O. F. coper ,
,
E. cocky i. e. strutting as a cock.
couper colper, to strike (F. coupcr, to cut).
, Coracle, a light wicker boat. (W.) W.
— O. F. cop, cotip , colp , a blow. — Late L. convgl, cwnvgl coracle , ;
dimin. of corwg,
colpus , L. colaphus a blow. — Gk. Kokcupos, a carcase, cwrwg a boat, frame. So Gael.
,

a blow on the ear. See Coupon. curachan ,

coracle, from curach boat of
in
 , , , ,\ , — , , , , ,,

CORAL CORNET
wicker-work ;
cf. Ir. corrach O. Ir. curach ranty cormaran (Littre). — O. F. corp, a
a boat. crow and O. F. belonging to* marenc
;
,

Coral. (F. — L. — Gk.) O. F. coral. the sea, deriv. of L. mare , sea, with G.
L. corallum , cor(Ilium. — Gk. tcopaWiov, suffix -ing; cf. Y.Jlamant, flamingo. — I,.
coral. See Schade, p. 1374. coruum, acc. of coruus a crow; &c. ,

Corban, a gift. (Heb.) Heb. qorbdn, Cf. Port, corvomarinho, a cormorant ; lit.
an offering to God, in fulfilment of a vow ;
4
marine crow ; ' from L. coruus marhius .
from qdrab, to draw near. Cf. Arab, q ur- But probably -moran was due to, or con-
ban ^ a sacrifice. fused with, Bret, morvran , a cormorant
Corbel. (F. — L.) O. F. corbel a raven, ,
(from mor, sea, and bran , a crow).
a corbel (in architecture), from the notion Corn (1), grain. (E.) A. S. corn.+ Du.
of a projecting beak. — Folk- L. corbellum koretiy Icel. Dan. Swed. G. korn, Goth.
for corvellum, acc. of corvellus dimin. kaurn. Teut. type *kurnom, Idg. type
of L. coruus a raven, Distinct from *gdrnom com; whence O. Slav, zriino ,
corbeily a basket full of earth (F. corbeille ,
Russ, zerno, corn. Cf. Lat. gidnum
L. corbicula, dimin. of corbis a basket). , grain ; Skt. jtrna-, worn down, pp. of jri .

.Cord. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. Doublet, grain. See Grain. Brugm. i.

F. eorde.— Late L. corda y a thin rope the ; § 628. (VGER.)
same as L. chorda. — Gk. x o pfy> the string Corn (2), a hard excrescence on the
of a musical instrument. Der. cord-age foot. (F. —
L.) O. F. corn (F. coi-), a horn,
(F. cordage ) ; cord-on (F. cordon ); rwv/- horny swelling. — L. cornu, a horn; see
-£//*?• (F. cordelier , a twist of rope, also Horn.
a Gray Friar, who
used such a twist from ; Cornea, homy membrane in the eye.
corciders to twist ropes). See Chord. (L.) L. cornea fern, of Cornells, horny.—
,

Cordial. (F.-L. ) F. cordial hearty. L. cornu, a horn.

— L. cordi-, decl. stem of cor, heart ; with cornel, a shrub. (Du. — L.) M. Du.
suffix -dlis ;
see Heart. kornellCy ‘ the fruit of the cornelle-tree/
Corduroy, a thick-ribbed or corded Hexham M.
G. cornelbaum, cornel-
;
cf. II.
stuff. (F. — L.) F. corde du roi, a trade- tree ;
Weigand.M. F. comille a cor-
[Cf. ,

name, invented England nel-berry cornilliery cornel-tree.] — Late L.

4
in ;
lit. king’s ;

cord.* See Cord and Royal. cornolium, cornel-tree. — L. cornus a cor-

Cordwainer, shoemaker. (F. — Span.) nel-tree from the hard, horny nature of
;

M. E. cordewaner, a worker in cordewane , the wood. — L. cornu , a horn.

i.e. leather of Cordova. — O. F. cordouan
Cordovan leather. — Late L. Cordoa Cor-
dova in Spain (L. Corduba).
Core, hard centre in fruit, &c. (F. — I,. ?)
Etym. doubtful. Perhaps from F. cor, a
horn, also, a corn on the foot, callosity. —
L. cornu a horn, a homy excrescence.
, its colour resembles that of the fruit of the
Coriander. (F.-L.-Gk.)
andre. — L. coriandrum (whence A.
, cornelian, a kind of chalcedony.
(F. — L.) Formerly cornaline. — F. coma-
line, ‘the cornix or cornaline, a flesh-
coloured stone;' Cot. Cf. Port, corne-
lina ; also Ital. corniola, (1) a cornel-tree,
(2) a cornelian, prob. so named because
F. cori- cornel-tree (Schade). — Late L. corniola
S. cel- cornel-berry; cornolium cornel. — L. cor- ,

lendre). — Gk. Koptawov, tcupiov, coriander neas, adj. of cornus, a cornel. Altered
Cork. (Span. — L.) Apparently from to carneolus in Late L. (Schade, p. 1379),
O. Span, alcorque, a cork shoe, which cornelian in E., and carneol in G., from
seems to be an Arab, form allied to Span. a popular etymology which connected it
ai-cornoque the cork-tree, where al is the with L. cam-, stem of caro flesh.
, Cf. ,

Arab. def. art., and corn-oque is formed onyx - Gk. finger-nail.

from L. quern-us (for *quercnus) , oaken, Comer. ( F. — L.) A. F. cornere ; O. F.
adj. from L. quercus an oak. But the corniere. — Med. L. corneria comer, angle. ,

bark of the tree was called, in Span., corche, — Med. L. coma angle. — L. cornua pi. of ,

core ho. — L. corticem , acc. of cortex bark. cornu, horn, projection ; taken as a fern,
,

Hence cork is often derived from Span. sing.

corcho, though k for ch seems improb- cornet. (F. — L.) M. E. cornet, a horn ;
able. later, a troop of horse (who carried a cor-
Cormorant, a bird. (F.-L.) The t nette or standard) ; also an officer of such
is excrescent. — F. cormoran O. F. corma - a troop. - F. comet, cornette , dimin. of F.
\

2
 ,, ,, , , , , , ,, , , , , , , ,,

CORNICE CORSE
come, a horn.— Med. L. coma, a horn (Span.— L.) Span, corral, a court, yard,
(above). enclosure. — Span, corro, a circle, a ring of
Cornice. (F.— Ital.) M. F. and Picard people met to see a show. From the
cornice ; F. corniche
Ital. cornice
. a— phrase correr toros to hold a bull-fight,
ledge for hanging
tapestry (Florio) ; lit. to run bulls. — L. currere to run (Diez).
,

usually, a crow (from L. acc. cornicem a See Kraal.

crow). Origin uncertain ; by some identi-
fied with coronix, a square frame. — Gk.
tcopcji/ts, curved ; as sb.
,
a wreath.
Corolla. (L.) L. corolla dimin. of co-
rona, a crown. See Crown.
corollary. (L.) L. corollaritim , a pre-
sent of a garland, a gratuity; also, an
additional inference. —
L. corolla (above).
Coronal, a crown. (F. L.) Properly
an adj. — K. coronal adj. L. corona lis
Correct, adj. (L.) L. cofrectus pp.
of corrigere to correct. L. cor- (for —
con- — cum), together ; regere, to rule.
corregidor, a Spanish magistrate.
(Span. L.) —
Span, corregidor lit. ‘cor-
rector.’— Span. corregir to correct. — L.
corrigere (above).
Correlate, to relate or refer mutually.
— (L.) Coined from L. cor- {-cum), to-
— gether and Belate, q. v.
;

belonging to a crown. —
L. corona, a crown. Correspond. (F.-L.) F . correspon-
coronation. (L.) Late L. acc. corona - ds.— L. cor- (for con-, cum), together;
tidnem, fiom pp. of corona re, to crown.— and Respond, q. v.
L. corona a crown. Corridor. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. corridor.
Coroner. (F.— L.) Also crowner ; — Ital. a swift horse; also, a
corridore,
both forms represent A. F. corinter, coroner , long (running along) gallery. — Ital. cor-
Latinised as corondrius, a crown- officer, a rere, to run. — L. currere, to run.
coroner (afterwards Latinised as coro- Corrie. (Gael.) Gael, coire a circular ,

nator). — O.F. corone a crown. — L. corona ,

hollow surrounded with hills, a mountain
a crown. dell ; also, a cauldron. [Cf. G. kessel a
coronet. (F. — L.) Dimin. of O. F. kettle, a ravine.] O. Irish coire, core a +
corone , a crown. — L. corona a crown. ,
kettle W. pair , A. S. hwer, a cauldron.
;

Coronach, a dirge. (Gael.) Gael. Brugm. i. § 123.

ranach, a dirge, lit. a howling together.’ —
‘
Corroborate. (L.) From pp. ofL.
Gael, comh- ( = L. cum ) , together ; rdnaich corrobordre to strengthen. L. cor- (for —
a howling, from the verb ran, to howl, con- *= cum), wholly ;
rdbor-, stem ofrdbur,
cry, roar, which is from rein, sb., an outcry. strength.
So also Irish coranach , a dirge. Corrode. (F. - L.) F. corrode r. L. —
Corporal (l), a subordinate officer. corrodere, to gnaw to pieces. — L. cor- (for
(F. — L.) O.F. corporal. — Late L. cor- con- = cum), wholly rodere, ;
to gnaw.
pordlis a captain
,
a leader of a body of
;
Der. corrosive, from pp. corros iis.

troops. — L. corpor for *corpos stem Corrody, Corody, allowance, pen-

of corpus body, , F. has now the form sion. Lat. — Teut.) A.F corodie.—
(Low .

caporal, from Ital. capo rale, a chief of a I,o w L. corrodium, earlier corredium, L.
band ;
as if from Ital. capo, head (L. form of A.F. conrei, preparation, pio-
caput ) but this does not explain the -or-.
;
vision, allowance. See Curry (1).
Corporal (2), belonging to the body. Corrugate. (L.) From pp. of L.
(F. — L.) O. F. corporal corporel. — L. ,
corrugdre, to wrinkle. — L. cor- {cum),
corpordlis bodily. — L. corpor-, for *cor- wholly and riigdre, to wrinkle, from
;

pos-, stem of corpus, the body. Der. ruga, a wrinkle.

(from L. corpor-) corpor-ate corpor-e-al , Corrupt, adj. (F. — L.) A.F corupt, .

(L. corpore-us), &c. Brugm.i. § 555. — L. corrupt us, pp. of corrumpere, to break
corps, corpse, corse, a body. wholly, corrupt. — L. cor (for con- -cum), -

(F. — L.) [Here corps is F. ;

corse is from wholly ;
rumpere, to break.
the O. F. cars.] M. E. cors, corps.— O. F. Corsair. (F. Ital. L.) F .corsaire — —
cors,M. F. corps, the body. — L. corpus, body. (Prov. corsari, one who makes the course,
corpulent. (F.-L.) F. corpulent. - corsa ). — Ital. corsare , earlier corsaro , a
L. corpulentus, fat. — L. corpus body. pirate. — Med. L. cursdrius, a pirate. —
Corpuscle. (L.) L. corpus- cu-lum, L. cursus, a course. See Course.
double dimin. of corpus body. Corse, a body. (F. L.) M. E. cors. — —
Corral, an enclosure for animals, pen. O. F. cors. — L. corpus, a body.
 , \ , . ;
,; , , , , , , , ;;

CORSET COUGH
corset. (F.-L.) F. cot set, a pair of Costive. (F. — L.) From O. F. costeve*.
stays; dimin. of O. F. cots, body. — L. constipdtus constipated. See con-
Corslet. (F. L.) F. corselet, a little — ‘
sider in Littre ; and Constipate.
body,* Cot.; hence, body-armour. Double Costume. (F. Ital. - L.) 0 F. cos- - .

dimin, of O. F. cars, body (above). tume a costume. — Ital. costume Low L.

, ;

Cortege. (F. -Ital. -L.) F. cortege, a costuma; see Custom. Doublet of cus-
train, retinue. — Ital. corteggio , a retinue. tom .

— Ital. corte , a court. L. corte rn, co- — Cosy, Cozv, comfortable, snugly shel-
hort em, ace. of cohors, a court ; see Court tered. (Scand.) Lowl. Scotch cosie , cozie
( 0 . (Bums). Etym. unknown perhaps cf. ;

COrtes, the Span, national assembly. Norw. kosa ,

to refresh ;
kosa seg, to enjoy
(Span. — L.) Span, cortes, pi. of corte a ,
oneself; hose leg, snug, cosy; hosing re-
court. — L. cortem (above). creation.
Cortex, bark. ^Ld L. cortex (gen. Cot, a small dwelling; Cote, an en-
corticis ), bark. Dar. cortical closure. (E.) M.E. cote, A. S. cot, cote a
* Coruscate. (L.) From pp. of L. cot, den ; Northumbrian cot. -j-Dw. hot, Icei.
cor used re, to glitter. hot , cot, hut ;
prov. G. hoik, cot. Der.
Corvette, a small frigate. (F. — Port. — colt-age (with F. suffix) ;
cott-ar or cott-er
L.) F. corvette. — Port, corveta ; Span. sheep-cote.
corbela a corvette. — L. corIn la, a slow- coterie, a set of people. (F. — Tent.)
sailing ship of burden. — L. coring a basket. F. coterie, a set of people, company
Cosmic, relating to the world. (Gk.) allied O. F. coterie, servile tenure
to
Gk. Koo fxucoi, adj , from k 6 <t ptos, order, also (Littre) ;
Low
L. coteria a tenure by ,

the world, universe. Der. cosmogony ,

cottars who clubbed together. — Low L.
cosmo - graphy, cosmo - logy, cosmo- polite cota, a cot. — I)u. hot (above).
(citizen of the world, Gk. 7toXlttjs, a Cotillon, Cotillion, a dance for 4 or
citizen';. 8 persons. (F. — M.II.G.) F. cotillon ,
lit.

cosmetic, that which beautifies. (Gk.) a petticoat; see Cotgrave. Formed, with
Gk. KoourjjiKus, skilled in adorning suffix - ill-on from O. F. ,
tote, a coat,
whence also F. cosmitique. — Gk. kqg\lIw, fiock ; see Coat.
I adorn. — Gk. Kooyos, order, ornament. Cotton (1), a downy substance. (F. —
Cossack, a light-armed S. Russian Span. — Arab M. E. and A. F. cotoun — )
.

soldier. (Russ. — Tatar.) Russ. hozak' F. coton. — Span, colon algodon cotton ,

kazak of Tatar (Tartar) origin. — Turk!

'
;
(where al is the Arab, art.). — Aiab. qutn ,

quzzdq, a vagabond a predatory horse- ;

qutun cotton.
man (Yule). Cotton (2), to agree. From a technical
Cosset, to pet. (E.) From 1 6th cent. use of cotton to form a down ,
upon ;
from
cosset a pet-lamb, a pet Prob. the same as
,
Cotton (1); see Nates.
A. F. coscet, cozet , a cottar; A. S. cot- setta, Cotyledon, seed-lobe. (Gk.) Gk.
a dweller in a cot, * cot-sitter.’ From KOTvXipbwv a cup-shaped hollow. — Gk.
,

A. S. cot cot ;
saeta , dweller, from sittan, kotv\tj, a hollow vessel, cup.
to sit. Cf. prov. G. kossat , a cottager. Conch, to lay down, place, set. (F.—
[So Ital. casiccio , pet lamb (Florio) ; from L.) E. coiichen , t o set, arrange. —
M .
F. O .

casa , a cottage.] coucher, colchcr to place. — L. collocdre , to

Cost, vb. ( F. — L.) M. E. costen. — O. F. put together. — L. col- {cum), together
coster (F. cottier'), to cost. — L.constnre, to and loedre to place, from locus, a place.
stand together, last — ;
also to cost. L. con- Der. couch, sb., a place on which one is

(
cum ), together; and stare to stand. ,
couched or laid.
Costal, relating to the ribs. (L.) From Couch-graSS, a grass which is trouble-
L. costa a rib. See Coast.
, some as a weed. (E.) Here couch is a
Costermonger. For- (F. and E.) variant of quitch f palatalised form of
merly costerd-mongtr, or costard-monger , quick, i. e. tenacious of life see Quick. ;

a seller of costards or apples. [The suffix Cough. (E.) M. E. coughen, cowhen.

monger is E. ; see Monger.] M, E.
-s A. S. *cohhian, only found in the deriv.
costard an apple, where the suffix - ard is cohhetan, to make a noise. [The usual
F. ; prob. from O. F. costs, F. cote, a rib A. S. word hwostanl] Cf. Du. kitchen,
is

cf. Y. fruit cdteli, ribbed fruit (Hamilton). to cough ;

M. H. G. kitchen, G. keuchen f
14
 . , ; , , , ,.; -
,
,

COULD COUPLE
to gasp. From an imitative base *kenh poind a corruption of O. F. coutepointe
is
*kuh, to gasp ;
see Chincough. a counterpane (see courtepointe in Littre).
Gould ;
see Can (i). — L. culcita puncia, a counterpane, a
Coulter, part of a plough. (L.) M. E. stitched quilt (see Ducange). — L. culcita,
colter S. cultcr. — L. cutter a coulter, a quilt puncta, fem. of punctus, pp. of
A ;

knife. Cf. per- cellere, to strike. pungcre to prick. See Quilt. ,

Council. (F. - L.) K. concile. — L. Counterpane (2\ counterfeit of a

cilium , an assembly called together. — L. deed. (F. — L.) M. F. contrepan, contre -
{cum), together; and caldre to pant Cot. — F. contre (L. contra), over ;

summon, Often confused with counsel against; pan, a piece, part ; see Pane.
Counsel. (K.-L.) M.E. conseil. Counterpoint, the composing of —
O. F. conseil.— L. consilium , deliberation. music in parts. (F.— L.) M.F. contre
— 1
L. consulere to consult; see Consult. poind, a ground or plain song, in music ;
,
’

Often confuted with council Cot. The lit. sense is point against point,
.

Count (i), a title of rank. (F. L.) from the points or dots which represented —
The orig. sense was 4 companion/ A. F. musical notes, and were placed on staves
counte (not in M. E.). O. F. conte —
also over or against each other in compositions
;

comte. — L. comitetn , acc. of comes, a com- in two or more parts.— F. contre (L. con-
panion (stem com- it- ). — l,.com- (for cum-), tra), against; point, a point see Point. ;

together; and it-um , supine of to go. Counterpoise. (F.-L.) From «««-

Der. count- ess also count -y (below). ter and poise ste Poise. ;

Count (2), to reckon. (F. — L.) F. Counterscarp, exterior slope of a

center, formerly also compter. — L. cofnpu- ditch. (F. — Ital. — L. aWTeut .1 F. con-
tdre, to compute see Compute. ;
trescarpe Cot. — Ital. contrascarpa — ;
.

-
Countenance. F. L ) O. F. con - ltal. contra over against scarpa a scarp.
1 , ; ,

tenance gesture, demeanour; also look, See Counter- and Scarp.

,

visage. — L. continentia , continence, which Countersign, to attest by signing in

in Late L. meant * gesture, demeanour/ — addition. F\- L.) F. contresigner, ‘to >
V

L. continent-, stem of pres. pt. of coni ini re ; subsigne ’ Cot. — F. contre, over against ; ;

see Continent. Der. dis- conn tenance vb. signer, to sign see Counter- and Sign.
, ;

Counter, a piece to count with, a Countertenor. (k.-ital.-L.) M.F.

bureau. (F. — L.) M. E. countour — O. F. contreteneur\ Cot. — Ital. contratcnore. a
.

conteour countour.,
From O. F. con ter \ countertenor, the highest adult male voice.
see Count (2). — Ital .contra, against, over against ; tenore,
Counter-, prefix. (F.-L.) ¥. contre, a tenor see Tenor. ;

against. — L. contra against. ,

Countervail. (F.-L.) con- M.E .

Counteract. V F. — L.) See Counter-, trevailcn. — (). F. contrevail a stem of

prefix, and Act. cotiircvaloir to avail against. — O. F. con- ,

Counterfeit, imitated. (F. - L.) tre, against; valoir, to avail. — L. contra,

M. E. counterfeit. — Q. ¥. contrefait, pp. against ;
uatcre, to be strong.
of contrefaire, to imitate. — F. contre, over Country. (F.-L.) M.E. contree .—
against, like faire to make. — L. contra,
;
O. F. contrce (- Ital. contrada). — Late L.
against facere to make.
;
,
contrdda contrdia, a region, lit. that which ,

Countermand, to revoke an order. lies opposite ; cf. G. gegend, country, lit.

(F. — L.) F\ contremander, to recall a opposite, from gegen, opposite. — L. contra,
command. — F. contre (L. contra ), against opposite ; see Contra-.
man der (L. manddre), to command. Country-dance. (F.) From country
Counterpane 1 )• a coverlet for a bed. and dance. (The F. contredanse was bor-
(

(F. — L.> An altered form, in place of lowed from this E. form.)

counterpoint as in Shak. — M. F. contre- County, orig. a province governed by a
poinct, the back-stitch or quilting-stitch, count. (F. — L ) M.E. countee — O. F. .

also a quilt Cot. p. Thus named, by a counte (i. e. coun-te), ¥. comti a province.
; ,

popular etymology, from a fancied connec- — Late L. comitdtum acc. of comitdtus, a ,

tion with M. F. contrepoincter, to work the county (though the old meaning was a com-
back-stitch (from contre = L. contra ). But pany or suite). — L. comit -, stem of comes
really connected with M. ¥. coutrepointer, a count see Count (I). ;

to quilt (also in Cotgrave). In fact, contre- Couple. (F.-L.) O. F. cople, later

 , ; , , , . , — , ;, , , , , , ;

COUPON KINE
couple. — L. ,
a bond, band, that
copula a cousin. — L. con - (cum), together; sobri-
w hich short for *co-ap-ula. — L. co-
joins ; nus for *swesr-imts, belonging to a sister
( cum ), together ; and O. L. apere to join, ,
from L. soror (for *swesor), a sister; cf.
preserved in the pp. aptus ; see Apt. Skt. svasr, a sister. See Sister. (Cf.
Coupon! one of aof conjoined Brugm. i. § 319.)
series
tickets or certificates. F. (F.— L.— Gk.)
Cove, a nook. (E.) A. S. cofa a cham- ,

coupon, a piececut off, acoupon. — Y.couper ber, a cave. Icel. kofi, a hut Swed. + ;

to cut, slash. — F. coup a blow. — Late L. kofva\ G. koben, a cabin, Distinct

colpus short for colaphus a blow. — Gk. from cave , coop, alcove . Brugm. i. § 658.
,

u 6 \acf>os, a blow on the ear. Covenant, agreement. (F. — L.) O. F.

Courage. (F.-L.) F. courage, O. F. covenant also convenant agreement. —
corage ; formed with suffix (L. -diicum) O. F. co(n)venant, pres. pt. of co(n)venir,
from O. F. heart. — L. cor heart. to assemble, agree. — L. conuentre , to as-
Der. encourage. semble, come together ; see Convene.
Courier. (F.— Ital. — L.) M. F. courier, Cover, to hide. (F. — L ) O. F. covrir
a runner; F. courrier. — Ital. corHere, lit. (couvrir) — I., cooferire, to cover. — L. co- .

*
runner/ — Ital. correrc, to run. — L. cur- (cum), wholly; operire, to shut, hide. For
to run. *op-uerirt ; cf. Lith. az-weriu, I shut,
Course. (F. — L.) F. course.— Y. cur- wartai, doors, Oscan acc. vent, a door.
sum, acc. of cursus a course from pp. of Biugm. i. § 350. ;

currere. Der. cotirs-er, a swift horse. coverlet. (F.—L.) M. E. coverlite.

Court (1), a yard royal retinue, judicial — A. F. coverlet, coverlit (not in O. F.),
;

assembly. (F.— L.) M. K. cort, curt. a bed-cover. — O. F. covrir to cover ; lit,

O.F. cort, curt (F. court), a. court, a yard, a bed, from L. ledum acc. of lectus, a
also a tribunal. — L. acc. corte/n co/iortem bed. ,

(nom. cohors ), a pen, enclosure, cattle- covert. (F. — L.) O. F. covert pp. ,

yard, court, also a cohort, or band of sol- of cov> ir, to cover (above).
diers.— L. co- {cum), together; and hort -, Covet. (F.-L.) M. E. coueiten (co-
as in hort -us, a garden, yard, cognate with veiten). — A. F. coveiter (F. convoiter).
yard. (y^HER.) Cf. Ital. cubitare (for cupita re) to covet. ,

Court (2), to seek favour. (F. — L.) Formed, as if from L. *cupiditare from ,

From the sb. court ; hence, to practise arts cupidita-tem, acc., eager desire, which
in vogue at court. is from cupidus desirous of. — L. cupere,
courteous, of courtly manners. (F. to desire. See Cupid.
— L.) M. E. corteis later corteous.— Covey. (F. — L.) O.F. covee (F. cou-
,

O. F. corteis courteous. — O. F. cort, a vJe), a brood of partridges; fem. of pp. of

,

court ; with suffix -eis (L. -easts) cover (F. couver), to hatch, sit. — L. cubare ,
courtesan. (F.-ltal.-L.) Fem. to lie down, sit. Cf. Gk. kv$ 6 s, bent.
of F. courtisan, a courtier. — Ital. corti- Covin, secret agreement, fraud ;
a law-
giano (in Fiorio cortegiano), a courtier. For term. (F. — L.) M. E. covine. — O. F.
*cortesiano, an extension of cortese cour- ,
covine, agreement. — O. F. covcnir, to as-
teous ; from Ital. corte court. L. acc. — semble, agree. — L. conuenire, to come
corte/n ; see Court (1). together. See Convene, Covenant. (The
courtesy. (F.—L.) M.E. cortesie. O. F. covine answers to Late L. convenia,
— O. F. cortesie, courtesy. — O. F. corteis, pi. of convenium, an agreement.)
courteous see courteous.
; COW (1), female of the bull. (E.) A.S.
COUrtier. (F. — L.) M. E. courteoitr. eft pi. cy, whence M. K. ky, and the
From A. F. *cortei-er (O. F. cortoi-er), to pi. kinex see below. Tcut. stem *ku-,
live at court ; with suffix -our (L. - dtorem ). whence also Icel. kyr. Du. koe , Swed. +
— 0. F. cort, a court. Teut. stem *ko-. Also Dan. ko, G. kuh ;

Court Cards; a corruption of coat Irish and W. buw, L. bos (gen. Gael, bo,
cards , pictured cards, the old name. bou-is), Gk. 0 ous, Vtrs.gdw, Skt.^p- (nom.
Courteous, &c see Court. . gdtts) ; cf. Russ, goviado, oxen. Idg.
Cousin. (F -L.) M. E. cosin. -O. F. stems *g(w)du-, *g(zv)ow~. See Beef.
cosin (F. cousin ; Late L. cosinus, Ital. kine, cows. (E.) A new pi. ; due to
1 ngino, Romaunsch cusrin, cusdrin . — h A. S. cyna , gen. pi., * of cows.' Cf.
consobrinus , the child of a mother’s sister, M. E. ky, A. S. cy, cows. The A. S. cy,
 . . , , — , , , ,

cow CRANBERRY
pi. of cu, a cow, is formed by vowel- claw G. krebs (O. H. G. crebiz ), a crab,
;

change from to y.ii Du kreeft a crab. See

, Crayfish.
,

COW (2), to dishearten. (Scand.) Icel. Crabbed, peevish, cramped. (E.)

ktiga, to tyrannise over ; Dan. kue to ,
From crab sb. i. e. crab-like, snappish
, ;

coerce, subdue; Swed. kufva , to sup- or awkward. Cf. Du. krabben, to scratch,
press. kribben to be peevish.
,

Coward. (F. — L.) A.F.r<?tt<m/,ahare, Crab (2), a kind of apple. (E.) Cf.
a coward, F. couard, a coward ; cf. Ital. Swed. krabbdple crab-apple. Perhaps
codardo , a coward. Probably named from allied to crabbed (above).
the ‘bob-tailed* hare. — O. F. coe (Ital. Crabbed ;
see Crab (1).
coda), a tail; with F. suffix -ard, from Crack. A. S. cracian , to crack.
(E.)
Teut. -hart, orig. hard. — L. cauda a , +
Du. kraken to crack, creak; G. bra- ,

tail. cken. Cf. Gael, crac a fissure, cttac, a

Cower. (Scand.) M. E. couren. — Icel. crack, to crack (from E.). Imitative, like
kftra , Dan. kure to doze,
lie quiet; Swed.
, crake creak, croak crash gnash, knock.
, , ,

hum, to cower, lie quiet; Swed. dial .kura, cracknel. (F. — Du.) Formerly crake-
to sit hunched up. Cf. G. kauern to nel corruption of F. craqttelin a cracknel.
, ,

cower. — Du. krakeling a cracknel. Named from ,

Cowl (1), a monk’s hood.E. (L.) M. its crispness. — Du. kraken to crack.
,

title, coulc A.S. cugele, cuglc. — L. cn-

. crake, corncrake, a bird. (E.)
citlla a cowl ; cf. also citcullus
,
From its cry; M.E. craken ,
to cry out.
Cowl (2), a vessel carried on a pole Allied to crack, croak.
—
(F. L.) M.E. conel. — O.F. cuvet ( cuveau ), Cradle. (E.) A.S .cradol. Cf.O.H.G.
a little tub; dimin. of cuve, a vat, tub. c rat to, basket a
also O. II. G. crezzo , ;

L. cupa a tub. Der. cowl-staff.

, prov. G. kratze a basket.
Cowry, a small shell used for money. Craft, skill. (E.) A. S. crc*ft.+ Du.
(Hind. — bkt.) Hind, kauri a ,
small shell kracht Icel. ki aptr,kraftr, Swed. Dan. G.
,

(Cypraa moneta ) used as coin in the hraft, force. Cf. AS. crafian , to crave,
lower provinces of India. — Skt. kaparda . demand. Der. handi-crajt
Cowslip, a flower. (E.) M. E. cou- Crag. (C.) W. craig, Gael, creag,
sloppe A. S. cu-sloppe, cu-slyppe, lit. cow- ciag, rock; lrbh creag, a rock; cf. W.
slop, i. e. a piece of dung. (Other A. S. careg. Gael, carraig, rock, cliff, Bret.
names of plants are of a vciy homely karrek O. Irish carric, a rock.
.

character.) Cf. oxlip, q. v. and prov. E. ; Crake ;

see Crack.
bull-slop , a large kind of oxlip (Britten). Cram. (E.) A. S. crammian, to stuff,
Coxcomb. (E.) A fool, named from •f Icel. kremja, Swed kiama Dan. ,

his cock's comb or fool’s cap, cap with a

, kramme , to squeeze. From iratnm -, 2nd
cock’s crest. grade of the str. vb. crimm-an, to crumble.
Coxswain. Scand.)
(F. andFor And cf. Cramp.
cock-swain ; from cock (4), a boat, and Cramp. (F. — Teut.) F. crampe, ‘ the
swain . crampc,’ Cot.; cf. crampon ‘a cramp- ,

Coy. (F. — L.)

older form O.F. col ,
iron.’ — Du. krarnp a cramp, spasm. From
quci, quiet, ; quoy in Cot-
still spelt coy, the 2nd grade of Teut. *krempa?i-, *krim-
grave.— Folk-L. * quotum, acc. of *queius, pan - to draw together, as in O. H. G. krirn - ,

for L. quietus , still. See Quiet. phan, to draw together, str. vb. Cf. E.
Coyote, a prairie-wolf. (Mexican.) crimp , cramp, crumple Icel. krappr ; ,

From coyote , Span. pron. of Mex. coyoil. cramped; kreppa, to pinch. And com-
Cozen. (F. — L.) To cozen is to act pare Crank.
as cousin or kinsman, to sponge upon, Crane, a bird. (E.) A. S. cran.+ Du.
beguile. —
F. cousiner, to call cousin, to kraan , Icel. Irani (for brant), Swed.
sponge, live on other people see Hamil- trana, Dan. trane, G. kran-ich ; \V. and
;

ton and Cotgrave. — F. cousin, a cousin; Bret, garan , Gk. yipavos, a crane, also a
see Cousin. crane for laising weights. Cf. L. grus, a
Crab (1), a shell-fish. (E.) A. S. crane, Lith. garnys , a stork. From
crabba.+ Icel. krabbi, Swed. krabba, Dan. -V^GER, to cry out; cf. Gk. yrjpvs, voice
krabbe, Du. krab, G. krabbe Allied to . (Prellwitz).
E. Fries, and Du. krabben to scratch , Cranberry. (Low G.) Modem; from
n7
 , , , ) , ,, , , , ;;

CRANIUM CREAK
Low G. kraanbere (fierghaus), G. bran- worn by the Croat ians, who were called
beere lit. craneberry cf. Dan. tranebar;
in F. Croates or Crovates or Cravates .

(from trane — krane , as above); Swed. Croat is a name of Slavonic origin ; cf.
tranbar. Russ. Kroat\ a Croatian.
Cranium. (L.-Gk.) Med. L. cra- Crave. (E.) A. S. crajian , to crave,
nium. — Gk. Kpaviav skull ;
allied to Kapa, ask. Cf. Icel. krefja , Swed. brafva Dan. ,

head. brave ,
to demand; Icel. kraja, a de-
Crank (i), a bend. (E.) M. E. era ft be. mand.
Allied to E. Erics, krunken pp., bent. Craven. (F. L.?) The oldest form —
Cf. Du. kronkel a wrinkle, kronkelen,
, is M.E.cravan t, with the sense of beaten,
to wrinkle, turn, wind. Teut. base *krenb -, foiled, or overcome. 1. Mr. Nicol sug-
variant of *kreng-. Cf. Cringe, Crinkle. gested that it is a clipped form of O. F.
Crank (2), easily upset, as a boat. cravanU pp. explained by Cotgrave by
,

(E.) 1. e. easily bent or twisted aside. 'oppressed, foiled’; this is the pp. of
Cf. Du. krank , ill, poor ; also krengen to O. F. cravanter to break, oppress = Late
, ,

careen a boat ; Swed. kratiga , Dan. L. *crcpautarc, formed from crepant stem
krattge, to heel over see Cringe. ;
of pres. pt. of c repare, to ciaek, break.
Crank (3), lively. (E.) The same Cf. Span, quebi an far, to crack, break.
word, from the idea of turning quickly. 2. But it seems rather to be due simply
Cf. Norw. kring, active, brisk Dan. dial. to the O. F. cravant, pros*, participle
;

knmg dexterous.
;
of the O. f. eraver crcver, to burs:, ,

Cranny. (F. -L.?) M. E. crany. break hence, to fail, to be overcome, ;

— F. cran, a notch ; with E. suffix -y. to yield. — L. crepantem acc. of the pres,
Allied to Ital. crena , a notch (Florio). Cf. part, of crepare, to buist. Cf. O. F.
Late L. crena, a notch (a word of doubt- creve, dead ; Span, quebrar, to fail
ful authority). See Crenellate. quebrants want of strength, great loss. ,

Crants, a garland. (M. Du. — G.j M. See Phil. Soc. Trans. 1902; p. 659.
Du. brants Du. brans, a garland, wreath See Decrepit.
,

(whence Dan. brands, Sw. brans). All Craw, crop of fowls. ( 1C?) M. 1C
from G. kranz, a wreath. crawe. As if from A. S. *craga, the neck ;

Crape. (E.-L.) E. a epe, formerly not found N. Fries, krage neck, craw. ; ,

erespe , 'frizzled, crisped, crisp;’ Cot. Allied to Du. braag, G. krage n, neck,
From its wrinkled surface. — L. crispus, collar (whence Late Icel. kragi f Swed.
curled. See Crisp. krage, Dan. brave a collar). Note also ,

Crare, a small ship. (F.) In Cvmb. Dan kro, the craw of a bird Swed. brafva. .
;

iv. 2. 205. M.E. craycr. — O E craier Crawfish, the same as Crayfish.

. .
,

creer , a war-vessel. Of unknown origin. Crawl. (Scand.) Piov. E. craffle ,

Crash, vb. (E.) Of imitative origin ; croffle, to crawl. — Icel. brajla , to paw,
closely allied to crack, Cf. clash , dash ;
crawl ; Swed. brajla to grope Dan. ;

and see Craze. kravle to crawl. Cf. N. Fries, krabli,

Crasis. (Gk.) Gk. Kpaais, a mixing ;
brawli to crawl ; Low G. kraueln. Fre-
hence, contraction. — Gk. tccpavuvpi, I quentative from Teut. base *brab -, to
mix. scratch, claw ; see Crab.
Crass. (L.) L. crassus, thick, dense. Crayfish. (F. O. IT. G.) Altered —
Cratch, a crib, manger. (F. — O. H. G.) from M.E. (revise. — O. F. crevisse , es -
M.E. crecche. — O. E. creche erhke ( ;
crevisse (fcrevisse). — 0 H. G. c rebiz, G. .

Prov. crepcha. — O.
G. crippea (whence
II. krebs a crab ; allied to G. krabbe a crab ,

G. krippe), a crib. See Crib. see Crab (1).

Crate. (L.) L. crates, a hurdle hence, Crayon. (F.-L.) F. crayon; extended
;

a wicker- case, &c. from F. craie, chalk.— L. crcta, chalk.

Crater. (L. — Gk.) L. crater, a bowl, Craze. (Scand.) M. E. erased, i. e.
a crater. — Gk. Kparrjp, a large bowl in cracked. — Swed. krasa, Dan. krase, to
which things were mixed. — Gk. Kepavvvpa, crackle whence also F. t?eraser to break ; ,

1 mix. in pieces. Cf. Swed. sld in bras , Dan.

Cravat. (F. — Slavonic.) E. cravate slaae i bras, to break in shivers. ,

(1) a Croatian, (2) a cravat. Cravats Creak. (E.) M.E.heken. Allied to

were introduced into France in 1636, as crake , crack. Cf. Du. brick a cricket.

1
 , , ; , , , , , , , ,

CREAM CRIB
M. F. criquer to creak, allied to craquer ,
,
of European blood. (F.— Span. — L.) F.
to crack. Of imitative origin. criole. — Span, criollo a negro corruption
Cream. (F.~ L. Gk.) O. F .cresme — of *criadillo, dimin. of criado one edu- ,

(F. crime) really the same word as O. F. cated, instructed, or brought up; hence, a
cresme (F. direme), chrism (though con- child of European blood. Criado is pp.
fused with L. cremor, thick juice). Late — of criare to cieate, also, to educate. — L.
,

L. chrisma, consecrated oil. — Gk. credre to create, make.

,
Cf. Span,
an unguent; see Chrism. criadilla dimin. of criada a servant-maid. ,

Crease (i), a wi inkle, as in folding Creosote, a liquid distilled from tar.

paper, &c. (F.~ L.) Earliest spelling (Gk.) Lit. 4 flesh- preserver/ — Gk. apto -,
creast a ridge (later, a furrow). Variant for repeat, flesh and cut-, short for oatT-rfp,
;

of crest lidge (as of a roof). Cf. Walloon

,
preserver, from owfav, to preserve. (111
-

cress, a crest, ridge of a roof, kretle formed.)

wrinkled (Kemacle) ; Prov. crest, creis, a Crescent. (L.) The ‘increasing’
ridge; and piov. E. create, a ridge-tile of moon. — L. nascent-, stem of pres. pt. of
a roof. (Atheit. Sept. 18, 1897.) crescere , to grow, increase (pp. cre-tus),
Crease (2), Creese, a dagger. (Ma- inchoative form allied to ere are, to
lay.) Malay kris, *
a dagger, kris, or make see Create, ;

creese;’ Marsden. Cress. (E.) M. K. cres, also kerse (by

Create. (L.) From pp. of L. credre ,
shifting of r). A. S. ccerse, terse, cresses.
to make.+Skt. }Z y, to make. Der. a eat- + Du. kers, M. Du. and Low G. kerse, G.
we, O. F. creature, L. credit tira. And see kresse, O. H. G. cressa.
Crescent. Ihugm. i. § 641. L.) M.E. cresset
Cresset. i
%
F. — ,

Creed. (L.) M.E. crede\ A. S. creda. a light in a cup at the top of a pole.—
— L. credo, I believe: the first word of O. F. cresset aaisset, a ciesset (with ,

the creed. Irish cretim I believe; grease in an iron cup . —

+0 . b\ craisse ( F. O
Skt. ft ad-da Jhdmi, 1 believe. Der. cred- graisse), gicasc; Little. — Folk-L *crassia,
nice (O. F. credence, L. addenda ) ; t red- giease, from L. a assies, thick, dense. So
idle; credit (L. pp. credit us ) ; acidulous also \Yalloon crac/nf, a cresset, from
j

(L. credulits\ & c. llrugm i. § 5^9. cracJie , grease.

Creek. (E. ?) M. I ., creke. a creek. -f* Crest. (F. — L.) O. F. creste (F.
1

Du. kreek, M. Du. krekc\ cf. I cel. knki, a trite.) — I,, crista, a comb 01 tuft on a
crack, nook (whence F. ctiq’ie). The biid’s head, crest,
orig. sense is ‘a bend,’ as in Swed. dial. Cretaceous, chalky. (L.) L. cre-
armkrik, bend of the arm ; krik, an angle, tdee-us adj. from a eta, chalk with suffix , ;

nook. :
•
ous .

Creel, an angler’s osier basket. (F.~ 1 Crevice, Crevasse. (F. — L.) M.E.
L.) O. K. crcil, wicker-work ^Ducange, j
O. F. crevasse,
crevice, crerase, crevasse.—
s.v. cleia). — L. type *criiticnlum foi a rift (Late L. erepdtia). — 0. F. crever, to
s

crdticula wicker-work, double dimin. of burst asunder. — L. crepdre to ciackle,

crates, a hurdle. See Crate and Grill. burst.
Creep. (E.) M.E. crepen\ A. S. Crew. (F. — L.) Formerly a tie, short
crccpan.+T)u. kru/peu,Jcel krjftpa, Swed. for accrue, a re- in for cement. — O. F. ac~
krypa Dan. ktybe, to crawl. Teut. type creue increase
,
orig. fern, of pp. of ac-
, ;

*krenpan-, str. vb. croistre, to increase. — L. accrtscere to

Creese ; see Crease (2). grow to. — L. ac- (for ad), to; aescere to
Cremation, burning. (L.) L. cremd- grow.
tidnem, acc of ere mat io ; from pp. of ere- Crewel, a thin worsted yam. Origin
tndre, to burn. unknown.
Crenate, notched. (L.) From Late Crib, a manger.
A. S. crib.+ (E.)
L. crena, M. Ital. crena, a notch. O. Sax. G. krippe
kribbia, Du. krib, ;

Crenellate. (LateL. — F. — L.) From allied to Icei. Swed. krubba Dan. kryobe. ,

pp. of Late L. crencllare, to furnish with Allied perhaps to M.H.G.ybvfo, a basket;

battlements. — O. F. crenel, a battlement ;
but not to Du. korf, G. korb, if these are
dimin. of O. F. cren, F. cran a notch, from L. corbis Der. crib verb, to put by
.
,

from Late L. crena (above). in a crib, purloin ; cribb-age, where crib is

Creole, one born in the W. Indies, but the secret store of cards
119
 - ; y ;

CRICK CROP
Crick, a spasm or twist in the neck, line. F. crin (L. acc. ertnem ), hair —
(E.) M. E. crykke also used in the sense and lin, flax, hence thread, from L. linum
; y

of wrench. Prob. allied to Crinkle. flax, also, a thread.

Cricket ( an insect. (F. — Teut.)

0 , Cripple. (E.) M. E. crepe l, crupel ;
M. E. criket. — O. F. crequet criquet, O. Northumb. crypely Luke v. 24. Lit.
,

cricket. — O. F. criquer to creak, rattle, ‘a creeper.’ — A. S. crup- y weak grade of

,

chirp. — Du. kriek , a cricket krikkrakken, creopan (pt.t. creap) y to creep; with suffix
;

to rattle. From the imitative basekrik; -cl ( for -Ho-) of the agent. -f- Du. kreupely
cf. prov. E. cracket , creaker a cricket. Icel. kryppilly G. kruppel. Cf. Dan. krob-
,

Hexham has M. Du. kricken , to creake.* ling (from krybe, to creep). See Creep.
4

Cricket (2), a game. (F.-Du.) The Crisis ; see Critic.

game was once played with a hooked Crisp, wrinkled, curled. (L.) A.S.
stick (Cot., s. v. crosse).— O. F. criquet crisp. — L. crispus, curled. Brugm. i. § 565.
,

Critic. (L. — Gk.) L. criticus. — Gk.

*
4
baton servant de but au jeu de boule ;

Godefroy. — M. Du. kriek, kricke a crutch; KpniKoSy able to discern

,
cf. /cpirrjs a ; y

•Hexham. Cf. A. S. criccy crycc, a crutch, judge. — Gk. Kpi-vciv, to judge. Der. crit-
staff. erion Gk. npnrjpioVy a test ; dia-criticy y

Crime. (F. — L.) F. crime* — L. cri- from Gk. dtatcpiriKoSy fit for distinguishing
men , an accusation, fault (stem c rim in-) between. ;

allied to cernere, to decide. Gk. kpi pay +

Crisis. (Gk.) Gk. /cpiais, a discerning,
ftptfjta
, a decision Kpivuv, to judge. Der. a crisis. — Gk. Kp[-vtiv to judge.
; y

crimin-al, crimin-ate ; hence, recriminate Croak. (E.) Cf. A. S. creecetungy a

Crimp, to wrinkle. (E.) In late use croaking. Of imitative origin. Allied to
answering to an A.S. *crempan E. Fries. crake y creak. y

krempen causal deriv. of Cramp. The

, Crochet. (F. — Late L.) F. crochet a ,

orig. str. vb. occurs as K. Fries, and Du. little hook ; dimin. of croc , a crook. — Late
krimpen O. H.G. krimfan\ Teut. type L. croccuniy acc. of croccus a hook.
y y

*krempan ( krimpan), to draw oneself Crock, a pitcher. (C.) A.S. crocca.

together, shrink up pt. t. *kramp pp. Of Celtic oiigin. Cf. E. Irish crocan Gael.
; , y

*krumpa7io -. See Cramp and Crumple. crog, Irish crogan W. crochan a pitcher, y y

Crimson. (F. - Arab. - Skt.) M. E. pot.-f-Gk. tcpact 06s (for Kpco/cy6s) a pitcher. y

cremosin. — O. F. cramoisin cramoisyne So also Du. kriiik y Icel. krukka Swed.

, y

(see cramoisi in Littre) ; Low L. crame- kruka Dan. krukke y G. krug. ,

sinus , also carmesinus crimson (Span. , Crocodile. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. croco-

carmesiy Ital. c hermisi). — Arab. qirmiziy dile.— L. crocodllus .— Gk. Kpoicodei\os, a
crimson ;
from qirmiz the cochineal in- lizard, a crocodile.
y

sect.— Skt. krmi\s) a worm. y

Brugm. i. CroCXLS. (L. — Gk.) L. crocus. — Gk.
§ 418. KpuKos, crocus, saffron. Perhaps Semitic ;
Cringe. (E.) M. E. crengen causal cf. Arab. karkarn y Heb. karkbm saffron.
; y

derivative of A. S. cringan crincan to Croft;.

y
(E.) A. S. crofty a tield.+Du.
,

sink in battle, fall beneath the foe. krocht y krofty a field on the downs.
Crincan is a strong verb; see Crank, Cromlech. (W.) W. cromlechy a flag-
Crinkle. stone laid across others. — W. croniy fern,
Cringle, an iron ring. (Low G.) of crwm y crooked, bent ; llech y flat stone.
Low G. kringel, a ring (Liibben^; E. Fries. Crone, an old woman. (F. — L.) Tusser
kringel ; allied to Icel. kringla, a circle has crone an old ewe. Prob. from Picard
(cf.kringar, pi., the pullics of a drag-net). carone carrion
,
whence M. Du. karonie,
;

Dimin. of E. Fries. krittg a ring, Du. y

kroniey an old sheep. See Carrion.
kring, a circle ; allied to Crinkle, Crank Crony, an old chum. (Gk.?) Pepys
(1), and Cringe. has chrony (N. E. D.). Perhaps for Gk.
Crinkle. (E.) M. E. crinkled crended,
,
4
Xpovtos, a long-lasting’ friend as it arose ;

twisted. A form of the causal

frequent, in college slang (Skinner). Butler rimes
deriv. of crink which occurs in the A. S.
y
cronies with monies .

str. vb. crincan to sink in a heap; see

y Crook, a hook, bend. (Scand.) M. E.
Cringe. crok (Ancren Riwle). — Icel. krokr% $wed.
Crinoline, a lady’s stiff skirt. (F.~ krok Dan. krogy hook, bend, angle.
y

L.) Y.crinolincy (1) hair-cloth, (2) crino- Crop. (E.) A. S. croppy the top of a
120
 , , , , , , , 1 , , , +
, , , , , ,

CROUP CRUMPET
lant, the craw of a bird ; orig. a bunch. Crow (2), a bird. A.S. erdwe
(E.)

f Hence the verb to crop, to cut off the (see above). 0 . Du. kraai, G.
S. krdia,
tops ; and hence crop a harvest. ]+Du. krahe. Der. crow-bar, bar with a crow-
krop G. kropf bird’s crop ; Icel. kroppr,
, \
like beak.
a hunch ; Swed. kropp , Dan. krop trunk Crowd (1), to push, throng. (E.) A. S.
of the body. Cf. W. cropa , Gael, and Ir. *crudan (pr. s. cryde} pt. t. cread), to ,

sgroban bird’s crop. [To crop out is to push whence croda, gecrod
;
crowd,
bunch out.] throng. +
M. Du. kruyden kruyen, Du. ,

Croup hinder part of a horse.

(2), (F. kruien to push along E. Fries, kroden ;

— Teut.) F. croupe, crupper; orig. pro- kriiden. Teut. type *krudan str. vb.
tuberance. — Icel. kroppr, a hunch (above). Crowd (2), a fiddle. (W.) M. E.
Crupper. (F. — Teut.) F. croupttre croude. — W. cnvth, a trunk, belly, crowd,
(O. F. cropiere). — Y croupe (O. F. crope .
}
violin, fiddle Gael, emit, harp ; O. Irish
;

above). crot, harp.

Croquet, a game. (F.— Late L.) From Crown. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. corone,
N. French croquet a little hook, bent coroune (whence crounc).— O. Y. corone
stick ; the same as F. crochet. See (F. couronne). — L. corona, a wreath. — Gk.
Crochet. Kopwvrj, end, tip; tcopwvis, a wreath, gar-
Crosier. (F. — Late L.) M. E crocer, land.— Gk. Kopojvos, bent, curved. Cf.
.

croser, Formed, with suffix -er, from Gk. Kvpros, L. ettruus, bent.
&c.
M. E. croce, in the same sense of bishop’s Crucial, (F. — L.) F. crucial, cross-
‘ ‘

staff.* — O. F. croce a crosier,’ Cot. mod. like ;’ Cot. — L. cruet-, decl. stem of crux,
,
1
;

F. crosse; Late L. crocia. — O. F. croc, a a cross with suffix -dlis. ;

hook see Crochet. ^ Not from cross

; crucify. (F.—L.) O.Y. cruci/ier.—
though early confused with M. K. croisier Late L. *crucificare, for L. crttciflgere
a coinage from O. F. crois, a cross. (pp. crucifixus ), to fix on a cross. — L.
Cross. (L.) M. E. cros; from Icel. cruci, dative of crux ftgere to fix ; see ;

kross, adopted from O. Irish cros. — L. Fix. Der. crucifix, -ion.

c rue -cm acc. of crux, a cross.
,
Der. Crucible. (L.) From Late L. cruci-
a-crosr. bolum, (1) a night-lamp, (2) a vessel for
Cross, Orig. transverse,
adj. (L.) melting metals. The lamp may have
from the shape of a cross; hence, peevish. been so named from having four nozzles
Crotchet, in music. (F.— Late L.) with wicks, forming a cross (still a com-
F. crochet ‘a small hook, a quaver in mon Ital. pattern); as if from cruci-, decl.
music ; ’
Cot. (The hooked mark now stem of crux a cross ; with suffix -bolum
called a quaver was called crochet in — -btilum, as in turibulum, a censer.
French.) See Crochet. Crude. (L.) L. crudus, raw. Allied
Croton, plant. (Gk.) Gk. Kpiruv, a to Raw.
tick, which the castor-berry resembles. cruel. (F. - L.) O. F. cruel. — I,.

Crouch. (F. LateL.) M. E. crou- — crudelis cruel ;

allied to crudus raw
chen, to stoop, bend. — O. F. crochir ,
(above ).
to grow crooked (Godefroy). — O. F. Cruet. (F.— Teut.) A. F. cruet, a
croche, a crook ; also croc. — Late L. croc- small vessel (Godefroy) ; dimin. of O. F.
cum, acc. of croccus, a hook. cruie, crue pot. — Low L. cruga, a pitcher.
Croup ( 1 ), a disease. (E.") From Low- — O. H. G. kruog G. krug, a pitcher;
land Sc. croupe crope, to croak, make a
, allied to Crock.
harsh noise. Of imitative origin; asso- Cruise. (Du. — L.) Dll. kruisen , to
ciated with crow, croak, and with North cruise, cross the sea. — Du. kruis, a cross.
E. roup rope, to call, shout hoarsely, from
,
— L. acc. cruc-em, from crux, a cross;
Icel. hrdpa, weak vb., to cry out. Cf. A. S. with lengthening of ii.
hrdpan (pt. t. hreop), to cry out ; G. rufen Crumb. (E.) Prov. E. croom. A. S.
(pt. t. rief). crurna. (The final b is excrescent.) +Dn.
Croup (2), of a horse see Crop. ;
kruim, Dan. krumme, G. krume a ,

Crow (1), vb. (E.) A. S. crawan (pt. t. crumb. Cf. Ital. grumo, a clot. Der.
creow), to crow.+Du. kraaijen, G. kraheti ,
crumb-le , verb ; cf. Du. kruimelen, G.
weak verbs ; and cf. O. Slav, grajati Lith. kriimeln, to crumble.
groti, to crow. Of imitative origin, Crumpet, a kind of cake. (E.) Wyclif
12
 ; .

CRUMPLE CUFF
has crompid cake to render Lat. laga- Shetl. cooby to bring forth young, applied
nuni (Ex. xxix. 23); cf. prov. E. cmmpy only to a seal ; Icel. kobbi, kbpr a young ,

cake y crisp cake. For crump-ed, pp. of seal.

M. E. crumpen, to curl up (whence E. Cube. (F.—L. — Gk.) F. cube, mm L.
crumple ). Cf. G. kriimpen, krumptn to acc. cubum . — Gk. hv^os, a cube, die. y

crumple, curl up krumm , curved ; Du. Cubeb, a spicy berry. (F.— Span.—
;

krommen to crook, curve. See below.

,
Arab.) F. cubcbe, in Cotgrave. — Span.
Crumple, vb. (E.) Frequentative of cubeba — Arab. kabdba{t ), pi. kabdbah, .

obs. crump y to curl up. From crump -, cubeb, an aromatic.

weak grade of A. S. *crimpati, str. vb. Cubit. (L.) L. cubitus, an elbow,
seeCramp and Crimp. bend the length from the elbow to the
;

Crunch. (E.) An imitative word. middle finger’s end. Allied to L. cubdre ,

Cf. prov. E. crinch , crane k, to crunch. to lie down, recline see Covey. ;

Crupper ;
see Crop. Cuckold. (F. ; G. suffix.) M.E.
Crural. (L.) L. crurdlis, belonging kokewold, kokewcldy cokold. — O. F.
to the leg. — L. crur- y stem of cries , the 0////, coucual (Godefroy), a cuckold. —
'leg. O. F. (F. co it coii^y a cuckoo ; with
Crusade. (F. <7;^/ Span.— L.) The depreciatory suffix -ault, - at from G. ,

form is due to confusion of F. croisade -zt'tf/af (Diez, Gram. ii. 346). Cf. O. F.
with Span, cruzada. — Late L. c rueiata cucu (F. coucou\ a cuckoo; secondly, a ,

sb. fern., a marking with the cross, pp. f. man whose wife is unfaithful. (There are
of crucidre, to cross. — L. cruci decl. endless allusions to the comparison be-
stem of crux, a cross. tween a cuckoo and a cuckold see Shak. ;

Cruse, a small pot. (E.) M. E. cruse. L. L. L. v. 2. 920, &c.)

W. Fries, kross, K. Fries, krds. -f- let 1 Cuckoo. (F.) F. coucou; from the
krus y a pot; Swed. krtts, Dan. kruus a bird’s cry. Cf. L. cucuhiSy a cuckoo Gk. , ;

inug Du. kroes cup, pot, crucible; kokkv£, a cuckoo kohicv, its cry
; ,
Skt. ; ;

M. H. G. kriise G. krause mug. ,

kokila-y a cuckoo; Irish c teach , VV. cog.
,

Crush. (F. —Teut.) O. F. crusir, Cf. cocky coikatoo. And see Coo.
cruisir, croissir to crack, break (Span., ;
Cucumber. L.) The bh excrescent;
cruxir Ital. crosciare).
,
From a Teut. M. E. cuciwier. — ij. cucumcrem f
acc. of
type Hrausfjan - (see Die/), causal form cucumisy a cucumber.
from Goth, kriustan, to gnash with the Cud. (E.) M
K. aide, code quide ,

teeth. A. S. cwidiiy cweodu cudu. Ttut. type ,

Crust. L.) (F. —

O. F. crouste (F. * kwedzvottiy neut. Cf. Skt. jatu-y resin;
crotile). — L.
crusta , crust of bread. Cf. also kiudda, resin.
Icel. Orig. sense,
Gk. ecpvos, frost see Crystal. Der.;
'glutinous substance.’
crust-y , hard like a ciust, stubborn, Cuddle. (E ) Perhaps for * couth le to ,

harshly curt (of people). be familiar, to fondle; from couth adj. ,

Crutch. (E.) M. E. crucche ; from familiar, well known; A. 8. d/dy known,

A. S. crycc a crutch, staff.
, I )u. krttk, + pp. of cunnariy to know. See Can(i). Cf,
Svved. krycka , Dan. krykke, G. knicke. prov. E. couth loving cootie, to fondle.
, ;

Cry. (F. L.) M. E. crien. — Y. crier.

— Cudgel. (K.) M. E. hugged. A. 8.
(Fuller forms occur in Ital. gridare Span. ,
cycgel in Gregory’s Pastoral Caie, ed.
;

gritar , quiritdre, to
Poit. griiar.) — L. Sweet, p. 297. Cf. Cog.
shriek, cry, lament (Bracket ) ; lit. * to Cudweed. (E.) From cud and weed ;

implore the aid of the Quirites or Roman

*
‘the plant being administered to cattle
citizens (Varro). that had lost their cud.’ So also cud-
Crypt. (L. — Gk.) L. crypta.— GV. wort.
Kpvnrrjy a vault, hidden cave ; orig, fem. Cue, for an actor. (L. ?) Sometimes
of tcpvirras, hidden. — Gk. HpvnTtiv, to hide. written or qu in the 16th cent., and
q
Crystal. (F. - L. - Gk.) Formerly supposed to be for L. qiiandOy when.
cristal, — O. F. cristal. — L. crystallum , Cuff (1), to strike. (Scand. ?) Cf.
crystal. — Gk. KpvarakXos, ice, crystal.— Swed. kiiffa, to thrust, push, M. Svved.
Gk. KpvGTaivtiv, to freeze. — Gk. kttffa to strike, to cuff (Ihre).
frost. Cun (2), part of the sleeve. (I,.?)
Cub. (E.?) Etym. unknown. Cf. M. E. cuffey coffe. Cf. Late A. S. eujffie, a
 , , , e , ; 1 , , , , , ,

CUIRASS CUPREOUS
kind of cap (Leo') ; M. H. G. kupfe , Culver. A.S. culfre, a dove.
(E.)
kuppe kuffe a coif; see Coif.
,
[Very Culverin. (F.-L.) Corrupt form,
doubtful. J for *cidevrin. — F. coulevrine a culverin; ,

Cuirass. (F.-Ital.-L.) Formerly a piece of ordnance named from its long

curace. — O. F. cut race (F. citirasse). — Ital. shape, like a snake. — O. F. cculeuvrin ,

corazza, a cuirass. Formed from L. adder-like; from couleuvre an adder.

1
L. —
coridceus leathern. — L. corium ,
leather colubra coluber, an adder.
,

(whence F. cuir, leather). Culvert, an arched drain. (F. L.) —

Cuisses, pi. — L.) O. F. cuissaux
(F. ,
Of doubtful origin perhaps formed, with
;

armour for the thighs. — F. cuisse, thigh. — added t, from O. F. cotilouere ‘ a channel, ,

L. coxa, hip. Brugm. i. § 609. gutter/ Cot. — F. colder , to trickle L. —

Culdee. (C.) Irish ceilede , a Culdee, a coldre, to strain, drain. Compare Port-
servant of God. — Ir. ceile (O. Irish cele), cullis and Cullis.
servant; and dc, gen. of din, God. Cumber. (F. - Late L.) M. E. com-
Culinary. (L.) L. cult nanus , be- bren.— Q. F. combrer, to hinder (rare);
longing to the kitchen. — L. culm a, usual form en-combrer. — Late L. cumbrus
kitchen. a heap, a barrier of doubtful origin.
;

Cull, to collect, select. (F. — L.) M. E. [Cf. L. cumulus , a heap; but also G.
adlen. — Q. F. coillir cuillir, to collect.— ,
kummer grief, oppiession, prov. G. kum-
,

L. colligere to collect. See Coil (1) and mer, mbbish. Thus cumber ** to put a
Collect. heap in the way.] Her. en-cumber, from
Cullender; see Colander. O. F. encombrer, to encumber, load.
Cullion, a wretch. (F. — L.) A coarse Cumin, Cummin,
a plant. (L.-
word. F. cotiillon (Ital. coglione). —L Gk. — 1 eb. ) M
L. comin.. A S. cumin, .

coleus . cymcn. — L. cumtnum Matt, xxiii. 23.—

Cullis, a strong broth, boiled and Gk. KVfuvov. — Ileb. kammon, cumin.
strained. (F. — L.) Formerly colys, coleys. Cumulate. (L.) From pp. of L.
— O. F. coins cotilis
,
‘
a
coulets, later ,
annulare, to heap up. — L. cumulus, a
cullis,’ Cot. use of colas,
;
substantival heap.
later coulis 'gliding/ Cot. — L. type *<*<?/£- Cuneate, wedge-shaped. (L.) Formed,
ticius ;
from 1 blare, to strain. Cf. Port- with from L. cune-us, a wedge.
suffix -ate,
cullis. Allied to Coin. Der. cuneiform i. e. ;

Culm, a stem. L. culm us, a

(L.) wedge-shaped.
stalk ;
allied to calamus, a stalk. Sec Cunning, adj. (E.) Orig. pres. pt. of
Haulm. M. E. cunncn to know; hence, 'knowing/ ,

Culminate. (L.) From pp. of L. From A. S. attman, to know see Can (1 ;

.

culmindre to come to a top. — L. culmin-,

, Cunning, sb. (E.) M. E. cunnittge.
stem of at lmen ( columen ), a top. See Fiom A. S. cunnan to know. Perhaps
--

Column. suggested by Icel. kunnandi knowledge , ;

Culpable. (F.-L.) M. K. coupable. from Icel. kunna to know.

O. F. culpable colpabl coupable (F.
,
Cup. (L. A. S. cuppe a cup. — Late L.
,
\

able'). L. culpabilis blameworthy. — L. cuppa, variant of L. ciipa, a tub, in Late

— ,

adpdre, to blame. — L. culpa, a fault. L., a drinking-vessel; whence also Du.

Culprit. (F. — L.) In Dryden. Not Dan. hop. F. coupe &c. See Coop. ,

orig. a single word, but due to a fusion of cupboard. (L. and E.) M. E. cup-
A.F. cul- (for culpable , i. e. guilty) and horde, orig. a side-board for holding cups ;
prist or prest (i. e. ready to prove it) Allit. Poems, B. 1440; Morte Arth.
signifying that the clerk of the crown was 206.
ready to prove the indictment (N. E. D.). Cupid, god of love. (L.) L. cupido,
Culter ; see Coultor. desire. — L. cupe/e, to desire. Skt. kup, +
Cultivate. (L.) Late L. add vat us, to become excited. Der. cupid-i-ty, F.
pp. of cult mire, to till. — Late L. cultfvus, cupidite, from L. acc. cupiditdtem.
lit for tilling. — L. cultus pp. of colere to Cupola. (Ital. — L. ) Ital. cupola, a
,

till. Brugm. i. § 121. dome; from its shape. — L. cupula, a small

culture. (F.-L.) F. culture. — L. cask, a little vault ; dimin. of L. cupa, a
cult lira, allied to cult -us, pp. of colere cask. ,

to till. Cupreous, coppery. (L.) L. cupreous,

125
 , , , , , , ;
, , , , , ,

CUR CURTAIL
of copper; with suffix -ous.— L. cuprum forced spelling, giving a wrong clue. In
copper. we find cormtdlion with the same
1596,
Cur. (E.) M. E. kur-dogge (ab. 1225). sense. The first syllable seems to be cur,
+M. Du. korre, a house-dog; cf. Swed. a whelp and we find Lowl. Sc. murgeon
; ,

a dog. Named from growling.

dial. kttrre, to mock, to grumble tnudgeon , a grimace.
;

Cf. prov. E. curr, to purr Low G. ; Currant. (F.-L. — Gk.) Formeily

kurren , to snarl (Liibben) ; Icel. hurra, raysyns ofcoraunt. — F. raisins de Corintlie,
*
to murmur, grumble; Swed. kurra to *
currants ; Cot. Hence, currant is a cor-
rumble. ruption of Corinth (L. Corinthus, Gk.
Curate ; see Cure. K opivQos).
Curb. (F. — L.) M. E. courben, to Current, running, flowing. (F.-L.)
bend. — F. courier, to bend, bow. — L. M. E. currant, O. F. curant, pres. pt. of
curttdre, to bend ; from cunuis bent. ,
curre, corre (F. coitrir), to run. — L. cur-
Curd. (E.) M. E. curd crud.
, Prob. rere, to run. Prob. for *cursere. Brugm.
from A. S. crud-, related to criidan , i. §§ 499, 516. Perhaps allied to Horse.
.to crowd, press together. Cf. Ir. gruth Curricle. (L.) L. curriculum a ,

Gael, gruth, curds. (Fick, ii. 119.) running; also, a light car. — L. currere
Cure. (F.-L. ) O. F. cure. L. cura, — to run.
attention (prim. Ital. *koizd). Brugm. i. Curry (1), to dress leather. (F. — L.
§ 874. ^[f
Not allied to care. and Teut.) O. F. cotreier (Godefroy),
Curate. (L.) Med. L. curdtus, a earlier forms conreder, conreer later con*
priest, curate ; cf. curat wn beneficium ,
royer, courroier, to curry, dress leather,
a benefice with cure of souls. — L. cura, orig. to prepare. — O. F. conrei, older form
cure. cunreid, preparation.
gear, hybrid A
CUrioUS. (F. L.) O. F. curios. — L. — word; made by prefixing con- ( = L .con,
ciiriosus, attentive. L. cura attention. — cum) to O. F. rei, order (Ital. -redo in
Curfew. (F.-L) A. F. coeverfu ,
arredo, array). (
3 . This O. F. rei is of

covrefeu, curfeu \ O. F. covrcfeu (F. couvre- Scand. origin ; from Dan. rede order (also
feu ), a fire-cover, coveiing of fires, time to set in order), Icel. reidi, tackle. Pre-
for putting out fires. — O. F. covrir, to cisely the same O. F. rei helps to form E.
cover; feu fire (<I ..foctttn, acc. oifocus, ar-ray\ see Array, To curiy favour %
hearth, fire) see Cover and Focus.
;
is a corruption of M. E. to curry favel , to

Curious ;
see Cure. rub down a horse ; Favel was a common
Curl, sb. (E.) M. E. end (with shift- old name for a horse.
ing of r ) from M. E. end, adj., curly
;
Curry (2), a seasoned dish. (Tamil.)
(a. D. 1 300 \ Not in A. S. E. Fries. From Tamil kari, sauce, relish for rice
krulla, krull, krid a curl. Du. krul, a + (Yule).
curl, krullen, to curl ; Dan. krolle, a curl, Curse. (E.) A. S. cursian, verb curs , ;

Swed. krullig, curly G. krolle a curl, ; ,

sb.,an imprecation. Cf. O. Ir. cursaigim ,
M. H. G. kriille. Cf. Nonv. krull a curl, ,
*
I reprehend * (Windisch). Der. ac- cursed,

something rolled together ; krulla, to curl, from M. E. acorsien to curse extremely, ,

bend or bow together. Allied to E. Fries. where the prefix a- — A. S. d-, very ; see
krillen to bend, turn, wind
, Low G. ;
A- (4).
krellen , to turn; N. Fries, krall, close- Cursive. (L.) Med. L. cursfvus, flow-
twisted ; suggesting Teut. base *krellan-, ing said of handwriting. — L. ettrs-us pp.
;

to wind, str. vb. (Franck, Koolman). of currere, to run. See Current.

Curlew, a bird. (F.) M. F. cor lieu, cursory. (L.) Late L. cursorius,
‘acurlue;* Cot. Cf. Ital. chiurlo, a cur- hasty. —
L. cursori decl. stem of cursor,
lew, chiurlare to howl, Swed. kurla, to a runner. —
L. curs-us (above).
coo ; so that it is named from its cry. Curt. (L.) L. curtus, short, cut short,
Curmudgeon. (E.?) Origin unknown. —
curtail. (F. L.) It has nothing to
In one instance spelt corn-mudgin (Phil. do with tail, but is an alteration of the
Holland), as if a hoarder of com, hence, older form curtal, verb, to dock ;
from the
a stingy fellow; where mudgin is for adj. curtal, having a docked tail (All's
mudging, pres. pt. of mudge to hoard, Well, ii. 3. 65). — O. F. courtault, later
4
also spelt mooch (M. E. muckett), to skulk courtaut, curtail, being curtailed ;
' Cot.
from O. F. tnucer, to hide. But this is a The same as Ital. cortaldo,
4
a curtail, a
 ’ ! ;;

CURTAIN CYGNET
horse without a taile,* Florio. Formed, From a L. type *costumne, for *cos-
with suffix - atilt ( *= Ital. - aldo
,
Low L. tudne shortened form of emsuetudinem ,
,

-aldus, < G.
wald, power), from O. F. acc. of consuetudo, custom. — L. consuetus,
court, short. — L. curtus , short. pp. of consuescere , to accustom, inchoative
Curtain. (F.-L.) M. E. cortin — . form of *consuere to be accustomed. — L.
,

0. F. cortine. — Late L. corttna , a curtain row- {cum), together, very ; suescere (pp.
(Exod. xxvi. i, Vulgate), a screen, plain suetus^, to be accustomed possibly from ;

wall of a fort, orig. a small yard. — L. situs own; so that suescere — tv have it
,

cdrt-em acc. of cors, a court. See Court.

, one’s own way.
Curtleaxe. (F. — L.) A perversion Cut. (Scand.) M. E. cutten , a weak
of cuttleax ,
which was a perversion of verb. Of Scand. origin, but the traces of
cuttelas, an old spelling of cutlass . See it are not many. Cf. Mid. Swed. kotta ,
Cutlass. to cut (Ihre); Swed. dial, ktita , kdta,
Curtsey. (F. — L.) The same word as to cut small with a knife, also spelt
courtesy ,
i. e. a courtly act. kvbta, hota, kdta hita, or kytti, a knife
;

Curve, a bent line. (L.) Late L. Rietz) ; I cel. kuti, a little knife; Norw.
citrous, L. curuus bent. Gk. tcvpros, , + kyttel kytel, kjutul a knife for barking ,

bent. Per.
curv-ature 1 curudtura , ,
trees.
from pp. of curudre, to bend from Cuticle. (L.) L. cuticula; double ,

curuus . dimin. of cutis , hide, skin. See Hide.

curvet. (Ital. — L.) Ital. corvetta a Der. cut-an-e-ous, from cut-is. ,

curvet, leap, bound; dimin. from M. Ital. Cutlass. (F.-L.) F. coutelas , 4 a cut -
corv-o (Ital. curvo), bent. — L. curuus telas, or courtelas, or short sword * Cot. ;

(above). (Cf. Ital. coltellaccio, ‘ a curtleax,’ Florio

Cushat, the ring-dove. (E.) A. S. r/7 - which is the same word.) — O. F. coutel, j

a wild pigeon; also cuscotc. Here cultel (F. couteau ), a knife; cf. Ital. col -
jrrt?/* probably means ‘shooter, darter, tello, knife with acc. suffix - deeum — L. ; .

from sceotan , to shoot (cf. A. S. sceota, a acc. cultcllum, a knife ; dimin. of culter , a
kind of trout) ; and perhaps cu refers to coulter. The F. -as, Ital. -accio = L.
the 4 coo of the bird. Cf. Lowl. Sc. cow-
*
deeum but F. coutelas was actually -
;

shot, a cushat. turned into E. curtleaxe Yet a curtle- .

Cushion. (F.-L.) M.E. quisshin axe was a sort of sword ,

cusshin. — O. F. coissin coussin a cushion. cutler. (F. — L.)

, , M.E. cottier. —
[It is supposed that O. F. coissin was the O. F. cotelicr. — Late L. cultellarius, knife*
true form, altered to coussin (perhaps) by maker. — L. cultellus, a knife above).
1.

the influence of O. F. coute, a quilt.]— L. Cutlet. (F. — L.) F. cdtelette, a cutlet

type *coxinum a support for the hip, formerly costelette, a little rib; dimin. of
,

from coxa, hip, thigh (like L. cubital O. F. costs, rib. — L. costa , a rib; see ,

elbow-cushion, from cubitus , elbow). Cf. Coast.

Ital. cuscino cushion, coscia, hip; Span.
, Cuttle, a fish. (E.) Formerly cudele .

cushion, f w/Vi, hip. {Romania, 1892, A. S. cudele a cuttle-fish. Cf. G. kuttel- ,

p. 87.) fisch (perhaps from E.).

Cusp. (L.) L. cuspis, a point. Cycle. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. cycle.- L. |

Custard. (F.-ltal.-L.) For M.E. cyclum acc. of cyclus — Gk. kvkXos, a circle, ,
.

crustade by shifting of
,
Formerly cycle. Skt. chakra a wheel, circle. +
crustade and orig. used with the Allied to Wheel.
,
Der. cyclone - Gk.
sense of ‘pasty.’ — F. croustade , a pasty. kvkXuv, whirling round, pres. pt. of
— Ital. crostata, a kinde of daintie pye ‘ I whirl round epi- cycle ; bi-cycle ;
’

; .

Florio. — L. cmstdta , fem. pp. of crustare, Cygnet, a young swan. (F.-L. - Gk.)
to encrust. — L. crusta a crust. Dimin. of O. F. eigne , a swan. Strangely
,

Custody. (L.) L. custddia a keeping enough, this O. F. word is ,

immedi-
—
guard. L. custody')-, stem of custos, ately from L. eyenus , a swan ; but the
a guardian lit. hider.’ Cf. Gk. K€u'0€iv, oldest O. F. spelling was cisne (as in
;
4

to hide. See Hide. (<^KEUDH.) Rrugm. Spanish), from Late L. cicinus , a swan,
variant of eyenus. — Gk. kvkvos, a swan.
J 699.
Custom. (F. — L.) M.E. custume .— Cf L. ciconia a stork. See Diez ; 4th ed. ,

O. F. eustume, costume (F. coutume). p. 714.

I2 5
 , , , e

CYLINDER DAGGER
Cylinder. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F . cil- Cf. M.Du. dabben to pinch, fumble,
indre later cylindrc — L. cylindrus — Gk.
,
. . dabble; G. tappen, to grope, prov. G.
Kv\tvSpos, a roller, cylinder. — Gk. v vXivheiv, tappe fist, blow.
, See Dub, Tap.
to roll; from kv\Uiv, to roll. Cf. O. Slav. dabble* (E.) To keep on dabbing;
koto, a wheel. (-^QEL.) frequent, of dab. M. Du. dabbelen to + ,

Cymbal. (F. — L.— Gk.) M.E .cimbale. fumble, dabble frequent, of M.Du. dabben ;

— O. F. cimbah?. — L. cymbalurn. — Gk. (above).

KvpQakoVy a cymbal named from its cup- ; Dab (2), expert. (E.?) Prob. from
like shape. — Gk. /cvp&rj, a cup. Skt. + dab (1) ;
perhaps influenced by dapper or
kumbha a jar. Allied to Cup and sec ;
by adept.
Comb (2 \ (VKFUBH.) Dab (3), a fish. (E.) M. E. dabbe.
Cynic, lit. dog-like. (L. — Gk.) L. cyni- Prob. allied to dab , a light blow, a soft
cus.— Gk. Kvvucos, dog-like, a Cynic. — Gk. mass dabbed down. See Dab (1) ,
dabble.
Kw-, as in /cur-os, gen. of aioj:', a dog (E. Dabble ;
see Dab (1).
hound). Dab-chick. E.) Formerly dap-chick,
cynosure. (L. — Gk.) L. cynosura, dop-chick. Cl. A. S. dop-enid, a moorhen,
the stars in the tail of the constellation of lit. dipping duck ;’ doppettan, to dip often,
4

the Lesser Bear ; one of these is the Pole- immerse I)u. dob be r a float.
;
See Dip. ,

star (hence, a centre of attraction). — Gk. Dace. (F. — O. Low G.) Formerly
Kvvoaovpa, the Cynosure, tail of the Lesser darce — O. F. dars, nom. case of the word
.

Bear lit. 4 dog’s tail.’ — Gk. tcvvos, gen. of

;
also spelt darty meaning (i) a dart, (2) a
KVCJVy a dog ovpa, a tail. ; dace. The fish is also called a dart or
Cypress (r, a tiee. (F.-L.-Gk.) a dare from its swift motion. Sec Dare (2),
,

M. E. cipres — O. F. cypres later cypres. —

.
,
Dart.
L. cup ressits, cyparissus. — Gk. tcvnapicraus, DaCOit, a robber. (Hind.) Hind.
cypress-tree. Cf. Heb. gopher . ddkaity a robber belonging to an armed
Cypress a cloth of gold, a kind
(2', gang from ddkd, robbery by a gang
;

of satin, a kind of crape. (F. L.) Pals- — (Wilson'. Der. dacoit-y robbery. ,

grave explains F. crespe by ‘ a cypres for Dactyl. (L. — Gk.) L. dactylus the ,

a womans neck Cotgrave has crespe ’

;
4
,
metiieal loot marked -wu.-Gk. Sa/crvA os,
cipres, cobweb lawn which suggests ’
;
a linger, a dactyl.
some confusion of cypress with crape Dad. (E.) A child’s word for 4 father/ .

The of typress is doubtful

origin but So also W. tad, Irish daid, Bret, tat tad, ; ,

it occurs as cipres cypirs in Piers Plow- father ; Gk. rdra, Skt. tata dad.
,

man, and as Cyprus in Sir Degrevant. It Dado. (Ital. — L.) Formerly used of
seems to have been imported from the isle the die, or square part in the middle of the
of Cyprus. pedestal of a column afterwards applied ;

Cyst, a pouch (in animals) containing to the part of an apartment between the
mound matter. (L. — Gk.) Formerly plinth and the impost moulding. — Ital.
written cystis — Late L. cys/is. — Gk. kvgtis, dado, a die, cube, pedestal.
. (Cf. Prov.
a bag, pouch. dat-Zy a die.) — Folk-L. datum , assumed to
Czar, the emperor of Russia. (Russ. — mean a die lit. a thing given, a lot.’ — ‘ ’
;
4

Teut. — L) Russ, (sure (with e mute a L. datum, neut. of pp. of dare, to give. ,

king. O. Slav, chart. — Goth, kaisar — See Die (2V .

L. Casar This has been disputed

. Daffodil. (F.-L.-Gk.) The d is a ;

but see Matt. xiii. 24 in Schleicher, later addition; perhaps from ^A.Y.Jieur
Indogermanische Chrestomathie, p. 275, d'affrodille translated ‘daffodil-flower/
where O.Slav. cesarstvo occurs lor Russ. M. E. affodille Prompt. Parv. — M. F. as- ;

tsarsivOy kingdom; See. Der. czaroivitz, phodile, also affrodille 4 th’affodill, or ,

from Russ. tsarevich\ czar's son czaritsa, asphodill flower;’ Cot. — L. asphodelus.—
;

from Russ, tsaritsa empress; czar-in a, Gk. &<T(p 6 d(\o$y a kind of lily. See As-
,

with Ital. suffix -

ina ,
from G. fern, suffix phodel.
• in . Daft, foolish ;
the same as Deft.
Dagger. (F.) M. dagger ; allied to
1C.
D. daggetiy to pierce. — F. digue a dagger; ,

Dab (1), to strike gently. (E.) M.E. of unknown origin (not Celtic). Cf. Ital.
dabben ;
also dabbe, a blow. Not in A. S. Span, daga, Port, adaga, dagger. The
126
 , , , ,; , , ,,
,

DAGGLE DANDELION
Port, form suggests an Eastern origin matia.) F. dalmatique. — L. dalmatica
cf. Heb. dakhtih to strike. (uestis) ;
fem. of Dalmaticus, belonging to
Baggie, to moisten, wet with dew or Dalmatia.
spray. (Scand.) Frequentative verb from Dam (1), a mound, bank against water.
Swed. dagg, Icel. diigg (gen. daggar), dew. (E.) A. S. damm , only in the derived
Cf. Icel. doggva , to bedew. See Dew. verb for-demman, to dam up; O. Fries.
Daguerreotype. (F. and Gk.) dam ; North. Fries, dam. % Du. dam, +
Formed by adding -o-type to F. Daguerre ,
Icel. dammr Dan. dam, Swed. damm
,

a personal name, the inventor (a. p. 1838). M. H. G. (am, G. damm a dam, ,

dike.
Dahlia. (Swed.) Named after Dahl Cf.Goth faurdanimjati, to dam up.
.

a Swedish botanist (a.d, 1791). Dam (2), a mother, applied to animals.

Dainty, a delicacy. (F. — L.) M. E. (F— L.) The same word as Dame.
dein tee, orig. a sb., a pleasant thing ; cf. Damage. (F.— L.) M. E. damage.—
A. F. deyntee, greediness (Bozon). — A. F. damage (F. dommage ) ; cf. Prov.
O.F. daintie daintie ), agreeableness.
[i. e. da?nnatje answering to Late L. A damndti-
,

— L. acc. ;
see Dignity.
dignitatem cum harm we find Late L. damndticus
, ;

The O. F. daintie is the true popular condemned to the mines. — L. damndtus

O. F. form ; digniteit is a pedantic form ; pp. of damndre\ see Damn.
cf. O. F. dain, old spelling of digne ,
Damask. (Ital. Syria.) M. E. da- —
w orthy.
r
maske cloth of Damascus. — Ital. damasco .
,

Dairy. M. E. deyerye a
(Scand.) ,
— Ileb. dmcseq damask, Dammeseq, Da- ,

room for a deye a milk- woman, farm-i. e. mascus (Gen. xiv. 15). Der. damask-
servant. — O. Norw. deigja Swed. deja a y
rose damask-hie to inlay with gold (F.
; ,

maid, dairy-maid, who was also the bread- damasquiner from damasqu-in adj.). ,

maker; the orig. sense is ‘kneader of dough.

1
Dame. (F. — L.) M. E. dame. — O. F.
— Tent, type *daig-jdn-, sb. f., as if from dame, a lady. — L. domina; fem. of dorni-
(Goth.) dcigan (pt. t. daig \, to mould ;
tiirs, a lord. See Don (2).
whence also Goth daigs, Icel. deig, Swed. Damn, to condemn. (F. — L.) M. K.
deg, dough see Dough, ; The cognate damnen dampnen. — F. damner. — L. dam- ,

or borrowed A. S. diege occurs once only mire to condemn, fine. — L. damnum loss,
; , ,

see Thorpe, Dipl p. 641. .

fine, penalty. Brug. i. § 762.
Dais, a raised door in a hall. (F. — L. Damp. (E.) Cf. M. E. dampen to ,

— Gk.) Now used of the raised platform suffocate; E. Fries. damp , vapour.+Du.
on which the high table in a hall stands. damp, vapour, steam; Dan. damp G. ,

Properly, it was the table itself but was damp/, vapour Swed. damb, dust.
;
From ;

also used of a canopy over a scat of state, the 2nd grade of Teut. * dempan -, pt. t.
or of the seat of state. M. E. deis, deys — *damp, pp. *dumpano-, as in M. H. G.
.

A. F. deis, O. F. dots, a high table (Supp. dimpfen timpfen str. vb., to reek; cf. , ,

to Godcfroy). — L. discum, acc. of discus Swed. dial, dimba str. vb., to reek. See ,

a quoit, platter; in Late L. a table. — Gk. Dumps.

licncos, a quoit, disc. See Disc. Damsel. F. — L.) M.E. da mosel. — V

Daisy. (E.) M. E. dayesye (4 sylla- O. F. damciscle a girl, fem. of dameisel, a ,

bles). A. S. d<eges cage, eye of day, i.e. young man, squire, page. —Late L. domi-
the sun, which it icscmbles. cellus, a page, short for *dominicellus
Dale, a valley. (E) M. E. dale double dim in. of do minus, a lord. (Pages
A. S. dal (pi. dal-ii). Icel. dalr, Dan. + were often of high birth.)
Swed. dal, a dale: Du. dal; Goth, dal ;
Damson. — Syria.) M. E. dama-
G. thal also O. Slav, doth (Russ. doV)
; ;
— L. Damascenum {prunum), plum
scene.
cf. Gk. 0uAoy, a vault. Dor. dell. of Damascus. See Damask.
Dally, to trifle. (F.— Teut.) M. E. Dance. (F. — o.
II. G.) M. E. daun-
dalien to play, trifle. A. F. and O.F.
, — cen. — O. F. danser. — O. II. G. danson to ,

drag along (as in a round dance).—

dalier, to converse, chat, pass the time in
light converse (Bozon). Of Tent, origin
O. II. G. dans, 2nd grade of dinsen to ;

cf. Bavarian dalen, to speak and act as pull, draw allied to E. Thin. Cf. Goth. ;

children (Schmeller) ; mod. G. (vulgar) at-thinsan to draw towards one. ,

dahlen to trifle.
, Dandelion, a flower. (F.-L.) F.
Dalmatic, a vestment. (F. - Dal- dent de lion, tooth of a lion ; named from
 , , + , , , , \;
, , , , , ,, , ,

DANDLE DASTARD
the jagged leaves. — L. dent-em acc. of dape, a pool, a wet splotch ;
whence the
4
dens, tooth; de, prep.; leonem , acc. of idea of splash ' or 4 blot/
leo , lion. Dare (1), to venture. (E.) M. E. dar,
Dandle. (E.) Prob. of imitative origin I dare ;
pt, t.dorste, durste A. S. ic dearr,
.

cf. M. F. dodiner dodeliner, ‘to rock, ,

I daie ; he dearr, he dare; pt. t. dorste ;
dandle, lull/ Cot. ; M. Ital. dandolare , infin. *durran +
Goth, ga-dars, I dare,
.

dondolare 4 to dandle or play the baby/ daursta I durst, infin. -daursan ; O. H. G.

Florio ; dandola , dondola a toy. Gode- tar I dare, infin. turran . Also Gk. Bap-
froy gives M. F. dattdiner, to balance or ctiv, to be bold, Bpaav y, bold Skt. drsh, ;

sway the body. Cf. E. Fries, dindannen , to dare. (^DHERS.) Brugm. i. § 502.
to walk unsteadily, sway from side to side. Dare (2), a dace. (F. — O. Low G.)
Dandriff, scurf on the head. (E.) A new form, made by taking darce (old
Formerly also dandruffe. Of unknown form of dace) as a pi. form ( = dars) and
origin ; but cf. prov. E. dan, scurf, dander, thence making a singular dar, now dare .

a slight scurf on the skin and prov. K. ; See Dace.

hurf, urf, scurf, from I cel. hrufa, a scab. Dark. (E.) M. E. derk. A. S. deorc,
*[[ The W. marzv- don, dandriff, is from with a broken vowel for older *derc. ;

marw dead, and ton, skin.

, The O. II. G. tarchanjan to hide (answer-
Dandy, a beau (E. ?). Origin unknown. ing to W. Germ. *darkn-pan) is from the
Prov. E. dandy gay, fine. Note M. Dan.
,
2nd grade *dark of the same base. Cf.
dande, brave, excellent. Dandy is also a also O. Sax. der-ni, A. S. derne O. H. G.
form o<" Andrew. [F. dandin , 4 a mea- tar-ni, secret, dark ;
see Tarnish.
cock, noddy, ninny/ Cot., is unsuitable.] darkling, in the dark. (E.) Formed
Danger. (F.-L.) E. daungere, M with adv. suffix •ling, as in plat-ling, M. E.
power, esp. power to harm. — O. F. dan- hedling (headlong), A. S. bcec-ling, back-
gier (F. danger), also dongier (XIII cent.), wards.
absolute power, irresponsible authority. Darling. (E.) M. E. derling. A. S.
This answers to a Late L. type *domnid- deorling, a favourite. — A. S. deor-e (in
rium, *domini(irium not found, but regu- ,
comp, deor-), dear; with double dimin.
larly formed from Late L. dom{i)nium ,
suffix - l-ing See Dear. .

power, authority. — Late L. domnus , L. Darn. (E.) XVII cent. Trob. from
dominus a lord. , M. E. dernen, to conceal, from derne adj., ,

Dangle, to swing about. (Scand.) secret, hidden; cf. prov. E. deni, darn,
Dan. dangle Swed. dial, dangla to swing
, , to hide, to stop up a hole. — A. S. derne,
about ;
cf. Swed. and Icel. dingla Dan. ,
dyrne, secret, hidden, -f- O. Sax. derni,
dingle , to swing about frequentative ; O. II. G. tami secret. See Dark. ,

forms from ding (pt. t. dang), to throw Darnel. M. E. darnel, dentel

(F.) .

about. See Ding. From an O. F. word, now only preserved

Dank, moist. (Scand.) M. E. dank, in Walloon (Rouchi), dame lie, darnel
wet (esp. with ref. to dew). — Swed. dial. (Hecarth Hitherto unexplained; but cf.
dank, marshy ground ; Icel. dohk (stem Swed. d&r-, as in dar-repe or repe darnel , ,

*dankwd~), a pool. Cf. Swed. dial, ddnka, (Lowl. Sc. dornel) and F. nielle, nelle
;
O
to moisten, Dan. dial, ddnke, dynke Norw. ,
(Late L. nigella ), darnel (Godefroy). The
dynka wet also Dan. dial, dunkel
to ; Swed. dara means to stupefy (as with
moist, Swed. dial, dunkelhet moisture ; loliurn temulentum ) ; cf. Dan. daare, a
North. E. danker a dark cloud Swed ; fool ; Walloon darnisc daurnise drunken ,

dial, and M. Dan. dunken, musty; G. (Grandgagnage).

dunkel dark., Dart. (F. — O. Low G.) M. E. dart.—
Dapper. (Du) Orig. good, valiant; O.Y.dart (Y.dard). Of Teut. origin cf. ;

hence brave, fine, spruce. XV cent. — Du. A. S. daroti, a dart, Swed. dart, a dagger,
dapper, brave. 0 H. G. taphar weighty, Icel. darraBr, a dart, O. H. G. tart a
.
,

valiant, G. tapper, brave Russ, dobrui dart. ;

good. Brugm. i. § 563. Dash. (E.) M. E. daschen Cf. Low G. .

Dapple, a spot on an animal. (Scand.) daschen to thrash (Berghaus) Dan. , ;

Icel. depill, a spot, dot a dog with spots daske to slap, Swed. daska to beat; we
; ,

over the eyes is also called depill. The speak of water dashing against rocks.
orig. sense is a little pool/ from Norweg.
‘
Dastard. (Scand.; with F. suffix.)
 , , , ;
, , ; \ . ; -;;

DATE DEAF
M. E. dastard where -ard is a F. suffix, dimin. tdhele (now G. dohle)^ a daw
;

as in dull-ard slugg-ard. Dast appears whence Ital. taccola a daw (Florio). Der.
, ,

to be for dazed cf. Icel. liastr, exhausted, jack- daw.

;

pp. of dccsa , to be out of breath ; dasaGr, transport by relays of men and Dawk,
exhausted, weary, pp. of dasask, to be horses. (Hindi.) Hindi dak, post, trans-
weary ; see Daze. Cf. Icel. dasz, a lazy port, &c. (Yule).
fellow, M. Du. dasaert a fool (whence ;
see Day.
,
* Dawn
M.E. das-art (i.e. daz[e)ard ), a dullard, Day. (E.) day, dai, dai. A.S. M.E .

in N. E. D.) ; Low G. ddskopp a block- dag, pi. dagas.^ Du. Dan. Swed. dag, Icel.
,

head (Berghaus). The orig. sense is slug- dagr, G. tag, Goth. dags. Allied to Lith.£

gard/ dagas , hot time, autumn ; dhgti, to burn.

Dat6 ( i \ a given point of time. (F. Teut. type *dagoz —
Idg. type *dhogkos ;

L.) M.E
.date. Y. date, date. — Late L. from y'DHEGH, to bum; Skt. dah , to
—
data a date; L. data neut. pi. of datus
,
bum, ni-ddgha hot season. Day is the ,

given, dated. — L. to give.+Gk. 81- hot, bright time; as opposed to night.

Scu/ii, I give ; Sotos, given
;
Skt. daddmi , In no way allied to L. dies.
I give; Russ, date to give. (^DO.) dawn, vb. (Scand.) dawnen\ M.E .

Brugm. i. §§ 167, 168. from the older sb. dawning. — Swed. Dan.
Date (2), fruit of the palm. (F. — L.— dagning, a dawning, dawn as if from a ;

Gk.) M.E. dafe. — Q. F. date (F. datte ), verb *dag-na to become day, from Swed. ,

also datele, a date. —

L. dactylum , acc. of Dan. dag, day. 2. also find M. E. We
rfacty/us.~G k. SolktvXos a finger; also a dawen to dawn ; from A. S. dagian, to
,

date (somewhat like a finger). But it is Income day, dawn. A.S. dag-, base of —
probable that daKTvXos, a date, was a word dreg, day. (Cf.fawn, vb.)
of. Semitic origin, assimilated to the word dairy-woman. Daywoman,
(Scand.
for finger/ Cf. Aramaic diqld. a palm- and E.)
‘
In Shak. L. L. L. i. 2. 137.
tree (see Gen. x. 27) Arab, daqal. The addition of woman is needless. Day
;

Daub. (F. — L.) M. E. daubeii. — O. F. M. E. deye. = O. Norw. deigja a maid ,

dauber to plaster answering to an older esp. a dairymaid see Dairy.

; ;

form *dalber. — L. dealbdre, to whiten, Daze. (Scand.) M. E. dasen , to stupefy.

plaster. —
L. dr, down, very albare, to — Swed. dasa, to lie idle ; Icel. dasask , to
;

whiten, from albus white; see Alb. Cf. be wearied, lit. to daze oneself, where - sk
,

Span, jalbcgar ( — *dea/bicare), to plaster. is the reflexive suffix dasi, a lazy man ;

Der. be-daub. dasinn lazy; Dan. dial, dose, to be idle; ,

Daughter. (E.) M. E. dog h ter, doh- Low G. dasen dosen y to be listless ; in ’n ,

ter. A. S. dohtor.+T)n. dochter Dan. dat- das' sein, to be in a ‘daze’ (Berghaus).

,

ter dotter. Swed. do/ter, Icel. dottir, Goth.

,
dazzle, to confuse. (Scand.) From
dauhtar G. tochter ; Russ, doche, Lith. daze with frequent, suffix - le
,
Der. be- ;

dukte Gk. Ovyarrjp, Pers. dukhtar, Skt.

,
dazzle.
duhitr Orig. sense doubtful.
. De- (1) ,
pi'ejix. (I ;
or F. — L.) L. di}
Daunt. (F. — L.) M.E. daunten .— down, away, trom, very; hence sometimes
O. F. danter ; also donter. I., domitdre — F. dJ-, de- f O. F. de-.
to tame, subdue; frequent, of domdre , to De- (D prefix. (K. L.) F.
,
O. F. —
tame ; see Tame. des-;
from L. dis- sec Dis-.
Dauphin. (F. - L. Gk.) F. dauphin - ,
Deacon. (L. — Gk.) M. E. deken.
a doljihin ; see Dolphin. title of the A A. S. diacon. — L. diaeonus. — Gk. SUlkovos,
eldest son of the king of France, who took a servant, a deacon. Cf. ly-Kovio), I am
it from the province of Dauphiny (a.p. quick, ly-Kovis, a maid-servant.
1349); and the province had formerly had Dead. (E.) M.E. deed * A.S. dead,
several lords named Dauphin. dead. + Du. dood, Dan. dod, Swed. dod,
Davit, a support for ships boats. Icel. daudr, Goth, dauths Teut. type .

(Ileb. ?) David, as if from *dau-Goz, orig. a pp. with Idg. suffix - to

Formerly spelt
a proper name (a. d. 1626). Also called (Teut. -Go-) from the vb. *dau-jan • (Icel.
daviot in A. a dimin. of O. F. Davi, deyja), to die. See Die (1).
David. Deaf. (E.) M. E. deej A. S. deaf.+
Daw. (K.) From the noise made by Du. dooj, Dan. dov, Swed. dof, Icel. daufr.
the bird cf. caw.+O. H. G. tdha a daw
;
Goth, daubs G. taub. Orig. * obfuscated
y ,

129
 , , , ,
-

DEAL DECAGON
allied to Gk. rvtpos, smoke, darkness, small building, &c. ;
of Teut. origin ; see
stupor, rv<p*kos, blind. (^DHEUBIL) Balk.
Deal (i), a share. (E.) M. E. deel. Debenture, acknowledgment of a
A. S. die l, a share. +
Du. deel, Dan. deel, debt. (L.) Formerly debentur (Bacon).
Swed. del, Goth, dails, G. theil Cf. — L. debentur, lit. they are due,’ because . ‘

O. Slav. dttti, a part. Brugm.i. § 279 (2). such receipts began with the words debctt-
deal (2), to divide, distribute. (E.) tur mihi (Webster); pr. pi. pass, of
M. E. deleft, A. S. dalan.— A. S. deel, a debeo, I owe; see Debt,
share (above). +
Du. deelen Dan. dele, Debilitate. (L.)
,
From pp. of L.
Swed. dela Icel. deila, Goth, dailjan G. debilitdre to weaken. — L. debilis weak.—
, , ,

theilen cf. the respective sbs. (above).

; L. de, away, not -bills, prob. allied to ;

Deal (3), a thin board. (Du.) Du. deel Skt. bala-, strength cf. dur-bala- (for ;

a plank.+G. diele\ see Thill. dus-bala-), feeble. Brugm. i. § 553.

Dean. (F.— L.) M. E. F. dene. — O. Debonair. M. E. debonere, de-
(F.)
deien (F. doyen). — L. deedmi acc. of m bonaire ;
debonaire
A. F. for de bon
deednus, one set over ten soldiers, or over aire, lit. of a good stock. — lu.de, of; bon-us
ten monks, a dean. — L. decern ten. ,
good; and O. F. aire place, stock, race, ,

Dear. (E.) M. E. dere A. S. deore, . a word of uncertain origin. Diez

dyre, dear, precious. 4 Dan. and Swed. dyr,
* suggests that it represents Lat. acc.
dear, costly, Icel. dyrr, dear, precious; agrum, field.
O. Sax. diuri\ G. theuer. Debouch. (F. — L.) F. dcboucher, to
dearth, scarcity. (E.) M. E. derthe ,
uncork, to emerge from; hence, to march
dearness hence, dearth. Not in A. S.
; ;
out of a narrow pass. — F. dt ( — O. F. des -
but formed as heal-th, warm-th &c.+ ,
<L. dis -) , away; and louche, mouth,
Icel. dyrft, value, from dyrr (above) O. ;
opening, from L. bucca , mouth.
Sax. diuritha value, from diuri dear,
, , Debris, broken pieces. (F. L. and —
precious; O. H.G. tiurida , from tiuri Teut.) F. debris, fragments. — O. F. dc-
(G. theuer). brisier , to break to pieces. — O. F. de -,
Death. (E.) M. E. deeth. A. S. dead, from L. de, down ; and brisier (F. briser),
+Du. dood, Dan. Swed.dod, Goth. dauthus, to break; see Bruise.
G. tod cf. Icel. daubi. Teut. type *dau-
; Debt. (F. — L.) A
bad spelling of
tiuz, formed with Idg. suffix - tu -, Teut. dett, M. E. dette. — O. F. dette (but in M. F.
-$u-, from the base *dau- ; see Dead. misspelt debte). — L. debita, a sum due;
Debar (F.) F. ddbarrer ; O. F. dfej- fern, of debitus , owed, pp. of debere , to
barrer. From De- (2) and Bar. owe. Debere ~de-hibere (Plautus), i.e. to
Debase. (L., and F. — L.) Formed have away, have on loan. — L. de-, down,
from base by prefixing L. de, down. away habere to have.
; ,
Der. debt-or,
Debate. (F. — L.) M. E. debaten. — M. E. det-tur, from O. F. deteur, L. acc.
O. F. debatre , to debate, argue. — L. de, debitorem.
down ; battere , to beat. See Batter (1). Debut. (F. — L. and O. II. G.) first A
Debauch. (F.— L. and Teut.) O. F. appearance in a play. F. dibut, a first —
desbaucher, (F. debaucher), ‘to debosh, stroke, first at dice, first play
cast or throw
mar, seduce, mislead;’ Cot. Diez sup- in the game of bowls verbal sb. of dlbuter,
;

poses that the orig. sense was ‘ to entice M. F. desbuter, ‘ to put from the mark he
away from a workshop’ ;
it is certainly aimed at ’ (at bowls), Cot. ; hence, to come
derived from the O. F. prefix des - (L. dis-), in first, be entitled to lead. From L.
away, and O. F. bauche explained by dis*, from, and F. but, mark. See Butt (D.
,

Roquefort as ‘a little house,’ and by Cot- Decade. (F.— L. Gk.) F. decade, ‘a —

grave as ‘ a, course of stones or bricks decade,’ Cot. ; i.e. an aggregate of ten.—
in building.’ Cf. M. F. embaucher, to use L. decadent , acc. of decas. Gk. dttiaba, —
in business, employ, esbaucher to rough- acc. of a company of ten. — Gk.
,

hew, frame. Godefroy gives desbaucher Una, ten see Ten. ;

only in the sense of * rough-hew,’ but his decagon. (Gk.) Named from its ten
—
Supp. adds ‘detach from one’s service, angles. — Gk. Mica, ten; 7cvv-la, a comer,
turn aside, distract.’ The orig. sense of angle, allied to ybvv, knee ; see Knee.
bauche was prob. * balk,’ i. e. beam, hence Der. hendeca-gon (Moca, eleven) ; dodeca
frame of a building, course in building, gon ( 5w 5 c/ca, twelve).
130
 ,, , , , , , ;;
, , e, , ,

DECAHEDRON DECOLLATION
decahedron. (Gk.) Named from its decern, ten (see Ten); and uir, a man
ten sides or bases. — Gk. bUa, ten tb-pa, : (see Virile).
a base, lit. ‘seat/ from cfo/wu (for € tyo^at), Decennial, belonging to ten years.
I sit ; see Sit. Der. do-deca-hedron (Gk. (L.) For L. decenn-dlis, of ten years;
So;5e/fa, twelve). cf bi-ennial. — L. dec-em, ten ; annus, a
decalogue. (F. L. - Gk.) F. deca- - year.
logue . — L. aecalogwn acc. of decalogus. — Decent. (F.-L.) O. F. dtcent. — L.
Gk. hvcakoyos, the ten commandments.— decentem, of pres. pt. of decere, to
acc.
Gk. 8c fca, ten ; \6yos, a speech, saying ; become, befit; cf. decus, honour.
see Xiogic. Deception. (F. — L.) O. F deception.
decasyllabic, having ten syllables. — L. acc. deceptidnem. — L. deceptus, pp.
(Gk.) Gk. 8c/ra, ten avWa&Tj, a syllable. ;
of decipere, to deceive ; see Deceive.
Der. hendecasyllabic (Gk. tvSena, eleven). Decide. (F. — L.) F. decider. — L. de-
Decadence, decay. (F. - L.) F. deca- cidere, pp. decisus, to cut off, decide. — L.
dence.— Med. L. decadent ia, — L. de, down; de, down; and ccedere, to cut. Der. de-
cadentia a falling ; see Cadence. cision (from pp. decisus).
Decamp, to depart. (F~L.) L. de- Deciduous, falling off. (L.) L. di-
camper O. F. descamper orig. to remove
;
cidu-us, that falls down ; with suffix -ous.
a camp. — L. dis-, away and campus, a ;
— L. decidere, to fall down. — L. de, down;
field, later, a camp. See De- (2 ) and and cadere, to fall. See Decay.
Camp. Decimal. (F. L.) 0.1. decimal.— —
Decanal. Belonging to a dean.
(L.) Late L. decimalis, belonging to tithes.—
— I.. decdn-us a dean ; with suffix -al (L.
,
L. decima a tithe ; fem. of decimus, tenth.
-alls) ;
see Dean. Cf. L. decern, ten.
Decant. (F. L. and Gk.) F. decan- — decimate. (L.) From pp. of L. de-
ter (Span, decantar).— Med. L. decanthare cimetre, to select every tenth man, for
(a word of the alchemists), to pour out.— punishment. — L. decern, ten.
1, de, from canthus , the * lip of a cup,
;
’
Decipher. (F. and Arab.) Formed
a peculiar use of Gk. tcavOos corner of the ,
alter b dtchiffi'er, to decipher. — F. d<f-,
.

eye (Hatzfeld). Der. decant -er, a wine- O F. des-, L. dis-, apait; Cipher, q. v.
vessel. Deck, to cover. (Du.) Du. dekken, to
Decapitate. (L.) From pp. of Late cover dek, a cover, a ship’s deck.
;
Cog-
L. decap it are, to behead. — L. de, off; and nate with E. Thatch, q.v.
capit stem of caput head. , Declaim. (L.) Formerly declame.—
Decay, to fall into ruin. (F. — L.) L. decId mare to cry aloud. L. de, — down,
O. North F. decair (Span, decaer) ;
vari- fully ; cldmdre, to cry ; see Claim.
ant of O. F. dechair , decheoir. — ( ). F. de - Declare. (F. — L.) O. F. declarer.—
and cheoir (F. choir), to fall. — L. de, down ; L. decldrdre, to make — L.
clear, declare.
and Folk-L. cadire, cadere, to fall, variants de, fully ;
clams, clear.
of L. cadere, to fall. Declension. (F.-L.) O.Y.declinai-
Decease. (F. — L.) M. K. deces.— son, used for the declension * of a noun.*

() F. deces (F. deces), death. — L. acc. — 1,. declindtionem, acc. of declindtio, de-
decessum departure, death. — L. decessits, clination, declension. — L. declinatus pp.
pp. of dicedere, to depart. — L. de, from; of dedinar (below).
cedere to ,
go away. decline. (F. — L.) O. F. decliner. —
Deceive. (F. — L.) A. F. deceivre ;
L declinare to lean or bend aside from. —
O. F. deceveir, decevoir pres. subj. deceive. L de-, from; -clinare (only in comp.), to
— L. decipere to take away, deceive. — L. lean ;
see Incline, Lean (
1 ).
de, away and capere to take. Der. de-
; , Declivity. (F.-L.) F. cUclivitL-
ceit, from O. F. deceit, pp. of deceveir . L. decliuitdtem, acc. of decliuiids, a
December. (L.; orF.-L.) O. F. downward slope. — L. decliuis, sloping
Decembre. — L. December — L. decern, ten . downward. — L. di, down; cliuus a ,
slope,
as it was the tenth month of the Roman hill. LeanSee ( 1 ).
year. DeCOCt. (L.) L. decoct us, pp. of dS-
Decemvir, one of ten magistrates. coquere , to — L. <//, down,
boil down.
(L.) L. decemuir one of the decemuiri away ; coquere, to cook.
or ten men joined in a commission. — L. Decollation, a beheading. (F.-L.)
131
 , , \
, , , ,

DECOMPOSE DEFEASANCE
O. F. decollation . — LateL. acc. dicolla - down ;
dialre, to proclaim ;
from die-,
tiSnem. From pp. of decollare, to behead. weak grade of die-, as in dicere , to say.
— L. di, off ; collurn, the neck. Deduce. (L.) L. deducere, to bring
Decompose. ( F. L. and Gk.) F. — down (hence, to infer). L. — de, down;
decomposer (XVI c.) ; from de-, prefix, and dinere, to bring. See Duke.
composer to compose. See Compose.
, deduct. (L.) Orig. to derive from.
Decorate. (L-) From pp. of decorare — L. deduct -us, pp. of deducere, to bring
to adorn. — L. decir- (for *decos-), stem of down (above).
dec us, honour, ornament ; cf. L. decere, to Deed. (E.) M. E. deed 0 Merc, did, , .

be fit. A.S. died. +

Du. daad% I cel. dad, Swed.
decorum. (L.) L. decorum soemli- ,
dcld, Dan. da ad, Goth, dids, G. that,
ness; neut. of decorus seemly. — L. decor-, O. H. G. tat. Teut. type *diediz ; Idg.
stem of decor seemliness, allied to dec us
,
type *dketis from y'DllE, to place, put,
;

(above). Der. in-decorum. do. See Do.

Decoy, a contrivance for catching wild- Deem. (K.) M. E. demen . A. S. di-
ducks. (F. and Du.) Coined from prov. 10 . man, to judge, give a doom. — A. S. dom,
coy , a decoy, by prefixing the K. de- (F. a doom ; see Doom. Cf. Du. doemen,
de-, L. de). FI coy is from Du. kooi, a deema (for
Icel. deemd), Swed. doma, Dan.
cage, decoy, M. Du. koye, older form domme, Goth, domjan, O. H. G. tuomiam
koawe (Hexham) from L. cattea whence ; ,
Tout, type *domjan-, from *domoz, doom.
also F. and E. cage see Cage, The ; Deep, profound. (E.) M. E. deep .
prefixing of de- was probably due to con- A. S. deop. + Du.
Dan. dyb, Swed. diep,
fusion with M. E. coyen , to quiet ; j-o that djup, Icel. djfipr G. tief, Goth, diups. ,

de-coy seemed to mean a quieting down.’

i
Teut. type \ieupoz see Dip. ;

Decrease. (F. L.) A. K. descrees — depth, deepness. (K.) From deep ;

descreis. O. F. descrois, sb., a decrease ; cf. Icel. dypd, depth, from djupr deep.+
from descroistre, vb., to decrease. — Late L. Du. dieptc Goth, diupitha;
.

discrescere used for L. decrescere

,
to , Deer. M. E. deer an animal.
(E.) ,

diminish (pp dec ret us). — L. de, down, A. S. deor, a wild animal. -f-Du. dier, Dan.
away ;
crescere to grow. dyr, Swed. djur, Icel. dyr, Goth, dins,
decrement. (L. )
L. dicrimentum, G. thier. Teut. type *deuzom Idg. type ;

a decrease. — L. decre-tus, pp. of decres- *dheusom, prob. ‘ animal’; from *dheus-,

cere. to breathe (Kluge). Brugm. i. § 539 (2).
Decree. (F.-L.) M. E. decree - . Der. wilder-ness , q. v.
O. F. decret. — L. dicritum. — L. dearl us, Deface. (F.— L.) M. E. defacen.—
pp. of decernere, to decree, lit. to separate. O. F. desfacier to deface, disfigure. —
— L. di, away ceniere to distinguish,
; ,
O. F. des- (<L. dis-), apart; face, face;
decretal. (F. — L.) O. F. decretal. see Face.
— Late L. decretale, a decree. — L detritus. Defalcate, to abate, deduct. (L.)
Decrepit. (L.) L. dicrepitus, noise- From pp. of Late L. diffaleare or defal-
less, creeping about like an old man, aged. cate to abate, deduct, take away. — L. dif-
,

— L. di, away
crepitus , noise, allied to
; ( =*dis-) apart, or else de, away; Late L.
y

crepitus, pp. of crepare, to crackle, make falcdre to cut with a sickle, from L. falx
,

a noise. (stem falc -\ a sickle.

Decry, to condemn. (F. L.) O. F. — Defame. (F. — L.) M. E. defamen ,

descrier to cry down, disparage. — O. F.

, diffamen — O. F. diffamer, to take away a
.

des- (L. dis-), implying the reversal of an man’s character. — L. diffdmdre to spread ,

act, and here opposed to ‘ cry up * ; crier, a bad report. — L. dif (for dis-), apart;
to cry. See Cry. fama, a
report. See Fame.
Decussate, to cross at an acute angle. Default. (F.-L.) M. E. defame, -
(L.) From pp. of L. decussdre, to cross, O. F. defaute , a default, from defaillir , to
to put into the form of an X. — L. decussis fail; imitating faute from faillir See .

a coin worth ten asses (as-es), and there- De- (1) and Fault.
fore marked with X, i. e. ten. L. decern — ,
Defeasance, a rendering null. (F. —
ten assi-, stem of as, an ace see Ace.
; ;
L.) A. F. law-term defesance a rendering ,

Dedicate, to devote. (L.) L. dedica- void. — O. F. defesant , defeisant pres. part, ,

tes, pp. of didic&re, to devote. — L. de, of defaire , desfaire, to render void.— O. F.

13 *
 , , , , , , , , , , ,,, , , - ,,

DEFEAT DEGRADE
des- (L. dis-) , apart ;
faire (L. facere) to down or aside. — I,, de, down ;
fleetere, to
make. bend. Der. deflex-ion, from defiex-us,
defeat. (F. — L.) M.E. defaiten to pp.
defeat.— A. F. defetcr, formed from O. F. Deflour, Deflower. (F.-L.) M.E.
defait, desfait, pp. of defairc desfaire to defiouren. — O. F. defleurer, Cotg. — Late
,

render void (above'). L. defiorare to gather flowers. — L. de, ,

4
Defecate. (L.) From pp. of defae- away fior-, for fids, a flower. ;

care to free from dregs. — L. *& , out

7
Defluxion. (L.) From acc. of L. de- ;

face stem offaex pi faeces, dregs. fluxio , a llowing down. — L. de, down ;
.

Defect. (L ) L. defectus a want. — L. fiux-us, pp. offinere, to flow.

defectus , pp. of dejicere , to fail, orig. to Deforce, to dispossess. (F. — L.)
undo. — L. r/J, away; facere to make. T^egal. — A. F. deforcer, to dispossess (Med.
Der. defect-ion -zV*?. L. difforciare).~ 0 F. de- = des- (L. dis-),
.

Defend. (F.— L.) M.E. defenden . — away; and Y. force. See Force.
O. F. defendre. — L.
difendere to defend, Deform. (F. — L.) M.E. deformeti,
lit. strike or away. — L. akT down
down , ;
chiefly in pp. deformed. — O. F. dijformer,
*
fendere to strike, only in comp, de fendere to deform ; Godefroy. — O. F. difforme
offendere Cf. G. Ocivuv, to strike
. Skt. ;
adj., deformed, ugly; Cot. — L. dformis,
/zzz/z. (y'GHwEN.) Brugm. i. § 654. ugly. — L. de, away; forma, shape, beauty.
defence. (F. — L.) M. K. defence .— O. F. defrauder. Defraud. (F.-L.)
O. F. defense* — L. defense a defending defrauddre, to deprive by fraud. — L. — L.
(Tertullian). — L. defen s-us, pp. of di7- de, away fraud-, stem offraus, fraud. ;

fendere (above). AUo M. E. defens O. F. Defray. (F. — L. and O. H. G.) O. F. ,

defens from L. defen sum, neut. desfrayer, to pay expenses Littre. — O. F. ;

Defer (1), to delay. (F.—L.) M.E. des- (L. dis-); fraier, to spend. Fraicr
differren* — O. F. differcr to delay. — L. is from O. F. *frai, *fre, later frait, mostly
differre, to bear different ways, delay. — L. used in the pi. frais, fires (F. frais ), ex-
z/z/1 (for z/z>-), apart ferre, to bear. penses ; cf. Low L. fredum, a fine, com-
;

defer (a\ to lay before, submit one- position. — O. H. G. fridu (G. friede),
self. (F. — L.) O. F. deferer to admit or peace ; also, a fine for a breach of the
,

give way to an appeal. — L. deferre to peace. See Affray. ,

bring down, biing before one. — L. z/c7 Deft, neat, dexterous. (E.) M. E. deft, ,

down ferre, to bear, carry.

;
daft. A. S. dirfte, as seen in ge-dafie, mild,
Deficient. (L.) From stem of pres, gentle, meek ; ge-cLrftlice fitly, season- ,

pt. of dejicere to fail see Defect.

,
ably daftan, to prepare. Cf. A. S. ge-
; ;

deficit, lack. (L.) L. deficit, it fails; daf-en, lit, pp. of a lost strong vb. *dafan ;

3 p. s. pres, of deficcre (above!. Goth, gadaban, to befit, gadobs, fitting.

Defile (1), to pollute. (F. — L.; <wz- Defunct, dead. (L.) L. defunct us,
fused with L. zzzzz/ E.) M. E. dcfoulen, to i. e. having fully performed the course of
trample under foot later spelling defoyle; life, pp. of defungi, to perform fully. — L.
;

see Foil (1). This word is obsolete, but de, fully and fungi, to perform ; see ;

it suggested a hybrid compound made by Function.

prefixing L. de, down, to the old word Defy. (F.—L.) M. E. defyen.— 0 F. .

file to defile (Macb. iii. 1. 65) -A. S defier, defjier, desfier, orig. to renounce
fylan (for fiilfan), to defile, make foul, one’s faith. — Late L. diffiddre to renounce ,

formed (by vowel-change of u to y) from faith. — L. dif- (for dis-), apart; -fiddie
A. S./z7 /, foul ; see Foul. (from fidits, faithful), to trust ; cf. L.
Defile (2), to march in a file. (F. — L.) fidere, to trust. See Faith.
F. difiler, to defile. - F. di- = O. F. des- (L. Degenerate. (L.) From pp. of L.
dis-), apart filer, to spin threads, from L. degene rare, to become base.— L. degener,
;

ft him, thread. Dor. defile, sb., F. difili, adj., base. — L. de, down; gener (for
a narrow passage ; orig. pp. of difiler. *genes-), stem of genus, race. See Genus.

Define. (F. L.) —

O. F. definer, to Deglutition, swallowing. (F. L.) —
define, conclude. — L. difinire, to limit. F. diglut it ion. — L. de, down; glutttus
— L. de down ; finire , to end, from finis, pp. of glutire to swallow.
end. Degrade. (F.-L.) O.F. degrader,
Deflect. (L.) L. difiectere to bend to deprive of rank or office.— Late L. di»
133
 ,, , , , , , , , A -.;

DEGREE DELVE
graddre , the same. — L. de, from ;
gradus , Delf. (Do.) Earthenware first made at
rank. See Grade. Delft formerly Delf a town in S. Holland,
,

degree. (F.— L.) O. F. degrc, degret, about A. D. 1310 (Haydn). The town was
a step, rank orig. a step down (used of
;
named from its delf ox canal cf. Delve, ;

stairs). — L. de , down gradus a step.

;
, Deliberate, carefully weighed and
Dehiscent, gaping. (L.) L. dehi- considered. (L.) L. deliberatus, pp. of de-
scent-, stem of pres. pt. of dlhiscere, to lfberare ) to consult. — L. de, thoroughly;
gape open. — L. de, down ; hiscere, to tibrdre, to weigh, from libra, a balance,
gape, inceptive of hidre, to yawn; see Delicate, dainty, refined. (L.) I..
Hiatus. delicatus, luxurious ; probably allied to
Deify, Deist ; see Deity. delicia (or delicite, pi.), pleasure, delight,
Deign. (F. — L.)K. deignen .—M. and to L. delicere, to amuse (below).
A. F. deign-, a stern of O. F. dign\i)er, to delicious. — L.) M E. delicious
(F.
deign. — L. dignare, by-form of dignari, to — — Late L. delict osus,
O. F. delicious.
deem worthy. — h.dignus, worthy. Brugm. pleasant. — L. delicia pleasure. — de ,
].,

ii. § 66. lieere, to amuse, allure. — L. «?, away;

Deity. (F.-L.) M. E. (kite. — O. F. lacere, to entice.

deite. — L.
deitdtem acc. of deltas, deity, delight. (F. -L.) Misspelt for delite.
Godhead. — L. dei-, for dens, God; cf. M. E. deliten, verb. — O. F. deliter ,
delei-
diuus godlike. Cf. W. duw, Gael, and ter. — L. deleddre ; see Delectable.
Ir. dia , Skt. deva-, a god; Gk. dtos, Skt. Delineate. (L.) From pp. of I..
daiva*, divine. See Tuesday. delineare, to sketch in outline. L. de, —
deify. (F. — L.) M. K deify en. — down ; linedre, to mark out, from linea,
O. F. deifier, ‘to deifie;* Cot. — Late L. aline. See Line.
deifiedre.— L. deificus, accounting as gods. Delinquent, failing in duty (L.) L.
— L. dei-, for dens, a god; and -fit'-, for delinquent stem of pres. pt. of delinqu ere,
facere to make. Der. deificat-ion , due to to fail, to omit one’s duty. — L. de, away,
pp. of deificare. from ;
linquere to leave.
deist. (F.—L.) F. deist e. From L. Deliquesce, to become liquid.
(L.)
de-us ; with suffix -ist. L. deliquescere, to become liquid. — L. de,
Deject, to cast down. (L.) From L. away; liquescere, inceptive foim oillquere,
delectus, pp. of deicere (de lice re) to cast to be wet. See Liquid,
down. — L. de, down iacere, to throw.
; Delirious. (L.) coined word (with A
Delay, vb. (F. — L.)
O. F. delayer, suffix -ous), from L. deliri-um, madness,
dilaier\ also deleer (Godefroy). It answers which is also adopted into English. — L.
in sense to L. dihVdre, to defer, delay, deltms mad lit. ‘ going out of the :

put off; which would properly give O. F. furrow.’ — L. de, from and lira, a furrow. ;

dileer. Dildtdre is from dildtus deferred, Cf. O. H. G. leisa, G. g-leise, a track,

put off; from L. di- {dis-) apart ; latus , Deliver. (F. — L.) O. F. delivrer , to
borne, pp. of tollere, to lift, sustain, bear, set free. — Late L. deliberdre, to set free. —
The O. P\ spelling with ai causes a L. de, from ; Uberdre to free, from liber, ,

difficulty. Der. delay, sb. ; O. F. delai. free.

Delectable. (F.—L.) Late M. E. Dell, a dale. (E.) M.E. delle A.S. .

delectable.— ¥. delectable. — I.,, delectdbilis ,

dell, neut. ;
Sax. i. 547; ii. 71.
Cart.
delightful. — L.
delectare , to delight; fre- Teut. type *da!jom sec Dale, ;

quent. of delicere , to allure. See De- Delta. (Gk.) Gk. 5 * ra, the letter A
licious. answering to Heb. daleth, the name of the
Delegate, a chosen deputy. (L.) L. 4th letter of the alphabet ; orig. ‘ a door of
delegatus , pp. of delegare, to depute, ap- a tent/ (Orig. Phoenician.) Der. deltoid.
point. — L. de, away; legdre , to depute. Delude. (L.) L . delitderc (pp. delusus),
See Legate. to mock at, cajole.— L. de, down ;
ludere ,
Delete, to erase. (L.) L. deletus pp. to play. Der. delus-ion, from the pp.
of delere, to destroy. See below. Deluge. (F. — L.) O F. deluge. — L.
Deleterious. (Gk.) diluuium, a washing away.-L. diluere,
Late L. deli-
tlri-us , with suffix •ous. For Gk. 877X77- to wash away. — L. di- (dis-), apart
rijptos, noxious. — Gk. drjKTjTrjp, a destroyer, lucre, to wash, allied to Lave.
— Gk. 1h]\ 4 oiMu, I harm, injure. Delve, to dig. (E.) M.E. deluen.
134
 . , . , \ , ; , , , ,;

DEMAGOGUE DENOMINATE
A. S. delfan , pt. deal/ pp. dolfen.+ Du.
t. Demise, transference, decease. (F.~L.>
delven ; M. H. G. telben. Cf. Russ, dol- O. F. demise, desmise, fem. of pp. of
bite, to hollow out. Brugm. i. § 521 (2). desmettre, to displace, dismiss. — L. dimit-
Demagogue. (F.-Gk.) F. dema- tere ; see Dismiss.
gogue.— Gk. drjpayojyos, a popular leader. Democracy. F. — Gk .) F ormerly de-
(

— Gk. 55 /x-oy, people; ayotybs, leading, mocraty (Milton). — M. F. democ^atie Cot. ;

from &y-uv, to lead. Gk. drjpoieparia, popular government, —

Demand. (F. — L.) F. demander to rule by the people. — Gk. typo-, for typos, ,

demand, require. — L. demanddre to en- a country-district, also the people; ancl

,

trust in late L., to demand. — L. de, Kpartiv, to rule.

;
Cf. O. Ir. dam , a retinue.
away manddre to commission, order.
; Demolish. (F.-L.) O. F. demoliss-,
Demarcation. (Span. - L. and inchoative stem of demolir, to demolish.—
M. H. G.) From Span, demarcation (see L. demoliri, demolire, to pull down. — L.
N. E. D.) whence also F. demarcation. de, from moles heap, mass.
; ; ,

— L. de, down ; and Span, marcar to Demon. (L. — Gk.) Formerly deemon. ,

mark, a word of German origin ; see — L. damon.— Gk. tiaipaiv, a god, genius,
Marque. spirit. Cl. fiatopat, I impart.
Demean (1), to conduct ; reflex ., to Demonstrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
behave. (F. — L. ) M. E. demenen — O. F. . demonstrate to show fully. — L. de, down,
,

demener to conduct, guide, manage. — fully monstrdre, to show, from monstrum

;

O. F. de ( -- L. de), down, fully metier to ; ,

a portent. See Monster.
conduct, from Late L. mindre to drive , Demoralise, to corrupt in morals.
cattle, conduct, from L. mindri, to threaten. —
(F. L.) Mod. F. dtinoraliser. — ¥. dtf-,
See Menace. O. F. des (L. dis-), apart ; moral, moral
demeanour. (F. - L.) M. E. demen- with suffix -ise ( = F. tiser, for Gk. -ifciv).
ure (XV cent.) ; a coined word, from See Moral.
M. E. demenen , to demean, behave see ; Demur, vb. (F. — L.) O. F. demourer,
Demean (i\ demeurer, to tarry; hence, to hesitate.—
Demean (2), to debase, lower. (Hy- L. demordri, to delay fully. — L. de, fully;
brid; L. and E.l Made, like debase mordri, to delay, from mora, delay.
from the prefix De- (1), and the adj. Demure. (F. — L.) XIV cent. Coined
mean Mean (2).
See by prefixing de- (see De- (1)), to M. E.
Demented, mad. (L.) Pp. of the old mure, mature, calm, demure. — O. F. meur
verb to dement. — L. dementare, to drive (F\ tntir), mature. — L. indiums ; see
out of one’s mind. — L. de, from; ment -, Mature.
stem of mens, mind. a spelling of demi-. Demy ;

Demerit, ill desert. M. K. den; A. S. denn, a

(F.— L.) Also Den. (E.)
merit, in a good sense; Cor. i. 1. 2 76. — cave, allied to demi, a valley. M. llu. +
O. F. demerite, desert also a fault, de- denne a cave (Kilian).
; ,

merit.— Late L. demeritum a fault ; from Denary, relating to tens. (L.) L.

pp. of L. denierere, detnererJ, to deserve denarius, containing ten. — L. dent ( = *dec-
(in a good sense). — L. de, fully; merere, ni), pi. ten by ten. — L. dec-em ten. Hence ,

mereri, to deserve. See Merit. denier L. denarius, piece of ten (as-es). ,

Demesne. (F. — L.) A. F. demeine, Dendroid. (Gk.) Gk. Uvbpo v, a tree ;

demene, also demesne (with silent s) other -ubrjs, like, from tltios, form, shape.
spellings of Domain, q. v. Denizen, a naturalised citizen, inha-
Demi-, half. (F. — L.) O. F. demi, bitant. ^F. — L.) Formerly deynsein .—
half. — L. acc. ditnidium , half. — L. d. - — A. F\ and O. F. deinzein .also denzein),
dis-, apart meditis, middle see Medium. used in the Liber Albus to denote a trader
; ;

Demijohn, a kind of large bottle. within the privilege of the city franchise,
(F.) From F. dame-jeattne cf. Span. as opposed to forein. Formed by adding
;

damajuana Much disputed, but not of the suffix -ein ( = L. -dneus) to O. F. deins,
Eastern origin. The F. form is right as now spelt dans within. — L. de intus from ,

it stands, though often much perverted. within. — L. de, from ; intus, within, allied
From F. dame ^Sp. damd), lady; and to Interior.
Jeanne (Sp. Juana), Jane, Joan. See Denominate. (L.) From pp. of L.
denbmindre to name. — L. de, down, fully ;
135
 , , , -;;,; , , ,, — -,;

DENOTE DEPOSITION
nSmindre, to name, from nomittstem of hang down or from.— L. de, down, from
nomen a name; see Noun. pendire to hang. See Pendant. ,

Denote. (F. — L.) F. ddnoter.—L. de- Depict. (L.) Formerly used as a pp.
notdre to mark out. — L.
,
down L. depictus, pp. of depingere, to depict,
not a re, to mark, from nota, a mark. See paint fully.— L. de, fully pingere, to
lit.
;

Note. paint. Cf. Picture.

Denouement, undoing of a the Depilatory, removing hair. (L.)
knot. (K. — L ) F. denouement sb., from Formed, in imitation of M.F. depilatoire
,

dinouer, to undo a knot. — L. dis-, apart (Cot.), from a L. adj. *depilatorius not
noddre, to knot, from nodus a knot. See found. — L. depiId- re, to pluck out hair.
,

Node. L de, away; pilare, to pluck away hair,

Denounce. (F.— L.) Q.Y dettoncer from pilus hair. . ,

— L. denuntiare to declare. — L. <#, down, Depletion. (L.) 'Depletion, an empty-

,

fully nuntidre to tell, from nuntius a ing

; ,
Blount. Formed, in imitation of , ;

messenger. See Nuncio. Der. denunciat- repletion, from L. depictus, pp. of deplore,
ion, from L. pp. dSnuncidtus to empty. — L. de, away ; plere, to fill.
.

Dense. (L.) L. densus, thick +0k. See Plenary.

Sacrvs, thick. Brugm. i. § 851. Der. ra;/- Deplore. (F. - L. or L ) O. F. de ;

detise. plorer. — L. deplordre to lament over.

,

Dent ;
see Dint. L. de, fully plordre, to cry out, wail,
;

Dental. (L.) Formed with

at suffix • weep. Brugm.
i. § 154.

(K. -at, L. -alis) from L. dent-, stem of Deploy, to open out, extend. (F.— L.)
dens, a tooth, cognate with E. Tooth. F. deploycr, to unroll, unfold O. F. des- ;

dentated, furnished with teeth. (L ) ploier to unfold. — L. dis-, apart ; pliedre,

L. dentatus toothed. — L. dent-, stem of to fold. A
doublet of Display.
dens, a tooth. Deponent, one who testifies. (L.) L.
denticle, a little tooth. (L.) L.den- deponent stem of the pres. pt. of deponere
ticutus double dimin. of dens, a tooth.
,
to lay down, also
(in late L.) to testify.—

dentifrice, tooth-powder. (F. — L.) L. de, down

pottere, to lay. See Position.
;

F. dentifrice. — L. dentifricium (Pliny). — Depopulate. (E.) From pp. of L. de-

I,, denti-, deck stem of dens, a tooth populate, to lay waste; in Late L. to de-
fric-dre, to rub. prive of people or inhabitants. Orig. to
dentist. (F.— L.) F dentiste. Coined . ravage by means of multitudes. — L. de,
from L. dent-, stem of dens, a tooth. fully populdre , to populate, fill with
;

dentition. L. dentitionem acc.

(L.) ,
people, from populus people see People. , ;

of dentitio, cutting of teeth. — L. dentitus Deport. (F. — L.)

F. deporter, to M.
pp. of dent/re, to cut teeth.— L. denti-, bear, endure ; se deporter, to forbear, quiet
deck stem of dens, a tooth. oneself. — L. deportare to carry down, re- ,

Denude, to lay bare. (L.) L. denu move with extended senses in Late Latin.
;

dare to make fully bare. — L. de, fully;

,
Der. deporttnent, O. F. deportement be-
nMare, to lay bare, from nudus, bare. haviour. For the varying senses, see
See Nude. F. deporter.
Denunciation see Denounce. ; Depose. (F. — L. and Gk.) O. F. de-
Deny. (K. - L.) M. E. denien. — M. F. poser, to displace. —
O. F. de- (L. de), from ;
denier, earlier form deneier. — L. denegare, and F. poser, to place, of Gk. origin, as
to deny fully.— L. de, fully; negdre, to shown under Pose. Much confused
deny. See Negation. with derivatives from L. pdnere , to place.
Deodand, lit. a thing to be given to See below.
God. ( L.l From L. deo dat. of deus, God Deposit, vb. (F.-L.) Obs. F. de-
,

dandum neut. of dandus to be given, positer to entrust. — Med. L. depositdre, to

,

from dare to give. ,

lay down. — L. deposition , a thing laid
Depart. (F. — L.) O. F departir, des- down, neut. of pp. of deponere ; see De-
.

partir, to divide, to part from. — L. dis-, ponent.

away from; partire, to part; see Part. deposition. (F. - L.) O. F. deposi-
Cf. L dispertire.
. tion. — L. acc. dipositidnem , a depositing.
Dep end. (F. — L.) O. F. dependre, to — L. depositus, pp. of deponere to lay ,

—
depend, hang on; Cot. L. dependSre , to down (above).
136
 ,, , , ,, , , , , , , -, —
;;;

DEPOT DESIGN
depot, a store. (F.-L.) F. depit; Derrick, a kind of crane. (Du.) Orig.
O. F. depost. - L.
deposit um, a thing laid the gallows and named from a Dutch
;

down (hence, stored) ; neut. of depositus, hangman ; see T. Dekker, Seven Deadly
pp. of diponere ; see Deponent. Sins of London, ed. Arber, p. 17. Du. —
Deprave. — L.) M. E. deprauen. —
(F. Dierryk, Dirk Diederik
,
answering to G.
;

O. F. depraver. — L. deprdiidre to make Dietrich A. S. peodric, Vuler of the

crooked, distort, vitiate.— L. di ,
fully; people.*
prduus, crooked, depraved. Dervis, Dervish, a Persian monk,
Deprecate. (L.) From pp. of L. ascetic. (Pers.) Pers. darvJsh poor; a
dipretdri to pray against, pray to remove. dervish, who professed poverty. Cf. Zend
— L. de, away; precdn, to pray. See dri^u-, poor (Horn).
Precarious. Descant. (F. — L.) Orig. a variation
Depreciate. pp. of L. (L.) From ina song. — O. North F. descant (O. F. des -
depretiare, to lower the price of. — L. de chant \ a kind of song. - Late L. discantus ,

down pretium price. See Precious.

;
a refrain, kind of singing. — L. dis-, apart;
Depredate. (L.) From pp. of L. and cantus, a song. See Cant (1).
dipnedari to plunder. — L. de, fully; pr<e-
, Descend. (F.-L.) M. F .descendre;
dtlri, to rob, from pneda, prey ; see Prey. Cot. — L. descendere lit. to climb down.
Deiiress. (F.-L.) O. F. depresser L. de, down ; scandere, to climb sec ;

(Godefroy).— L. type *depressdre from ;

Scan.
L. dtpressus , pp. of diprimere to press Describe. (L.) L. describere, to write
down. — L. de, down; premcre, to press. down, describe fully pp. descript us ;

Deprive. (F. — L.) O. F. depriver (whence description ). — L. dZ, down;

(Godefroy). — Late L. diprivdre, to de- scribere to write.
, See Scribe.
prive of office, degrade. — L. de, fully; descry. (F.-L.) M. E. descryen to ,

priudre, to deprive. See Private. discern. — O. F. descrirt short form of ,

Depth ;
see Deep. O. F. descrivre to describe. — L. describere.
,

Depute. (F. — L.) Vl.Y .deputer; Cot. Sense affected by O. F. deserter to pro- ,

— L. deputdre , to cut off, also to impute, claim, publish; fiom O. F. des ^L. dis-),
destine. — L. di, down ;
ptitdre to cut off, and crier, to cry.
orig. to cleanse. Der. deput-y M. F. Desecrate. (L.) From pp. of L. de-
depute, one deputed, pp. of deputer. secrare or dZsacrdre , to consecrate ; (with
Derange. (F.— L. and O. II. G.) F. change of sense due to O. F. dessacrer, to
deranger to disai range; formerly des- profane, from L. dis-, apart). — L. de, fully
rangier. — L. dis-, apart; O. F. rangier, saerdre to account as sacred ; see Sacred.
rengier, to range ;
see Range. Desert (1), a waste. ^F. L.) O. F. —
Dereliction, complete abandonment. desert, a wilderness. — L.desertnm, neut.
(L.) L. acc. direlictionem, complete neg- of desertus, waste ; pp. of deserere, to
lect.— L. direlict us, pp. of derelinquere to ,
desert, abandon. — L. di, away (negative)
forsake. — L. di, from ; rclinquere , to leave severe to join.
,

behind, from re back, and linquere, to Desert (2), merit. (F.-L.) O. F.

leave. See Relinquish. desert fem. deserte , lit. a thing deserved,
,

Deride. (L.) L. dertdere , to laugh pp. of deservir to deserve ; see below.

,

down, laugh from

at; de, down, and deserve. (F.-L.) O. F .deservir.—
rtdire to,
laugh. Der. deris ive ,
from L. diseruire to serve fully; in Late L., to
pp. derlsus. deserve.-L. di, fully; seruire, to serve.
Derive. (F. — L.) O. F. deriver to ,
See Serve.
derive, also to drain. — L. deriudre, to Deshabille, careless dress. (F.-L.)
drain off water. — I,. dZ, from; rtuus, a F. dishabille undress. — F. dishabiller, to
,

stream. See Rivulet. undress. — Y .des (L .dis-), apart, away, un-

Derm, skin. (Gk.) Gk. 8 epna, skin.— habiller to dress ; see Habiliment.
,

Gk.ticpuv, to flay; cognate with E. Tear, Desiccate, to dry up. (L.) From pp.
vb., to rend. of L. disiccdre , to drain dry. L. di, away; —
Derogate. pp. ofL. dero-
(L.) From siccare, to dry, from siccus, dry.
gdre , to repeal a law, detract from. -L. Desiderate see Desire.
;
di, away ; rogdre , to ask, propose a law. Design, vb. F. - L.) O. F. desipier,
t

See Rogation. to denote, to design. — L. disignare, to

137
 , , , , -, , , , , , , - , , ,;,

DESIRE DETAIL
denote, mark down. — L. down; dZ, sig to despair). L. ds (1) fully, (2) — away;
ndre, to mark, from signittn , sign. Der. spondere to promise.
design- ate. Despot, a tyrant. (F.-L.— Gk.) O.F.
Desire, to long for. (F. —
L.) O. F. de - despot . — Med.
L. despotus. — Gk. titanuTrjs,
sirer, desirrer. — L. desfderdre , to long for, a master ; lit. * master of the house.' The
*
regret, miss. Perhaps (like constderdre ) syllable $€cr- = Idg. *dems, * of a house ;

allied to stdus, a star, as if to turn the eyes cf. Skt. dam-patu , master of the house.

from the stars, to regret, miss. The syllable nor- is allied to Gk. iroais,
desiderate. (L.) L. desTderdlus , pp. husband, Skt .pati-, lord, and to Potent.
of destderdre (above). Brugm. i. § 408.
Desist. (F.— L.)
O. F. desister to Desquamation, a scaling off. (L.)
cease. — L. dZsistere to put away, also to
,
From pp. of L. desqudm&re, to remove
desist. — L. de, away ;
sistere , to put, also scales. — L. de, off; squama, a scale.
to stand still, from stare, to stand. Dessert. (F. — L.) O. F. dessert, the
Desk, a sloping table. (L.— Gk.) last course at dinner. — O. F. desservir, to
M. E. deske } desk; in Chaucer, C. T., F. do ill service to ; also, to take away the
1128. — Med. L. a desk; cf. Ital. courses at dinner. — O.F. des-, from L. dis-,
desco, *a desk;' Florio. — L. discum ,
away servir from seruire, to serve.
; ,

acc. of discus a disc, table. See Disc, Destine. (F.-L.) O.F. destiner, to
Dish. ordain. — L. destinare, to destine, ordain;
Desolate, solitary. (L.) I.. desdldtus allied to L. destina, a prop, support. — L.
forsaken pp. of desdlare , to forsake. — L.
;
de, down and * stanare to cause to stand,
;

nfc, fully; solare, to make lonely, from derivative of stare, to stand. Cf. Cretic
.stf/ttj, alone. aravvaj I set. Brugm. ii. § 603.
,

Despair see Desperate.

: Destitute. (L.) L. destitulus left
Despatch ; see Dispatch. alone pp. o i destituere, to place alone.—
;

Desperate, hopeless. (L.) L. despe - L. de, away ; siatuere to place, causal of

rdtus, pp. ol despe rare, to lose all hope. — stare to stand.
L. de, from ; sperart , to hope ; from Destroy. (F.— L.) M.E. destroien,
as in sper-es, O. Lat. pi. of jr/^, hope. destruien. — O.
F. destmire (F. dJtruire ;

despair, vb. (F.-L.) M.E. des- Ital. distruggej'c). — L. type *destrugere

pe iren, desperen. — O. F. despeir tonic for L. dostmere, to pull down, unbuild,
stem of desperer to despair. — L. desperare overthrow (pp. destruct us) — L. de, down; .

(above). struere to pile up. ,

desperado, a desperate man. (Span. destruction. (F.-L.) O.F. de-

— L. M. Span,
^ desperado. — L. despe ratus, struction. — L.
destructidnem from acc. ;

pp. of desperare (above). destruct-us pp. of destruere (above).

,

Despise, to contemn. (F. L.) M.E. — Desuetude, disuse. (L.) L .desuetiido,

despisen. —
O. F. despis stem of the pres, disuse. — L. desuetus pp. o i desuescere, to ,

part., &c., of despire , to despise. L. <#- — grow out of use, opposed to con-suescere
spicere to look down, look down on see Custom.
(below). Der. despic-able, from L. de- Desultory, jumping from one thing
spicari, to look down on, allied to de- to another. (L.) L. desultorius, orig. be-
spicere. longing to a de suitor hence, inconstant. — ;
*
despite, spite, hatred. (F. — L.) M.E. L. desuitor, one who leaps down, or from
despit.— O. F. despit, ‘despight, spight ;*
horse to horse. - L. desultus, pp. of desilire ,
Cot. — L. despectum, acc. of despectus, to leap down. — L. de, down; satire to
contempt. — L. despectus pp. of despicere, ,
leap.
to despise. — L. de, down spectre to look ; , ; Detach. (F. — L. and G .) F. detacher t

see Species. to unfasten. — F. di- = 0 F. . des- (L. dis-),

Despoil. (F.-L.) O. F. despoiller (F. apart F. tache a nail, tack ; see Tack. ;

dZpouuler), to despoil. — L. despoliare, to Der. detachment Cf. Attach. .

plunder. — L. de, fully; spolidre, to strip Detail, a small part. (F. — L.) O. F.
of clothing, from spolium, spoil see detail, a peece-mealing, also retaile, or a
;
*

Spoil. selling by parcels Cot. — O. F. detailler ;

*

Despond. (L.) L. despotidere, (1) to to cut into pieces. — O. F. de (L. de-),

promise fully, (2) to give up, yield (hence, down fully; iaider, to cut; see Tailor.
 , . ,;

DETAIN DEVOIR
Der. detail, verb (which is from the sb. O. F. deus (F. deux), also dous, two. — L.
in E., though in F. it is the other way). duds, acc. of duo, two.
Detain. — L.) From a tonic
(F. stem deuce (2), the devil. (LowG.— F.—
of O. F. detenir — L. detinere, to
. G. de dims ! the deuce (Bre-
hold L. ) Low !

back pp. detent us. — L. de, clown ten ere, men Worterbuch) ; G. der dausl Orig.
; ;

to hold. Der. detention (from the pp.). an exclamation on throwing ttye deuce or
Detect. (L.) From L. detect us, pp. two at dice, as it was a losing throw.—
of detegere to uncover, expose. — L. de, O. F. dous, two (above).
,

away tegere to cover. See Tegument. Deuteronomy. (L.-Gk.) Late L.

; ,

Detention ; see Detain. deuteronomium — Gk. fievrepovofuov, a

Deter. (L.) L. deterrene, to frighten second giving of the law. — Gk. btvrtpo-s,
from. — L. de, from; terrere, to frighten. second vop.-os, law. ;

See Terror. Devastate. (L.) From pp. of L. de-

Deterge, to wipe off. (I..) L. demer- uastdre, to lay waste. — L. de, down ;

gere, to wipe off. — L. de, off; tergere, to uastare, to lay waste, from adj. uastus,
wipe. Der. detergent from the pies. pt. waste. ,

Deteriorate. (L.) L. deteriordtus Develop, to unfold, open out. (F.—

pp. of de tenorare, to make worse. — L. I,, and Teut.) F. dtvelopper O. F. des- ,

deterior, worse. Formed from de, away, veloper, desvoluper — O. F. des- (L. dis-) .

from; with comp, suffixes - ter-ior (So apart and the base velop - or volup-, which
. ;

also in-ter-ior from in.) appears also in envelope This base repre- .

Determine. (F.-L.) O. F. deter- sents Teut. 7clap-, as in M. E. wlappen, to

miner.— L, determin are, to bound, end.— wrap up see Lap (3), Wrap. ;

L. de, down, fully; terminare, to bound, Devest, to unclothe. (F. — L.) From
from terminus, a boundary; see Term. M. F. desvestir to devest. — L. dis-, off; ,

Der. pre- determine. and uestire, to clothe. Doublet, divest.

Detest. (F. L.) —
M.F. detester , to Deviate. (L.) From pp. of L. de-
loathe. — L. detestari to execrate, impre-
,
uidre, to go out of the way. — L. de, from ;

cate evil by calling down the gods to v it- uia way.

,

ness. — L. de, down; testdri, to witness, devious. L. deui-us, going out

(L.)
from testis, a witness. of the with suffix -ous. — L. de,
way;
Dethrone. (F.—L. and Gk.) M.F. from uia, way.
;

destkroner, ‘to unthrone;’ Cot.

O. F. — Device, a plan. (F. — L.) M. K.
des- (L. dis-', apart; L. thronus, from deny s, deuise ( devys devise). — O. F. devis, ,

Gk. Bpuvos. a throne. See Throne. devise, a device, also a division. — Late L.
Detonate, to explode. (L.) L. deto- dluisum, dluTsa , a division ; also a judg-
ndtus, pp. of detondre to explode. ,
— L. de, ment, device orig. neut. and fem. of
;

fully; tondre, to thunder. ,

to divide ; see Divide.
pp of diuidere
Detour, a winding way. (F. — L.) F. devise, to plan. (F.—L.) M. E. dc-
dttour, a circuit ; verbal sb. from F. tiisen ( devisen ). — O. F. deviser. — O. F.
ditoumer, to turn aside. — F. dtf- (L. dis-) , devis or devise , sb. (above).
aside, apart tourtier, to turn. See Turn.
; Devil. (L. — Gk.) A.S deoful, deofoh .

Detraction. (F. — L.) O. F. detrac- — L. dia bolus. — Gk. the slan-

tion.— L. detractidnem, acc. of detractio, derer, the devil. — Gk. ^tafiaXKtiv, to throw
a withdrawal hence a taking away of across, traduce, slander. — Gk.
;
through,
one’s credit. — L. detractus, pp. of detra- across; &a\\€iv, to throw; see Belemnite.
liere , to take away, also to disparage.— Devious ; see Deviate.
L. di, away i rah ere, to draw.
;
See Devise ; see Device.
Trace (i). Devoid, quite void (F L.) M. E. —
Detr ent. ( F. — L.) O. F. detriment. deuotd due to deuoided, pp. of deuoiden
im ;

— L. detrlmentum, loss; lit. ‘a rubbing ( devoiden ), to empty. — O. t. desvuidier,

away.’ — L. detrt-tus, pp. of deterere, to desvoidier, to empty out. — O. F. des-
rub down; with suffix -mcntum. — L. di, (L. dis-) voidier, to empty, from voide, ;

down terere, to rub. See Trite.

;
vuide adj. empty; see Void. ,

Detrude. (L.) L. ditriidere, to thrust Devoir, duty. (F.—L.) M.E .deuoir.

down. — L. d£, down trudere to thrust. ;
— F. devoir, O. F. deveir, to owe
,
M
Deuce (I), a two, at cards. (F. — L.) used as a sb. L. deblre , to owe sec Debt. — ;

139
 , , , ; , , , ,

DEVOLVE DIAPASON
Devolve. (L.) L. deuoluere to roll , tinctive. — Gk.icutpivtiv, to separate.** fi

down, bring or transfer to. — L. de, down ; Gk. Kpivuv to judge.

Sid, apart ;

ttoluere to roll, A frequent old sense Diadem, a fillet, crown. (F. — L. Gk.) —
of devolve was to transfer.* Der. devolut-
‘ M.E. and O.F. diademe. L. diadema — — .

ion from the pp. devolutus.

,
Gk. diddrjjM , a fillet. — Gk. Sid, apart,
Devote, vb. (L.) L. diuotus , pp. of across di-w, I bind, allied to Skt. dd,J.o
;

deuottere to devote, vow fully. — L. de,

,
bind (whence daman, a garland). (^DE.)
fully; uouerc to vow. See Vote.
,
Brugin. ii. § 707.
Devour. (F. — L.) O.F. devorer (r p. Diaeresis, a mark ( ) of separation. ‘

s. pr. devoure). — L. deuorare to consume, ,

(L. — Gk.) L. diaeresis. — Gk. dialpecis, a
eat up. — L. de, fully; uordre , to gulp dividing. — Gk.fii-d, apait; atpeerts, ataking,
down. See Voracity. from aipai', to take.
Devout. (F.-L.) M. E. deuot (devof), Diagnosis, scientific determination of
also spelt devoute, — O.F. devot, devoted. — a disease. (Gk.) Gk. bidyvajois, a dis-
L. deudtus , pp. of deuouere ; see Devote. tinguishing.— Gk. fiid, between; 7vwais,
Dew. (E.) M. E. <&«, dew. A. S. enquiry, from 7 vtovai, to know.
afoza/, dew.+Du. dauw ,
Icel. dogg (gen. Diagonal. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. diagonal.
ddggvar) Dan. ,
Swed. G. — L. aiagimalis, running from corner to
Teut. type *dauwo Perhaps allted to Skt. coiner. — Gk. biaywvios (the same). — Gk.
dhav, to run, flow ;
Gk. QUiv, to run. did, thiough, between ; 70ma, an angle,

Dexter. (L.) L. dexter , on the right bend, allied to 7 6w, knee; see Knee.
hand side, right. +Gk. right, Skt. Diagram. (L. Gk.) L. diagramma, —
dakshina on the right or south, Goth. a scale, gamut (hence, sketch, plan'). — Gk.
taihswa, right hand, W. deheu right, didypa/xfxa, a figure, plan, gamut. — Gk.
southern, Gael, and Irish deas (the same). diaypa<pav, to mail; out by lines, describe.
The Skt. dakshina- is orig. clever cf.
4
*
;
— Gk. 5 ia, through ; yphiptiv, to write.
Skt. daksha -, able, daksh to be strong. , Dial. (L.) M
E. dial. — Med. L. didlis, .

Bey, a governor of Algiers. (F. — Turk.) relating to a day hence a plate for shew- ;

F. aey.— Turk, ddi, a maternal uncle; ing the time of day. — L. dies , day. JUiugm.
afterwards, in Algiers, an officer, chieftain. i. § 223.
Dhow, a slave ship (?). Mod. Arab. Dialect, a variety of a language. (F.—
ddo but not an Arab, word (Yule). Orig.
,
L. — Gk.) F. dialect c. L. dialect us, f.— —
language unknown. Gk. btd\tKTo$, f., discourse, language,
Di- (i), prefix; apart. (L.) L. di-, dialect. — Gk. SiaKeyopiai, I discourse. —
shorter form of dis- ; sec Dis-. Gk. bi tween; \iytiv, to speak,
did
Di- (2), prefix; twice, double. (Gk.) dialogue, a discourse. ^F. L. — — Gk.')
Gk. fit- (for fits), twice. + L. bis, di* ;
Skt. F. dialogue . — L. dialogttm acc. of dialogus .
dvis, dvi -. Allied to Two. — Gk. 8ia\oyos, a conversation. — Gk. dia-
Dia-, (Gk.) Gk. did, through,
prefix. Klyopiai, I discourse (above).
between, apart; allied to Di- (2), and to Diameter, the line measuring the
Two. 5T In nearly all words beginning bieadth across or thickness through. (F.
with dia-, except dial, diamond diary ,
.
— L. — Gk.) Mid. F. diametre ‘a dia-
Diabetes, a disease accompanied with meter ; Cot. — L. diametros — Gk. did-
’
.

excessive discharge of urine. (Gk.) Gk. fitTpos, f. — Gk. 81a, through; piirpov , a
fitajS^r i)s, a pair of compasses, a siphon, measure ; cf. pnrpt.iv, to measure.
diabetes. —
Gk. bia&aivuv, to stand with Diamond. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. dia-
the legs apart (like compasses or a siphon). mant. — O. F. diamant form of ,
altered
— Gk. did, apart; Qaivuv, to go; see adamant so also Ital. Span, diamante ,
;

Come. G. diamant demant. See Adamant. ,

Diabolical. (L. — Gk.) L. diabolic -us, Diapason, a whole octave, harmony.

devilish. — Gk. 5ca#oAi Kut, devilish. Gk. — tL. — Gk.) L. diapason an octave, con- ,

bid$o\ot, the devil see Devil. ;

cord of a note with its octave. — Gk. fiia-
Diaconal, belonging to a deacon. itacwv concord of first and last notes of an
,

(F. —
L. Gk.) —
F. diaconal. Late L. — octave, lit.
c
through all * the notes, — Gk.
diaconalis from L. didconus a deacon ,
did through
,
iraawv, gen. pi. fern, of iras,
;

seeDeacon. all being understood) ; see Dan-,

Diacritic. (Gk.) Gk. bia/cpiTticds, dis- prefix.

140
 ; , , ;

DIAPER DIET
Diaper, figured linen cloth. (F. — L. — by lie apparently formed from Dab; see
Gk.) Cf. from
O. F. diapr£, diapered ; above.
the verb diaprer, to diaper, or * diversifie Dice, pi. of Die (2), q. v.
with flourishings * Cot. The verb is
; Dicker, half a score. (L.) M. E. dike?
formed from O. F. diaspre , later diapre a ,
(cf. lcel. dekr) % — L. decuria , a set of ten. —

fine cloth, often described as blanc (white). L. dec-em ten. %

— Late L. diasprus , adj , also used as a sb. Dicotyledon, a plant with two seed-
(tunica de diaspra alba).— Late Byzantine lobes. (Gk.) From Gk. double;
Gk. titacrirpos, adj., pure white ; from 8i-a, fcorv\Tjbwu, a cup-shaped hollow, from
wholly, aanpos, white (see N. E. D.). kotv\tj a cup.,

% Not the same as Ital. diaspro a jasper , ; Dictate. (L.) L. did at us, pp. of die-
but cf. Prov. diaspes diaspres diaper, ,
,
fare, to dictate, frequentative of dtcere , to
costly cloth (Bartsch) also Late L. aspen , ;
say (below). Der. diciat-or.
white money (Ducange). diction, — L.) F. diction. —
talk. (F.
Diaphanous, transparent. (Gk.) Gk. L. dictidnem acc. oidictio a saying. — L. ,

8ia<pav-7)s, transparent with suffix - ous — ;

. did us, pp. of dtcere, to say, appoint ; allied
Gk. 5 id, through <f>av allied to <paivuv ,
;
to diccire , to tell, publish. +Gk. 5 ukvvjjli, I
to shew. Brugm. i. § 195. shew Skt. dip, to shew ; Goth, gateihan ,
;

Diaphoretic, causing perspiration. to announce, G. zeigen to accuse, point ,

(L.— Gk.) L. diaphoreticus, sudorific.— out. Brugm. i. § 207. (VHE1K.)

Gk. foa(popr}Tuc6s (the same). — Gk. 5m- dictionary. Late L. dictiona - (L.)
tyoprjcrts, perspiration. — Gk. bicupoptiv, to rium, foimed from diction -, stem oidictio,
carry off (by perspiration). — Gk. 5m, a saying, word (above).
through ;
<f>opav , to carry, allied to </>ep€n/, Didactic, instructive. (Gk.) Gk. 81-
to bear ;
see Bear. fiatcTiKos, instructive. — Gk. 8M<nceiv, to
Diaphragm, a dividing membrane. teach ( ** *didaK-(TKfiv ) ;
allied to Sokuu, to
(F. — L. — Gk.) F. diaphragmc. — L. dia- think, 5 Uopai, Ionic for 8l\opai, I accept
phragma. — Gk. bta<ppaypa partition, mid- ,
cf. L. discere, to learn, docere, to teach.
riff. — Gk. 5m, between (ppaaoca (fut. ;
Brugm. i. § 707. (y'DKK.)
<ppa£w) } I fence in, enclose. Didapper, Divedapper, a bird;
Diarrhoea. (L.— Gk.) L. diarrhaa .— see Dive.
Gk. 5 lafipoia, lit. i a flowing through.’ — Die (1), to lose life. (Scand.) M.E.
Gk. biafifieuv, to flow through. — Gk. 8m, dyen, deyen Late A. S. de$an. — lcel,
;

through f>Uiv, to flow.

;
deyja ; Swed. do, Dan. doe, to die.+
Diary. (L.) L. didrium a daily , M. H.G. touwen ; cf. Russ. davit{e), to
allowance, also a diary. — L. dies, a day. strangle. The Teut. base is *dau , whence
See Dial. *dau-jan (lcel. dey-ja ). Cf. Dead, Death.
Diastole, dilatation of the heart. (Gk.) small cube for gaming. (F.~ Die (2), a
Gk. bicHTTokr}, a drawing asunder, dilata- L. ) Used as sing, of M.E. dys , more
tion.— Gk. biaoriWav, to put aside or usually dees, dice. — O. F. dez , dice, pi. of
apart. — Gk. 5m, apart; oriKktiv, to put. det, a die (F. d£). Cf. Prov. dat, Ital.
Diatonic, proceeding by tones. (Gk.) Span, dado , a die. — Late L. datum, lit. a
Gk. btaroviKbs, from Sidrovos (lit. stretched thing given or decreed ; hence applied to
out), diatonic. — Gk. biartivuv, to stretch a die for casting lots. — L. datus , pp. of
out. — Gk. 8i<£, fully reivciv, to stretch.
;
dare to give. See Date ( 1 ). ,

Diatribe. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. diatribe. Diet 1 ) regimen. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. {

,

— L. diatriba a learned disputation.— diete. — O. F. diele, daily fare. — Late L.

,

Gk. biarpi&rj, a wearing away of time, dieta, dieda, a ration of food. — Gk. biaira,
waste of time, discussion. — Gk. Siarpt- mode of life, diet. Brugm. i. § 650.
Puv, to waste time, to discuss. — Gk. 5m, Diet (2), an assembly. (F. — L.— Gk.)
thoroughly; rpifatv, to rub, waste away M. F. diete, a diete, parliament;* Cot.— ‘

(with long 1). Med.L. diceta, a public assembly; also a

Dib, to dab lightly. (E.) A lighter ration of food, diet. — Gk. Uatra, a mode of
form of dab. Hence dibber , a dibble see life, diet; see Diet (1). ;
The peculiar
below. use of the woid was due to a popular
dibble, an instrument for setting plants, etymology which connected diceta (often
by making holes. (E.) M.E, debit, de - spelt dicta) with dies, a day; we even
*4 l
 , , , , , , , - , , , , ,, -
-

DIFFER DIMITY
find diceta used to mean a 1
day’s journey ings, to ruin. (L.) From pp. of L. dila
and dieta for 4 a day’s work 9 and a daily piddre , to scatter like stones. — L. di- (for
‘

office or duty’; Ducange. dis-), apart j lapid-, stem of lapis, a stone.

—
Differ. (F. L.) M. F. differer. L. —
Dilate. (F.-L.) O. F. dilater to
to carry apart, to differ —
L. dif- widen. — L. dilat are, to widen. L. di- —
(for dis-), apart; ferre , to hear. Cf. Defer, (for dis-), apart latus broad. See Lati- ;

Difficulty. (F.-L.) M. E. difficultee. tude. Der. dilat-ory , A. F. dilator it,

— O. F. difficulte.~ L. difficult at'em, acc. Dilemma, a perplexity. (L.— Gk.) L.
of diffcultas (for *difficilitas, like facultas dilemma. — Gk. SiKrjfxfxa. a double proposi-
iorfacilitas), difficulty. — L. difficilis, bard, tion, or argument in which one is caught
— L. dif- (for dis-), apart; facilis, easy ; between two difficulties. — Gk. St-, twice,
see Facile. double Xrjfx^a, an assumption, premiss.
;

Diffident. (L.) L. diffident-, stem of See Lemma.

diffidens , pres. pt. of diffidere , to distrust. Dilettante, a lover of the fine arts.
~L.dif-(- apart; fidere to trust,
dis-), ,
(Ital. —
L.) Ttal. dilettante , lit. ‘delight-
allied to fdes, faith. See Faith. ing in/ Ital. dilettare , to delight. — L.
—
Diffuse. (L.) L. diffusus , pp. of dif- dflectdre to delight ; see Delectable.
fundere, to shed abroad. — L. dif- (=dis-), Diligent, industrious. (F. L.) O. F. —
apart ; f
undere, to pour ; see Fuse (l). diligent. —
L. diligent -, stem of diligens.
Dig. (F. — Du.) F. diguer to make a careful, diligent, lit. loving (fond); pres,
dike. — F. digue a dike. — Flem. and Du.
,
of diligere to love, select, lit. choose
pt. ,

dijk a dike ; see Dike. between. — L. ( --dis-), apart ;

legere, to
Digest, to assimilate food. (L.) M. E. choose. See Legend.
digest , used as a pp. = digested. — L. diges- Dill, a plant. (K.) M.E. dille. A.S.
ius, pp. of digerere, to carry apart, sepa- dile.-\- Du. dille , Dan. <#/</, Swed. dV//, G.
rate, dissolve, digest. — L. Slf- (for </*'//, dille O. H. G. /i7/f. ,

apart ; gei-ere, to carry. Dilute. (L.) L. dilfit us, pp. of dilucre,

Dight, adorned. (L.) Dight as a pp. is to wash away, also to mix with water. — L.
short for dighted from the obs. verb dight, di- (for dis-), apart luere, to wash, ;

to arrange, prepare, M.E. dihten, to pre- Dim. (E.) M.E .dim. A.S. dim, dark,
pare. A.S. dihtan, to set in order, arrange -f Icel. dimmr dim ; M. Dan. dim.
; Cf.
borrowed from L. dictdre to dictate, pie- M. H. G. timmer, dim ; Swed. dimma, a
scribe ; see Dictate. fog, haze O. Irish deitn, dark. ;

Digit, a finger, figure. (L.) L. digitus Dime, the tenth part of a dollar. (F.—
a finger; hence a figure, from counting on L.) F. dime, O. F. disme, tenth. — I,,
the fingers. decinia, a tithe ; fern, of L. decimtis tenth, ,

Dignity. (F.-L.) M. E. dignitee. — allied to decern, ten. See Ten.

O. F. dignetL — L. dignitatem, acc. of Dimension. (F. — L.) O. F. dimen-
dignitas, worthiness. — L. dignus , worthy, sion. — L. acc. dimensidnem, a measuring.
Brugm. i. § 762 (3). — L. dimensus, pp. of dimetirt, to measure
dignify. (F. — L.) O. F .dignifier.— off. — L. di (for dis-), apart; met in, to
Med. L. dignificare, to make worthy. — L. measure. See Measure.
digni-, for dignus , worthy; -ficare, for Diminish, to lessen. (F. — L.') Coined
facere, to make. { = dis-\ apart, and E.
from L. di- minish ;

Digress, to step aside. (L.)

lit. L. in imitation of L. diminuere , to diminish
digressus, pp. of dtgredi, to go aside. L. — (below). See Minish.
di- (for dis), apart; gradi, to go. See diminution. (F. L.) F. dirninu —
Grade. tion. —L. acc. diminutionem , diminution.
Dike, a trench, trench and embankment, — L. diminutus, pp. of diminuere to
bank. (E.) M.E. dik. A.S. die, masc. lessen. —
L. di- (**dis-), apart; mintiere,
+Du. dijk, Icel. diki Dan. dige, Swed. to lessen. See Minute.
dike, G. teich, pond, tank. Der. dig, q. v. Dimissory, giving leave to depart.
See Ditch (L.) L. dimissorius giving leave to go
Dilacerate. (L.) From pp. of L. before another judge. — L. dimissus, pp. of
dilacerare , to tear apart. L. di- (for dis-),— dimittere to send away. — L. di- (for dis-),
.

apart; lacerare, to tear. See Lacerat". away; mittere to send.

Dilapidate, to pull down stone build- Dimity, a white stuff. (Ital. — L. Gk.) —
142
 , , , , ,;
;,
; , ;;

DIMPLE DIRQE
Ital. dimito (pi. dimiti ), a kind of course ‘
Icel. dyntr, a dint, dynta, to dint ; Swed.
cotton or flanell ; Florio. — Late L. dimi-
*
dial, dunt, a stroke, dunta to strike.
turn (pi. dimitd), silk woven with two Diocese. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. dio~
threads. — Gk. Mptros, made with a double rise. — O. F. diocise (F. dioche). — L. dice-
thread. — Gk. double ; piros, a thread cesis — Gk. dioiitrjffis, administration, a
.

of the woof. province, diocese. Gk. hiouctw, I keep —

Dimple, a small hollow. (E. ?) M. E. house, govern. — Gk. 51 - (for 3ia), through-
dympull. Perhaps from a base *dump-, out oIk€oj I dwell, occupy, from ol/co $ , a
; ,

allied to dip Cf. Dan. dial, damp a

. house Wick, a town.
;
see
hollow in a field ; dybbel, a pool, a hollow Dioptrics, the science of the refraction
in the upper lip (Molbech) Du. dompelen of light. (Gk.) Gk. rd StonTpinb, dioptrics.
;

to dive; G. dumpfel M. H. G. tiimpfcl — Gk. dtoTTTptKbs, relating to the Siovrpa,

, ,

O. H. G. tumphilo a deep pool. Also an optical instrument for taking heights,

Lith. da bus, hollow dubti, to be hollow &c. — Gk. 5t-d, through; base *orr- (fut.
;

(pres. t. dumb-u). oif/opLcu), to see; -rpa, fern, instrumental

Din, clamour. (E.) M. E. dine dune. suffix. See Optics. ,

A.S. dyne dyn dynnan, to resound.

, ; Diorama, a scene seen through a small +
Icel. dynr, Swed. d&n, Dan. don, noise opening. (Gk.) Gk. $ 1 - (for 5ia)> through
Skt. dhuni-, roaring, dhvani- a din, dhvan, 6 pa pa, a sight, from opaoj, I see.
,

to resound. Dip, to plunge, immerge. (E.) M. E.

Dine. (F.-L.) M. E. dinen. — O. F. dippen. A. S. dyppan , later dippan for ;

disner, F. diner, to dine. — Late L. *dup-Jan, causal form from the base dup-,
iiindre, short for *disieiundre, to break weak grade of deup -, as seen in A.S. deop,
one’s fast. — L. ieiiindre , to fast, from deep
;
see Deep. Cf. Dan. dyppe, to dip. ;

ieiunus fasting. (Romania, viii. 95 .)

, Diphtheria. (Gk.) From Gk. 8i<p-
dinner. (F. — L.) M. E. diner from Otpa, leather from the leathery nature of
\ ;

O. F. disner, to dine ; the infinitive mood the false membrane formed in the disease.
being used as a sb. Cf. Gk. 5 tipriv, to make supple.
Ding, to throw violently, beat. (E.?) Diphthong, a union of two vowel-
M. E. dingen pt. t. daw?, pp. dtingen as sounds in one syllable. (F.~ L.— Gk.) ;

a strong verb though not found in A. S. Formerly dipt hong (Ben Jonson). — M. F.
;

Cf. Icel. dengia, Dan. dienge, Swcd.ddnga, dipthongue. — L. acc. diphthongum, f. — G.

to bang; all weak verbs. Cf. M. Dan. &if>0oyyos, with two sounds. — Gk. 5t- (for
dinge, to blunt an edge by beating on it 5ts), double; <p$6yyos, sound, from <pOlyyo-
0. 1 1. G. tangol a hammer. From a Teut. pat, I cry out.
type *dengan -. Diploma. (L. — Gk.) L. diploma a ,

Dingle, a deep dell. (E. or Scand.) document conferring a privilege. — Gk.

M. E. ding/e. Cf. dimble in a similar StnXwpa, a thing folded double; also, a
,

sense. Of uncertain origin. Cf. Dimple. licence, diploma (prob. orig. folded
Dingo, the native dog of Australia. double). — Gk. din\6os, double. — Gk. &-
(New S. Wales.) New S. Wales dingo (5 Is), double; -ir\6os, folded. Der. di*
written teingo in 1 798 (Morris). plomat-ic, from 5t7rX<y/iar-,stem of din\ojpa.
Dingy, dirty. (E.) Orig. soiled with Diptera, two-winged insects. (Gk.)
dung. Cf. A. S. dingiung (for *dyng{i)ung, From Gk. (Sxs), double ; wrepbv , a wing,
with g as j), a dunging ; from dung dung from the weak grade of ntropai, I fly.
}

so also Swed. dyngig, dungy, from dyng, Diptych, a double-folding tablet. (L.
dung; see Dung. For the pronunciation, — Gk.) Late L. pi. diptycha. — Gk. 8t-
cf. stingy (allied to sting'). Tnv\a, a pair of tablets ; neut. pi. of 5t-
Dingy (with hard g), Dingey, a small irrvxos folded in two. — Gk. 6t- (Ms), ,

boat. (Bengali.) Beng. dingy, a small double irrvxfl , a fold, imWciv, to fold. ;

boat ; it has become legitimately incor-

*
Dire. (L.) L. dirus, fearful.
porated in the vocabulary of the British Direct, adj. (L.) L. direct us, pp. of
Navy, as the name of the smallest ship’s dirigere, to direct. — L. di- (for dis-), apart
boat *
(Yule). regere , to rule.
Dinner ;
see Dine. dirge. (L.) Formerly dingey from
Dint, a blow, force. (E.) M. E. dint, the first word of the anthem dtrige, Do-
‘

dunt ; also dent. A.S. dynt, a blow.+ minus meus,' in the office for the dead.«»L.

M3
 , , , , , , , , , , --,,

DIRK DISEMBARK
dirtge , direct thou (cf. Ps. v. 8) ; 2 p. imper. Disconsolate. (L.) Late L. discon-
sing, of dirigere (above). soldtusy comfortless. — L. dis-, apart; con-
Dirk, a dagger. (Du.?) Spelt dork soldiusy pp. of consdldri, to console ;
from
(a.d. 1602) ; also durk . Perhaps from Du. con- (cum), with, solan } to comfort. See
do Iky a dagger; a word of Slavonic origin. Solace.
Cf. Polish tulichy a dagger, Irish duircy Discord, sb. (F.-L.) O.F .descord,
a poniard, is borrowed from K. discord variance; formed fiom O.F. des-
,

Dirt. (Scand.) From M. E. drit (with corder, vb., to be at variance. — L .discorddre

shifted r). — Icel. drit dirt, excrement of (the same). — L. discord stem of dis cors,
birds. Cf. Icel. dritay to void excrement.+ adj. discordant. — L. dis-, apart cord-,
;
M. Du. drete, Dn. dreety sb., drijten vb. stem of cor, heart.
,

Dis-, prefix. (L.) L. dis- apart; cf. Discount, verb. (F.-L.) Formerly
Gk. 5t-, apart; see Di-. Hence O. F. discompt. — O. F. descomptery to reckon
des^ which sometimes becomes dis- in E., back or off. — O. F. des- (L. dis-), away;
and sometimes de -, as in de-feat. The compter to count; see Count (2).
prefix dis- commonly expresses the re- Discourse. (F. — L.) O. F. discours,
versal of an act, somewhat like the E. sb. — L. discursuniy acc. of discursus , a
verbal prefix un-. For most words be- running about also, conversation.— L. ;

ginning with this prefix, see the simpler discursus pp. of discurrere , to run about. ,

forms. For example, for dis- abuse see — L. dis-, apart currere, to run. ;

abuse ; and so on. Discover. (F. — 1 ..) M. K. discoueren

Disaster. (F.-L.) M. F. desastre, (<discoveren ). — O. F. descouvriry to un-
cover, disclose. — O. F. des- (L. dis -)
'
a disaster, misfortune Cot.
;
’
Lit.
4
ill-
fortune.’ -O. F. des-y for L. dis-, with a apart couvrir, to cover. See Cover.
;

sinister or bad sense and M. F. astre,

; Discreet, prudent. (F. - L.) O. F.
a star, planet, also destiny, fortune, from discret. — L. discrZtus, pp. of dis-cernere
L. astrwny a star. to discern ; see Discern. Der. discret-
Disburse. (F.-L. and Gk.) O. F. ion.
desbourser, to take out of a purse. — O. F. Discrepant, differing. (F.-L.) F. M .

des- (L. dis-), away; F. bourse a purse, discrepant. — L. discrepant

,
stem of pres,
from Late L. bursa , Gk. fivpoa, a skin part, of discrepdre to differ (in sound).— ,

(hence, a bag). See Bursar. L. dis-, apait crepdre to crackle, sound. ; ,

Disc, Disk, a round plate. (L. - Gk.) Discriminate. (L.) L. discrimind

L. discus, a quoit, a plate. — Gk. StVxoy, a tiis, pp. of discrimindre to separate. — L.
quoit, — Gk. 5uuTv, to cast, throw. Brugm. disc rimin- stem of discrimen, a separa-
i. § 744. See Dish, Desk, Dais. tion. — L. discernere (pt. t. discre ui) to
Discern. (F.-L.) F. discerner. - L. distinguish. — L. dis-, apart cernere to ;

discernere , to separate, determine. — L. dis-, separate.

apart; cemere , to separate. Cf. Con- Discursive. (L.) From L. discurs-
cern. us, pp. of discurrere, to run about; with
Disciple. (F.-L.) F. disciple. - L. suffix -ive. See Discourse.
discipulum , acc. of discipulus, a learner. Discuss. (L.) M. 10. discussed, pp.
— L. discere , to learn ; allied to docere to ,
driven away. — L. discussus, pp. of dis-
teach ;
see Docile. Der. discipl-ine , cutere, to shake asunder; in Late L., to
O. F, discipline, L. disciplines, learning. discuss. — L. dis-, apart ;
quatere to shake.
,

Disclose. (F.-L.) M. E. disclosen. Disdain, (F.-L.) M. E. disdeyn

sb. .

— O. F. desclos-y pres, stem of desclorre, to - O. F. desdein , sb. — O. F. desdegnier to ,

unclose, open. — L. disclaudere , to unclose.
— L. dis-, apart; claudere , to close. See
Clause.
Discomfit. (F.-L.) M.E. discomfit
(Bruce).— O.F. disconfit discomfited, pp.
4
of desconfirty to discomfit, vanquish/ Cot.
disdain. — O. F. des- (L. dis-), apart; degn-
ier (L. digndri ), to think worthy, from
dignuSy worthy. O. F. desdegnier seems
to have been substituted for L. dldigndrly
to disdain (with prefix de-, down).
Disease. (F.) O. F. desaise want of ,

— O.F. des-; and cwfire, to preserve, make ease. — O. F. des- (L. dis -) aise, ease. ;

ready.— L. dis-, apart; and confieere, to Disembark. (F.) M. F. desembar

preserve, complete, from L. con- (cum), quer. — O. F. des- (L. dis-) away entbar- ;

together, facere , to pet, make. See Foot. quer to embark see Embark. ;
 , , ) ; , , , ,

DISEMBOGUE DISPOSITION
Disembogue, to flow into the sea, as O. H. G. tnagan (G. mogen), to have
a (Span.— L.)
river. SpaD. desembocar, power, be able. Hence *desmayer and
to disembogue. — Span, des - (JL. dis -), esmayer, at first used in the intrans. sense,
apart; embocar to enter the mouth, from,
to lack power, faint, be discouraged, but
em* (L. in), into, and boca (L. bucca), afterwards, actively, to discourage. Cf.
mouth. Ital. smagare (for *dis-magare) , orig. to
Disgorge. (F.—L.) O.F. desgorger. lose courage, also to dismay (Florio).
— O. F. des - (L. dis-), away; gorge the See May (i).
,

throat see Gorge.

; Dismiss, to send away. (F. — L.) A
Disgrace. (F.— Ital. — L.) M.F. dis- coined word; suggested by F. desmettre ,
grace. — Ital. disgrazia. — L. dis - , apart; pp. des mis,
1
to displace, dismiss;* Cot.
gratia grace.
, See Grace. The true L. form is dimittere, to send
Disguise, vb. (F.-L. and O. H. G.j away.-L. db (for dis-), apart, away;
O. F. desguiser, to disguise. — O. F. des- mitterc, to send.
(L. dis-), apart and guise, guise see ;
to offer indignity, to lower
; Disparage,
Guise. Lit. to change the guise of.*
4
rank or esteem. (F. — L.) M. E. des- in

Disgust, vb. (F. — L) M.F. des- parageu. — O. F. desparagcr. — Q. F. des-,

gouster, to distaste, loath;* Cot. — O. F. apart; parage, rank. — L. dis-, apart;
*

des- (L. dis-) apart ; gouster to taste, from Late L. pardticum society, rank, equality
,

L. gustdre to taste ; see Gust (2). of rank, from L. par, equal (Diez). See
Dish, a platter. (L. — Gk.) M. K. Par.
disek. A. S. disc, a dish. — L. discus a disparity. (F. — L.) F. disparity ,

quoit, platter see Disc. ; (Montaigne). From L. dis-, apart; and

Dishabille; see Deshabille. Y.parite, equality; see Parity. Suggested
Dishevil. (F.-L.) M. F. discheveler by L. dispar, unequal. I

(Cot.),
4
to dische\ell,’ Dispatch, Despatch. (Span.— L.)
to disorder the
i. e.

hair. —O F. des - Formerly spelt dis-, not des-. — Span, des-

(L. dis-), apart; chevel
(F. cheven), a hair, from L. capillum, acc. pachar, to dispatch, expedite. L. dis-, —
of capillus, hair away and L. type *pactdrc, to fasten, fix, ;

Disinterested. (F. L.) —

From fiom pad us, pp. of pangere to fasten.
Dis- (2) and interested see Interest (2). (See N. E. D.) Cf. Ital. spaceiare, to dis-
Disk ; see Disc. patch (Florio), answering to a L. type
Dislocate, to pul out of joint. (L.) *dispactidre.
From pp. of Late L. dislocdre to put out Dispel. (L.) L. dispellers, to drive
of place. — L. dis-, apart ; loedre , to place, asunder, — L. dis-, apart ; pellere, to drive,
fiom locus, place. Dispense. (F. L.) O.F. dispenser, —
Dismal. (F.— L.) Orig. A. F. dis to dispense with. — L. dispensare, to weigh
mat, unlucky days (a. d. 1256). [The out, frequent, form of dispendere, to weigh
phrase was misunderstood, and dismal was out. — L. dis-, apart ; pendere, to weigh,
treated as an adj., with the addition of Disperse, to scatter abroad. (F.—L.)
days; and later, of other sbs.] — L. dies M.F. disperser. From L. pp. dispersus ,
mall, evil days. Cf. F. Lnn-di** Mon-day. pp. of dispergere to scatter abroad. — L.
—
Dismantle. (F. L.) M. F. desman - di- (for dis-), apart; spargers , to scatter.
to take a mans cloake off his backe Display. (F.—L.) A. F. desplayer,
1
feller, ;

also, to raze wails; Cot.-O. F. des - (L. O. F. desploier, to unfold, shew.— L. dis-,
’

dis-), apart; manteler, to cloak, from apart pliedre, to fold. Doublet, deploy, ;

mantel, sb. see Mantle. ; Disport. (F.-L.) M. E. disporten ,

Dismay, to discourage. (F. — L. and to amuse. —O.F. se desporter, to amuse
O. H. G.) O.F. *desmayer, not found oneself, orig. to cease from labour; later
(except dismay pp. , in Palsgrave, p. 519), deporter and confused with Deport. L. ,
—
but exactly the same as Span, desmayar dis-, away, portdre, to carry (hence, to
(Port, desmaier, Ital. smagare), to dismay, remove oneself from or cease from labour),
terrify. The O. F. *desmayer was early Hence sport, q. v.
supplanted by esmayer in the same sense, Dispose. (F.—L .and GUI) O.F.dis-
which only differed in substituting the poser, to arrange.— O. F. dis- (L. dis-),
prefix es- (L. ex-) for des- (L. dis-). The apart F. poser, to place ; see Pose, ;

latter part (- tnayer of these words is from Disposition. (F. — L.) F. disposi-

ng
 , , ,, , , , , , ;; , , , , , ;-

DISPUTE DISTICH
tion.— L. acc- dispositidnem , a setting in apart ;
socidte to associate, from sodas, a
order. — L. dispositus pp. of disponere to , ,
companion. See Sociable.
set in various places, to arrange. — L. dis-, Dissolute. (L.) I.. dissolutus, licen-
apart ponere to place, put.
;
tious pp. of L. dissoluere (below).
;

Dispute. (F. — L.) F. disputer. — lj. dissolve. (L.) L. dissoluere , to dis-

disputdre, to argue. — L. dis-, apart; solve, loosen, relax. — L. dis-, apart; sol-
put are, to think. See Putative. uete, to loosen. See Solve. Der. dis-
Disquisition, an investigation. (L.) solution (from pp. dissolutus).
From L. disquisitio a search into. — L. , Dissonant. (F. L.) M. F. disso- —
disquisitus, pp. of disquitete , to examine. nant Cot. — L. dissonant stem of pres,
;

L. dis-, apart ; quarere , to seek. pt. of dissomite, to be unlike in sound. —

Disruption. (L.) From L. disruption L. dis-, apart; sotidre, to sound, from
diruptio , a breaking asunder. — L. dismp- sonus, sound.
tus dlruptus po. of disrumpere dirum-
, , Dissuade. (F.-L.) F. dissuader ;
pere to break apart. — L. di-, apart; Cot. — L. dissuddere, to persuade from.—
tumpere to burst. L. dis-, apart; suddere, to persuade; see
Dissect. (L.) From L. dissect -us, pp. Suasion.
of dissecare, to cut apart. — L. nfa-, apart Distaff. (E.) A distaff is a staff
secate, to cut. bedizened with flax, ready to be spun off.
Dissemble. (F. - L.) O. F. </w- ‘
I dysytt a dystaffe I put the flaxe upon
(L. <#>-), apart; sembler, to seem, appear; it to spynne
’
Palsgrave. M. E. distaf,
;

cf.O.F. dissimuler to dissemble. — L. dyses/af. distaf. The A. S. distaf

A. S.
apart, away; simulate to pretend; cf. L. stands for *dise-staf where staf = E. staff,
dissimulate, to pretend that a thing is not. and *dise = Low G. diesse, the bunch of
See Simulate. flax on a distaff (Bremen) ; also spelt disc,
Disseminate. (L ) pp. of L. From disene (Liibben) E. Fries, dissen . See ;

disseminate to scatter seed. — L. dis-, Dizen.

apart ; simulate , to sow, from semin-, for Distain. (F.— L.) M. E. disteinen. -
semen, seed. O. F. desteign-, a stem of desteuidrc to
Dissent, vb. (L.) L. dissentlre (pp. distain, take away colour. — O. F. des
r&rjww«j), to differ in opinion. — L. dis-, (L. dis-), away; and teindre, from L.
apart ; sentire, to feel, think. Der. dis- tingere to dye.
sens-ion , from the pp. dissensus . Distant. (F. — L.) O.F. distant. — !,,
Dissertation, a treatise. (L.) From distantem, acc. of distans pres. ,
pt. of
L. dissertatio, a debate. — L. dissertatus, distdre, to stand apart. — L. di apart;
pp. of dissertate , to debate ; frequent, of stare to stand.
disserere, to disjoin, discuss. — L. dis-, Distemper (1), to derange the tem-
apart ; serere , to join. perament of body or mind. (F. — L.) M.E.
Dissever. (F.-L.) O. F. dessevrer. distemperen. — O. F. destetnprer, to mix ;

— Late L. disseparare . — L. dfo-, apart ;

whence pp. destemprt, immoderate, exces-
separate to separate.
,
sive. — O.F. des- (L. dis-), apait; tempter
Dissident. (L) L. dissident -, stem (mod. F. tremper), from L. temperate to ,

of pres. pt. of dissidere to sit apart, to regulate. See Temper.

disagree. — L. flfo-, apart; sedere, to sit. distemper (2), a kind of painting.
Dissimilar, unlike. (F.-L.) M. F. ( F. — L. ) O.F. dcstemprer, later destrem -

dissimilaite. —O.F. dis- (L. dis-), apart; per to soake, steepe, moisten, make fluid, ,
1

and similaire, like ; see Similar. liquid, or thin,’ Cot.; the same verb as
dissimilitude, dissimulation above.
from L. dis- apart, and similitude, simu- Distend. (L.) L. distendere, to stretch
lation. apart. — L. dis-, apart ;
iendere, to stretch
Dissipate. (L.) From pp. of L. see Tend. Der. distent-ion (from the
dissipate , to disperse. — L. dis-, apart ; pp. dis tent -us).
and O. L. supdre , to throw we find also ; Distich, a couplet. (L.-Gk.) L.
insipare, to throw into. Cf. Skt. kship, to distichus, distichon . — Gk. tionxov, a coup-
throw. Brugm. i. § 761. let (in verse) ;
neut. oidiorix 0 ** having two
Dissociate. (L.) From the pp. of L. rows. — Gk. $<- {dis), double; arlxos, a row,
dissociate , to separate from. —
L. dis-, allied to arcixWt to go. (-^STEIGH.)
146
 , , , , , , ;; , , , , —

DISTIL DIVIDE
Distil. (F.-L.) O.F. distiller. — L. Dittany, a plant. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E.
distillate, destillare or trickle to drop dytane. — O.ditan , dictam. — L. die-
F.
down. — L. di, down; stilldre to drop, ,
tamnum, acc. of dictamnus — Gk. Bik- .

from stilla, a drop. See Still (2). Tafivos difcrafxvov dittany

,
named from
, ;

Distinguish, to mark off. (F.-L.) Mount Dictl in Crete, where it grew.

O. F. distinguer to distinguish the suffix ;
Ditto. (Ital. L.) —
Ital. ditto, detto,
-isk has been added by analogy, and cannot that which has been said. —L .
4
dictum,
be accounted for in the usual way. — L. neut. of pp. of dicere, to say.
distinguere to mark with a prick, dis-
,
Ditty. (F. — L.) M. E. ditee. — O. F.
tinguish (pp. distinctus).— L. di- (for dis-), ditt, akind of poem. — L. dicta turn, a thing
apart; *stinguere (not in use), to prick, dictated neut. of dictatus pp. of dietare,
;

allied to Gk. art^uv, to prick, and E. frequent, of dicere see Dictate. ;

stick , vb. See Instigate. Brngm. i. § 666 . Diuretic, provoking discharge of urine.
distinct. (F. — L.) O.F. distinct . — (F. — L. — Gk.) M.F. diuretique ; Cot. — L.
L. distmctus , distinguished ; pp. of dis- diureticus. — Gk. tiivvprjTifcos. — Gk. 8 tov~
tinguere. pi civ, to pass urine. —
Gk. Bi-&, through;
Distort. (L.) L. distortus pp. of ,
0 vpov, urine ; see Urine.
distorquere, to twist aside. —L. dis-, apart Diurnal. (L.) L. diumdlis, daily. —
torquere , to twist ; see Torture. L. diurnus, daily. — L.
dies, a day.
Distract, vb. ( L.) F rom L. distract us, Divan, a council-chamber, sofa. (Pers.)
pp. of distrahere, to draw apart. — L. dis -, Pers. divan, a tribunal ; Arab, dayman, a
apart ;
trahere to draw; see Trace (1). royal court, tribunal, council of state.
Distrain. (F.-L.) O. F. destreign -, Divaricate, to folk, diverge. (L.)
a stem of destraindre, to strain, press, vex From pp. of L. diudricare to spread ,
apart.
extremely, constrain (hence to seize goods — L. di- (for dis-), apart ;
uaricus, stradd-
for debt). — L. distringere, to pull asunder from udrus, crooked. ling,
(see below). — L. di- (dis-) apart ; stringere , Dive. (E.) M. E. diuen duuen (u - v). ,

to draw tight see Stringent.

;
A. S. dyfan, to immerse, weak verb con- ;

distress, calamity. (F. — L.) O.F. fused with diifait strong verb (pt. t. deaf, ,

destresse, oldest form deslrece from a pp. dofen), to ivc. Icel. dyfa to dip.
;
<
+
Folk-L. *districtia (not used), regularly Allied to Dove, Deep, Dip.
formed from L. districtus, pp. of distrin- didapper, a bird. (E.) Short for dive-
gere, to pull asunder (in Late L. to punish, dapper. Cf. A. S. dufedoppa, a pelican.
afflict) see Distrain.
;
Here dapper (~ A. S. doppa) means a
Distraught. (L.) A modification of dipper or diver; and dive-dapper dive-
distract ( = distracted) from 1^. distract- us dipper, a reduplicated word.
;

see Distract. Diverge. (L.) Coined from L. di- (for

Distribute, to allot, deal out. (L.) dis-), apart; and verge, vb. See Verge
From distribut-us pp. of L. distribuere ,
(2).
to deal out, allot separately. — L. dis-, Divers, Diverse, various. (F.-L.)
apart ; tribuere , to assign ; see Tribute. O. F. divers masc., diverse
, ,
fern., ‘divers,

District, a region. (F. — L.) M. F. differing ;

’
Cot. —
L. diuersus, various ;
district . — Late L. districtus , territory orig. pp. of diuertere, to turn asunder,
wherein a lord has power to enforce justice. separate, divert (below).
— L. districtus, pp. of distringere ; see —
divert. (F. L.) M. F. divertir, ‘ to
Distrain. divert, alter ; ’ Cot. — L. diuertere, to
Disturb. (F — L.) M. E. destorben ,
turn aside.— L. di- (dis-) apart; uertere,
distourben. — O.F. destorber to vex. L. — to turn. Der. divers ion, from pp.
dhturbdre , to disturb. —
L. dis-, apart diuersus .
turbare, to disorder, from turba , a tumult, Divest. (L.) Late L. diuestire, in
crowd. See Turbid. place of L. deuestire, to strip off clothes.
Ditch. (E.) M. E. diche; cf. A. S. — L. di- (for dis-), apart, substituted for
dice, dut. of die, fern, [also masc.], a dike ;
L. de-, down, away ; uestire , to clothe,
see Dike. from uestis, clothing. See Vest.
Dithyramb, a kind of hymn. (L. - Gk.) Divide. (L.) L. diuidere to divide,
L. dithyramb us, — Gk. &61jpapfios, a hymn separate (pp. dtuisus). L. di- (dis-), —
in honour of Bacchus. apart; and *uidere, a lost veib, prob.
 , , , , , ;;

DIVINE DOGMA
meaning * to separate *
;
see Widow, burdock Irish meacan-dogha, a great bur-
;

(y'WIDH.) Brugm. i. § 589, ii. 528. dock, where tncacan means a tap-rooted
Der. division (from the ppA. plant, as a carrot. Der. bur-dock .

Divine. (F.— L.) M.E. devin.-* O.F. Dock (3), a basin for ships. (Du.?)
devin, — L. dtuhtus ,
divine, god-like; M. Du. docke, a harbour (whence Dan.
allied to dttius , godlike, deus, god; see doth', Swed. docka t (L docke) ; Du. dok.
Deity. History obscure.
Divorce, sb. (F. — LA O.F. divorce. — Docket, a label, ticket. (E. ?) Orig. an
L. diuortium, a separation. — L. diuortcre, abstract; apparently allied to Dock (1).
the same as diuertenr, to turn aside, sepa- History obscure.
rate ; see Divert. Doctor, Doctrine, Document
Divulge. 1 F. — L.) F. divnlguer , ‘ to see Docile,
divulge, reveal;’ Cot.«~L. diuulgdre , to Dodecagon. (Gk.) Named from its
publish abroad. — L. di-, for di± apart; 12 angles. Formed like decagon with ,

uulgare, to publish, from uit Igus, the Gk. bwbttca, twelve, instead ol bltca, ten.
jjeople,a crowd see Vulgar. ;
See Decagon.
Dizen, to deck out. (K.) To dizen was Dodecahedron. <Gk) Formed with
orig. to furnish a distaff with flax, hence Gk. 8w8*t<a, twelve, in place ol tell

to deck out. See Distaff. Der. be -dizen, seeDecahedron.

Dizzy. (K. M.K. dysy, ditsi A. S.
j Dodge, to go l'.ither and thither, to
dysig. loolish, stupid. 4* L. bnes. dusig, tpubblc. \E.; XVI cent. Oiig. to walk
dizzy, loolish ; O. II. G. tush\ From unsteadily, hence to go lrom side to hide
Tent. *dns- as in
t
Low
G. ditscn to loiter % as if to escape; perhaps allied to prov. E.
(Liibl)eni; allied to Teut. *Jiis-, a> in Du. dade, to walk unsteadily, Scotch daildle,
duizelen , to be dizzy Perhaps further i doddle t to waddle, dod, to jog, dodge, to
allied to A. S. dudes, l)u. dzouas, foolish jog along, dodgel, to hobble, North E. ,

(Franck), from Teut. stem Vw/«E»-. dodder to shake, totter, dodge, dodge to ,
j

Do, to perform. (K. M.E,doon. A. S walk clumsily. (Very doubltul.)

) :

don. pt. t. dyde, pp. gedon the mg. sense Dodo, an extinct bird. (Port.) Port,
; 1
|

is ‘put’ or place.’4"Du doen, O. 11 CL Joudo, hilly, foolish; the bird being of a

‘ .
!

Allied clumsy make. Sard to be borrowed from

'

tuon. (L thun. Teut. stjrn

to Gk. I put, Skt. dim, to place. Devonsh. do/d, stupid, the same as E. dolt !

(^DliK.) Brugm. i. § 129. Jiiez). See I)olr I

Docile. (F. — E.) F. ilotile. -»L. dneilis, Doe. E. M.E. doo. A S. ^7.4* Dan. ;

teachable. — L. docere to teach. Allied to daa. Swed. do/-, m dcfhjori a buck, may ;

Disciple and Didactic. f>e allied toG. damhmch, a buck, wherein

doctor. (F.— E.) M.E doctour t tic syllable dam- i*» thought to be borrowed ,

O.F. doctour. «• L. doc f Orem, acc. oi dot tor, fiom L. daw a, a deer or Celtic cf. Corn, ; ;

a teacher — I., docere , to teach da, a deer, Gael. dam It, ox, slag. ,

doctrine. (F. - L.) F. doctrine - I- Doff, to put off clothes. (K.'> Short for .

doctrtna, lure, learning. — L. doctor a do off, 1. e. put off. Cf. don. dup. ,
1

teacher. — L. docere to teach. Dog. (K M. E. dogge. A, S. doega. )

document. <F. — L.i F. document Du. dog, Swed. d gg, a mastiff; Dan,
— L. docamentum a proof. — E. dot ere, to dogge, a hull-dog Low <L dogge, b dog it c ; . ;

teach, shew. all borrowed from E., Der d\g, verb, to ,

Dock (1), to curtail. E. ?j Erom track, follow as a dog, dogg-ed, sullen; .

dock , sb., the stump of a tail, stump, cut dog-cheap, very cheap (see N. E. D.) ;

end. Cf. E. Fries, dokke dok, a bundle, dog-unhid ,

bunch (as of straw I)u. dok , a little1 Doge* a duke of Venice. (Ital. — L.)
;

bunch (of straw;; Dan. dukkc a skein, Iiai. doge prov. foitn of *doce, a duke. — L. ,

short column, baluster ; G. docke, a skein, dm -em, an:, of dux a leader. See Duke, ,

rail, plug, peg; Low G. dokke, a bunch, Doggerel, w fetched poetry. (K. ?)
stump, peg (Bcrghaus;. M E. dogerel, Ch C. T. 13853. Origin
Dock (2), a plant. (EA A. S. docce uncertain but prob. formed from dog. + ;

M. Du. docke {as in docken bladeren , dock- Cf. dog rime, poor verses (N. E U.).
leaves, Hexham) ; M. Dan. d-dokka. water- Dogma, a definite tenet. (Gk.) Gk.
dock (Kalkar), So also Gael, dogha, a 807^, an opinion (item boy par-). -.Gk.
148
 1 — , , , , ;

DOILY DONJON
5 o/ceo>, I am of opinion. Allied to Do- acc. of delphtttus, a dolphin. — Gk.
cilo. Der. do^mat-ic, dogmat-ise. stem of a dolphin.
Doily, a smalt napkin. (Personal name.) Dolt. (E.) Cf. Devonah. dold a t
dolt.
Formerly we read of doily stuff/ and 1
M. E. duU (= dulled) from M. E. \
dul,
1
doily petticoats.* Said to be named after dull ;
see Dull.
‘the famous Doily'*, Spectator, no. 283, Domain. (F.~ L.) F. dompine, sb.
Jan. 24, 1712. Mentioned in Drydcn’s from O. F. demaiiu, adj., belonging to as
Kind Keeper, iv. 1 (1679). one’s own. — L. dominions adj., belonging ,

Doit, a small coin. (Du.— Scand.) Du. to a lord (the neut. dominicnm was used
ditit, a doit. — Icel ./veil, a piece, bit, small for L. dominium lordship). — L. dominus
, ,

coin, doit. — Icel. '/vita (pt. t. */voit), to a lord; allied to L. domare to tame,
cut, a lost verb, but the same as A. S. subdue see Tame. Doublet, demesne,
;

/-vttan ; see Thwite. Dome* F. — ltal. — L.) F. d6me.—

Dole, a portion. (K.) M . E. dol, dale. Ital. duomo do mo, a cathedral church
,

A. S. dal, a division v Kxod. viii. 23). A j

house of God — L. domum, acc. of .

variant of Deal (1), q. v. I dooms, a house, a building.

Doleful, sad. (Hybrid F. — L .andli.) See Timber, Biugm.
; |
i.
§ 1351.
The suffix -fid is K. M. F. doe!, duel, dol domestic. (E-L.) F. domeslique.
0
— L. domestic u<. belonging to a household.
j

(Scotch dool sorrow, grief.

,
1’. doel. . !

dol (F. deuil giief; verbal sb. of (). F.

,
— 1 .. dom-us, a house (above).
doloir, to grieve. - \..doHum,\w eor-dolinm, domicile. F. — L.) O. F. domicile, '

grid of beau. — L. dolere, to grieve. (a mansion. — L domicilium, a habitation.

|

dolour. (I'.— LA M. K. dolour — — L. domi-, lor damns, a house; and .

j

() F. dolour. — L. dold ran, acc. ol dolor, -edium, possibly allied to Cell, ,

grief. — L. dolcrc, to grieve. see Doom. Domesday;

DolL (Gk.) b ram Doll, for Dorothy .j Dominate. U-.) From pp. of domi-
a tamihar name, of Gk. c»ngm (see nor/, to be lord over.— L. dominus , a
N. L. 1 ). 1. C f. Eml. Sc. dainty. a doll. lord.
!

Dollar. (Low G. — G.> Low G. da/er; domineer. Du. — F. — L.) M. Du. |

Du. daaldcr a dollar. , Adapted and domum cn, to feast luxuriously (Oude-
borrowed from G thaler, a dollar. The mans
. borrowed from O. F. do miner, to ;

( ». thaler is short lor die himst haler, a govern, rule. — L. domindri, to be lord
J
coin made from stiver found in Joachims- over abo\e',. i

that (Joachim’s dale in Bohemia, ab. dominical. iF. — L.) O. F. domini-

mJi — Late L. dominie nits, belonging to the
j

a I). 1 5 1 9.
. .

Dolm&n, a kind of loose jacket. tF. — Lord’s day, or to the Lord. — L. dominic- !

G.-lhmg.-TmkA F. dolman. — G. dol- us. belonging to a lord. — L. dominus , a j

man, dollman. — 1 ung dolmany. — Turk. lord.

dominion. (F, — Late L.) O. F.
|

aWu/nan. delamah, a kind of long robe.

1

Dolmen, a monument of two upright dominion. — 1 -ate L. dotninioium acc. of

stones, with a third across them. (F. — C.
s
dominio, loidship; allied to L, domin- J

F. dolmen — Bret.
. dolmen, lit. stone- turn, lordship. — L. dominus (above .
*

table;* Logon idee. — Bret. /<>/, tool, a domino. (F. — L.) F. domino, a
table (from L. tabula and men, a stone
<
;
masquerade-dress orig. a masters hood, ; ;

according to J.cgiUiidec. But (see X. E. I).) — L. dominus, a master (above). Der.

this is due to some mistake; the F dominoes, sb. pi., a game.
dolmen seems to represent the Cornish (i)> to put on clothes. (E.) Short Don
tolmcn, stone with a hole l>eneatli; from for do on , i. e. put on. Cf. doff, dout ,
Com. toll, a hole (W. t:rll and men dup. ,

\W.maen) n stone. Don (2), a Spanish title. (Span. — L.)

Dolomite, a kind of rock. (F.) Span don, sir. — L. dominnm ,
acc. of
Named in 1794 from M. Dolomieu a dominus, a lord.
French geologist ,1750-1801). Donation. (F. — L.) F. donation.—
Dolour; see Doleful. L acc. donationtm a gift, from the stem
Dolphin, a fish. (K. - L. — Gk.) M.K. of the pp. of don fire, to give. — L. donum,
dolphtne. — O
F. daulphtn (now dauphin), a gift. Cf. Gk. hwpov, a gift.
*» Foik-L. dal/inum for L. deiphinum,
,
Donjon ; see Dungeon.
*49
 , E , , , ;

DONKEY DOUGH
Donkey. (C. and E.) Double dimin. Dory, see J ohn Dory,
a fish ;

with suffix -k-cy ( = Lowl. Sc. - ick-te , as D0S6. (F.— L.— Gk.) O. F. dose , a
in hors-ickie a little-little horse, Banfifsh.),
,
quantity of medicine given at once. —
from dun , familiar name for a horse, from Med. L. dosis. — Gk. b 6 <x is, a giving. — Gk.
its colour (Romeo, i 4. 41); see Dun (1). (stems 5 o>-, bo-), I give. Brugm. i.
So also M.E. don-ek prov. E. dunnock § 167. ,

a hedge-sparrow, from its colour. Donkey Dot. (E.) A. S. dott only in the sense ,

tfirst found in 1785) was a prov. K. word, ‘head of aboil/ Cf. Du, dot, a little bundle
which seems to have rimed with monkey ofspoiltwool,&c.,goodfornothing (Sewell;
(whence the spelling"). Cf. Somersets. Swed. dial, dott, a little heap, small lump;
duungkee, pron. of donkey. M. Dan. dot , a bunch K. Fries, dot, dotte, ;

Donna. (Ital.-L.) Ital. donna —J,. a heap, bunch, lump. Cf. Norw. dotten,
domino ,
,
mistress, fem. of dominus ,
a pp. of delta, to to fall to pieces, fall,

master. Doublet, duenna. Dote. K. dotien doten, to be

(E.) M. ,

Doom, judgment, decision.

a ( .) foolish (Layamon) Du. doten to . +M .
,

M. E. dom. A. S. dam, lit. a thing set or dote, mope; Du. dulten to doze; led.
decided on; from don, to set, do; see Do. dotta. to nod with sleep, M. H. G .getotzen,
4 Swed. Dan. dom, Icel. domr, Goth, to doze, tuzen to mope.
-
,

dents, O. H. G. tuom. Tent, type *domoz dotage. (K. with F. suffix.) M. K. , ;

a statute. Cf. Gk. Olpus, law (from TiOrjfu, dotage Irom M. E. dot en with F. suffix ; ;

I set). Der. deem. -age (L. -a tie uni). Cf. F. radotage, from
doomsday, domesday. (K) A.S. radoter, to dote.
domes day of doom or judgment.
d<£g, dotard. (E. with F. suffix.) From
Door, a gate. (E.) M.E. done, dure dote, with F. suffix -ard (O. II. G. hart .

A.S. dor, n. durti, f. O. Sax. dor, Goth.

; +
dotterel, a kind of plover. K.) A *

daur, G. thor, n. and Icel. dyrr, f. pi.; bird easily caught; from dote, vb., with
;

Dan. dor, Swed. dorr, Du. deur, G. thur, suffix as in cm herel. I

f. sing. Teut. types *dtiront, n.: *dures, f. Double. (F. — L.) O. F. dob/e, later :

pi. Cf. L. fores, Lith. diirys, f. pi.; O. double. — L. duflus, lit. two- fold. — L. du-o, !

Irish dorus, n., W. drws m.; Russ. dver{e) two - plus , i. c. folded.' 1
, ! ;

Gk. Ovpa Skt. dvdr, f. Brugm. i. § 462.

, doublet. (F. — L.) M. E. dobbclet — j
.

Dormant, sleeping. F. — L.) F. dor - O. F. doublet an inner (double) garment.

*
,

mant, pres. pt. of dormir, to sleep. — L. — F. double, double; with suffix -et. !

dormire, to sleep. + Skt. drd, to sleep;

1

doubloon. fF. — Span. — L.) F. dou-

Gk. b.ipOdvfiv. 1 blon. — Span . doblon, a com, the double of
dormer-window. fF. and Scand.'ia pistole. —Span, doblo, double. — L. du-
A dormer was a sleeping-morn. — O. F. plus (above).
dormeor. — L. dormitorium (below). doubt. (F. — L.) M. K. douien. —
dormitory. (L.) L. dormitorium, a O. F. do liter. — L. dub itlire, to be of two
sleeping-chamber; neut. of dormitonus, minds allied to dtibius doubtful; see : ; ,

adj., belonging to sleeping. — L. dormitor Dubious. , !

a sleeper. — L. dormire, to sleep. Douceur. (F. - L.) F. douceur, lit.

Dormouse. 'F. and K.) M. E. dor- sweetness (hence, pleasant gift). — L. did-
|

mous. The prefix perhaps short lor

is corem, acc. of duhor, sweetness. — L. ditlas.
j

North E. dorm, to doze (whence dorm - j

sweet. See Dulcet.
mouse), Cf. Icel., Norw., and Swed. dial, Douche, a shower-bath. (F.— Ital. —
F. dottehe, a shower-bath — Ital.
j

dorma , to doze; all apparently from F.

f
L.)
dormir, to sleep; see Dormant. Wc find doccia, a conduit, water-pi|xr. — Ital. doai-
j

also prov. E. dorrer, a sleeper, as if from are, to pour; equivalent to Late Lat.
dor9 to sleep. *ducti<irc, derivative of L. ductus a duct
Dornick, a kind of cloth ;
obsolete, see Duct.
(Flemish.) Named from Flem. Dornick, (E.) M. E. dah, dogh. A.S.
I Dough.
better known by the F. name of Tournay dah (stem dag-). I)u. dee.g, Don. deig,
J
+
(Lat. Tomacus ). S wed deg, led deig, Goth.dV/^T, a kneaded
I . .

Dorsal (F.-L.) F .dorsal, belonging lump, G. teig. The Goth, daigs is from
I

to the back. — Late L. dorsalis. — L. dor* daig, and stem of deigan, to knead; see
sum, the back. Dike. (^DHEIGII.) Brugm. i. J 604.
150
 , , , , ,, , , > ;;

DOUGHTY DRAGOON
Doughty. (E.) M. E. dohti, duhti , Dowse (3), to extinguish. The same
valiant. A. S. dohtig earlier form dyhtig ,
as Dowse (1) ;
sense perhaps suggested
valiant. — A. S. dugan, to be worth, be by dout, q. v.
strong. +
Dan. dygtig, Swed. dugiig Icel. Doxology. (L. — Gk.) L. doxologia.
dygdugr^G. tuchtig\ variously formed from — Gk. &o£oKoyta, an ascription of praise.
the Teut. verb * dugan-. — Gk. 5 o(o- for fiofa, glory
f , %
orig. a
Douse, to immerse. (E.?) Allied to notion ; -\oyia, from \tyuv, to speak.
M. Du. dotsen ‘to smite with violence’ Doxy. (M. Du.) cant term. Cf. A
(Hexham). See Dowse (i). E. Fries, doktje, dimin. of dokke, a doll.
Dout, to extinguish. (E.) Short for do Frob. introduced from the Netherlands.—
cut ,
put out.
i. e. M. Du. docke, a doll. Cf. O. II. G. tocchd,
Dove, a bird. (E.) A.S. dufe, only a doll, also a term of endearment (G.
m comp, dufe-dopfa lit. a diver. — A.S. docke). ,

iftfan, to plunge into O. Sax. duva +

Doze. (Scand.) Swed. dial, dusa, Dan. ,

Goth. <///&?, G. taube, a dove, lit. diver. dostr, to doze, mope ; Icel. dusa, to doze;
[So also L. columba a dove, is allied to M. Dan. db.se, to be torpid.
,
Allied to
Gk. KoKvfi&is, a diver, sea-bird. First Dizzy.
applied to sea-gulls, &x\] Dozen, twelve. (F. — L.) O. F. do -
dovetail, to fasten boards together. saine (F. douzaine) a dozen. — O. F doze (F. , .

(E.j From dove and /a/7; from the shape douze twelve ; with suffix -at'tie (L. -ena, J
,

of the fitted ends of the board (C3 as in cent-ena L. duodecim, twelve.— L.

•

Dowager, a widow with a jointure. duo, two detem, ten. See Two and Ten. ;

(F. — L.) O. F. douage re ; from douage, Drab (I;, a slut. (E.) Cf. Irish drabog,
an endowment. Again douage. is coined Gael, drabag, a slut Gael, draback, dirty ; ;

(with suffix -age) from l4 don-er to endow. Irish drab, a sj>ot, stain (all from E.).
. E.
— L. dotare, to endow. — 1.. dot -, stem of Fries, dtabbe puddle-water. Also Du. ,

do\\ a gift, dowry. Allied to dd-nurn a drabbe f. dregs, draff allied to Draff. , ;

gift, date to give. Der. en-dou* from Drab (2 dull light brown. (F.~ LA ,

F. r// and douer. Brugin. i. § 167. The colour of undyed cloth. — F. drag,
dower, an endowment. (K. — J.. doth. See Drape.
M. E. dozvere. — O. F. doaire later douaire. ;
See Dram. , ! Drachm
— I. ate I ddtarium .— L. dotare. to endow Draff, dregs. K. M. E. draf J-aya-
.
I
1

(above'. Der. dowr-y short for mon). «f l)u. draf, hogs wash, drafbe, draff;
, ;

Dowdy; see Duds. Icel. draf, Swed. draf, Dan. drav, dregs
|

Dowlas, a coaise linen. dhetri From G. trader, pi. [Cf. Gael, and Irish drabh, l

Paottla q S. E. of Brest, in Brittany. draff, from L.j !

Down (i), soft plumage. (Scan*].' i Draft ;

see Draught.
M. denvn.
h. Icel. — M. E. draggtn a
dftnn, Swed. </##«, ! Drag, vb. (Scand.) ;

Dan. ditun, down ; whence Northern form allied to Icel. draga, to

Du. db//.r.
Down (2), a hill. tC.) a draw. Cf. Swed. dragg, a drag, giapnel
A.S. dun, ‘

hill. — Irish dun a fortified hill, fort dragga , to drag. See Draw. ; i

Gael. //ww, \V. <//«, a hill-fort. A. S. Dragoman, an interpreter. (Span.— + !

tun see Town.

;
Arab. Span, dragoman [Late Gk. Bpa- j ;

down (3), prep, and adv. tF. and C. yovfiavos], an interpreter. — Arab, tar-
A corruption of adown «* A S. ofdune « oil j union, an interpreter, translator; sec
.

the hill, downwards. — A. S. <?/*, off t/iw, Targum. ;

dat. of <//#«, a hill see Down (a). Dragon. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. dragon.

;

dune, a low sand-hill. (C.) XVIII — L. acc. Jracdnem, from nom. draco.—
cent. — F. dune, — M. Du. dune (Du. Gk. hpdtcwv, a dragon, lit * seeing ; from *

tt in
) of Celt, origin.
;
See Down (jL his supposed sharp sight. — Gk. bpax-,
Dowse (0. to strike in the face. weak grade of dlpsoftat, 1 see. Such is
(K. ?) Apparently the same as Douse the usual account.
above). Cf. Norw. diis, a push, blow; dragoon. (F. -L.- Gk.) F. dragon ,
M. l)u. doesen to strike, E. Fries, dimen , a dragoon so called because the dragoons
,
;

to strike. orig. had a dragon on their standard or ;

Dowse (2), to immerse; see Douse. rather, because they were armed with a
Prob. the same as Dowse (1). short carbine called (in F.) dragon.
 , j , , , , , . \ —

DRAIN DRESS
Drain. (E.) A. S. drehnigean, drih - to draw. 4 * E. Fries, draulen ;
Low G.
nian ,
drain away, strain off, Matt,
to draueln.
xxiii. 24, also spelt dreahnian ; orig. ‘to dray. (K.) A.S . drage, that which is

become dry/ — A. S. *dr?ag- « Tent, drawn as in droege. drag-net , a draw-net.

j

*draug- second grade of Teut. *dreug-an - , +Svved. drag, a sledge, dray,

to be dry. Cf. Icel. draugr a dry log. , |
Dread, vb. (E.) A. S. *dradan in ,

See Dry. !
comp, on-dntdan , to dread, fear.+O. Sax.
Drake, male of the duck. (L. — Gk.?) ant-dradan (). il. G. in- trotan.; Teut.
M. E. drake. Not found in A. S. ; cf. type *drddan-.
drake a drake, in Low G. (Bremen);
,
Dream, a vision. (E.) M. E. dreem.
M. Swed. drake, (1 a dragon, (2) a drake,
' A. S. *dream, a dream; not found, [^uitc
(3) a boy’s kite. Supposed to correspond distinct fi om A.S. <//Am,asweet sound, har-
to the latter part of Swed. and-drake a mony, also joy, glee, happiness. ]+ 0 . Sax.
drake (a form thought to be borrowed from dram, dream: Du. drooni Icel. drawn r , ,

Low G.\ Cf. Swed. and, duck, anddrake , !

Dan Swed dram, G / raum. Kluge suggests
. .

drake; Low G. andtrik drake (Lubben) ,

comparison with G. irug-bild, a phantom;
; j

G. duck; enterick drake; O. H. G. j

if coirect, the Teut. sb. was *draugmoz,

antrahho, a drake, 0 The Swed. and, A.S. .

j
m. ;
fiom Teut. *drang, strong grade <>t
a duck, is cognate with L. ;
Teut. *dreugan- t.O. II. G. tnogan, G.
(stem anat-), a duck. The M. E. uni he i Irugen), to deceive, Front the Idg. root
was suggested by A. S. draca, a dragon, j
*dhreugh, whence also Skt. dregha „.s), a
borrowed from L. d/aeo; see Dragon. ;
crafty wounding: C). Ter-, drauga ^Pers.
Dram, Drachm. F. — L. — Gk/ durugh a deceit, lie; led. draugr a
, ,

M. F. drame, drachme *a dram, eighth ,

:
ghost. Brugrn. i. §§ 681, 6S9.
part of an ounce;’ Cot. — L. drachma. — i Dreary, Drear. vE. Drear is short
Gk. SpaxM, a handful, a drachma, used A. S.duotig, sad;
j
tor dreary. M .W.drery.
both as weight and coin; cf. dpaypa as orig. ‘gory;’ formed with suffix -ig from »

much as one can grasp. — Gk. fyacraopiat, I A.S. drier, gou*. — A. S. dreouvi. to dnp.
j

grasp. Brugm. i. § 509. -Heel, dnyrigr, gory, from dreyii, gore; j

Drama. I.. — Gk.) L. drama. — Gk. G. traurig, .*>ad, orig. gory, from (). if. G.
dpdpa <stem bpapiar-}, an act, a drama.— tror, goie. From Teut. \ireuuin-, vb.
Gk. Ipaw, I perform; cf. Lith. darau. I: Dredge U), a drag-net. (K. North E. »

make. (-^DAR.) Der. dramatic from dug. Answering to A. S. *dre* g. *dreege ,

dpaptar -) Sic.; not found, for * drag jo- from A.S.

drastic, effective. fGk.- Gk. Spaa- dragan ; see Draw. And ste Dregs.
t ueos, effective; allied to 5 paenfot, verbal Dredge 12;, to sprinkle dour on meat, ;

adj. of 8paw, I perform. F. — JLate I,. — < ik To dredge is to •

Drape, to cover with doth. V F. — L.) >prinkle, a* in mowing dredge (M. K. dr age)
F. draper, to make cloth.— Y.drap, cloth; or mixed corn. — U. F. draghe, mixed
Late L. drappus. Of unknown origin, corn; also a sweetmeat, sugar-plum.
Der. drap er drap er y and see drab {2 .. [Prov. diagea ; itnl t>eg. ea, a sugar-plum.
, ; x ]

Drastic ; see Drama. — Late L. dragata, dntgeia, a sugar-plum ;

Draw. (E M. E. drawn.
. A. S. altered foim of tmgemata, pi. of tragema. ,

dragan (A. S. -aga- becoming M.E. - awe - — Gk. 17* 177/m, tomelbing nice to eat. .

+ Du. dragen , Icel. Swed. draga, Dan. Gk. rpwyuv y aor. hpayov), to gnaw.
drage, Goth, dragan, G. trngen, to pull Dregs, lees. /Scawi.) 1 of M. K.
*
1 .

along, carry. Teut. ty]K? * dragan-, pt. t. dreg rnire ; we also find M. E. dng^es, .

*drdg. dregs — kd. dregg, pi. dreggjar, dregs;

draught, draft. fE.j Draft is a Swed. dragg pi. dr<*gs. lees. Cf, Gk. ,

phonetic spelling. M.E. draught draht. Qpaaauv, to disturb. ,

Distinct from E.
From A.S. drag-an\ with suffixed /.+ races, dreg-* of oil; Brugm. i. § 417. f
Du. dragt, a load, from dragen to carry; Drench, vb. [Y.j M. E. drench t n.
Dan. drut Icel. drattr
; a draught of A.S. drencan causal of drincan lienee , ;

fishes ; G. traeht, a load, from iragen to makedrink/+Du. dt taken, Iccl. drek'

. ,
‘

drawl. (I>u.) Frequentative of draw\ kja, Swed. dranka, Goth, dragkjatt, G.

parallel to draggle from drag. Introduced tranken See Drink, 1

from Du. drdlen , to be slow ; from dragen , Dress. (F. - L.) 0 F. dressert dresar, !
.

'h*
 , \ , , - ) .. ,;

DRIBBLE DROWN
to erect, set tip, dress ;
answering to a Late Droll. (F. —
Du.) M. F. droit , { a plea-
L. form *directilire. — L. directus, pp. of sant wag;’ Cot. —
Du. drollig, odd, strange;
dlrigere, to direct ;
see Direct. M.Pu. drol, ‘a juglar;* Hexham. Per-
Dribble. (E-) Frequentative of obs. haps from Du. droll-, pp. stem of drillen,
E. drib drip slightly; which
,
to is a to turn, wheel, whirl about ; see Drill (I),
weakened form of drip. Cf. drib let. See Dromedary. (F. L. — Gk^ M.E. —
Drip. So also Dan. dial, drible. dromedaries O. F. dromedaire (older form
Drift ; see Drive. *dromcdarie — I ate L. dtcmadarius — 1„ '
.

Drill (i), to pierce, dromad-, stem of dromas, a dromedary.—

to train soldiers. I

(1 >u.) Borrowed from Du. drillen to drill, Gk. 5po/*a8-, stem of ftpophs, fast running, ,

to bore, to turn round, shake, brandish. — Gk. tipaptiv, to run.+Skt. dram, to run.
drill soldiers, form to arms. Allied to Drone (p, to hum. (E.) M.E .dronen
M. H.G. drellen to turn round (pp. ge (also drounen
,
Not in A. S. Cf. Icel. .

drolleti), Low G. drall twisted tight, drynja, S\i ed. drona. 1 )an. drone, to drone,
Tout, type *t hrellan- (pt. t. * thrall ), to roar, rumble, &c. Cf. Goth, drunjus ,
twist; d. A fcatl, strict. *|f
Perhaps sound, Gk. Opfjvos, a dirge; Skt. dhran
allied to Thrill. to sound.
Drill ( 2 ). to sow corn in rows. (EA |
Drone (2 a non-working bee. (Low
The same as drill to trickle, which seems G.) M E. dran. A. S. draft which (like ;

to a variant of trill, to trickle.

l>e l‘k Fries, drone was prob borrowed from
Drilling, a coarse cloth used fir O. Sax. dran. Cf. M.H.G. treno (G.
trousers. 'G. — LA Corrupted from G. drohne being borrowed ftom Low G.).
d> illicit, tii king, huckaback. — L. trilic Tent, stems *dtdn-, *dren ; cf. Gk. Sy- -

stem ol trifix ha\ing three threads — L j

Qph vrl: a wild-bee, epunaf fHesychius).
/;•/-, from Ires, three lidu/n, a thread, ; j
YVith the parallel stems *dnrn-, *drert-,
See Three. cl. the stems of Queen and Quean.
j

Drink. tKA, A.S. d/incan pt t. dram , ,

’
Droop ;
see below,

pp d> w//iyw.+Du drinken, led. dielka. Drop, sb. E.> M.E. draft, sb. ;
hence
Swed. dricka , Dan. dnkke, Goth, drigkan dropicn, droppen, vb. —
A.S. dropa sb.
(
drinkan G. trinken. Tcut .'drenkan-.
',
,
dupian ,
\b. These are from the weak
Drip, t Scant!.) M . E. dryppm. — I )an grade *drup* (A.S. drop-'- of the Teut.
d>yppi\ to drip ( Teut. *drupjan-\ j
vb. *drenpan A. S. dreopan ), to drop,<

From Teut. *drup-. w<ak grade of *drcn I drip. +1 hi drop. sb.. led dropi Swed. ,

pan-, as seen in led. drjupa to drip. A. S ,

dtoppe, Dan. draabe, G. tropfen See also .
j

dreopan obs. E. dreef , G. triefen Cl*, . Drip.

j

O. lr. trueht. a dew-drop. Sec Drop. droop, to sink. fail. (ScandA M.E.
Drive. iE.) M.E
driuen. A.S. drifan dranpen. — Icel. drftfa , to dioop; weak
(pt. t. drag pp dnfetC. Du. drip'en + . !
vb., allied to drjupa, strong vb., todrip =
hd. dr ifa, Swed. drijva Dan. drive Goth, , j
Teut. *dreufan- (whence also triefen) ; G
ditihtin, Cm. treiben. Tcut. *1 Ireiban-. see above. Cf. I am ready to drop / i.e. *

drift. (10 ' M. E. drift. Formed from 1 I dtvop.

df if weak grade of drifan
, with suffix -t. ;
j
Dropsy; see Hydropsy.
-f Du drift, led. drift, Swed, Dan. drift , 1 Droshky, Drosky, a kind of carnage.
G. trip, Der. a -drift - on the drift see Ku.ss. dtozhki drojki, a lowfour-
!

Russ.' ; i .

A - 2 . jwhceled carriage ^the j sounded as in

drove. E ) M.E .drof. A. S. dnij, 1 renchV Oimin. of drogi, a waggon; I

a drove. From draj, *»nd graded drifan. which was orig. pi. of droga a perch (of j ,

Drivel, vb. \K.) M. E. drezr/cn. A.S. a carriage).

j

dtejhan, to dribble or run at the nose. | Dr088. (F.) M.E. dros A.S. dres,
Cf. M. E. dravclen to drivel. From the , i
dross, dregs also obs. E. drosen , A.S.
; cf.
base draf-, as in M. E. draf, draff. See 1
drosna, pi., lees, dregs. *f Du. droes,
Draff. Ices (Kilian' ; Du. droesem , dregs, lees,
G
j

Drizzle, to rain slightly, (EA For- drusen ,

pi. dregs; O. H. G. trusana ,
merly drisel or drisle, to keep on dripping, fra os ana, husks of pressed giapes.
Frequent, form of M. K dresen, A.S. Drought, Drouth ; see Dry*
dr?osan, to drip see Dreary. Cf. Dan.
; Drove ;
see Drive.
drgssc, to fall in drops ;
Swed. dial, dtvs la. Drown. (Scand.) M. E. drounen, dtv-
*53
 , , , e J
;;

DROWSE, DROW2E DUCK

—
nen. M. Dan. drukne , droupte, drovne drupa, an
,
(F. — L. Gk.) — F. drupe. — L.
drctUy to sink, be drowned (Kalkar) ; Icel. same. over-ripe olive. — Gk. fyuinra, the
druktta The . was preserved in Swed. Dry. ( K.) M. E. druje. A. S. dryge,
drunkna , A. S. drunenian , to be drunk, Cf. Du. droog, dry G. trocken, dry ;

also to sink, to be drowned. See Drun- Icel. draugr, a dry log.

ken. (E. Bjorkman.) drought. (E.) M. E. drojte, drou^te ;

Drowse, Drowse, to be sluggish, also drouthe (P. Plowman). A. S. drtlgad,

(E.) Formerly drouse A. S. drusian, to drought. — A. wS. drugian, to be dry dryge,
.
;

be sluggish; allied to A. S. drPosan to dry. Du. droog/e, drought; from droog,

,
+
fail; also to drip, to fall. See Dreary, dry. Doublet, drouth (Milton).
Der. drowz-y. Dryad, a nymph of the woods. I.. — (

Drub, to beat. (Arab.?) ‘ Drub to Gk.) L. Dryad-, stem of Dryas, a wood-

,

beat the soles of the feet with a stick, a nymph. —Gk. 8 pv aS-, stem of dpuas, the
punishment used in Turkey;' (Phillips), same. — Gk. 5 p 0 -s, a tree; see Tree.
Apparently a travellers’ word. Perhaps Dual, consisting of two. (L.) L.dud/it,
from Arab, darb {zarb), a beating with a dual. — L. duo, two; see Two.
stick; from Arab, root daraba ( zaraba ), Dub, to confer knighthood by a stroke,
he beat Rich. Diet. p. 952. (N. F. D.)
;
(F.) M. E. dubben A. S. dubban ; A. S. .

Drudge, vb. (E.) M. E. dntggen. Chron. an. 1086. [So also Swed. dubba .

A. S. %dryegean, not found ; but regularly Usually derived from O F. aduber adou- ,

formed Iron) drug-, weak grade of dreo^an her, adobe r, to dub a knight; a Romanic
,

to work, perform, endure (~Teut. *dreu- word of unknown origin (Ital. addobbare j ,

gan-, Goth, driugan, Lowl. Sc. dree ) Cf. O. Span, and Vrowadobar, (). Port, adttbar).
.
j

Icel. drjug-virkr one who works slowly

,
I )iez derives adouber conversely, fiom j

but surely. The Gael, drugair , a drudge, dubban rather, from the cognate E. Fric-. \ ;

is from E. ,Low (i.) dubben. \

Drug- (F.) M. E. drogge. drugge. — Dubious. cL.^ From L. dubious !

O. F. drogue a drug. Also Ital. and Span, doubtful. — L. dubium, doubt

,
neuter ot ;

droga . Origin unknown ; perhaps Ori- L. dubitts doubtful, moving in two direc- 1

ental. Der. drugg-ist tions — E. du-o, two. See Two. !

Drugget. (F.) M.F. droguct, a kind Ducal. (F.-L.) F. drnal, adj. from J
;

of stuft mat's half silk, half wool ; * Cot. dm a duke see Duke. •
, ;

Diinin. of drogue used in the sense of

, ducat, a coin. (F. — Ital. — L. y 0 . F. |

rubbish, poor stuff; from the coarseness dm at. — Ital. dueat0, a ducat, also a duchy
of the material; cf. ft ‘a drug in the named from E. dm at us (duchy of Apulia)
1

market.’ Probably not the same word alluded to in the legend upon it see
j ;

as F. drogue a drug. ,
duchy below.
duchess. (F. — L.) O. F. due he u'
|

Druid, a priest of the ancient Britons. 1

(F.~ L. — C.) F. JJruide. — L. (Gaulish) (Late L. dueitta), fem. of due, duke set*
j
;

pi. Druides Druidae T^wis and Short,,

,
Duke.
-L) F. ducks. — Late L.
j

Cf. O. Irish druid dat. and auc. of drui.

’

duchy. •
F.
a magician, sorcerer; Ir. draoi. druidh ,
! ducaturn ,
acc. of dm at us a dukedom. —
Gael, druidh (whence also A. S. dry, a |
L. due-, stem of dux, a duke, Also
magician). O. F. dm JUe, fem., as if from Late L.
Drum. (Du.) XVI cent. Imperfectly * dm itotem.
adapted from M. Du. tromme trommel a Duck (i; to <1ive, bob the head. K.)
, , f
{

drum; Low G. trumme Du. trom.+ M. K .duken, douken. Not in A.S.+Du.

;

O. H. G. trumba, trumpd M. II. ( /. dm ken, to stoop, dive; G. tauehen, to

, !

trumme a pipe, trumpet Icel. /rumba, plunge, dive. Tcut. type *deukan pt. t.
, ; j

a pipe, trumpet (So also Ital. tromba, *dauk {whcxice('t*taueh-en),[>p,*duk'ano-. \

Span, trompa.) Of imitative origin. From the weak grade duk- we have 1 Jan. .

Drunkard. (E. with F. suffix.) dukke, Swed. dyka to which the shorten-
; ;

From A. S. drunc base of pp. of drmean, ing of the vowel in mod. E. duck may ha\e
to drink ; with F suffix - ard (G. hart)* i>cen partly due.

drunken, drunk. (E.) A. S drun duck (a), bird. (E.) M. ft dohe,

een, pp. of drincan, to drink. duke. Lit. diver ; the suffix - repre- * *

Drupe, a fleshy fiuit containing a stone, sents the A. S. f. suffix of the agent. A. S.
'54
 , , , \ , ;,

DUCK DUMPS
dice a duck.
,
From the verb above, dux. — L. dux, a leader. — L. diicere, to
C f. Dan dukatid lit. ‘diving duck;' ,
lead. (^DEUK.) L. acc. dttcem % The
Swed. dykfagel ‘diving fowl.’ Der. ,
would have given O. F. dois, F. doix
duck-l-ing with double dimin. suffix. like F. noix from tuicem croix from ,

Duck(3), a pet, darling. (E.) Appa- crucem. (N. E. D.) Brugm. i. § 592.
rently the same as Duok (2). Dulcet, sweet. (F.— L.) M. F. doucet
Duck (4 \ light canvas. (Du.) Anauti- (Cot.), refashioned after L. dulcis (cf.
cal word. — I)u. dock, linen cloth, canvas. Ital. doleetto ) — O. F. dots (F. doux ,,
.

-f- Dan. dug, Swed. duk y Icel. diikr, G. sweet. — L. dulcis, sweet.
j

tuck, (). H.G. tuoh, i dulcimer. (F.-Span.-L.) Roque-

Duct, a conduit-pipe. (L.) L. ductus, fort has doulcerner (undated) ;
F. cf.

a leading (hence, a duct). — L. ductus pp. ,

O. F. doulcemele (Godefroy). Span, dulce - —
of diicere, to lead. See Duke. mele, a dulcimer ; named from its sweet
ductile. (F. — L.) F. ductile, malic- sound. — L. dulce melos, sweet sound; see
able. — 1 .. ductilis easily led. — L. duct- us, i Melody.
pp. of diicere (above). |
Dull, stupid. *'E.) M. E. dul cognate ;

Dude, an exquisite, a dandy. (G.) |

with Low G. dull\ answering to Teut.
i* rom (i. dude ; see Supplement. \*dul-joz . Closely allied to A S. dot,
Dudgeon (1), resentment. Of unknown ;
foolish, cognate with mad, G. toll, Du. dot,
origin.
J
mad, answering to Teut. *dul- oz. Both
Dudgeon (2), haft of a dagger. (Un- j
are from Teut. * dul- \<J*du'iil: weak ,

known.; dogeon , a kind of wood

M.E. 1
grade of *dwel-an. as seen in A. S. diuelan,
used for the handles ol daggers. Kl\m. to err, to be stupid see Dwell. Cf. A.S. ;

unknown. gedwol-god a false god, idol ; Irish and \Y.

Duds, (Scand.) Jamieson has
clothes. ,
dull, blind. Brugm. i. § 375 (6 .

dudis the u was prob.

as well as duds; 1 Dulse, an edible seaweed. (C.) Irish
uiicc long. — Icel. d/idi, swaddling clothes ;
duileasg, Gael, duileatg, dulse. According
duda, to wrap up. Cl. K. a woman’s to Macleod, it means water- leaf,’ from ‘

cap, a slut dosvd-y, ill-dressed.

;
Ir. and Gael, dm lie, leaf, and uisge'
Due. (F. — L.) M. E. dew, dewe. — 1 wat< r.
O. F. deu, masc., date, fern.; pp. oi dc- Dumb. iE/ M.E. do mb. A .S. dumb,
voir, to owe. — L. debere. See Devoir. ;
mute. +
Du. dom, Icel. dumbr Swed.
Duel. 1 ml. — L. 1 Ital. duello, a duel. . 1 dumb, Dan. dum. Goth, dumbs, G.dumrn
— I., ducllum, a light l>ctween two men j
0 11 G. turnb tump stupid. The orig.
. . , ,

(archaic form of L. helium, war -. — I. du-o,

4

\
sense scans to have been stupid/ and
two. perhaps Goth, dumbs is allied to Goth.
duet. (Ital. — L.) Ital. duetto music ,
'
daubs, deal see Deaf. Der. dummy
;

for two. — Ital. due two. — L. duo, two ,

1

(
dumh-y
Dueuna. (Span. — L.) span, duena, * Dump (i\ an ill-shapen piece. (E. ?}
a inarm d lady, duenna. — L. domina, lem. l’rov K. dump
a clumsy lump, a bit; ,

ol dominu r, a loid. See Donna. . dumpy, short and thick. Probably a thing ‘

Duet Duel.
: sec ,
thrown down in a mass* see Dump (aL ;

Duffel, coarse woollen cloth. (Du.'' ! dumpling, a kind of pudding. (E. ?}

Du. duffel', so called irom Duffel, a place
1

A small solid ball of pudding dumpling ;

near Antwerp. is a double dimin. of dump v i).

Duffer, a stupid to strike, fling down.
person. (Scand.' Dump
Fowl Sc. dcnvfart ,
Lowl. Sc. dump to beat
formed with suffix -art ;
Scand. T\ Cf. .

Irom the adj. dowf stupid, dull lit. ‘deal/ Dan. dumpe to plump, plunge; Norw. ; .

-Icel dauf-r, deaf; see Doaf. dum[a Swed. dial. domfa,~ Swed. dial. j

|
;

Dug, a teat. (Scand A Perhaps allied dump-, as in dump-id, supine of str. vb. j

to Swed. dagga. Dan drgge, to suckle. dimjks, to fall down plump. !

Cf. Goth, daddjan O. H.G. loan, to Dumps, melancholy. (Scand.) Swed.

,
j

suckle But cl. Skt. dtih to milk. j

dial, dumpin , melancholy, orig. pp. ol
Dugong, a sea-cow. (Malay.) Malay |
dimba . dump dull,
to steam, reek ; Dan. ,

duyong, duyong, a sea-cow. |

low. + Du. domp, damp, hazy, G dumpf %

Duke, a leader. (F.-L.) M.E. duk.— j

damp, dull. Allied to Damp; cf, ‘to
O. F. due , acc. formed from O. F. nom. |
damp one’s spirits.*

>55
 , ,, ,

DUN DUTY
Dun brown. (C.) A. S. dunn,dnrk.
(i), Duplicate, two-fold. (L.) l*.dupli-
— Irish and Gael. donn brown; W.dwn, cdtus pp. of duplicate, to double. — L.
%

dun, dusky. Celtic type * don nos. duplic-, stem of duplex two-fold (below).
Sun (A to urge for payment. (Scand.) duplicity. (K.-L.) Lit. doubleness.
Said (in 1708) to be derived from the — F. duplidU. — L. acc. duplicitdiem. — L.
name of Joe Dun a famous bailiff in the duplici-, decl. stem of duplex two-fold.—
, ,

time of Henry VII. But perhaps from L. du-o, two ; plic-dre, to fold,
the notion of noisiness. Cf. M.E. dunning* Durance, Duration ; sec Dure,
a loud noise. — Icel. dttna to thunder; Durbar, a hall of audience, levee.
,

kotna einum dynfyrir dyrr, to make a din J’ers.) Pers. durbar a prince’s com t,
before one's door S%ved.
;
to make a levee; lit. ‘door of admittance.’ Pers. —
noise. Allied to Din. dar, door (- E. door); and bar, admit*
Dunce, a stupid person. (Scotland.') tance, court.
From the phr. ‘ a Duns man,’ i.e. a native Sure, to last. (F. — L.) F. durcr — .

of Dunse, in Berwickshire. In ridicule of L durdre, to last. — L. diirus, hard, lasting,

the disciples of John 7 J////.T Scotus, school- -flush and Gael, dur him; W. dur, ,

man, died a. D. 1308. Not to be confused steel. Cf. Gk. force.

j
Der. dut-
with John Scotus Erigena, died a. I>. S75. ing, orig. pres. pt. ol dure; dur able, *S:c.
durance, captivity. F — L.) The
|

Sune, a low sand-hill. (F. -Du. -C.) I

», .

F. dune. — M. Du. dune (Du. duin ' cog- 01 ig. sense was long endurance of hardship,
;

nate with A.S. dun. a down; sec t). F. durance duration. — F. durer to ,

Down f2). Brngm. i. § 1 2. last; with suffix -ante; see above.

1

Sung. (K.) A. S. dung.+*\ved. dynga, duration. F.-L.t () .Y. duration.

dung; Dan. dynge a heap, mass; G. — Late L. durafibnt *///, nee. of d/t/ alia. A
,

dung. Root uncertain; it answers, in coined word; from the pp. of L .duratt,
2

form, to the pp. of Ding; as if it w<*r«- f to last.

‘what is thrown down or away.’ Cf. duress, hardship. F. — ID M. F.
Sw*ed. dial, dong (t heap, (2, dung. dun O. F. duresce. — \,.duritta, harsh -
Dungeon, Donjon. F. — L. M. E. ii«-"S — L. durus hard, severe.
|

‘
; !
,

dungeon. — 0 F. donjon the chief tower

. , Durian, a fruit. (Malay.) Malay an-
of a castle —Late L. domnionem acc. o( ; fan, a fruit with a prickly rind. — Malay
,

domnio a dungeon-tower, chief- tower; duri, a thorn, prickle,

,
j

shortened from dominio , properly domi- Duflk, dim. .Scand.) Properly an adj.
j

nion, feudal power see Dominion.

;
M.E. do\k, dark, dim; deou\ the same.
j

Duniwassal, a Highland gentleman, Prob. a Northern form as the sk did not ;

In Sir W. Scott’s Bonny become Ji x

yeoman. Cf. A.S. da r
\
for *dos < . .
,

Dundee. — Gael. duine nasal, gentleman. — translating L. flautis ; Vocab. 239.36.-

Gael, duine a man ,
\V. dyn\ ; nasal, Swed. dial, dtiska
;
to drizzle; dttskug, ,

noble, gently born \V. ticket), orig.

1
misty, dim; Norw. <///«£, uu^t, duskregn,
1
exalted ;* see Brugm. 1. § 2 19 4;. tin** rain. Der. dusk, d>. whence d/rk-y,
]
;

Duodecimo. ID In duodecimo »\\ ith adj.

12 leaves to Hie sheet. — L. duodecimo, abl.
j

j
Dust. 1 A S dud. -f I>u. dui
-

of duodecimus twelfth; cf. L. diwdecim ,

,
1
Ltd dust »!u 4 Dan. dyst, meal; (1
, .

twelve; see Dozen. duns t, vapour, tine dust. All fiom a

Duodenum, the
first of the small Teut. bn>e *dumt - for +ditmns-l-s the it t

intestines. Late L. duodenum so being lost except in G. (*t. Skt. dhvams,

L.) ,

called because about 12 finger-breadths to fall to pieces pp. d/was-ta-s. '

long. — L. duodeni. twelve apiece, dLtribu- Dutch, belonging to Holland. G.) f

five form of duodecim, twelve see Dozen. Formerly applied to the Germans, — G.
;

Dap. (E.) Short for do up, i.c. lift up Dcutseh German lit. belonging to the , ;

(a latch) to open a door.

;
jieople M.il.G. diut-isk where the ; ,

Dupe, a person easily deceived. (F v suffix -isk-* K. is/t. and diut is cognate
K. dupe, a dupe. The M. F. dupe meant with A.S. }?od, Goth. Ihtuth a j>eople t ,

a hoopoe; whence dupe, a dupe, because nation; Ir. ttialh, a people; cf. Ottcan
the bird was easily caught. 'So also Bret, (onto, a city. Brugm. i. 5 218.j

houperik, a hoopoe, a dupe.; Perhaps of Duty. (A.F.-L.) M. E. dueled.—j

imitative origin. A. K. duett, duty (O. F. has only devoir),

j

1.^
 , . ,.

DWALE EARN
A coined word ;
from A. F. den, du, due, hard to digest. — Gk. Zva-, prefix, with a
and the suffix -tt (L. - tatem ). See Due. bad sense; irlwruv, to cook, digest; see
Dwale ;
see Dwell. Cook. Der. dyspeptic Trom 5v<rir€rrr-os).
Dwarf. (E.) M.E. dwer),dwergh ;
the
/ represents the guttural. O. Merc, diverg,
A.S. diveorg a dwarf. -f- Du diverg, ; . I cel.
dvergr Swed. Dan. dverg, G. zwerg. Tout,
type * diverg oz. E-, prefix ;
see Ex-.
Dwell. (K.)
K. dwellcn, to linger. M. Each,every one. (E.) M. E. eche, tick,
A. S. dwellan, in the active sense to retard, A.S. Jic, each, short for d-gi-ltc, i.e.
also to seduce also dwellan, to go astray, ;
aye-like ever -like or ever alike >.-f»Du.
err, tarry, dwell. Caudal of A. S. *dwelatt elk , each; O. H.G. eogalih , M.H.G.
(pt. t. *Jwirl, pp. dwolen ), to be torpid or icgeltch , G. jeglichcr. See Aye.
dull, to err. +
Icel. dvelja , to dwell, delay, Eager. F.-L.) M.E. <^?r.-A.F.
orig. to hinder Swed. dvaljas, to dwell ;
egre F. \ - 1.. Herein acc. of ac-er, ,

(reflexive; 1 >an.tfW/t\ to linger; M.H.G.

;
-harp. See Acid. Der. vtn-egar.
twcllen to hinder, delay.
,
Teut. type Eagle. T — E. . M.E. <£/<?. — A. F.

*dwal/an, causal of the str. vb. *dwelan- ^ /e, U. F.

r
aigle < F. o/^V) . — L. aqtiila. See
1

*dwal, pp. *dwulanoA, to be torpid,

pt. t. Aquiline.
to cease, to err A. S. *dwelan O. II. G. ; , Eagre, tidal wave in a river, i,F. — L.)
gi-twelan Cf. Skt. dkvr, to bend aside,
'
. O F. aignere , a flood (Godefroyi — Late
d/iur-ta -, fraudulent. ^DHWKL.) And |
L. aquaria, a conduit ;
cf. aqudre ,
to
see Dull. |
irrigate. — !., water. See Ewer.
dwale, deadly nightshade. 'Scand.) E an ling, |
a lamb. iK.) hauling is
Named from its soporitic effects. Dan. from the verb |
eatt, which is y-can without
dvale stupor,
, dvaledn’k a , soporific, ! the prefix^- = A. S. ge-
v . See Yean.
4
dwalcMlrink a trance. ;
’
Swed. drain ,
>
Ear i , organ of hearing. E. M.E.
Cf. A.S. dwala, an error, stupefaction,
;
ere. A S . . at c -f
<•" oet\ 1 cel eyra
. Du . .
,
Swed
from the 2nd grade of A. S. *» hoelati |
ora, Dan. ote, CL oht\ Goth. auso.
Teut.
;above\ type *auzon -. Cf. also Russ, tie ha, L.
Dwindle. »K.) The frequent, form of attrisy Lith. a it sis, (ik. otL, 0. Irish o.
M. E. divitun ,
to dw.ndle, A.S. dzvinan earwig, an insert. (EL A. S. ear-
pt. t. dwan\ to dwindle, languish. + iviega, from its being supposed to creep
Icel. Swed. tvina, to dwindle,
dirina ; ,
into the tar. Cf. A.S. iviega, a kind of
pine away; Du. rer-d:otjnnt, to vanish. insect ; prow E. wiggte, to wriggle.
Dye, to colour
a colour. K.» M. K. ; Ear 2 spike of corn. v E.i
, M.E. er.
deyeti, vb. dch, sb. A.S. Jeagian, vb
; ,
A. S. ear >1. Northumb. c/tcr.+Du. aar
j ) ;

to dye; from deah, >b.. dye, colour. A.S led. Dan. Swed. i7.r for a/n'\ Goth, ahs
dealt grn. drag e\ sb. f ., answeis to 'l ent, CL a/tre. Teut. type *ahcz, *ahiz-, cognate
type *daug a. Not allied to 1 ants .
.
f ,
with L. ants (gen. a.eris). Biugm. i.
which is from Gk. qwto y. § 1S2 . Allied to Awn. (^AK.)
Dyke ;
sec Dike. Ear 3\ to plough. (K.) M.E. eren.
Dynamic, relating to force. (Gk. A S. erian to plough. -f Icel. erja % Goth.
Gk. dvrafKVMf, powerful. — (ik. jvapis. arjatt L. a rare, Lith.
.
Russ, orat e\ ;
power,— (ik. fivvap at, 1 am strong; see ! aUo Irish araim I plough, Gk. dpow, I ,

Duro. fVDEU.) ’
plough, ARA
dynasty, lordship. iF.-L.-GkO Earl. <J‘A M. E. erl. A.S. av/. +
F. dynastic, Date L. dynastia. Gk. 5v- — — Icel. y'u/7. O. Sax. erl a man. O. Nor&e ,

ivartta, lordship. (ik. bvyaarqt, a lord, — > runic ^ type eri/a AL

— Gk. bvranai, 1 am strong. Early, soon. (E^ M. E. A.S.
Dysentery, disease of the entrails. .//*/;< <*, adv. from adj. not used.
;
,

(L. — Gk.) L. dyscntcria. — Gk. toicrtv- A. S. Jr, soon //V, like. See Ero. ;

rfpla.^m CJk. flurr-, prefix, with a bad sense; Earn. (E.) M.E. ernitn. A.S .eantian.
<Vrfpa
f
inwards, bowels,
pl M the from +C). H.(L anion (cf. also G. ernfen } \a
tvros, within, iv, in see Interior. ;
reap, from crttUy harvest). Teut. tyj^e
Dy*pepny, indigestion. (1« — GkA L. *as{a nojatt, 10 get the profit of labour;
dyspepsia. — (Ik. Ivav^ia. — Gk. wtwros, from the sb. *at{a')nd (Icel. omi), labour ;
>57
 , , , , ; , ,

EARNEST ECLECTIC
cf. O. H. G. aran, Goth, asans a harvest. one who stands under droppings from the
AS .) Others connect it with Gk. eaves, a secret listener.
dprvtuu, I earn. Ebb. (E.) M. E. ebbe. K.S.ebba, ebb
Earnest (i), seriousness. (E.) Properly of the tide, -f- Du. eb, ebbe sb. [whence ,

a sb., as in in earnest/ M.E. ernest sb. Dan. ebbe, sb. and vb., Swed. ebb sb.].
*
, ,

A. S. eornost sb.+Du. ernst sb. G.

,
Perhaps the Teut. type is * afjon with the
, ;

O. H. G. emust Tent, type *ernustiz

. sense of going off see Off. . ;

Earnest ,21, a pledge. (F.-L.-Gk. Ebony, a hard wood. (F. — E. — Gk. —

— Heb.) The t is added. M.E. ernes Heb.) Formerly ebene - M.F. ebene ebony. ;
. ,

also spelt Dimin. of O. F. — L. hebenus cbenits. — Gk. tfitvos, IfMvrf. ,

?rw, arres ^F. arrhes), f. pi. — L. arrha — Heb. hovnirn pi. ebony wood; prob. a , ,

arrhabo.— Gk. dppafiw v, a pledge. — llcb. non-Semitic word.

*?rdl>on, security from to give
; Ebriety, drunkenness. (F. -E.) F.
‘

security. fbriJU.— L. acc. rbrietatem. — I,. ebritis ,

Earth. (E.) M.E. erthe. A.S .corde. diunken. Der.zV* makednmken.
+Du. aarde, Icel.ybrJ, Dan. Swed./jn/, |
Ebullition, a boiling over. tF.-E.)
Goth, airtha, G. erde. Teut. types *erthd, O. F. ebullition. — E. acc. ebullitionem a ;

*erllion-, f. Cf. Gk. tpa, earth. raie word, from eb ullit us, pp. ot ebu litre,
Earwig; see Ear (i). to bubble up. — L. <f, out; bullirc, to
Ease. M. E.
. ) — O. F. ai>e, ease. bubble; see Boil (1).
Cf. Ital. agio, ease, Port. azo, occasion, Eoart6, a game at cards, (F. — L. and j

Orig. unknown. Der. disease Gk.) In this game, cards may be discarded
.
j

Easel. 'JDu. — L'/ Du. ezel, an ass;; and exchanged hence the name. — F A arte, ;
.

also a support, a painter’s easel. [G. esel discarded, pp. of t*carter to discard. — !..
;

Goth, asiltts. ] — L. asellus dimin. of L. ex, out, away ; F. carte, from Late E. carta ,
as intis, ass. from Gk. \dprrj a leaf of paper, hence a ,

East, the quarter of sun -rise. \K.) M.E. card.

est. A. S. fast, adv., in the east eastern, ; Eccentric, departing from a centre,
from the east.+ Ou. oast, G. ost , Dan. ost\ odd .
( )
h F.. — E. — Gk .
excen/riqtie. —
Swed. ostan >G. os ten ;
Du. ooster G. Late L. eicentricus.— Gk. tKHXvrp-ot, out
osier-, Dan. Swed. osier,
led. (gen. of the centre; with suffix -icus. — Gk. Ik,
austr-s). Teut. types *aus-to *aus-to-no - out Ktvrpov, centre.
;
See Centre.
also^ZMJ'/-^ for Idg.*a«r-r<?- see easter).
, Ecclesiastic. ^L.-Gk.) EatcE .eii'lf-
Cf. L. aur-dra dawn, Gk. rja^ tats, avco s, siasltcus. — Gk. (HK\rjaiaaruoU, lielonging
ilawr n, Skt. ushas, dawn. llrugm. i. § 21S
'

to the iKK\rjota, i. e. assembly, chuich. —

(4)- Gk. ikk\t)tos, summoned. Gk. (KKa\ioj, — I

easter. (E.) M. E. A.S .fas tor-, I

j

call forth. — Gk. Ik, out ;

ttaXiw, I call.

in comp.; eastre Lu. xxii. 1, blaster. — | Echelon. (F.-E.) F. dikeIon, an

A. S. eastre, a goddess whose festivities *
arrangement of troops in parallel divi-
were at the vernal equinox see I>eda, De ;
sions orig. a round of a ladder — F.
;

Temporum Rationc, c. 15. Cf. Lith. |

ichelle a ladder ,
O. F. eschtele). — E. '

auszra , f. dawn; Skt. usra-, m. a ray. j

scdla a ladder; see Scale '3>.
,

Eat. •E.) M. E. eten. A.S. etan.+ Echo. (E. — Gk.) M. I*, ecco. — E. /ibo.
Du. eten, Icel. eta, Swed. ata, Dan. cede, — Gk. a sound, echo; cf. ix 09 ifXV, ,

Goth, itan G. essen. Tent, type *etan-.

,
a ringing noise, Der. cat-ech ise q. v.
Cf. L. edere, Gk. ebuv, Skt. ad to eat. ,
I Eclat. — Teut.: F. tclat, splcn*
(F.
(VEIJ. I dour a bursting forth.*
; lit.
4
F. e< later, —
Eaves, the clipped edge of a thatched I
to burst forth O. F. s'esclcter, to burst.
;

roof. (E.j Also h. dial. (Essex) oavis. ! Origin doubtful; pterhaps from L. type
M. E. euese ; pi etieses { — eaveses ; *
exclappitare formed from Eow G. klaf-
,

also ouese. A.S. efes, a .clipped) edge I

fen to clap, make a noise sec Clap.
, ,

of thatch, whence efesian , to shear, also Eclectic, choosing out hence, a ;

*oefes9 whence oefsung Corp. gl. 474.+ ,

philosopher who selected doctrines from
Icel. ups , Swed. dial, tiffs Goth, ubizwa , ;
various sects. (Gk.; Gk. htitHfutbs,
a porch, from the projection of the eaves ; selecting; as sb. an Eclectic. Gk. Ik-
( >. H. G. opasa. Teut. type *obeswd. A*7«iy, to select. — Gk. J#, out ; Kifuv, to
Prob. allied to Over. Der. eavesdropper ,
choose.
158
 1, , . , , , , , ,
.

ECLIPSE EFFLUENCE
Eclipse. — L. — Gk.) M E. eelips,
(F. . coined word, from the sb. editor (L.
clips. — O. F. eclipse. — L. eclipsis.— Gk. idilor).
a failure, esp. of light of the sun.
tuKeitfsts, Educate. (L.) From L. eduedtus
— Gk. bcXthuv, to leave out, fail, suffer pp. of eduedre , to educate; allied to L.
eclipse. — Gk. in, out; \tinuv, to leave. educere to bring out. — L. i, out dftcerc, ;

Eclogue, a pastoral poem. (L. — Gk.) to bring.

L. ecloga (the F. word was iglogue).— Gk. educe. (L.) L. educere , to firing out.
tKkoyi], a selection, esp. of poems. — Gk. Der. eduction (from pp. (duct -us).
ttckiyuv, to choose out ; see Eclectic. Eel. (E.) M.E. el. A.S. dl. + Du.
Economy. (F.— L. — Gk.) Formerly aal, Icel. dll, Dan. aal, Swed. al, G. aal.
(economy .— M. F. (economic. — L. ccconomia. Teut. type *«7<?z.
— Gk. oiKoifofiia management of a house- Eery, timid, affected by fears, melan-
hold.— Gk. olfcovufwSj a steward. — Gk. choly, strange. (K.) See Jamieson. M.E.
m/co-, for oTkos, a house and vffitiv, to ;
ar), arh, are), ar)e, er)e timid ; spelt eri
deal out. in Cursor M
undi, 1 76S5. — A . S. earg, earh
Ecstasy. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. ex- timid, cowardly. Cf. Icel. argr, ragr ;
tasie 1 — Late L. ecstasis,
( . 1. a trance.— G. arg; Du. erg bad. ,

Gk. displacement; also, a trance.

*kot<i<ti 9 % Efface. (F. — L.) F. effacer. Y. ef —
— (ik. i k out; ardent, a standing, allied
,
(L. ef, for ex, out) ; and face, from Folk-
to larafiai, I stand. L. *faeia (for I> . faciem, acc. of facies),
Ecumenical, general. L. - Gk.) face. See Face.
Late L. arutnenicus\ with suffix -al. — (ik. Effect. (F. -L.) A. F. effect (F. effet)
oiHovfifviKos, universal. — Gk. oIkov^Ivt} — L. effect nm, an effect.—
acc. of effectus
(sc. yfj), inhabited world, fern, of
the L. effectus, pp. of efficere to work out.— ,

olnovfifvos, pres. pt. pass, of oUtcv, I inhabit. L. ef, for ex, thoroughly ; faeere, to do.
— Gk. oIhos, a house. Brugm. i. § 611. Effeminate. L.) From pp. of L.
Eczema, a breakin^-out of pustules on effemindre , to make womanish. — L. ef,
the skin. (Gk.) Gk. */cfc/ia, a pustule.— tor ex, thoroughly; femina, a woman.
(ik. to boil over. — Gk. «/c, out; See Feminine.
fin v, to boil. See Yeast. Effendi, sir, master. (Turkish— Gk.'i
Eddy. (Scand.) M.K. ydy ~ idy\ Turk, cfettdi, sir. — Mod. Gk. dipivrrjt, for
Iccl. iba, an eddy, whirlpool c f. ila, to ;
Gk.av0«Vri?s, a despotic master, ruler; see
whirl about; Swed. dial, ilia, idd, Dan. Authentic.
dial. ide, an eddy. Perhaps formed from Effervesce. (L.)
efferuescere.— 1 .. I.,

Icel. id-, A.S. ed-, Goth. id- (prefix', ef~ y for ex, out ;
feme scere,
to begin to
backwards. Cf. Brugm. i. § 574. boil, inceptive of ferucre, to boil.
Edge, tlu'i M. E. egge. A.S eeg, an Effete, exhausted. (L.) L. effet us,
edge, border + Du. egge, Icel. Swed. egg, weakened bv having brought forth young.
Dan. eg, (i tike Tout. type *agj\i. Of. — L. ef, for ex, out fitus, that has ;

I acies, Gk. u*<y, a point, Skt. acn-, edge, brought forth ; allied to L. fui) I was
comer. (^AK.) Jiiugm. i. § fin ii. § 587). ;

Edible, eatable. (L.'i Late L. edibilis. Efficacy, force, virtue. (L.) L. effi-
— L. edete, to eat ; see Eat. i\hta, effective power. — L. ejficdc stem of
Edict. (L. L. (dictum, neut. of pp. efieax, efficacious. — L. efficcre} to effect
>1 edicere ,
to proclaim. — L. /, out; dicere, v
below \
to ^neak. efficient. \L.) From stem of pres,
Edify. (F. — J„) O. F. edijter. — I.. pt. of efficere, to effect ; see Effect.
•rdifiedre, to build (hence, instruct). — L. Effigy. (F.-L.) F. effigie.- L. effi-
•rdi-, of ades, a building, orig, a giem, acc. of effigies, an image.
stem L. effigy —
hearth; - ftc for faeere, to make. Der. base of efingere, to form, L. ef, for ex, —
edifice, F. Sdifice, L .ctdifieium, a building; out fingtre, to form. See Figure.
cdile, L. itdilis a magistrate who had the
. Efflorescence. (F.-L/> F. tfflote
care of public buildings. Brugm. i. § 202. seence, lit. * a flowering.* From L. effid-
Edition. (F.-L.) O.F. ediciott^ll.).— reseere inceptive form of effiorfre, to
L, (ditidne m, acc. of (dido a publishing. blossom out. L. ef**ex, out ; jferfre to
,
— —
L. editus pp. of fdere, to give out, publish. blos«om. Sec Floral.
— L. (} out ; dare, to give. Der. edit, a Effluence, a flowing. (L.) From the
 , . ,. , , , - ;; ; . ; , g
;,,

EFFORT ELASTIC
pres. pt. of effluere, to flow out. L. ef % — (eider-fowl), Swed. ejder and cf. Swed.
for ex, out ; flttere to flow. See Fluent. dial. £/. Der. eider dorm, lcel. a&ardun .

Effort. F. effort an effort

(F. - L.) Eight. (Pk) M. IC. eight}. A. S.
verbal sb. from F. s'efforcer, to endeavour. eahta. +
Du. lcel. Dan. otte
—
Med. L. exfort i(Ire, to use force. L. — Swed. htla, Goth, ahtau, G. Irish
ex out ; fort i-s, strong. See Force. Gael, ochd, W. wyth L. octo, Gk. ,

Effrontery. (F. - L.) X VIII cent. o^ra;, Pers. hasht, Zend ashta, Skt. ashfau.
— F. im pudency
effronterie Cot. '
;
’
Idg. type Der. eigh-teen, A. S.
0. F. shameless. — O. F. ef (L.
effrontp ',
eahtatPne eahtatfne\ eigh-ty, A. S. {fund ,

ef, forex), out; front face, forehead (as eahtatig eigh-th A. S. eahlo&a
, ; .

if putting forward the forehead'). Cf. F. Eisel, vinegar. (F.— L.) In Shak.
affronter to oppose face to face. See M. E. <7V<7 «/**/, aisil. — O. F. 0/V1V, m//,
, ,

Front. also 0/V/, vinegar (Godefroy). <4 ;V// ap-

Effulgent, bright. (L.) From stem pears to be a dimin. form of mV/. — Late L.
of pres. pt. of L. effttlgere, to shine forth. acitus, bitter; closely related to I ateturn
— L. ef, forex, out fulgere to shine. vinegar. The Goth, akeit, vinegar, A.S.
; ,

Effuse. (L.) L. effiistis, pp. of effttn- «7dP, ( 1. fjx/V. due to Late L. acitum or
dere, to pour out. - L. ef, tor ex, out L. aceturn.
fundere, to pour. Eisteddfod, a congress of (Welsh)
Eg*(«\ the oval body whence chickens, bards, [\\.) \V. cidtddfod, a sitting, con-
&c. are hatched. (Scand.) M. K. eg. pi. gress.— \V. eistedd, to sit.
egges. — lcel. egg Dan. Svved. -f- Either. (10.)
; M. E. either, ait her.
A. S. dg (= E. e/ M
Du. ei, G. ei. A. S. legfer, contracted form of <?ghwttfer.
;

Prob. allied to Irish ugh Gael. ubh, \V. Comp, of il-gi-h:(’<rfier where a aye, y/7
, ;

wy, L. ouum, Gk. war, egg. Hrugm. i. (lor ^-) i* a prefix, and tnvifhr - whether.
§ 309 (2;. + Du. fVtfVr, if. /eder, O. 11 G. Po/nvedar.
.

Egg (ScandA M. K.
to instigate. Ejaculate, to jerk out an utterance.
rggw.- \ct\.eggja. to goad on — Teel. L., From pp. of L. eiacnlPin to cast
an edge (point;. See Edge. out. — L. P, out ; iaculwn . a missile, from
Eglantine. F.-L. F. Eglantine, iciiCre, to ca>t.
M.F. aiglantine, aiglantier. sweet-briar. eject. (LA L. Piedtire, frequentative
— the same. — L. t\pe
O. F. aigiant of L. Picere to cast out. ,
— L. P, out iacere, ;

*aat/ent-us, prickly (not found ». — L. acit-s, to cist.

a needle; -lentus (as in uint-lentun. Cl. Eke r to augment. (E.' M.K. ehen.
•

L. aculeus, a prickle, dimin. of See O. Merc. Pi an. A. S. reran, weak vb.

Aglet. Teut. t\ pe +(mkjan weak vb. .allied to ;

Egotist, Egoist, a self-opinionated lcel. auka, Goth, at/kan neuter., str. vb.
person. (I..) ruined from L. ego, I; see cf. 1. augere. (^ALViw. Hrugm §67,5. i.

1. Cf. F PgdiUt a. I). 1755 eke (2

n
*, aKf>. 'K. M. K. etk eke. ,

Egregious, A. S. ear. +n». ook, I eel.

excellent. I,. L. Apr- auk Swed. oih
.

gists, chosen out of a flock, excellent rind », 1 >an. og .and ( i. au<h. All from ,

with suffix -ous.~ L. P out; greg*, stem of the Teut. bast? auk- above.
t

grex a flock.,
Elaborate. 'LA I PlahorPItm, pp. .

Egress, a going out. ( \ .1 1 .. egress us. of elaborate, to laf/our greatlv. — 1 .. P, out,

-L. egressus pp. of to go out.— greatly
, lalP'f it re, to work, from labor-. ;

L. out gradi, to go. ;

stem of labor, labour.
Egret, the lesser white heron. (F. — Eland, a s African antelope. (Du. — G.
O. n. G.) M. F. egt ette, aigrette, dimin. m
— lath.) Du eland, an elk — G. fiend
of a form *aigre whence also Prov. aigr- l ithium. Pints, an elk. Cf. \V. a dam ,

on, O. F. hair-on, E. her on O, H.G. hind, Kus'i. olene a stag. See Elk. ,

heigir heiger a heron. See Heron. Elapse, to glide away. (LA Prom L.
Ell I interj. (E.j M. P. ev. Cf. A. S. Plapsus, pp. of p/fibi, to glide away. L. P, —
Ai ; Du. he ! G. «/ F. M / away l<Vn. to glide.
;

Eider-duck. (Swed. 10 The K. Elastic. 'GkA Formerly elastiek.

here added to the Swcd. spelling
is f»k. *<\a0Tuc6t, propulsive, coined from
of lcel. a6 r, an eider-duck (a pronounced Gk. * lAavvcu, 1 drive (fut. iAciir-w).
like 1 in time) ; whence Dan. ederfugl Cf. Gk. also a driver.
 , , , .

ELATE ELL
Elate, up, proud. (L.) L. flatus,
lifted iXtyttov, a distich (of lament). — Gk
lifted up. — L. i, out latus used as pp. ol ; ,
i\ty os, a lament. Der. elegi-ac
feme, but allied to toilers, to lift. Element. (F. L.) O. F, element.— —
Elbow, the bend of the arm. (E.) L. elementum a first principle. ,

M.K. elbowe. A.S. elboga also cln-boga. Elephant. (F. L, Gk.) M. E. — —

— A. S. eln, signifying ell/ orig. arm ’ elyphaunt , olifaunt. O. F. olifant ele-
4
‘
;
— ,

and boga, a bow, a bending (see Bow), fant. — E, elephantem acc. of elephas. —
A. S. eln is allied to Goth, aleitia, a cubit, Gk. an elephant. Origin unknown;
\V. elin, Irish uile, L. ulna, Gk. wktvrj, some compare Ileb. eleph, an ox.
Skt. aratni the elbow. See Ell. Du. Elevate. (E.) From pp. ofL, eleuSre, +
elle-boog, led. oln-bogi, Dan. al-bue G. to lilt up. — L. e, out; leuare to lighten, ,

fllett-bogen . lift, from /<?#*>, light. See Levity.

Eld, old age. (E.) M. E. tide, old Eleven. (E. » M. E. enleuen A. S. .

age; 0
Merc, a Ido, old age
. from aid, ; \
at' djeofan, endlufon O. Northumb.
;

old. Cf. A. S. ieldu, yldu from old. ;

1
ullefne.+ Du. elf, I cel. ellifu, Dan, ellevs,
+ lccl. <?/// Dan. <?/*/<?. See Old.
;
Swed. Goth, ainlif G. elf, O. II. G.
p. A compound of Teut. *atn~,
j

elder (i), older. <E.) Roth as adj.

|
einlif
and sb. U. Merc, uldra (A. S yldra . ,
one; and -lif-** Eithuan. -lika (in veno*
elder, adj.; comparatne oi aid ^A. S. iika, eleven\ l.ith. -lika perhaps means
eald\.o\i\. , ‘remaining’ ; cf. E. Iin quere, to leave.
eldest. (KA O. Merc, tchhtfa (A.S. Hrugm. ii § 175.
yldeda superl. of aid A.S. eald>, old.
. ! Elf. M. E. elf. O. Merc. alf.-kr
*'E.

Elder 2 a tree. (E.) The a is cxcre-

,
j
led. a/fr, Dan. alf\ also G .alp, a night-
scent. M. E. idler. A. S. tlien, elhrrn.+ j
mare. Der. elf-in, adj., for *e!f-en\ but
Eow G. efloat //. Distinct horn aid r. prob. suggested by the M.E. gen. pi.
Elecampane, a plant. (L.) A. S. i elvene , ol elves (in the Southern dialect,.
e alone eltne, >e verted from E. inula
]
1 and \ Elicit, to coax out. (E.) From pp.
M. .enule-eampaue s (Jot.).— E. inula earn -
I' .
of ].. eln ere, to draw out by coaxing.—
patia elecampane.
,
Here iump&na prob. 1

E. e, out ;
laeere, to entice. And see
means wild, growing in the tiehL; from Lace.
J. earnpus, a field. j Elide. ,EA E. e/hle re, to strike out. —
Elect, chosen. I..) E. flei t us, pp. of >
1 -. e, out; lu dere, to dash. Der. elis-ion
eligere, to choose out. — L. c, out; lege* r, ,
Jrom pp. i'lh-us .

to choo>e.
1

Eligible. (F.-LA F. //igible. — Mcd,

Electric. (E.— Gk.) Coined from L. i E. eligibility tit to be chosen. — L. eligere,
eifitrum, amber, which has electric pro- j
to choose out ;
see Eleet.
perties. — Gk. ijktKtpou, amber, also shin- , Eliminate. (E.) From pp. of L.
ing metal; allied to i)\Urwp, gleaming. eliminate, to thrust out of.— L. e forth; .

Electuary, a kind of conkction. (F. Urn in-, stem of time it, a threshold. See
— L. — Gk. M E. letuarie. — (>. F. let- Limit.
tuaire i
M.F. Gate E. eleJud-
elei fuatre. — Elision; see Elide.
rmm. flerflirtum, a nmdicine that dissolves Elixir. (Ar.—Gk.)
Med. L. elixir;
in the mouth. Perhaps lor litl-arium , V <
j
for Arab, el iksir, the philosopher's stone,
from Gk. IkXuktov an electuary, from , ;
esp. a Nort of powder ^Devic); where el is
<*\ux#i»* t to lick out.— Gk. <#, out ; the definite article. — Gk. (rjfnov, dry pow
to lick. der, or (y]pov dry (residuum).f
j

Eleemosynary, to nlms.
relating 1

Elk, a kind of deer. (G.) Prob. adapted

vEate L.~ Gk. l ate E. clefmosynii rius t
• from M. II. G. elch, an elk ; O.ll.G.f/oA*.
nn almoner; from eUemoyna, alms.- Gk. ,
Cf. led. elgr, Swed. clg. an elk; Russ.
ikffinoervvt}' pity, aim'*. See Alms. o/ette, a stag; E. ahes. Gk. a\Kt). (Ilis-

Elegant, choice, neat. (F. — E.‘ M. F. tory obscure.) Found in A.S, as elch , tlh.
elegant. - J.. flegant-, stem of elegins. Ell. (KA M. ILet/e, cine. A.S.</v f>,
tisteful, ncat.-E. a cubit. Du. elle, el; Icel. alin, the arm
e, out; leg-, base ol ! +
lege re, to choose. from the elbow to the tip of the middle
j

Elegy, a funcial o<le. (F.-I..-Gk.) finger; Swed. a/n, Dan. alen % Gotiua/eina, j

M. F. elegie - E. elegia. - tik. Iktytia. G. elle, ell; L. ulna, elbow, cubit; Gk,
.
j

Liu. sing., on elegy; orig. neut. pi. of vikirtf, elbow. Ell - el- in elbow* 1

161 Q
 ) , ;; ,- - , , ,

ELLIPSE EMBERS
Ellipse. (L. — Gk.)
Formerly ellipsis. maci-, base of mac iIs ,
leanness ;
cf. macer
— L. ellipsis. — Gk. a defect, an
(\kfi\fns, lean.
ellipse of a word also, an oval figure,
; Emanate. (L.) From L. imdndtus,
because its plane forms with the base of pp. of fmanure, to flow out. — L. e, out;
the cone a less angle than that of a para- mdnare, to flow.
bola. — Gk. eAAeinuv, to leave in, leave Emancipate. pp. of (L.) From
behind. — Gk. «A-, for kv, in; Atiiruv, to emancipdrc to out man-
,
set free. — L. e, ;

leave, cognate with L. linquere . Der. cipdre to transfer property. — L. mancip-,

,

elliptic adj., Gk. 4 AA««frn*oy. stem of man-ceps, lit. one who takes pro-
Elm, a tree. (E.) A.S. elm.+ O. II. G. perty in hand or receives it. — I.. man-us ,
elm cf. Icel. dlmr, Dan. aim, Swed. aim
; ;
Land ;
capere, to take.
also L. ulmus (whence G. tilme, P11.0/01L Emasculate, to deprive of virility.
Elocution. (L.) From L. clocutio- L.) From pp. of L. emasculdrc. — L. i,
nem, acc. of ilocutio, clear utterance. — L. away from ;
masculus male. See Mas-
c loculus, pp. of iloqui, to speak out. — L. culine.
e, out ; loqut, to speak. Cf. Eloquent. (Span.) Span, embargo, Embargo.
Eloign, Eloin, to stoppage of ships lit. a put-
remove and keep an arrebt, a ;

at a distance, to withdraw. (F. — L.) ting a bar in the way. — Late L. type
O. F. esloigner to remove, keep away *imbarricdre to bar in. Formed with
(Law L. exlongdre). — C). F. es away; prefix cm- - Lat. in) from Span, barra,
t

loing (F. loin), far off.— L. ex, away; a bar. See Bar, Barricade.
longe, adv. far off. See Long. Embark. F. — Late L.) F. embar-
Elope. (A.c F. — ScamU A. F. aloper, quer.— Late L. imbaredre, to put m a i

\' i- n r
bark. — L. im
\
buna, a_ tbark
* i . . ! i.i i •
_ • * . .
:o run away v from a husband see N. L. 1).;.
.

;
for in), in ; ;

— A. F. a prefix (perhaps for (). F. es see Bark {D.

*

away, as in E. a-bash ) and M. K. lopen, Embarrass. (F.— Span.! F. embar-

;

to run (Cath. Anglicum), from Icel. hlaupa, rasser, to perplex lit. to hinder, put a ;

cognate with K. Leap, f}

Or from bar in ones way. — Span, embarazar the
.

M, E. alop-en, pp. of alipen, to escape; same. — Span, cm L. im-, for in

from A. S. d-, away, and hlcapan, to run, barra, a bar. Cf. Embargo and Bar. ;

to leap. Embassy, a mission. K-I.ate L.~

Eloquent. ' F. — L.) M. K. eloquent. C.) A mollification of (). F. ambus see ;

— O. F . eloquent. — L. eloquent-, stem of cf. M. K. embassage, I Ml. imbasciata, weak*

speak out or clearly,
pres. pt. of iloqui , to ened form of ambasaala. All from Late
s

— L. out; loqui, to speak.

i, L. ambascidta, sb., orig. fern, of pp. of
I

Else, otherwise. tE.) A. S. dies, adv. ambauidre, to send on a mission, from

:

4
stem *aljo-, signifying other/ as in Goth, ambascia , a mission. Sec Ambassador.
j

aljis% other.+Swed. eljest allied to I Embattle, to furnish with battl -

\

alias, and to Alien. The suffix -es marks ments. F. M. E. embalte/en. — O. F.

the gen. case, neuter. cm- 1 .. im , for itt-, prefix); and O. F.
Elucidate. (L.) Frompp. of Ute L. bastiller to fortify. See Battlement. ,

iluctddre , to make clear. — L./, out, very Embellish. F. — L/> M. E. embe-

;
*

lucid-us, lucid, clear. See Lucid. lissen. — O. F. embeliss-, stem of pres. pt.
Elude, to avoid slily. L. iludtre of embellir, to beautify. — O. F. em- I..

(pp. ilusus ), to mock, deceive. — L. e, out in and be/, fair. See Bollo. ;

ludere, to play. Der. elus ory, from the Ember-days. :K. M. K. ymber,
V

as in ymber-weke. A.S. ymbren-, prob.

^ihynum, a heaven. 'I,. -Ok/) I.. from ymbrync a circuit, or period the , ;

ilysium. — Gk. rjAvtnov, short for Ifkiaov ember days are days that recur at each of
the Elysian field Od. 4. 563). the four seasons of the >car. The A.S.
Em r f prefix. (F.- L.) F. em-< L. im ymb~rync is lit. ‘a running round/— A. S.
(for in), in, before b and p. Hence em - y mb, lound (®G. um, Gk. and
\ ;

balm, to anoint with balm; em bank, to ryne, a run, course; sec Bun. Prob.
j

enclose with a bank, cast up a bank ; em- confused with L. quatuor tempora, four
body 9 to invest with a body, Sc c. seasons whence G. quatember. ;

Emaciate. (L.) From pp. of L. Embers, ashes. (K.) M. E. erneres.

imadire, to make thin. — L. I, very; A.S. dmyrgean ,
embers; A.S. Ixrcch-
 , , • , , , ,

EMBEZZLE EMIT
doms, iii. 30 (rare). + Icel. eitnyr/a , Embrasure. (F.) F. embrasure, an
I)an. emmer Swed. O. II. G.
,
m 'orja aperture with slant sides. —
M. Y .embraser,
eimurja, sb. ember. Cf. Icel. eim-r vapour; ,
to slope the sides of a window. —O.F.^w-
piov. E. ome ( - A. S. *Cwi), vapour. (L. in), in ; M. F. braser, ‘to skue, or
Embezzle, to filch. (F.) A. F. en chamfret;* Cot. (Of unknown origin.)
besiler, to make away with (a. l). 1404).— Embrocation, a fomenting. (F.—
O. K. en (for L. in-, prefix) ; and O. F. Late L. — Gk.) O. F. embrocation, — Med.
faultier, to maltreat, destroy, apparently L. cmhrocCitus, pp. of embrocdre, to foment,
from O. F. fas- (Late L. bis-, used as a — Gk. ip&poxq, a fomentation. — Gk. ip-
pejorntive prefix). Cf. O. F. be si l, ill- to soak in. — Gk. in;
treatment, torture ; and see Bezzle in the QpixWi to wet* soak.
N. K. D. Certainly influenced, in the Embroider. <F.) From Em- and
1 6th cent., by a supposed etymology from Broider. Cf. O. F. embroder to em- j

imfacill , to weaken* an obsolete verb broider. '

formed from the adj. imbecile, q v. Embroil. (F.) From F. embrouiller I

Emblem. (F. — L. — Gk.) M.F. em-\u> confuse. F. em- (L. im-, for in); —
btime .— L. emblema — Gk. tp&Xrjpa, a brouiller to confuse.
. See Broil (2) ; •

thing put on, an ornament. — Gk. ip-, for and cf. Imbroglio. j

iv, in, on pdXXuv, to throw, to put. See

;
(F. — Gk.) Formerly em- Embryo.
bryon . — M. F. embryon . — Gk. ip&pvov,
|

Belenmite.
Emblements, the produce of sown the emlino, foetus — Gk. ip- ~ «v, within ;
j

lands, crops which a tenant may ctit after ftpvov neut. of pres. pt. of Ppvttv, to be ; ,

the determination of his tenancy. (F. L.' full of, swell out. — !

O. F. emblaement, harvest. — O. F. em- Emendation. (L.) Coined from the j

bluer, emblader F. entbhivcr , to sow pp. of L. emendate, to free from fault.—

t
J

with corn. — Late Lat. i mblcUidre m to sow. L. e, free from mendum menda a fault. j ;

— L. im- (for in), in; Late L. bladum Emerald, a green gem. (F. — I.. - Gk.^ I

L. abldtum, a crop, corn, lit.

4
what is L. e me ramie. O. F. esmeraude (Span. M —
carried away (F. ble>. ’
\esmeralda also esmeragde. L. srna- ;
—
Embolism. tF. — L. Gk.) O. F. ragdutn, acc. of smaragdus. — Gk. apd-
— j

embolisme — L. embolismus. — Gk. ip&o - paybos, an emerald. Ct. Skt. marakata-, 1

\inp 6 s, an intercalation or insertion of an emerald.

davs, to complete a period. Gk. ip, foriv. —
to rise from the sea, appear, | Emerge,
in; paWuv, to cast; cf. ip&o\ii, an inser- . J,.i L em ergere, to rise out of water.—
turn. — L. /, out mergere, to dip see Merge.
; ;

Embonpoint, plumpness of person. Emerods; see Hemorrhoids.

i F.— L' F. embonpoint, plumpness. Emery, a hard mineral. (F. — Ital.—
lor en bon point, in good case. — L. in, Gk., formerly emeril XVII cent.— \

m; bonum neut. of bonus ,

good; punc- F. Imen M.F. emeril, esmeril. — Ital.
'
;

turn, point. smerigtio. — Gk. aprjpts, opvpts, emery.

EmDOSS (O, to adorn with bosses or Emetic. (L.~Gk. x L. emeticus .—
iaUed (F. — L. and G.)
work. From 1
Gk. iptrinus, causing sickness.— Gk. ip«o,
Em-, prefix and Boss. ; ! I vomit; see Vomit.

Emboss (2',. to take shelter, or drive j Emigrate* (L.) From pp. of L. e-

ti) shelter in a wood, See. vK. — I-ate 1 .
) j
migr&re, to wander forth — L. ?, out;
O F. embosquer, to shroud in a wood.— migrate, to wander; see Migrate,
o. F. em- L. in ,
in ;O. F. hose, a wood; Eminent, excellent. (L.> L Eminent , .

i»«*c Bouquet. stem of pics. pt. of iminere. to project.

Embouchure. (F. — I..'. F .embou- excel. — L.<% out; *minire, to project; for
the mouth or opening (of a river),
tinire, which cf. / m- m inent pro- m imnt, ,

— F. em fane her, to put in or to the mouth. Emir, a commander. (Arab.) Arab.

•I. in, in, F. douche, from bucca, the amir, a nobleman, prince. — Arab, root
mouth. amara, he commanded. Der. admir-aL
Embrace. (F.— 1..1 0.1'. embracer, Emit, to send forth. (L.) L. imittere,
to grasp in the arms. — O. F. cm-, foi en to send forth; pp. fmissus. — L. i, out;
iL. in ) ; and brace, the grasp of the mittere, to send. Der. emission, emi$i-
arnis; see Braoe. ary from the pp.
,

163
 , . . , r .

EMMET ENCHANT
Emmet, an ant. (E.) M. E. emete, Empty,
void. (E.) M. E. emptu A.S.
amote. A. S. iemette, or cnnette an ant.+ ,
i?mtiy, iemetiy, lit. full of leisure. A. S. —
G. amcise, O. H. G. ameiza or ameiza an , ,
iemta , iemetta , leisure, older form emota
ant. Doublet, ant. Kpin. Glos. 6So). Perhaps <7metta is for
(

Emmew; see Knew. *iemo/jon-, from ie-, prefix, privative, and

Emollient, softening. (F. L.) M.F. — mot, a meeting for business.
emollient. — L. Emollient stem of pres. pt. Empyrean, Empyreal, pertaining
of Zmollire , to soften. L. /, out, very — ;
to elemental lire. (I.. — Gk.) Adjectives
mollire, to soften, from molli-s soft ,
coined from I.. empync-us Gk. *c/itrvp- ,

Emolument, gain, v F.- 1,.) 0. F. aios, extended from tp-nvpo^, exposed to

emolument. — Vi. emolumentum, what is fire. — (ik. ip~ iv, in vvp, fire see Firo. -=>
; ;

gained by labonr. — ..imoliri to work out, I , Emu, Emeu, a bird. (Port.) poit.
accomplish. — F. c. out, greatly moliri to ;
etna, an ostrich.
work, from moles heap, also effort. ,
So Emulate. F. N
From pp. of F. ;

usually explained but the short vowels;

u multi ti to try to equal — L. u multi q
,

in - mdlA - suggest a deiivation from stri mg to equal.

\

—
|

/dre, to grind thoroughly. Emulsion, a milk-like mixture. *'K.

Emotion. Coined from F. cm d/us,

(L.) F. N M.F. emulsion ; formed fiom 1,.

pp. of emouere to move away or much. —

,
;
e mills -us, pp. of emu lyin', to milk out. —
L. out, much mouere, to move.
;
F. e, out lye re, to milk ; see Milk.
; mu
Emperor, a ruler. F. — \..) O. F. i
En-, prefix. F. — F. ) V. en-. — F.
cmpercor. — L. impe.riitorem acc. of tm- in sometimes used with a causal
;
force, as
pC rd/or, a ruler. — L. imperil re, to rule. — en-ta e, en-ihain, dec. Sec Em-,
Shak. — F. <//,
|

L. i7»- for i;/-), upon, over; pat arc, to j

Enact. (F.— F.) In
make ready, order. Dor. empr-e >s. in F. /// * to put in act.'
;
and Act. Fit.
Stress of voice. ( F. — Gk.
|

Emphasis, '»
Enamel, vb. (K-o. IF G.) M. E.
— Gk.
L. emphasis. tmpafrs, a declaration, enunaih, sb., euamehn, vb. — A. F. ena-
emphasis; orig. appearance. — Gk. ipfm- un lit tntmailler vb — K. «*;/ tF ;// on
, , . . ;

vofiat, I appear. — Gk. ip- in; amatlr t<>r >. F. cattail, enamel
. 11a < 1

tpcuvopm, I appear, whence tphmz, an \milto from ). Low G. smalt Lubbcn).

,
< .

appearance ; see Phase. Der. empkatii , See Smalt.

from Gk. ippariKoi, significant. Enamour. r F. — F. 0. F. enamotrr, 1

Empire. IF. — FA F. empire. — F. im- to inflame with love — F. en amour, in

perium, command. —L. im- in- ,
upon, love; where F. en i> from I in, in, and .

over ;
pariire, to ready, order.make amour In m nee. amote m, love. I .

Empiric, a quack doctor. F. — F. — Encamp.

(F. -L. (joined from cn-
4

Gk.) M. F. empirique. F. emptricus. — — f F. in

F. and camp; hence ‘to
en. 1

Gk. tpirtt pints, experienced nFo one of ;

form into a camp.' See Camp.
a certain set of physicians. — ( ik. ip- * tv, Encase. (K.-L Gf. F. encai er, •

in; irtipa { — *ntpm , a trial, experience,

s ‘
to put into a case ;
’ (
'<»t.— F. en, in I .

allied to iropor. a way, and to E. Fare. in ; nnd M.F. eaitse, eat h', a case; sc <•
Brugtn. i. S 29 .V Ca«o 2 ).

Employ. F. — F.) M.F. employer, to Encaustic, n lafing t n designs burnt

employ. — F. impliedre to implicate tin in. F . —F — ( ik > V . en< austique — I .

Late F., to use for, employ . — L. im - (for ciuau<tittis. — (ik. l^KavauKl %. relating to
in*), in ;
plicare, to fold ; see Implicate, burning in. — Gk. tv, in; kuIqj, 1 burn.
Imply. See Calm.
Emporium, a mart. L. Gk.) F. — Enceinte, pregnant. ( F. — L.) F. en
emporium. — Gk ipnuptov, a mart; ncut. of eeinle. — Fate F. induct a, ungirt, said of a
ipir6pio>, commercial. — Gk. ipiropin com- pregnant woman, fem. of pp. of dnyere,
t

merce, tpnopos, a traveller, merchant.— to gird, with ncg. prefix in-. Isidore
Gk. ip- — iv, in ; iropoi, a way ; sec Fare. explains Fate I ~ ineineta as meaning
Emprise, enterprise. fF. — L.) M. E. i
‘
ungirt *
; so also Ital. incinia «’
MorioF
emprise. — O. F. emprise; orig. fem. of Enchant.
fF. -f..| F. enchanter, to
empris, pp. of 0. F. emprendre , to take in charm. —
F. incanthre to repeat a chant. y
—
hand. — L im- (in-), in; prehendere to ,
F. in-, upon; and cantdre, to sing; see
take. See Comprehend. Cant 1 .

164
 , , , - , , \ . ,, —;

ENCHASE ENEW
Enchase. (F.— L.) M. F .enchasser, *and-joz. Cf. O. Irish ind Skt. anta-,
*
to enchace or set in gold * Cot. Hence ; end, limit, Hence the prefixes ante
to emboss. — F. en, in (L. in) and chasse ;
anti-, an in answer.
(F. ehdsse', the same as catse, a case ; see Endeavour, to attempt. (F. - L.)
Case (2V Coined from the M. E. sb. dever, devoir,
Encircle. (F.-I..) From En- and duty, with F. prefix en- L. in).
Circle. Compare the old phrase to do his dever' ‘

Encline. (F.-LA M. F. enclinen — *= to do . his duty (Ch. C. T. 2598) ; see

O. h enchmr — ] ittclindre see Incline. Devoir.
. . >.
;

Enclitic. tClk.) Gk. iytt \triKLs, en- Endemic, peculiar to a district. (Gk.)
clining, dependent ;
used of a word which Gk. tvlrjp-os, belonging to a people.—
‘leans* its accent upon another. — (Ik. (Ik. tv, in; brjpcs, a people; see Demo-
ey nXtvuv, to lean upon, encline. C ik. iv, — cracy.
on; tcXlvav, to lean; see Lean (1). Endive, a plant. (F.— LA F. endive
Enclose. (F.— L.) brom En- and *
endivia). — Lat. type *ititibea adj.
leal,
Closo (1'. Cf. A. 1\ enclos pp. of eti- from L. inti bus, intubus endive.
elorre, to shut in. Endogen, a plant that grows from
Encomium, commendation. I ,. — ( Jk. within. (F. — Gk.) endogene (1813). k
Latinised fiom (ik. tyndpiov, n<ut. of From Gk. ivbo-v, within; y<v-, lase of
tynuptos, laudatory, full of revelry. — (ik. yiyvopcu, I am born, allied to yivos, race.
tv, in ; Kuffws t revelry. Endorse. (F. — L.' Formerly endossc.
Encore, again. ;F. — L.' F. (there O. I . ( ndosser to put on the back of F. —
( =link aneora'', still, again.— L. bane en, on ; drs, the back, from I. dorsum, the
ho? am, for in hanc horam, to this hour; I ack (whence the spelling with ts).
see Hour, Somewhat disj 11 ted. Endow. (F. — L.) A.F. ettdcxver.
Encounter, vb. < h -
. 1 . - O. F. en- bruin en - nr.d doner. — L.
J*. in, and
conher ,
to nuet in combat. — F. en, in; abtCire, to give a dowry, from dot- stem
— in, in
centre, against. contra against
1 .. ;
ot do\\ a dewry; cf. dare to gi\e. ,

Encourage. (F. - I F. cm out ager ..

'
; Endue (
1). to endow*. (F.— I.A An-
from F. en (L. in) and courage see Cou- ;
other spelling o( endow; XV cent.— O. F.
rage. endocr later endouer to endow Burguy). ,
1

Encrinite, the * stone lily * a fossil, ;

— 1 . in, in; and dotare, to endow; see
((ik.) (Joined from (ik. tv, in; tepivov, a above Confused both with O. F. en~
lily with suffix - ittj ?.
;
dnire, to introduce (from H- indmere ),
Encroach. \V. -L. andTeut.) lit. and with Endue (2; below*.
to hook away, catch in a hook. — O. F. Endue to clothe. (I..) corrup-
(2 ,
A
encrochicr to seize upon. - F. en, in ; croc,
, tion of indue as in * endue thy ministers ;

a hook cf. F. accroJter to hook up. — L.

; with righteousness/ — L. induert , to
m, in; and M. Du. £;<?/&•, Iccl. krokr , See.; clothe. and see above.
Ste Indue (2 :

see Crook. Endure. M. E. endnren. —(F. — LA

Encumber. (F. — L. ?) O. F. eneom F. etniurer. — F. cn V L. /V/^ and durer >
;

brer, to Mock up (a way'. — Late L. in- V

L. d& rare \ to last, bee Dure.
combrare, to obstruct. — L. in-, in; and Enemy# V
F. — L.) M. E. enemi. —
1 ate L. eotnbrus an obstacle. ,
See Cum- O. F. enemi. — L. inimleus, unfriendly.
ber. L. in, not amicus, ;
friendly, from L.
Encyclical, citcular, said of a letter amtfre , to love.
sent roun<l ‘ecclesiastical). From (ik. Energy. (F.~L.~Gk.) O. F eturgie.
<yKite\i-os, circular said of a letter) ; with '

v
— Late L. energy a. — Gk. tvipycia, vigour,
suffix *c-al. — (ik. <i', in ; kvkKo-s, a circle, action. — Gk. ivipyus, at w’ork. — Gk. iv,
encyclopedia. (,L.-Gk.) Latinised in tpyav, work
; see Work. ;

from (a coined! Gk. *tyKVK\oircufaia, for Enervate. tL.) From pp. of L.

<7 Kv/eXtos lraifitia, circular (or complete) encrufire, to deprive of nerve or strength.
instruction from tytciieXtos (above), and
;
— L. A out of ; noruns, a nerve ; see
irntfala, instruction. Nerve.
End, sb. (E.) M. E. aide. A.S. ende, Enew. (F.-L.) Misspelt emmew in
sb.+Dti. einde, Icel. ettdir, Sw. dnde, Dan. Shak. read enttv, to drive into the water.
;

*nde, Goth, andeis, G, (tide. Tout, type — F. en, in A. F. ewe (F. eau), water,
;
 \ \ ) , 1 , ,

ENFEOFF ENSIGN
from L. aqua. Cf. O. F. (newer, to soak enhancer, enhaucier , to lift (Ital. innal-
in water (Godefroy). sar(). — L. in; and Late L. a/tiare to ,

Enfeoff, to endue with a fief. (F. — L. lift, from alius high.

<*//</ O. 1 L G.) The spelling is Norman Ettl^ma. (L.— Gk.) L. (enigma — .

F. ;
formed from F. (L. *//), in; and Gk. aiviy^m (stem aivlyfmr-), a riddle,
fief, a fief. See Fief. dark saying. — Gk. amaaofuu, I speak in
Enfilade, a straight line or passage, riddles. —Gk. atvos, a tale, stoiy. Der.
(F.— L.) F. enfilade, a long string (of enigmat-ic (from the stem),
things). — F. en filer to thread. — F, £//- Enjoin, to bid. (F.— L.) O. F. en-
(L. in), in; fil a thread, from L. filurn, joindre (i p. pres, enjoins). — L. iniun -
a thread. See File (i). to bid, ordain, oiig. to join into.—
Engage. (F. — L.) O. F. engager, to 1 in, in ; ilingere, to jom. See Join, .

bind by a pledge. — F. en (L. in in; Enjoy, to joy in. (F. — L.) M. K. en-
,

gage. a pledge; see Gage. Der. dis- icien ( - enjoyed; A. F. en icier. — F. en

engage. L. in O. F. ioie, Y.joie see Joy. '
; ;

Engender, to breed. (F.— I,.) M. K Enlighten, vb. (K. with F. fie- ;

engendren. — O. F. engemirer. — 1,. ingen fix Coined with F. prefix cn- (I.. in ,
-

erdre, to produce. — L. in, in; genet are, trom lighten, vb. ; see Lighten,
to breed, from gener- (for *genes -) stem Enlist, to enter on a list. (F. — (L;
,

of genus, a race. See Genus. with F. — L. prefix ) Coined by piefixing

Engine. (F. — L.) O. F. engin, a F. en ,L in> to List (2).
tool, — L. ingenium, natural capacity, also, Enmity. (F. — L.) M.K. enmiie. —
an invention. — I.. in, in; geni-, as m A. I enemite C). F. enamidtet — O. F. . ;
.

genius see Genius.

;
en- L. in-), neg. prefix; and am is tie t ,

English, belonging to the Angles. (K amity see Amity. '

;

A.S. linglisc, /Knglise. — A. S. Engle. Ennni. tF —LA Mod. F. en nut, an -

A’.ngl-e, pi., the Angles; with suflix -isc, noyance O. Y.anoi. See Annoy.
j ;

-ish. Cf. A.S. Angel-eynn, Angle kin Enormous, grtat l>cyond measure.
{gens Angldrum). F. -L formed from (norm (obsolete
X
-
, ;

Engrailed, indented with curved lines with suffix - ous — M F. enonne, huge. — I..
;
. .

in heraldry. (F. — L. and Teut.) O. F. enoimis, out of rule, huge. — L. e, out of;
e ngresle, pp. of engresler, to engrail (indent norma rule. See Normal, ,

as with hailstones). — O. F. en, in gres/e Enough. Y.)

;
M.K. inoh, enogh (
;

1
F. grele ,
hail. — L. in, in ; and (perhaps
,
pi inohe, cnoghe. A.S gendh, genog, pi.
.

G. gries, ^rit. See Grail (3 .

gendge, sufficient; allied to A.S. geneah.
Engrain, Ingrain, to dye of a fast it suffices. cel. gnogr, Dan, nok, Swtd. +
colour. (F. — L M.K. engreynen. to nog, Du genoeg, G. going, Goth, ganohs. .

dye ingrain, i.e. of a fast colour. Coined The ge- is a prefix. Cl. L. natuisA, to
from F. en (L. in*; and O. F. graine, obtain pp. nactusj Skt. naf, to attain, ;

‘the seed of herbs, also grain, wherewith Enquire. F.~ L.) M.K. enqueren ;
cloth is died in grain, scarlet die, scarlet altered from enquere to enquire, and later to
in graine;’ Cot. From Late L .gratia, inquire, under the influence of the L. form,
a fern. sb. — O. F. enqueire ,enq no ir. — L. inquirere
4
the cochineal berry * or insect ;

formed from the pi. gnlna ; of grdnum, a. to search into. — L. in, in; qtuerere to ,

grain. s^ek. Der. enquiry often turned into ,

Engrave. (F. and K. From En- inquiry enquest (now inquest from ; ,

and Grave (1 imitating O. F. engraver O F. enquest e, L. inquisita

. ; ,
a thing
(from L. in and O. II. G. graban, Low G. enquired into.
graven, cognate with K. grave,. 8 ample. (F. — L.) M. K. en sample.
En
Engross, to write in large letters, to —A. Y.ensample corrupt form of essamfle, ,

occupy wholly. (F. — L.) The former exemfle. — \*. exemplnm, a sample, pattern.
*
legal) sense is the older, A. F. engrosser. —I.. eximere to select a sample. — L. ex, ,

From F. en grosse, i. c. in large characters, out emere to take. Der. sample ;

.

— L. in, in ; Late L. grossa, large writing, Ensign. (F, — L.) O. F. ensigne t

from L,grossus, thick. more correctly enseigne *a sign, cn- ,

Enhance, to raise, exalt, increase, igne, standard;* Cot. — late L. insignia,

(F. — L.) A. F. enhatmeer a form of O. F. pi. of L. insigne, a standard. — L. ins ignis t
, ]

166
 , , , , ,; , , , , ,, ;

ENSILAGE ENVOY
remarkable. — L. in, upon ;
signum a — Gk. tvBtos, full of the god, having a god
mark ;
i. e. * with a mark on it.’ See within, inspired. — Gk. kv, in; $( 6 s, a
Sign. god.
Ensilage, the storing of grain, &c., Entice. (F.-L.) M. E. enticen. —
underground. (F.— Span. — L. atui Gk.) O. F. enticier, enticher, to excite, — Lat.
F. ensilage, — Span, ensilar, to store up tyj>e * intitidre, to kindle, set on fire. L. —
underground. — Span, en in; silo a pit ,
in; and *titius, for titio, a firebrand. Cf.
for storing grain. — L. in, in; sirus, bor- F. attiser , ltal. attizzare , to set on fire.
rowed from Gk. otpo?, a pit for storing —
Entire. (F. L. ) O. F. entier, whole.
grain. — L. integrum, acc. of integer, whole.
Ensue. (F.-L.) O. F. ensu-, a See Integer.
stem of ensivre to follow after. — Late L. ,
Entity, being. (L.) A coined word,
insequere, for L. insequt, to follow upon. with suffix -ty, from L. enti-, deck stem of
— L. in, on sequi, to follow. ;
*ens, a thing, a being; see Essence.
Ensure, to make sure. (F. — L.) A. F. Entomology. (F.— Gk.) F. entomo-
enseurcr. — Y. en (L. in) in; and O. F. logie (A. D. 1704). From Gk. ivropo-v,
seur sure see Sure.
, ;
an insect ;
neut. of tvropo-i, cut into, so
Entablature. (F. - L.) Obs. F. called from the very thin middle part (see
entablature, ‘an intablature Cot. [Cf. ;
’
Insect'. —
Gk. iv, in; ripvttv, to cut;
ltal. intavolatura ‘a planking,’ Torriano; with suffix -\oyia, discourse, from Atyuv,
from intavolarc to board/ Florio.] Pro* ,
‘
to speak.
pcrly something laid flat/ and, though
‘
Entrails, the inward parts. (F. — L.)
now applied to the part of a building sur- O. F. entraille, intestines. — Late L. intrii-
mounting the columns, orig. applied to a lia, also (more correctly) intranea en-
panel or flooring. — L. in, upon; *tabu- trails. — L. interdnea, entrails, neut. pi. of
ld re, a verb formed from the sb. tabula -
interdneus inward, adj., from inter,
,

turn, boardwork, a flooring, from tabula ,

within, The O. F. entraille was a fern,
a plank ; see Table. sing, made from a neut. pi.
Entail, to bestow as a heritage, F. — f
Entreat. (F.-L.' Orig. to treat;
L.) Orig. to convert an estate into fee- then to treat with, beseech. O. F. entraiter,
tail feodum tallidtum, where tallidtum
1
to treat of. — F. en «L.
in), in, concern-
means limited in a certain way). From
‘ ’
ing ; F. trailer <. L. traetdre to handle,
F. en- L. in) and faille r \taliiare) .
( In treat see Treat.
;

another sense we find M. K. entailen , to cut, Enumerate. \L.) From pp. of L.

carve. —
O. F. entailler to carve, grave.— ,
enumerate to reckon up. — L. e, out, fully-
F. en - (L. in', in and faille r, to cut see ; ;
numerdre ,
vb., from Humerus, number.
Tailor, Tail (2), (L.) From pp. of L,
Tally. Enunciate.
Entangle; En- and Tangle,
enunetdre, better spelt enuntidre, to utter,
from
(]. v. declare fully. — L. e, fully nuntidre to ;

Enter, F. - 1 ..) M. E. ait mi. — ( ). F. tell, from nuniius,ti messenger.

i

entrer. — L. infra re, to go into. — L. in, in Envelop. (F. — Teut.) l\.Y*.envolupen.

and * ft are, to go through \cf. petted rare O. F. envoluper , later enveloper, to wrap
and tram ) allied to Skt. tara-, a passage. in, wrap round, enfold. — F. en (L. in) in ;
;

See Hrugm. ii. § 579. Der. enfr ame. and 0 F. volufer, voloper , vlofer, to wrap, .

Enterprise. (F.— L.) o. F. entre from a base vlof to wrap. This base re- -

prise enterprime an enterprise. — O. F. sembles M. E. wlappen, to wrap ; which,

, ,

enterpris pp. of e nte rprentire to under- however, is not known outside English.
, ,

take. —Late L. interpremiere. — L. inter, See Lap (3). Note Walloon nvatpi, to
among prendere, short for prehendere to envelop (Remade) ; M. ltal. goluppare , to
; ,

lay hold of. See Prehensile. wrap (Florio). Cf. Develop.

Entertain. F. - L.) O. F. entre- Environ, to surround. (F.-L.) O.F. <

tenir. — I .ate L. intertenfre to entertain, environner, to surround. — F. environ, ,

lit. ‘to hold or keep among.* — L. inter round about. — F. en (L. in), in; O. F.
among; tenire to hold. viron a circuit, from virer, to turn, veer
,

Enthusiasm, inspiration. (L.— Gk.) see Veer.

I^ite L. enthtlsiasmus.— Gk. Mnxmaapb?, Envoy. (F.-L.) o. F. envoy, a send-
inspiration. — Gk I am inspired. ing. — O. F. cn voter, to send. — F. en voie
,
 —

ENVY EPITHALAMIUM
on the way.— L. in uiam y on the way. — Gk, M y
upon; ievx\os y a circle; see
Cf. Ital. inviare , to send. Cycle.
Envy, sb. (F. — L.) M. E. cnuie (en- Epidemic, affecting a people. (L.~
vie).— O. F. mvie. — 1* inuidia envy; see Gk.) Formed from L. epidermis epi-
y
,

Invidious. demic.— Gk. (mbyposy among the people,

Epact. (F. — Late L. — Gk.) O. F. general. — Gk. km, among; bijfios, people,
(and F.) e/acte an addition, the ejxict See Endemic.
,

(a term in astronomy). — Late L. epacta. — Epidermis, cuticle. (L. — Gk.) L.

Gk. iiratcrf} (for (iratcros late fern, epidermis, — Gk. imb*ppts> upper skin.
of iiraKT6s y added. — Gk. iirdyuv to bring Gk. tni, upon; b*pp-a skin. Sec Derm, y
t

in, add. — Gk. iir-, for *m to; and ayttv y Epiglottis, the cartilage forming a
y

to lead, bring. (-y'AG.) lid over the glottis. (Gk.) Gk. imyXoirTts.
Epaulet, a shoulder-knot. (F. — L.— — Gk. cm', upon; yKtorris, glottis; see
Gk.^ F. ipaulette dimin. from t'pciuk Glottis.
;

(O. F. espaule), a shoulder. — Late L. Epigram, a short and pithy poem or

spatula shoulder-blade; L. spatula
, a saying. (1*. — L. — Gk.) F. tpigramme. , |

broad blade see Spatula. ;

— L. epigram m a.— Gk. iirtypappa, an |

Epergne, an ornamental stand for the inscription, epigram. — Gk. Itnypatpuv, to

centre of a table. (F. — O. IT. G.) F. inscribe. — Gk. ini, upon; ypa$*tv } to
i'pergne ,
commonly spelt tpargne, lit. write. See Grammar,
thriftiness, sparingness. So called from Epilepsy. (F. — L.— Gk.) M. Y.epi-
the method of ornamentation; the F. faille lepste, ‘the /ailing sickness;* Cot. — L. epi - .

d'fpargne is applied to a sort of ornamen- lipsia. — Gk. imXrjipiay twixijifts, a seizure,

tation in which certain parts are exit away — Gk. IntXapfiavttv, to seize upon. — Gk. :

and filled in with enamel, leaving the design ini, on; \ap.$dv*iv to seize. Der. epi- y

in relief i. e. spared or left uncut.

y
See leptic (Gk. ImXrjirTtKos). ;

Littre, and Cotgrave (s. v. esfargne). — F. Epilogue. (F.— L. — Gk.) F. Epilogue,

tpargner O. F. espargner espergner to — L. epilogue — Gk. cm'Aoyos, a concluding
j

; ,
,

spare.— O. H. G. sfaron, Cx. sparest to speech. — Gk. ini, upon; \6yos, a speech,
:

spare; see Spare. Epiphany, Twelfth Day. F. — L.— 1

Ephah, a Hebrew measure. (Heb. — Gk.) O. F. cpiphanie. — L. epiphania ,

.

Egypt.) Heb. tphah a measure; of Gk. inupama, manifestation; orig. neut.

,
.

Egyptian origin cf. Coptic opi, measure. pi. of irrupdvios, manifest, but used as
; !

Ephemera, sing. equivalent to tmpdvtia, sb. — Gk.

;
orig pi. ,
flies that
j

live for a day. (Gk.) XVII cent. — Gk. vuv, to shew forth — Gk. ini, to, forth;
See Phantom,
j

itpTjpcpa, neut. pi. of *<f>rjp*pof lasting for <palvuv to shew. !

y
y

a day. — Gk. i<p-~iirl, for; tfpipa, a day. Episcopal. F. — L. — Gk.) O. F. ! (

Der. epkemer-aly adj. ; ephemer-is *Gk .episcopal. — \„ episcopalis. l^elonging to a

i<prjp*ph a diary;.
y
bishop. — L. epis<opu >, a bishop. — Gk. Ivl- j

Ephod, part of the priest’s habit, atemros, an over seer, bishop.— Gk. M,
Heb. ephod a vestment. — Heb. upon
j

(Heb.) y
aKonvs, one that watches. See ;

aphady to put on. Scope.

Epi-, prefix. 'GhO Gk. *m y upon, to, Episode, a story introduced into nn-
besides ; spelt eph- in eph-emeral ep - in other. (Gk.) Gk. inuodbiov, orig. neut.
y

eP’isode ep-och, cp-ode

, .
j
of tn*i<j6bioSy coming in besides. — Gk. 4ir-

Epic. narrative. fL. — Gk.; L. epicui. » (iiri), besides; tlodbws, coming in, from
— Gk. tmKo t, narrative. —Gk. tiros, word, *ls, in, 6bds, a way.

narrative, song ; sec Voice. Epistle, a letter. (F. — L. — Gk.)

Epicene, of common gender. (L. — O. F. epistle also epistre. — L. epis tola.
,
—
Gk.) L. epiccenns. — Gk. imnoivos, com- 1 Gk. message, letter. — Gk. Jin-
inurroXi),
mon. — Gk. € in', among ; moms, common. ariWav, to send to. — Gk. ivl, to <rriX - ;

Epicure, a follower of Eoicurus. (L. Xhv, to equip, send.

— Gk.) L. Epicurus, — Gk. Etrljfovpos, a Epitaph. (F.— L. — Gk.) Y.tpitaphe.
proper name ;
lit.
4
assistant.* — L. epitaphium. — Gk. intrdrfnoi, upon a
Epicycle, a small circle, with its tomb. — Gk. M, on rd<pof, a tomb, ;

centre on the circumference of a larger one. Epithalamium, a marriage - song.

(L. — Gk.) L. epicydm.— Gk, iwiKvtcXoi. (L. — Gk.) L. epithalamium.— Gk. iin-
x68
 , , , , , ;

EPITHET ERMINE
faXafuov, bridal song. Gk. — im, upon, Equerry, an officer who has charge of
for; BdXapos, bride-chamber. horses and stables. (F. O. H. G.) Pro- —
Epithet. (L.-Gk.) 1 ^ epitheton. - perly equerry means a stable, and mod. E.
Gk. kmOtrov, an epithet; neut. of ivi$tros, equerry stands for squire of the equerry. —
attributed. — Gk. <irf, besides; Q*-t6s, F. tcurie O. F. escurie , a stable ; Low L.
placed, from $€-, weak grade of rtOrjfu I scuria, a stable.— O. H. G. skura} skiura
place. <G. scheuer), a shelter, stable; allied to
Epitome. (L.-Gk.) L. epiiomi. - O. H. G. skur a ,
shelter. Brugm. i. § 109.
Gk. imropcq, a surface-incision, also an (VSQFU.) Altered to equerry by
abridgment. — Gk. ,
upon riftytiv, to M ;
confusion with equus , a horse.
cut. Equestrian ;
see Equine.
Epoch. (L. - Gk.) Late L. epocha - . Equilibrium ;
sec Equal.
Gk. 4 nt>xv, a stop, pause, fixed date. — Gk. Equine. L.; L.equinus, relating to
«tt- upon; *x* lV
titri), y
1° hold, check. horses. — L. equus ,
a horse. +CJk, intros ,
(VSEGH.) Brugm. i. § 602. (iW/cns ) ;
Skt. ; lers. cr/ ;
O. Irish ech ;

Epode. (F. - L. - Gk.; O. F. epode. - A.S. e oh. Brugm. i. § 116.

L. epdiios.— Gk. an epode, some- equestrian. tL.) Formed from L.
thing sung after. — Gk. hw~i, upon, after; equesiri stem of equester, belonging
uttitiv, to sing. to horsemen. — L. eques, a horseman. — L.
Equal. iL.) L. trqudlis, equal.— L. equus, a horse.
cequus, just, exact. Equinox ;
see Equal.
equanimity, evenness of mind. (L.) Equip, to furnish, fit out. (F. — Scand.)
From L. cequanimilas, the same. — L. M. F. tquiper, O. North F. esquiper, to
trquanimis , of even temper, kind. — I.. fit out
;
A. F. es kifper. I cel. to set —
1rqu-us, c<jnal animus, mind.
;
in order, perhaps allied to skip, a ship.
equation, a statement of equality. Der. equip- age, -merit.
(L.) 1.. acc. icquiltionern an equalising ; Equipollent, Equity ; see Equal.
from pp. of ipquiire to make equal. — L. Equivalent, Equivocal ; see
cequus, equal. So also equator 1 .. equa- < Equal-
tor. Era. iL.) L. trra, an era, fixed date.
equilibrium, even balancing. (L.' From a particular sense of iera, counters
L. (equilibrium. 1 ,. — aquilibrts* evenly Mor calculation), pi. of tes, bm^, money.
balanced. — L. «a/w*-, lor (rquus , even ; Eradicate. CL.) From pp. of L.
libra, a balance ; see Librate. c remit are, to root out— I.. e, out; f adi-
equinox, F. — I A K tquinexe. — L.
t , . eu re, to root, from rddh stem of radix,
teqiunoctium, time of equal day and night root. See Radix.
— f ..</</«/-, for tequus; nocti-, decl. stem Erase. L.) L. a dsus, pp. of eradere,
of vox a night see Night.
, ;
to scratch out. — L. e, out; radert, to
equipollent, equally potent. (F. — L.) scrape.
O. b equipotent. — L. cequipollent stem of
. Ere, before. (EA M. E. tr. A.S.
equipollent, of equal power. — L. <rqni-, for
f dr, soon, before ;
adv. prep, and conj.+
itqnns pollens pies. pt. of pcllere to be
: , ,
Du. eer, O. II. G. <V, G. elver \ Goth.
strong. ains, sooner, comp, of air, Icel. dr, adv.,
equity. <F.-L.) O. F. equitf.- L. early, soon. The two last are positive,
uqnitdtem acc. of tequilas, equity. — L. not comparative, forms. Cf. Gk. fa,
(rquus, equal. early.
equivalent. (F.-L.) M. K. early, soon. (EA M. E. erly. A. S.
valent. —
L. crquiualent stem of pres. pt. el nice. adv. ; from \frlic, adj., not used.—
of tfquiudlere, to be of equal force. L. — A. S. dr, soon ; lie. like.
<rqui- t for (rquus ;
ualtre, to be woith ; see erst, soonest. (EA M. E. erst. S. A
Value. ie rest, superlative of <rr, soon.

equivocal. (L.) Formed from L. Erect, adj. (L.) L. £rectus, upright

<rqutuocus, of doubtful sense. — L. *equi~, pp. of irigere, to set up straight. — L. c,
#quus ; aw-, stem of to call ; out, up ;
regtre, to make straight, rule.
see Voico. Der. equivocate, to speak Ermine, - O. H. G.)
ft beast. (F.
doubtfully, So also r<pw«- M. E. ermine.
O. F. ermine (F. her-—
muttiple, Stc. mim),—O. H. G. barmin, ennine-fttr V G.
 , ;, ) , , , + , ;
,; . , , , ;,

ERODE ESCUTCHEON, SCUTCHEON

herme lift), — O. H. G. harmo an ermine. (L. -- Gk.) L. erysipelas, — Gk. kpvatirtXas,
+ A.S Jiearma Lithuan. szarmfr, a weasel. redness on the skin. — Gk. Ipvat-, allied to
^fBut Hatzfeld supports the derivation from ipv$-p 6 s red; 7r«AXa, skin. Cf. tpvai&rj, ,

Armenius mils an Armenian mouse of. red blight on com. ;

Ponticus mils, supposed to be an ermine. Escalade, a scaling of walls. (F.—

Erode. (F. — L.) F. trodcr.— L. tra- Span. — L.) F. escalade. — Span, escalado,
derc, to eat away. — L. /, out rddere to escalada, a scaling ; from escalar to scale.
;

gnaw. Der. eros-ion (from pp. erds-us). — Span, escala, a ladder. — L. scdla, a
Erotic. (Ok.) Gk. ipoiTiKos, relating ladder see Scale (3). Cf. ltal. scalata ;

to love. — Gk. ipom-, crude form of Ipcvy, an escalade Florio also has * Sca/ada, ;

love allied to Zpancu, I love.

;
an escalado/ from Spanish.
Err, to stray. (F. — L.) M. E. erren. - Escape. (F. — E.) M. E. escapcn .—
O. F. errer. — L. entire, to wander ;for O. North V. escaper (F. tchapper), to escape,
*ers-dre).+ G. irren to stray, Goth, airz- lit. to slip out of one's cape Picard tcaper.
, ;

jatt to make to stray. Brugm. i. § 878. — L. ex cappd out of one’s cape ; sec ,

erratum, an error. (L.'t L. erra- Cape (1).

tum, neut. of pp. of errdre to make a Escarpment. (F. — ltal. — Teut.'i F.
mistake. escarpement. Formed from F. escarpe , a
erroneous, faulty. (L.) Put for L. scarp with suffix -ment (L. -merit um
s
.
;

errone- us, wandering ; with suffix -ous. — see Scarp.

L. errdre (above). Escheat. (F. L.)— M. K. esthete
error. ' F. — LO M. E. errour — .
v
also chete \
,
a forfeit to the lord of the fee.
C). b‘. errour. — L. errdrem , acc. of error ,
— O. F. escheie, rent, that which falls to
a mistake — L. errdre ;above . one, orig. fern. pp. of escheoir (F. /choir ,.
Errand. E . M. E. ere tide. A.S. — Late L. excadere, to fall to one’s share.
itrende, a message, business. 0 . Sax. — L. ex, out; and cadere to fall. Hence ,

drundi O. H. G. drunti a message cf.

, ;
cheat
Icel. eyrcndi orendi, Swed. arende Dan.
, , Eschew, to shun. (K. — O. If. G.)
arcade. Usually connected with A. S. ar, M. K. esc haven. — Q. F. esi hirer, esihever,
Icel. rf/r, Goth, airus, a messenger; which to shun. — O. II. G. sciuhan , to frighten,
is hardly possible. also to fear. — (). II. G. *siioh M. II. G.
Errant, wandering. (F. — L. N F. er- > schiech , shy, timid. See Shy.
rant, pres. pt. of O. F. errer *//vr, to , Escort, a guide, guard. \ F. - ltal. — L.)
winder. — Late L. iterate, to travel. — L. M. F . escorte. —
ltal. scoria a guide; fein.
iter , a journey, It sometimes repre- of pp. of siorgertr, to see, perceive, guide
sents the pres. pt. of ernhe, to wander. (orig. to set right;. - L. ex, entirely;
Doublet, arrant. corrigere to correct sec Correct.
, ;

Erratum, Erroneous, Error Escrow, a deed delivered on condition.

sec Err. (F. — Tcut. A. F. escrouwe, M. K. serene,
Erst see Ere. ;
scrowe the orig. word of which scro-U is
;

Erubescent. L. erubescentL. , the diminutive. — O. F. esetoe, a slip of

stem of pres. pt. of erubescere, to grow red. parchment. — M. Du. nhroodc, a shred, slip
— L. i, out, much; rubcscere , to grow red, of paper (Kilim/ cf. O. II. G. sc rot, a ;

inceptive form of rubere, to be red. See shred. See 8hred and Scroll.
Red. Escuage, a pecuniary satisfaction in
Eructate. \'L.; From pp. of E. true- lieu of feudal service. (F.--L.) O. 1\
tdre , to belch out. — L. i, out; ruetdre ,
escuage <
Late L. scutdgium. Formed
to belch ; allied to e-rugere, to belch cf. ;
with suffix - age from O. F. eseu, a shield ;
Gk. iptvyaiBai. Brugm. i. § 221. because escuage was first paid in lieu of
Erudite, learned. (L.) L. Iruditus, service in the field.— L. scutum, a shield.
pp. of irudire , to free from rudeness, to Esculent, eatable. (L.) L. esculent us,
teach. —
L. i, from; rudis, rude. fit for eating. — L. lira, food. For *ed sca.
Eruption. (L.) From L. iruptidnem — L. edere, to eat. Brugin. i.
$ 753.
acc. of iruptio, a breaking out. — L .iruptus, Escutcheon, Scutcheon, a painted
pp. of irumpere, to break out. L. i, out — shield. — L.) Formerly escochon
(F. ;

r nmpere, to break. See Rupture. XV A. F. escuehon.— O. North F.

cent.;
Erysipelas, a redness on the skin. escuchon O. F. escusson, the same; answer*
,

170
 , ; , t , ; , , ,,

ESOPHAGUS ETHNIC
ing to a Late L. acc. *seutidnem extended O. F. es- (L. away and Low I..
ex'), ;

from L. scutum , a shield. sunnia O. H. G. sunne (for * sundja ,

Esophagus, gullet. (I,.-Gk.) Late Braune, xiv. 9), lawful excuse. Cf. Goth.
L. (esophagus. — Gk. oiaosp&yos, the gullet, sunjon sik to excuse oneself, ga-sunjon ,
,

lit. conveyer of (ood — Gk. oiao (of doubt- - to justify, from sunja truth; Skt. satja -,
*
ful origin) ; <fa.y- f base of <f>ayuv f to eat. true. Brugm. i. § 287.
Esoteric. (Gk.) Gk. ioarrtpucus, Establish. (F.-L.) M. E. establis -
inner; hence, secret. Gk. iawTcpos, inner, — sen. — O. F. establiss -, base of pres. pt. of
comp, of tooj, adv., within; from l? = ciy, establir ,
to establish. —
L. stabilire , to
into, prep. Opposed to exoteric. establish.— L. stabilis, firm; see Stable
Espalier, frame-work for training trees. (2).
(F. - Ital. - L. - Gk.) M.F. espallier ; Estate. (F.-L.) O.F. estat. - L.
Cot. — Ital spalliera l)ack of a chair, sup- ,
statu m, acc. of status , state ; see State.
port, espalier. —Ital. spalla, shoulder. L. — Esteem, to value. (F.-L.) O.F.
spatula sec Epaulet.;
estimer.— L. as lima re , O. L. astumare to
Especial. (F.-L.) O.F. especial.- value. Allied to Goth, aistan , to regard.
L. specialise belong to a special kind. — ].. Brugm. ii. § 692.

species a kind. , Doublet, special. estimate. L.) From pp. of L. cesti- '

Espionage; see Espy. mdre to \alue above).

,

Esplanade, a level <q>ace. F. — Ital. Estop, to bar. (F. — L.) The same as
— L.) M. F esplanade, ‘a planing, level- Stop.
ling, evenning of ways;* Cot. formed Estovers, supplies of various neces-
from O. F. esplaner to level the suffix ;
saries (F. —
A. F. e^tovtis, M. E,
I..)

being due to an imitation of Ital. spianata ,

Covers, pi. of stover ; see Stover.
an esplanade, a levelled way from spia- ; Estrange, to make Strange. (F.-L.)
nare to level.— L. explan a re, to level.—
,
O.F. at ranger, to make strange. O. F. —
L. ex, out pldnare, to level, from planus
; ,
estrange strange. — L. extrdneum acc. of
, ,

flat. See Plain. extra neus. foreign, on the outside. — L.

Espouse. (F. — L.^ O. F. espouse r, to
espouse, wed. — L. span save, to betroth. —
L. sponsus, pp. of spondere, to promise.
See Spouse, Sponsor.
Espy, to spy, see. (F.-O.II.G.) M. I£.
— O. F. e spier. — O. II. G. spehdn
espyen.
iG. spa hen'', to spy; see Species.
extra without; see Extra.
Estreat, a true copy, in law. (F. — 1>.)
Lit. extract.’
‘
A. F. estrctc fern, of pp.
of estrairCy to extract. — L. extracta , fern,
of pp. of ext rah ere see Extract.
Estuary, mouth of a tidal river. (L.)
Der. L. ast udrturn the same. — L. astudre to
,

c pi-on-age, F. esfion nage from M. F. ,

surge, foam as the tide. — L. astus , heat,
epion , a spy, borrowed fiom Ital. spione, surge, tide. Allied to Ether.
a spy, from O. II. G. spehdn, to spy. Etch, to engrave with acids. (Du. — G.)
Esquire, a shield-bearer. iF. L.) — Du. etsen, to etch. — G. dtzen 9 to corrode,
—
M. F. squyer. C). F. escuycr, cscuier, a etch orig. * to make to eat ; * causal of
;

squire. — Late L. scfitdrius, a shield-bearer. G. essen, to eat. See Eat.

— L. scut-um, a shield, cover (F. ecu). Eternal. (F. - 1..) M. E. etemel. -
(y^SQKU.) Brugm. i. § 109. Doublet, O.F etemel. — L. <etcrndli$, eternal. — L.
squire. oeternus, lit. lasting for an age; for aui-
E8Say, Assay, an attempt, trial. temits. — L. tcui-, for anum an age. See t

( F. —
.) O F. cssai a trial. — L. exagium Age.
I . , ,

a trial of weight of. examen, a weighing,; Ether, pure upper air. (L. — Gk.)
a swarm. — L. ex, out; ag-cre, to drive, L. at her. — Gk. al 0rjp upper air; from t

impel, move. (y’AG.) its brightness. — Gk. aI0«4i', to glow.

Essence, a quality, being. (F.-L.) (^AIDH.) Brugm. § 202. i.

F. essence — L essentia , a being — I.. *es- Ethic, relating to morals. (L.— Gk.)
sent- y fictitious stem of pres. pt. of esse, L. fthicus, moral. —Gk. IjQotfoy moral.—
to be. Dor. essenti-al and see entity. Gk. ij$oSy custom, moral nature ; cf.
Essoin, an excuse for not appearing in manner, custom. Skt svadhd self-will, +
court. [V.- and Teut.) O. r. es seine, strength, from sva , self, dhi1, to place ; cf.
M. F. exoitte , an essoin c, or excuse ' Cot.
1
;
Goth. siduSy G. sitte, custom.
— 0 F. essoniert to excuse (Godefroy). —
. Ethnic, relating to a nation. (L. — Gk.)
I
71
 ; , , , e ; ;
,

ETIOLATE EVENT
L. ethnicus. — Gk. t0yue6s i national. — Gk. tv<ppaivttv } to delight, cheer ;
cf. tv<f>pojy f
t$vos, a nation. cheerful. Allied to Gk. «8, well; <pptv~,
Etiolate, to blanch plants. (F. — L.) stem of <pprjy , midriff, heart, mind.
F. ttioler ;
with suffix -<*/*>. From a Euphuism, affectation in speaking.
dialectal form answering to s' Mettle r , to (Gk.) bo named fiom a book Euphnes
grow into haulm or stalk, like etiolated by J. Lyly C 1 579)- •" Gk. tiHpvry:, well-
plants. — F. Mettle, O. F. estatic , a stalk. grown, excellent. — Gk. tv, well
— Late L. stupula, for L. stipula , straw. growth, from pvo^ai, I grow. ( ^\\\ LU.) < I

See Stubble. tempestuous wind. Euroclydon, a

Etiquette, ceremony. (F.-G.) F. ;Gk.) Gk. tvpotcKvdojv, supposed to mean
Miquette a label, ticket, aLo a form of
,
a storm from the east/ — Gk. «fy>o-s, S.E. *

introduction cf. M. F. etiquet (O. F. wind KAvd aiv, surge, from icAvfciv, to
; ;

estiquet ), a little note, such as is

‘
surge, da^h as waves, Only in Acts
up on the gate of a court/ &c.; Cot.— wvii. 14; where some read tvjxiKiAwy,
G. stecken, to stick, put, set, fix caudal i. e. Eur-aquilo from L. Ettr-us. 1C wind,
; ;

of G. stecken, to stick, pierce. See Stick and Auutlo N. wind.

(i). Doublet, ticket. Euthanasia, easy death. (Gk.) Gk.
Etymon, the true source of a word. tvOayaaia, easy death; cf. fv&miTos, dying
(L. — Gk.) L. etymon — Gk. trvpov . ; neut. well. — Gk. tv, well; Qavuv , to die.
of «rv/io?, real, true. Evacuate, d-) From pp. of L.
etymology. (F.-L.-Gk.f F. ety- ettacudre to empty. — L. e, out; uaiutts,
,

mologic, — L. etymologia. — Gk. ^TtyxoXoyia. empty.

etymology. — Gk. trifio-s, true; -Aoyia, Evade, to shun. (F. L.) —
F. trader.
account, from Aiyciv, to speak. — L. lu (hiere fpp. dttdsus ) , to escape. I.. —
Eu-, prefix, well. Gk.) Gk. tv, well e, away ;
utidere , to go. Der. evas ion
neut. of good. Cf. Skt. vasu wealth. , , from the pp.).
Eucalyptus, a genus of trees, includ- Evanescent. (L.) ITom
stem of
ing the blue gum-tree. (Gk.) Latinised pres. pt. of L. ettdtnescae, to vanish away.
from Gk. well kclAmtos covered, ; ,
— L. e away ; udnescete to vanish, from
surrounded. The reference is to the hood uanus, empty, vain.
protecting the stamens. Evangelist, writer of a go-pel. iF.-
Eucharist, the Lord’s Supper, lit. L. — Gk.) 0. evangelist — L. mangel-
1*
.

thanksgiving. (L. — Gk.) L. euehanstia . ista. — Gk. tiayytAiarrjs. — Gk. tvayytAi-

Gk. tvxapiorta , a giving of thanks.— (o/xcu, I bring good news — Gk. tv, well
Gk, tv, well xapifaneu, 1 show favour, dyytAia, tidings, from dyytAos, a mes-
;

from \dpts, favour. Cf. Yearn. senger see Axigol. ;

Eulogy, praise. (I.. — Gk.) From L. Evaporate. (L.) From pp. of k

eulogium . — Gk. tv Aoyia, praise, good lit. tii apo rare, pass off in vapout. — L.
to t,
speaking; with suffix suggested by L. out ;
ua£or, vapour.
Slogium, an inscription. —Gk, tv, well; Evasion sec Evado. ;
Atyuv, to speak. Eve, Even, the latter part of the day.
Eunuch, one who is castrated. (I,.— L.) A vc i> short for even. ^For evening ,

Gk.) L. eunuJim. — Gk. ivvovgot, a see below.) M. K. ette,euett. A.S xkfen,

chamberlain one who had charge of
; tfen. +
Sax. dband, 1 >11. avond ( l. abend.
i). ,

sleeping apartments. — Gk. tvvi\, a couch ; Of doubtful origin. Der. even-tide , A. S.

*X uv i to keep, have in charge. (ifentid. lirugm. i. § c/No.
Euphemism, a softened expression. evening, even. (k) M. K. cue tiing.
(Gk.) Gk. *v<pT)nt<Tfx6$ t the same as «v- A.S. ct/nung formed from ; Cefntan, to
qyqpua, the use of words of good omen. — grow towards evening, with suffix
Gk. «u, well ; typi, I speak. (^ISHA.) from even (above).
Euphony. (Gk.)
tvqwvia, a Gk. Even, level. (K.) M. K {even).
pleasing sound — Gk. tfcpwvos, sweet- A. S. */<?/#, ///*,+ I)u. Aw/, lcel. /n/#;, Dan.
voiced. — Gk. «5, well; <pwyri, voice. jtfvn, Swe«l. jltmn, Goth. G. then.
(VBHA.) Event, result. (L.) L. tnentus, euett-
Euphrasy, the plant eye-bright. (Gk.) turn , sb. — L. tuentus pp. of tuenire, to
,

Supix>scd to be beneficial to the eyes lit. ;

come out, result. — L. /, out; uettire to ,

delight/ — Gk. t ty/wafa, delight, — Gk.

4
come, allied to Come.
i'
 u ,
. + , , . , , , , —
;

EVER EXCHEQUER
Ever. (E.) M. E. euer
A. S. (ever), exaggerate, to heap up, amplify. — L. ex,
iffre, ever. Related to A.S. d, Goth. aiw, very; agger a heap, from ag-~ad% to; ,

ever. Der. ever-lasting evcr-morc. gerere, to bring. ,

every, each one. (F.) M. E. eueri, Exalt. (F.-L.) F. exalter. — L. exal-

cue rich. — A.S. ever; and £?/<*, each. tare, to lift out, exalt. — L. ex, out ; alius ,

Ever-y -- ever -each see Each, high. ;

%

everywhere. (E.) M.E. Examine, to test. (F.-L.) F. ex-

Invar. — A.S. ever; gdnvcer where a miner, — ] exdmindre to weigh care- , ..

The word really stands for cver-ywhere fully. — L. exam in-, stem of exdmen the
i. e. ever-where j/- is a piefix (—ge-). tongue of a balance, for *exdgmen
;
cf. ;

Evict. (L.) Fiom L. Pu id -us, pp. of exigere, to weigh out. — L. ex, out agere, ;

Pttitnere to evince; also, to expel.

,
See to drive, move. Brugm. i. § 768.
Evince. Example. (F. - L O. F. example . )

Evident. (F. — L.) 0. F. evident — F. exemple, — L. exemption, a sample. — L,

L. e indent stem of Puidens visible, pris. eximere to take out; with suffix -lum , , ;

]>t. of Paidere, to see clearly. — L. c, out, for the inserted p cf. the pp. cxem-p-tus .

clcaily; uidPrc, to sjc. L. ex, out emerc, to take, procure. ;

Evil. (E.) M. E. cuel. A. S ;/c/, adj. Exasperate, to provoke. L., From

and sb. +Du. cure/, (- ;/A7 Goth. ubiis. the pp. of exaggerate to roughen, provoke.
1 .
,

Tout. type *tibi/oz. l

J
rob. allied to — L. ex, very; as/er , rough.
(G. uber , ao meaning ‘
excessive.’ Excavation. vF.-L.) F. excava-
Evince. L.,) L. ctiincere , to conquer, tion. — L. acc excaudtiimcm a hollowing
to beyond doubt
pi o% e L. — e, out, ex- out. — L. (xcjudtns, pp. of excaudre . to
tremely uincerc. to conquer.
; hollow out. —
L. r.r out; caudre , to hol-
Eviscerate, to gut. (L.) From pp. low. fiom hollow.
of 1 .. Putsurdre, to gut. — L. Pf c ut ; Exceed. vF. — L ; O. F. cxccdct — L. .

uiarni, entrails. cxcidere, lit. to go out. — L. cx, out;

Evoke. '
F. - 1 -1 F. Pvoquer . - 1 Puo tide re, to go.
(the, to call forth. — L. P, forth ;
uo*.are, to Excel, to surpass. ,F. — I.A O. F. ex-
call. See Vocal. idler. — L. excellere, to rise up, surpass.
Evolve. tL. L. Pualue ic, to um «-ll
• — I., ex, out *cd/ere, to rise, only in ;

disclose —L e, out ; uoiuere, to roll. Der. comp c\. ftu 'idle re. and in cel-sus,
ante-,
tvolul-ion ,
from pp. PuoliUu high, ong. ‘rawd.’ Cf Lithuan. kdtt,
Ewe. \K )
M.E. five. A.S. <w, to raise ‘'ee Hill. Brugm. i. § 633.
;

Laws ot Inc, 55 ; /vzc//, a female sheep. Except, to exclude. (F. — L.) F. ex-
I Hi. 002, Iccl. a”/ , M. i 1 . G ; l.ithuan teptcr except,
Cot. — L. exceptare,
to ;

/rrvV,a sheep, Russ, c-vha, I oiti*. Gk. tiV, . frequent, of excigcre, to take out. — L. ex,
O. Irish ot Skt. aid-, a sheep. Cf. Goth.
; |
out; age re, to take.
1 Der. except, prep.;
invt'Str, a sheep fold. ex Ltft ion.
Ewer. (F. ) M. K. Civet _ A. F. -L Excerpt, \L A L. a selected passage.
rurr t *cwcirc spelt ewer , Royal Wills, ;
euer/ turn, an extract; neut. of pp. of
]>p. 24, 27. — L. aquarium, a \esstl loi cxietpcrc , to select. — L. ex, out; carpere ,
water; cf. A. F. water; mod. F. can. to cull. See Harvest.
— L. aqua water. . Excess. CF.-L.; O. F. execs,- L.
Ex-, JH'i/nfx. tL.^ L r.r, r, out. + acc. execs turn, lit. a going out or beyond.
Gk. in, if. out; Russ. id, Lith. isz. — L. ext css- as in excess us, pp. of e.\\ v*

Exacerbate, to embitter. (L.) Fiom dcre ; sec Exceed.

pp. of c xcue rbare, to irritate. — L. ex, very; { V. - L.) O. F. eschange, Exchange.
acerhus, bitter see Acerbity. cschangicr vb., to exchange. — O.F.
;
sb. ;
,

Exact ( 0 , precise. tL. From L. ex- cs- (<L. ex ; and O. F. change, sb., ,

actus, pp. of ex igcrc to drive out, weigh changier, to change.

%
See Change.
out. — L. ex out; and age re, to drive, % Exchequer, a court of revenue. (F. —
exact 2), to demand. (F. — 1 .A From l’crs. F. eschckere . — O. F. cschcquier, ) M .

M. F. cxacter Cot. (^obsolete).— Late L. a chess-board; hence, a checkered cloth

;

fracture. — h, ex, out; and adus pp. of on which accounts w ere reckoned bv means
a*) ere (above). of counters (Low L. scaccfonum),** O.F.
I

Exaggerate. (L.) From pp. of L. cschec, check sec Check. [

;

'73
 , , , - , , , , -

EXCISE EXHALE
Excise, a duty, tax. (Du. F.-L.) — excusdre to release from a charge. — L.
A misspelling of M. Du. aksiis or aksys, out ; and causa, a charge, a cause.
excise. (Cf. G. accise, excise.) — O. F. Execrate. (L.) From pp. of L. exe-
acceis,a tax, given in the N. E. D. allied erdrt, for exseerart, to curse greatly.
;

to Low L. accisia (Ducange) also spelt — L. ex, greatly; sac rare, to consecrate,
;

exsisa (id.). — Late L. accensus, a payment, also to declare accursed. — L. sacr-um,

rent; cf. accensdre, to tax. — L. ac- (for neut. of sacer , sacred ; also, accursed.
ad), to; and census , a tax. For the Execute. (F.-L.) O. F. executor.—
sound-change, cf. Du. spijs, food, from L. exec fit us, exsecutus, pp. of extequf, to
Late L. spensa (for dispensa) , a larder, follow out, pursue, perform. — L. ex, out ;
a spence. se/ui, to follow.
Excision. (F. — L.) F. excision ‘a Exegesis, exposition. (Gk.) Gk. ^17* ,

destroying;
1
Cot. —
L. acc. excisioncm, a 7 yjtns, interpretation. — Gk. ifrjyti&Oat, to
cutting out, a destroying. — L. excisus , pp. explain. Gk. i(, out; %y*ia$at, to guide, —
of excidere to cut out. — L.
,
out and perhaps allied to Seek. Hrugm. i. § 187.
;

cceliere to cut. Exemplar. (F.-L.) M.K. exem-

-
Exclaim. ( F. L.) F. exc/a mer, - L. plaire. (). F. exemplaire. — L. exempld —
excldmdre , to call out. — L. ex, out; eld- rium late form of exemplar, a copy (to ,

mare , to call. See Claim. which the mod. K. word is now conformed'*.
Exclude. (L.) L. exiludere, to shut — L. exemplaris, adj., serving as a copy.
out. —
L. ex, out ; claudere , to shut. Sec — L. exemphtm ; see Example Der.
Clause. emplary from L. exemplaris. ,

Excommunicate. .L't From pp. exemplify, to shew by example. (F.

of L. excommunicdre, to put out of the — L. A coined word as if from F. *cx- ^ ;

community. — L. ex out of; communis, emplificr. — Late L. excmplificdre , pro-

,

common. See Communicate. perly ‘to copy out.* — L. exempli-, for ex-
Excoriate. (L.) From pp. of L. ex emplum, a copy ; Jic for faccre , to make.
eoridre , to strip off skin. —L. ex, off; O. F. ex- Exempt, freed. t F. — I .. j

corium hide, skin. See Cuirass.

,
empt whence exempter to exempt, free. ;

Excrement (i). (L.) J„ excremen- — L. exemptus, pp. of e riviere, to take

turn, refuse, ordure. — L. excretus pp. of out, deliver, free. — L. ex, out; tmere, to
excernere to separate, sift out. — L.
, take. ('f. Lith. im-ti, to take.
out cernere to sift.
; ,
Exequies. F. - L.) ( ). F. exeques ,

Excrement exequies , funerals ' Cot. — L. exrequids,

;
(2), out -growth. (L.) In *

Shak. h rom L. excrement um — L. acc. pi. of exsequue funeral obs-quies, lit.

/wj, pp of excrescere, to grow out (below;. ‘
followings.' — L. exsequi to follow out. ,

excrescence. F.-L.) O. F. ex- — L. ex, out ; sequi, to follow.

crescence. — L. excrescent iu, an outgrowth. Exercise, sb. F.-L.* K. exer- M
— L. excrescent stem of pres. pt. of ex i cise. — (>. h exe nice. — L. cxercitium exer*
. ,

crescere, to grow out. — L. out; crescere, I

cise. — L. excrcitur. pp. of excrefre, to
to grow. See Crescent. drive out of an enclosure, drive on, set at
Excretion. F. - 1 .. M. F. excretion ;
( . work. — L, ex, out; arcere, to enclose;
formed (with suffix -ion from L. excretus , ,
see Ark. Der. exercise, vb.
pp. of excernere see Excrement (1;..
Exergue, the small >pace left beneath
Excruciate, to torture. (L.) From the base line of a subject engraved on a
pp. of L. excruci&rc, to torment greatly.— coin. (F. — Gk.) The final -ue is not
L. *jr, very crucidre to torture on a
; pronounced ; cf. prologue, See — K. exergue,
gibbet, from eruci-, dccl. stem of so called because lying * out of the work.'
a cross. — Gk. if, out of; ipyov, work
Exculpate. of Lafe
*L.) From pp
Exert. fL.) Lit. to put forth.* I..
L. exculpdre, to clear of blame. — L. ex, cxertus, better spelt exsertus thrust forth ;

out of culpa blame. pp. of exserere, to thrust out. — L. ex, out;

Excursion. (L.) L. excursidnem, serere, to join, to put.
acc. of excursio a running out. — L. ex-
, Exfoliate. (I..) From i>p. of I.. ex-
cursus , pp. of excurrere, to run oit. — L. foliiire to strip off leaves ; from ex, off, ,

out ; currere, ro run. and folium a leaf.

Excuse, F - L.) F. excuser.~h. Exhale. (F.-L.) F. exhaler. — L. ex-
u
 , , , , , , , ~
,, ,

EXHAUST EXPERT
hdldre, to breathe out. L. ex, out; hdldre — cizare.— Gk. i(opici (uv, to drive away by
to breathe. adjuration. —
Gk. t(, away; dp/ci£uv, to
Exhaust. (L.) From L. exhaustus adjure, from optcos, an oath.
pp. of exhaurire to draw out, drink up. — Exordium. (L.') L. exordium, a be-
L. ex, out haurlre to draw water.
;
ginning.— L. exordiri, to begin, to weave.
Exhibit, to show. (L.) From L. — L. ex and ordirt to begin, weave. ; ,

exhibit -us, pp. of exhibere to hold forth. Exoteric, external. (Gk.) Gk. /forre-
— L. ex, out; habere, to have. piKos, external. — Gk. i(arrtpa), more out-
Exhilarate, to cheer. (L. - Gk. with ward, comp, of adv. t(oj, outward, from ;

E. prefix .) From pp. of L. exhilarare, to f(, out.

gladden greatly. — L. ex, very; hi laris, exotic, foreign. (L. — Gk.) L. exoti-
hilarus , glad, cheerful, from Gk. l\apos, cus. — Gk. (£om*os, outward, foreign.—
cheerful. See Hilarity. Cik. ((a), adv., outward, from «£, out.
Exhort. (F. — L.) O. F. ex(/i)orter. — Expand. (L.) L. expandere (pp. ex-
1.. exhortdri, to encourage greatly. — L. fansus) to spread out. — L. ex, out ; patui-
ex, out, very hortdri, to encourage see ere, to spread out causal from patere, to
; ; ;

Hortatory. lie open. Cf. Gk. mrvrjpu, I spread out.

Exhume, to disinter. (F.-L.) F. Der. expanse, from the pp.
ex burner. — Late L. exhumdre. — L. ex, Expatiate. (L.) From pp. of L.
out of; humus the ground. expat idri, better exspatidri, to wander.—
,

Exigent, exacting. (L^ From the L. ex, out spaiidri, to roam, from ;

stem ot pres. pt. of exigcre to exact. — L. spatium, space. .

ex and age re, to drive.

; Expatriate. (L.\ From pp. of Late
Exile, banishment. (F. ~ L.^ O. F. L. expatridre, to banish. — L. ex, out of;
essil later ex tl, ‘an exile, banishment;' patria, native country, from pater, father.
;

Cot. — I., exiltum, better exs ilium. banish- Expect. (L. L. expectare, better ex-
ment; cf. ex sul, a banished man. — L. ex, speetdre to look for anxiously. — L. ex, ,

out of and pci haps sed-ere, to sit, abide. thoroughly

; (
spectare, to look, frequenta- ;

Cf. Consul. Der. exile, verb; hence, tive of specere, to see.

exile sb. (~*one who is exiled).
,
Expectorate. (L.'. From pp. of L.
Exist, to continue to be. (L.) L. ex- cxpectordre, to expel from the breast. — L.
istere better exsistere, to stand forth, arise, ex, out of; peitor- for *pectos), stem ot s

be. — E. ex, out sis/ere, to set, stand, from pectus the breast.
;

stare to stand.,
Expedite. vL. From pp. of L. ex-
Exit. <L.) I.. exit i. c. he goes out,' pedirc to extricate the foot, release, get
‘
,

used as a stage direction 3rd pers. s. pres, ready. — L. ex out; ped stem of pis, foot.
; ,

of ex ire, to go out. — L. ex, out ire to Der. expedient, from the stem of the pres ; ,

go. f[ Exit, departure, is from L. exit- pt.

u sb.
\ , Expel. vL.' L. expellere, to drive out.
Exodus, departure, iL. — Gk.') L. — L. ex, out pellert to drive. Der. ex - ;
,

e.xodus. — Gk. f(o5os, a going out.— Gk. if, pulsion O. F. expulsion, L. acc. exput- ,

out ; a way, a march. (^SED.) stencm, from pp. expu/s-us.

Exogen, a plant that increases ont- Expend, to spend. (L.) L. expendere,
waidly. (F. — Gk.) F. exogene (1813'. to weigh out, lay out. — L. ex, out peti- ;

From Gk. *£-cu, outside, from out; and dere, to weigh. Der. expense, from A.F.
7 base of ytyvfaOai, to be bom. expense L. e.x/ensa money spent, fem, ot ,

Exonerate. (L.'. From pp. of L. ex- pp. expens us expenditure, from Late I>. ;

onerdre to free from a burden. — L. ex, expenditus a mistaken form of the pp. ex-
,

away onerdre to burden, f.om oner- pensus.

; .

(for *one$-) stem of onus, a burden. s Experience, knowledge due to trial.

Exorbitant, extravagant. (F. — L.) ( F. — I ..) O. F experience, L. experiences, . —
F. exorbitant. — E. exorbitant stem of a proof, trial.— L. experient-, stem of pres,
pres. pt. of exorbitdre, to fly out of a pt. of expert ri to make a thorough trial }

track. — !., ex, out; orbita , a track of a of (below). Der. experi-ment, M. F. ex-
wheel, from orbi-, stem of orbis, a wheel, periment, L. expert minium, a trial.
with suffix -ta, expert, experienced. (F.-L.) O. F.
Exorcise. (L.-Gkv Late L. exor- expert. L. expertus, pp of experiri, to
«: 5
 , ,, , , , , ,

EXPIATE EXTINGUISH
make full trial of. — L. ex ,
thoroughly; but was suggested by the form of the O. F.
and *perfri an obs. vb. of which the pp* infinitive. M. E. expotmen. — O. F. es-
perlttis is common. See Peril. pondre , to explain. — E. expdnere to set ,

Expiate. (L.) From pp. of L. ex- forth, explain. — L. ex, out; pdnere, to
piiire, to atone for fully. — L. ex, fully ;
put. See Exposition.
pidre, to propitiate, from pins, devout. Express, adj., exactly stated. (F. — L.)
Expire. (F.— L.) O.F. expires — L. O. F. expres. — L. expressus, distinct; pp.
expirdre, exspirdre, to breathe out, die.— of exprimere, to press out. — L. ex 9 out;
L. ex, out ; jpirdre, to breathe. premere to press see Press.
, ;

Explain. (F.— L.) M. F. explaner, Expulsion ;

see Expel.
Got. — L. expldndre, to make plain. — L»ex, Expunge. (E.) L. expungere , to
thoroughly pldnare to make plain, lit. to
; ,
prick out, blot out. [In MSS., exjunction
flatten, from p/dnus, flat. See Plain. of a word is denoted by dots under //.] — 1..
Expletive.
1

L. expletiuus, filling
(L.) ex, out pttngere,
;
to prick. Der. ex-
up. — L. expletus pp. of expiere, to fill punct-ion, from thepp. expunctus.
up*— L. ex, fully; pidre , to fill. See Expurgate. From pp. of L.
(E.)
Plenary. '

expurgate, to purify thoroughly. — L. ex,

Explicate, to explain. (L.> From 1

thoroughly \purgdre, to purge, purify ; see

pp. of L. explieare, to unfold, explain.— I Purge.
L. ex, out; plicdre to fold. ! Exquisite, sought out, excellent. (LA
explicit. \EA L. explicit us, old pp. ! E. exquisitus ,pp. of exquirere to seek
of explicdre, to unfold, make plain (above's, —
out. L. ex, out ; qu*crere, to seek.
Cf. F. explicite. Exsequies see Exequies.;

Explode, to drive away noisily, burst. E. ex- Extant, existing. (L.) Late
(F.— L.) M. F. exploder ‘ to explode, hint-, stem of ex tans, for exstars, pns. pt.
publicly to disgrace or drive out;’ Cot. — of exstare, to stand foith, exist. -I . exi
%

L. explJtiere (pp. expldsus \ to drive off out stiire, to stand, ; ;

the stage by noise (the old sense in K.'. ;

see Ecstasy. 1
Extasy
— L. ex, away; plodere plaudere , to; Extempore. (E) ,
From E. ex tem-
clap hands. Der. explos-ive, from pore, at the moment. — E. ex, from, out of;
-ion, i

the pp. tempore abl. of tempus. time.

j
,

Exploit. (F. — LA M. E. esploit, sue- Extend. (E.> M. E. extemlen — E.

I .

cess, Gower, C. A. F. esploit,

ii. 25S. — O. j
extend; re, to sticteh out; pp. extent us,
revenue, profit; later, an exploit, act.— E. extends. — E. ex, out tendere, to stretch.
;

explicitum a thing settled, ended, or tin- , Der. extern-ion -ive (from the pp.
, .

played; neut. of explicitus; see explicit. extent. <F. — LA O. F. extente ,

Cf. Late L. explicta, revenue. |

commonly entente, extent —Eat*' E. ex-
Explore. (F. — E.) h . explorer. E. — ! tenta, fern, of ea ten tits, pp. of ca tendere
explordre. to search out, lit.to make to flow ;
above .

out. — E. ex, out ; pldrare to make to flow. , Extenuate. T.A From pp. of E. ex-
|

Cf.de-plore, implore . Brugm. i. § 154. tenudre, to thin, reduce, palliate. — E. ex,

j

Exponent. <L.* E. exponent-, stem out, very ; tenu is, thin. See Thin,
of pres. pt. of expdnere, to expound, indi- Exterior, outward. (F. — E.) For-
catc. —
L. ex, out ; pdnere, to put. merly exteriour. — M Y .exterieur. — E ex-
. .

Export. (L.) L. exportdre , to carry terivrem, acc. of exterior outward, 10m- ,

away.— L. ex, away; portdre, to carry. parative of exterus or exter outward. — E.

Expose. (F. — E. and CkA O. F. ex- ^.r t out; with compar. suffix -terth
poser, to lay out. — O. F. ex- E. ex), out; Exterminate. (E.) From pp. of E.
F .poser, to place, lay. See Pose ' 1 ). extermindre, to put or drive beyond
Exposition. fF. E.> F. exposition, — bourn is.— L. ex, out ; terminus, boundary.
— L»acc. exposiiidncm. — L, expos it us, pp. External, outward. L) From L. t

of expdnere to set expound.

Sec extern-us, outward, extended form from
forth,
Expound. exterus, outward. See Exterior.
Expostulate. (LA From pp. of L. Extinguish. (L.) Crincd, with suffix
expostul&re, to demand earnestly.— L. ex, -is It, from I* extinguere, better exstingucre
fully; postuldre, to ask. 'pp. extinct us, exst Indus), to quench.—
Expound. (E.) The d if excrescent, I,, ex, out; *stinguere, to prick, also to
176
 , , , , ;
. , " -
,

EXTIRPATE FABRIC
quench. Dev. extinct (from pp. extinclus). Exude. From L. exkddre, better
(L.)
Cf. Distinguish. exsuddre, to sweat out, distil. — L. ex, out;
Extirpate. (L.) From pp. Of L. ex - sftddre, to sweat. See Sweat.
tirpttre, to root out, better spelt exsiirp * Exult, to leap for joy. (F.-L*) F.
iire,to pluck up by the stem. L. ex, out; — exulter. — F. exultdre, better spelt exsub
stirp-s , stirp-es the stem of a tree. t&re to leap up, exult. — L. eXsuttms, pp.
Extol. (I-) L. extollere to lift or of exsiltre, to leap out — L. ex, out; satire ,

raise up. —
L. ex, out, up; tollere , to lift. to leap. See Salient.
Extort. (I'.) L. extort-us, pp. of ex- Exuviae, cast skins of animals. (I./'.
torquere, to twist out, wring out. L. ex, — F. exutiia, things stripped off. — L. exuere,
out ; torquhe, to twist. to strip off. Cf. itnittuia, clothes.
Extra. (L.) JL. extra, beyond, beyond Eyas, a nestling. (F.-L.) Format;
what is necessary ; O. L. extract, allied to by substituting an eyas for a nias. F. —
L. exter see Exterior.
;
trials, a nestling Cot. He also gives ;

extraneous. (L.) I-.extrdne-us niard, whence fatilcon niard, 1 a nias faul-

external, with suffix ;
extended fiom con.* Cp. Ital. nidiace, or nidasO falcone,
extra (above). Cf. Strange. k
an eyase-hawk, a young hawk taken out
Extract, vl). (L.) L. exlraet-us pp of her nest; Torriano. Formed as if from
’

of extrahere to ,
draw out. — L. <?jr, out; Fate F. *nlddeem, acc. of *nldax, adj.
trah ere. to draw. from L. nidus, a nest. See Nest.
Extraordinary, F.) ^.extra-ordi- Eye. (H.) M. K. eye, eight ; pi. eyes,
narius, beyond what is ordinary, rare.— F. eyen whence eyne\. O. Merc. ige\ A. S.
extra, beyond ordindrius ordinary. Sec
; ,
cage, pi eagan 4* Du oog, Icel. auga, Dan.
. .

Ordinary. oie, Swed. oga, Goth. augJ, G. auge.

Extravagant. (F.-fa F. /*/m- I crhaps allied to Russ, oka, L. octtius
— Late
vagant. extravagant-, stem of I., dimin. of *oeus Gk. Caot dual Lith.
<
; '
;

extrdvagans ,
extravagant, lit. wandering akis, bkt. akshi. Rrugm. i. § 68l. Der.
beyond —L extra, beyond; uagans, pres, dais-y, q. v. ;
window, q. v.
pt. of ttagd rf to wander. i
Eyelet-hole. F. - F. ; and E.)
Extravaaate, to force blood) out of Eyelet is for M. E. oilct, from M. F.
its pi open vessel. (L.) Coined from oerilct, ‘
a little eye, an oilet hole/ Cot. ;

<rr/rtf, beyond; w.;y, a vessel; with suffix diinin. of O. F. ocil, from L. oculum, acc.
•ate. of eeulus, eye.
Extreme. 1
F. - T-.) o. F. extreme. — Eyot, a little island. (E.) Also spelt
F. extrtmus supcrl. of extents outward , ;
ait, eyet cyght •
,
Late A. S. yget (Kemble,
see Exterior. Cod. Dipl. v. 17, I. 30); tor A.S. Igotf,
Extricate, x.) From pp. of F. Igeod, a dimin. from Ig, leg, an island ; see
trie dre, to disentangle. — F. r.r, out of; Island.
tru'tr, impediments, perplexities. Eyre, a circuit. V F.-LA M.E. eire,
Extrinsic, external. (K. ~ F. should
It circuit, of a judge.
esp. O. F. eire —
rather be extrinsec. — O. F. rxtrimeque, journey, way. — O. F. eirer, to journey,
outward. — l. ate I., act*, exit htsciutn, adj. wander al>out.— I.ate L. Herd re, to journey
allied to L. extrinseem adv., from without. ,
(for L. irinerdre ) ; from L. iter, a journey.
— L. exlrin ( * *extrim'\, adverbial form Sec Errant.
from exter, outward and see us, beside; ; Eyry, a nest ;
see Aery.
so that cxtrin-secus — on the outside; cf.
interim. Secus is allied to secundum,
according to, from sequf, to follow; see
Sequence. P.
Extrude. (L.) L. extrkdere, to
thrust out. — I/, a story’. (F.-L.)
ex, out tritdere , ;
F. fable. to Fable,
thrust. Cf. Intrude. fibula, a narrative. — L. fi-ri, to speak, L.
Exuberant. ( I.. ) F ram stem of pres, tell. See Fate.
pt. of L. exuberdre, to be fruitful or Fabric. ( F. - L.) F. fabr/jue. - L.
luxuriant. — L. ex , very ; and kberdn, to be fabriea, workshop, fabric. 1 a fabric, for

fruitful, from Uber, fertile, allied to ubtr; fiber, a workman. From I« base *fib-*
an udder, fertility ; see Udder. to be skilful ; cf. Llth. dab-ink, I adorn,

*77
 , , , , , 1 ; ,

FApADE FALCHION
clean ; Goth, ga -dab-ilk it Russ. \fnur, cleansing fire, purgatory. is fit
See ;

dob-ruii, good. See Deft. Der. fabric- Fair.

ate, from pp. of L .fabricdri, to construct;
Ces. (L.) L. fads, dregs; pi. of F9
from fabrica (above). Brugm. i. § 563. fax, the same. Der. fec-ulent L. facc-u-
Fa9ade, face of a building. (F. ltal. lentus adj. from fax. — ,

— L.) M. F .
facade (Cot.). — ltal .facciata, Fag, to drudge. ^ E. ?) 1 To fag, defi-
face of a building. * I tal. faccia, face.— cere y Levins (1570'. The orig. sense was
Folk-L. facia, for L. facies (below). ‘to droop.’ Perhaps a corruption offag;
face. (F.-L.) F. face. — Folk-L. see Flag ( 1 ) ; and see below.
facia for L. facies , the face, appearance. Fag-end, remnant. (E.?) In Mas-
Facetious. (F.-L.) F. facitieux singer, Virg. Mart. ii. 3. Perhaps for
Cot.\ — M. V. facet ie, 1 witty mirth,’ id. — flag-end- loose end see above. Cf. ‘ the
(Cot.\ ;

I facet ia, wit; common in pi. - L. face- ,/lagg or the fagg federis ’ ^ feathers) Book
•
;
tus
ts, witty, courteous
; orig. fine.’ of St. Albans, fol. B 1 a . ‘

-
j

Facile, easy to do. (K. 1.. v. Faggot. Fagot. (F.-Ital.-I..?)

facile. — \j.factlis, i. e. do-able. — L facere, F. fagot *a fagot, a bundle of sticks;’
[

. ,
,

to do. Der. facility ; faculty . Cot. Of doubtful origin; perhaps bor-

fac-simile. (L.) For fac simile, rowed from I tal. fagotto, ‘a faggot,’ Florio; ;

make thou like. — L. fac imp. s. of facere, or (like fagotto) irom Norw.yS&r a bundle
,
j
,

make: simile,
to make; m»nt nf
simile. neut. of similis
r like; ^Ross).
see Similar. We also find factum Fail. *
F. —L.) F. faillir; cf. I tal.
simile, i. e. made like. fallire. — Folk-L. *fallire, foil,, fallen', to
fact, a deed, reality. (L ) L. factum, beguile, also, to be defective ; falli, to err.
a deed orig. neut. oifac tus, pp. offacere Brugm. i.
; , § 757 *
to make, do. Fain. (F.. M. E. fayn. A. S. ftgnt,
faction. (F.-L.) F. faction, a sect. glad. 4* 0 Sa\. fagan, led. feginn, glad.
j

— .. factidnem acc. of fic/io, a doing, Cf. A. S. gefcon (pt. t. gefeah ), to rejoice

I
j

taking part, faction. — L. fact us pp. of Teut. root *frh- as in A. S. gefcon

t (Jor
facere, to do. * fell- an) cf. (loth, fah-eths, joy.
factitious. 'L.) L factit i- us, artifi- Faint. (F.-L.) . M. E. feint. -O, F. (

cial ; with suffix -ous.— L. /actus,

pp. of feint, weak, pretended; orig. pp. of :

facere, to make. \feindre, to feign finger to form, —L . e,

factotum. iL. A general agent. — feign. Sec Figure.
-
i

L fafjre tdtum to do everything. Fair

, pleasing, ! I
,
beautiful, K.) i

faculty, facility to act. (.K. - 1 M. K. /,iyr, A. S. fagtr, ...

i
fair.+ Iccl. fagr-,
L. facultee. b facultf. —L. faculta -
.
— ;
Dan. Swed./ogrr, Goth./J^Tr, iit, 0 ii.G. ,

tem ,
acc. o i fac ultas ~faciiitas facility, ‘

/# fagar. Teut/type *fagroz. Cf. Gk. nrjy-

— L .facilis, easy see Facile. ;
j

; ww, 1 fasten. Brugm. i. § § 200, 701.

Fad, a folly. (F.-Prov.-L.) Fair 1), a holiday. F. — L. M. K. Ap- I
1

parently shortened from F.fadaise fiddle - feire. — A. F.

ft ire V. /one). — \,./lna, a 1

faddle; oi.'fadeses, follies, toyes, fooleries holiday, later, a fair; commoner as pi. 1

LoF^Prov. Jadeza, folly ilatzleld).— \fcnac, lor *fcs-nr, feast-days; allied to

Pro \.fat (Gascon^htf;, foolish. — I ..fatuus, Feast, Bnigm. ii. 66. §
foolish.
Fairy. 1
K~L.) M . E. faerie, fay rye.
Fade, vb. 'F.-L.
O. 1 .fader; from enchantment. [The mod. use of the word
fade, adj., tasteless, weak, faint. — J..is new fairy — enchantment, the old ;
uapidum , acc. of uapidui vapid. Sec word for ‘elf* being fay. — (). F. faerie,
,
]
Vapid, %
Fade, for fade. i> fiom M. Du. enchantment. — O. ¥ fie, a fay; see Fay. .

vadden from O. Y. fader.

;
Faith. (F.-L.) M. K. frith; also
ladg©, to fit, suit, be content with,} fey. Slightly altered from O. Y.feid, fei.
succeed. (E.) Formed, in some uncx- faith. — \..fidem, acc. of fdes, faith allied | ;
plained way, from the '1'eut. base fag-, to to
fid \

suit, whence also O. Sax. fgian, A. S. <VJ*IIKI Dll.) Allied to Bide. Brugm.
j
figan, to join, suit, M. K. fijcu, to adapt, $ 202. i.

fit, (Jr. fiigen, Du. voegen sec Kluge and Falchion, a sword. (F. -Ital. -I..)
(

Franck). Cf. Goth. Julia -fah /an, to M. E.

Janelion. — O. F. fauchon — ltal. .

*atisfy, O. H. G.gifag, content, Du. page-

faUione (ci pron. as -1-ate L. falcti-
178
 ,
. V, , , . . , ,

FALCON FARCE
item, of falcio a bent sword. — L. guish, &c.) from L. fam-es hunger; cf.
acc. , ,

falci-, decl. stem offalx a sickle. Allied 0. F. afamer to die of hunger. ,

to jlectcre to bend. , Fan, an instrument for blowing. (L.)

falcon • ( F. — L. ) M. E. faucon — A. S. farm.— Late L. vannus L. uannus , ,

(3. F faucon, faulcon. — 'L&tc L. falconem a fan (whence also F. turn); see Van (2\ ,

acc. of falco a falcon, so named from its Brugm. i. § 357.

,

hooked claws. — L. /a/r- stem of /b/jr, a Fanatic, religiously insane, (F. — L.)
sickle. Y . fan atique. — L. fanaticus, (1) belonging
Faldstool, a folding-stool. (Low L. — to a temple, (2) inspired by a divinity,
( ). H G. . I >o w L faldistolium. — 0. 1 1. ( J. enthusiastic. — L. fanum, a temple; see
) .

fild-ati to fold ,
(G. sitihl), a stool. Fane,;

Cf. Y.fauteuil. See Fold. Fancy. F.-L.- Gk.) Short for M. E.

Fall, to drop down. (E.) M. K .fallen. fan/asie. — O. F. fantasie. — Late L . phan-
O. Merc, fahati A. S.feallan.+Du. Val- tasia. — Gk. <pavraoia, a making visible
;

letta Icel./tf/Ai, Dan. falde rforfallc), Swed. (hence, imagination^. — Gk. (pavrafav f to
falla, G. fallen, Teut. *fillan-. Cf. Lith. display; see Phantom.
pit Hi, to fall and perhaps I., fallere, to
; Fandango, a Spanish dance. (Span.) 4
deceive, falll, to err. Brugm. i. § 757 Span, fandango a dance used in the \Y. ,

Der. befall, fiom A. S. befeallan ) to fall Indies Pineda (17401. ;

’

out, happen; fell (lV Fane, a temple. (L.) L. fanum a ,

Fallacy. (F. — L.) Formed by adding temple shortened from an earlier form ;

^ to M. K. allace a fallacy, deceit. — F. *fssnom cf. Oscan ffsnam a temple;

f , ; ,

fallace. — L. fa Hada dece t — J fallac- allied to L Jestus, feria .

,
Lmgm. ii. § 66.
i . .
. .

stem of fillax deceitful. — L. fallere to Fanfare, a flourish of trumpets. (F.—

deceive. See above. Span. V) h fanfare. Prob. of imitative .

fallible. I
.)
L. /*////» ///>, liable origin, or borrowed from S pa n fa nfat^ria . ,

to err. — L. fillip to err; Jalicre, to de- bluster, vaunting, which is of similar for-
c< ive. mation. Der. fanfarr- on -ade, bluster.
Fallow \ orig. harrowed of land.
.,J
*
;
*
Fang, a talon, claw. ^E.) A. S. fang]
iK) A. S. jetlging, fallow-land. —A. S. a sei/mg.— A. S. *fohan to seize, only-
lit.

fealh a harrow. Cf. E. Fries. falgen, to used m

the contracted form fott pt. t.
fallow land (). IL (1. fclga, a harrow.
; feng, pp. gefangen the pp. form having ;

Fallow (2\ used with reference to alone survived, evolving an infin. mood
colour. tEA O. Merc, fa la A.S.fealu, ;
in dialects. +Lu. vangen, to catch; Icel.
fealo, pale red. yellowish. Du. vaal, Iccl. + fa (cf fang sb., a catch of fish\ Dan. ,

folr, pale, G fall l, pale, also falb Lith. ; faae Swed. fa, Goth, jahan, G. fangat,
,

falvas cf. also L. pallidas, Gk. vokius,

;
to catch, fang, sb., a catch, also a fanj;
gray, Skt. pali/a-, gray. See Pale. Allied to L. pangere ; Brugm. i. § 421.
False. (F. — L.) M. E. fals. - O. F.
‘
Fantastic. (Gk.) Gk. tpavTaarucCs,
fals (F faux ) — 1 „ falsus, false; pp. of . able to represent or shew. — Gk. tfxxvrafav,
fallere, to deceive. to display. See Fancy.
Falter, to totter, stammer. (E. ?) Fantasy, older form of Fancy, q. v.
M. E. faltren, to totter ;
frequentative Faquir, Fakir, an Oriental religious
from a base fait-. Of obscure origin. mendicant. (F. — Arab.) F faquir, fakir.
Perhaps connected with Iccl. red. \b. — Arab ,faqir, one of a religious order of
faltra-sk to be cumbered, to bepuzzled.
,
mendicants lit. ‘poor, indigent;* Richard*
Fame, report. (F. ~L.^ F. fame — . L. son’s Diet. p. 1096.
fima, report. —
Far. (L ^ M. E. fer A. S. fcor.+ Du.
L. fan', to sptak ;
see .

Fate. ver Icel .fjarri, Swed. fjerrem, adv., Dan. .

Family. (F.-L.) F. fimille. - 1.. fjem G. fern ; Goth, fairra adv. Allied , .

familia a household. — L. famulus, a to Gk. irtpw, beyond ; Skt paras r beyond,

,

servant Oscan famel\ cf. Oscan faamat para-, far. (VPFR.') The com\\ farther ,

he dwells. Dcr.yiz z«/7*-rzr ( L. famiiidris^. for M. K. ferrer (i. e. far-er)\ is due to (

Famine. ( - L.) F. famine . — I ,ate confusion with further, comp, of Forth.

.

L. *famtna unrecorded, but plainly an

,
Farce. (F. — L.) The orig. sense is
extension from 1., famis hunger. Der. stuffing ’ ; hence, a jest inserted into a
,
'

fam-ish , formed (by analogy with /dot- comedy.— F, farce, stuffing, a farce. — F.
179
 , y , , , , , -

FARDEL FATIGUfc
farcir to ,
stuff. — L. fareire,(F. - L.) 0 F. ficeon,
to stuff. +Gk. Fashion. .

ppaoauv (for *tppa/c-jt€iv), to shut in.

< fachotiy make, shape. — F. factitfnem } acc.
Fardel, a pack, bundle. (F.— Arab.) offactiOy a making ; see Faction.
M. E. fardel.** O. F. fardel (F. fardealt). Fast (i), firm. (E.) A.S. fast.+Diu
Dimin. of O. F. farde, a burden. Prob. vast, Dan. Swed. fast, led. fastr, G.fest ;

from Arab, fardah, a package (Devic). Armen, hast. Der. fast (2), fast (3).
Perhaps borrowed through Spanish ; cf. Brugm. ii. § 79.
Span, fardel, fa rdo a bundle. , fast to abstain from food.
( 2 ), (E.)
Fare, to travel, speed. ^E.) A. S. A. S. feestan orig. to make fast, observe,
,

faran, to go, travel, -f* Du. vareity Iccl. be strict from fast ( above). +Du. vasten ,
;

Swed. fara, Dan. fare, G. fahren. Goth. Dan. faste, Swed. and led. fasta, G.
faran to go; Tcut. faran- ^pt. t. *fdr ,. fasten Gotti, fas tan, to observe, fast.
, ;

Cf. Gk. Troptvofiat, I travel; F. expenor, fast (3), quick. (Scand.) A peculiar
1 pass through, Skt. pr, to bring over. use of fast (1) above; this use is Scand.
(V'PER.) Der. fare- well. i.e. may you Cf. Iccl. drekka fast, to drink hard, sofa
speed well thoroughfare a passage fast, to bo fast asleep, fastr i verkum
; ,

through; welfare successful practice or hard at work .fylgja fist to follow fast, 6c c.
journey. It means firm, close, urgent, quick.
Farina, ground com. -

V
F.' I ..farina, fasten. (E.) A. S.fcstnian, to make
meal. — L. far a kind of grain
, ; allied to fast or firm. — A. S.fest, firm.
Barley. Der .farinaceous, from 1 ..farina- fastness,
dt.) M.E. festnes, fast-
reus. Brugm. i. § 1S0. ness ,
strength,*— A. S. festness. the
orig. 4

farrago. (L.'; L. farrago, mixed firmament, a fastness; orig. that which is

food for cattle, a medley. — I.. far gen. «
v
firm. — A. S .ferst, firm.
farr-is) t grain v above >
Fastidious. (F.< l.„ fastidious, dis-
Farm. (F. - L.) [A. S. fonn'. dainful — L fistuiium, loathing; perhaps
.

A. F. and O. F. fenne , a farm. — Late for fastutidium ^Vanicek). — L. fast us,

L firma, a feast, farm, tribute; fcm. of F, arrogance; Uedium, disgust; so that fasti
firmusy durable. (From the fixed rent; dium « ari ogant disgust.
also food, from its support .) See Firm. Fastness; sec Fast.
Farrier. (F. -F. Forme ily
0, gross. (1 M. K. fatt, fet, fat. terrier, Fat '

a worker in iron. — O. b .furrier tiie same fetty orig. a pp., contr. from fitted,
s
. A.S •

— L. fe minus , a blacksmith. — L.fes rum, fattened, enriched. +O. H. G. feizit (G.

iron. feist), pp. of a Teut. \b. faitfan foimed ,

Farrow, to litter pigs. (K. From the from Teut. adj. faitoz, which is represented
sb. farrow, a litter of pigs. — A. S. fearA, b) Iccl. feitr FSwed. fet Dan. fed fat. ,

a pig ; pi. fearas. 4* M. H. G. varch , a Cf. Gk. tjiclv, Skt. pivan, fat.
pig; G .ferkcl\ F. pore us ; see Pork. Fat 2,, a \at ;
sec Vat.
Farther see Far. ; Fate, M. E. fate.
destiny.
)
b\ -F —
Farthing, fourth part of a penny. 0 F. Jut, fate (not common).
. F. fat urn, —
(E .) M . E. ferth ing. A . S. Japing, frot - what is spoken; imit. of pp. of Jar:, to
ting, older lorin feoipling. —A . S. JHord-a, speak. +Gk. </> tjpi, I say. Perhaps allied to
fourth; with dimin. suffix ins or -i’ing Boon (1). Brugm. i.
§ 1N7 (yT>HA.)
Allied to A, S. frower, four. Father. (K M. K. fader. A.S.
Farthingale, Fardingale, a feeder , 'Hie pron, with th i.> due to dialectal
hooped petticoat. (F.— Span. —X.) M.F. influences. + led. fadir, Du. vader, Dan.
verd igalle, ‘a vard ingall Cot. — Span. ;
*
Swed. fader Goth, feulai, G. rater , F.
verdugado, a farthingale, lit. ‘provided pater, Gk. irarijp, (). Irish athir, Per#.
with hoops.’ — Span, verdtigo, >oung shoot pidar Skt. pitr.
,
ldg. type filter-.
of a tree, rod, hoop, -Span, verde, green. Fathom. A.S.
(E.) M. K. fadme.
— L. uiridis. green. See Verdant. frhm, the space reached by the extended
Fascinate. (L.) From pp. of L. arms, a grasp, embrace.+ Du. vadem, led.
fascinate to enchant. — F. fascinutn , a fadtnry a fathom, Dan ,favn. Swed. family
spell. an embrace, G.faden. Allied to Patent.
Fascine, a bundle of rods. (K. — F.) Fatigue, sb. (K.-I..) O. Y. fatigue ;

F. fascine. — I,, fascina, a bundle of twigs. from faligner, to weary. — L. fatigirt, to

— L fastis
. a bundle. weary.
 , , , , , ) , . p ;

FATUOUS FEEBLE
Fatuous. L. fatu-us, silly,
(L.) the peril of travelling. — A. S. far-, 3rd
feeble with suffix - ous . Der. infatuate,
;
stem of faran, to go, travel. +Ieel. far ,

from pp. of L. infatuCire to make a harm, G. gefahr, Du. gevaar, danger. Cf.
lool of. L. periculum danger. ,

Fauces. (L.) Y. fauces, pi., the upper Feasible, easy to be done. (F.-L.)
part of the throat. [Also feisabic.'] — M. F. faisible f usable, .

Faucet, a spigot, vent. (F. — L.?; ‘feasible, doable;* Cot. — O. F. fais-, as

V. fans set, a faucet; fan lset, Cot. ,
in fais-ant pres. pt. of faire to do. — L.
,

( )rigin unknown but cf. M. F. faulser ; ,

facere, to do. See Fact,
to falsify, forge also faulser tin esiu, to
;
Feast, (F.-L.) M. E. feste. — O. F.
pierce a shield; hence, to pierce. — L. yfofr (F./cA’j.— Late \..festa, fern. sb. — L.
filsare, to falsify. — b.falsus, false. festa, lit. festivals, pi. of fast urn See
Fault. (F. — L. ) Formerly faut. Festal. \

M. li.fautc. — 0 . Y.faute, a fault. (Span, Feat, a deed well done. (F —L.) M.E. i

and Ital .fa/ta, a defect.) — Folk-L. *fal/ita, fact, fete. — A. F. fat O. P /<n7. — L. fac- ; .

a defect, fern, of *fa/lttus, new pp. of turn, a deed; see Fact.

fallen to deceive; cf. F. fai/lir. Sec
,
Feather. (E.) M.E. father, A.S.
Fail, Fallible, False. Hence also O. F. Hu. veder, Dan. fueder, Swed. +
fauter, Span, f
altar, Ital. faltare, to be \fjdder, Del. fjobr, Ci. fader L. penna \

lacking. lor *petsna 1, Skt. patra-, Gk\ vrt 6 v, a

j

Faun, a rural Roman) deity. X.) L. wing. See Pen. y'PET.

1

/annus. — L. fatten, to l>e propitious (?; Feature, make, form, (F L. M.E. !

Fauteuil, an arm chair. (K — Low L. fature. - A. fature ; O. F. failure, K

— O. II. G., fauteuil, (). F. faulde - fadiion. — L. factum, work, foimation.—
K
tucil (Cot.). — Low \..faldistclium, a fald- L foetus pp. of facere, to make, ,

stool sec Faldstool.

;
Febrile, relating to fever. v F. — L. <

Favour, sb. ( 1*\ — L. (). F. favour. F. febrile. — L. fabnlts. — Y.fabri-s, fever.

-L. fauorem, acc. of fauor, favour. — L. February, (L. L. fabrutirius, the
fiuere to befriend, orig. to venerate.’ month of expiation.-* L. februa, neut. pi.,
‘

favourite. (F. - Ital. - L.) M. F. n festival 01 expiation on Feb. 15. — L.

favorit cf. Y.favori. pp. of (). Y .favorir, fabnunn, purification fabruare, to expiate,
;
;

to favour, lint the final / is really due to Of Sabine origin.

borrowing finm Ital. fivonto, pp. and sb. ; Feckless, ineffective. Also fadless ;

Di ig. pp. of favour to favour. — Ital. .

shnit J01 effect-less ; see Effect.
javore, favour. — L. fauorem .above). Feculent, foul. (F. — L.) F .faculent.
Fawn 1 to cringe to. rejoice servilely
1
— L. faeulcntus ,
full of dregs. — L. fads,
over. (E.) A.S. fah nian fagnian, to re- ,
dregs. Scc^ Fences,
joice variants o! fagenian, to fawn, from
; j
Fecundity. F.-L.) M. Y facondite .

fitgen, fain, glad.-j^lcel. fxgna, to rejoice, ;

,f.ot. — N
acc. fecu nditotem, fruitfulness,
. 1 ..

welcome one allied to Jegitut, fain. See,

;
— L. feeundus, lruitful allied to fitus, ;

Fain. offspring. See Fetus.

Fawn a young deer.
•
(F.-L.) Federal. ^F. — L.) F. federal.
O. F. fan, facn, earlier faan, a fawn; lormtcl, with suffix -al, fiom L. fader-
answering to a Kite L. form *fetonetn (lor *fades- , stem of fadus a treaty.
1
not found), aec of *filo, a v oung one.— \
Akin to fades, faith.
L. fduSyfa'tu offspring. See Fetus.
\
i
Fee, a a payment. (F. —
lordship,
Fay, a fairy. (F, - L ) F. fate, O. F. O. H. G. A. Y .fee, O. Y.fiu F. fief),
?) ,

fie , a fay. Cf. Port, fada, Ital. fata, a a fee, fief. — Late L. fevum, a fief (Du-
fay. -LateL. fata, a fate, goddess of cange). Prob. from O. H. G. fahu, pro-
dc.stiny, a fay. - L. fata, pi. of L. fatum, perty.+Du. vee, lcel. fa, Dan. fit, Swed.
fate. Sec Fate. Dor .fai-ry. fa, Goth, faihu L. peats; Skt. fdfu
Pealty, true service. (F.-L.) O. F. cattle. (yTE K.) So also A.S. fah,
faults, faeluit, fidelity, — \.. fiUelitatem acc. s cattle, whence M. E. fee, cattle, property.
i)f
fidditds, fidelity. — L. fidelis faithful; now obsolete, We also find Late L.
fmm fades, faith. *
faudum see Feudal. ;

Fear. (K.) M. F. faer. A.s. far, a Feeble, (F.-L.) M. E.feble.-A, F.

sudden peril, danger, fear. Orig. used of fable, M . F. foible, O. Y.fUble (Godefroy)
181
 , S , . +
;,

FEED FERN
cf. Ital. fievole (</?evolc', feeble [since f/dll, a fell. Allied to G. fels, a rock
Ital. fi<fi]>
— L. fiebilis, doleful; hence, (Kluge).
weak. — L. flere, to weep. Brugm. ii. Fellah, a peasant. (Arab.) YX.fellahln .
$ 590.
— Arab, fellah , falldh , a farmer, peasant.
Feed, to take
food, give food. (E.) —Arab, root falaha, to plough, till.
M. E. A. S. fedan ; for *fadtan
feden. Felloe ; see Felly, ;

with vowel-change from Jto^.— A.S.foda, Fellow, a partner. (Scand.) M. E.

food. +
Du. voeden , Icd.fvSa, Swed. foda, felawe. — IceX.Jelagi, a partner in a ‘ felag.’
Dan.fode, O. II. G.fuotan Goth, fodjan — Icel .felag, companionship lit. a laying
, ; ;

Tent, type *fodjan~. See Food. together of property. —

Icel. fe, property;
Feel. (E.) M. E.Jelen. A. .felan.+ lag, a laying together, a law; see Law.
|

Du. voelett, G. fiihlen. Teut. *foljan -; The Icel. fe is cognate with A. S. ft oh

from Tent, base fad- (2nd grade, fol-) 9 cattle, property, 1 >. fcctts, cattle,
whence also Icel. falma , to grope, A. S. Felly, Felloe, part of a whcel-nm.
folm, palm of the hand (L. palm a'. Allied ( E. ) M. E. fehve . A. S. frig, felge 9 a
to Palm (1). felly. + Du. velg, Dan .felge, G. felge.
Feeze, Feaze, Pheeze. (E ) Tro- Felon, a wicked person. (F.-I .ate I
perly 4 to put to flight, drive away, chase — L. ?) M.
E. felun O. F. felon a
away, harass, worry ; often misexplained ’ traitor. — Late L. feldnem acc. of felo, fello . ,

by ‘whip.’ M. E. fesen O. Merc. fesian, ;

a traitor, rebel. See Fell (3).
A. S. fysian ,
to drive away quickly, Felt. (E.) M. E. felt. A. S felt. .

chase. Cf. Norw. yfywi = Icel. *feysa',

( Du. vilt, Low G.. Swed., Dan. Jilt, ( i.
Swed. fbsa, to drive. From Teut. base filz. Teut. type *feltoz n. allied to ( i. , ;

*faus- (sense unknown), Distinct from falzen, to groove, join together, Der.
A S.fpsan to hurry, (xomfus, prompt.
,
! filter* fenter.
Feign. (F. — L.'i M. E.feincn. — O. F.
a ship. Ital. — Arab.) Ital.
j
Felucca,
feign-* as in feign ant, pres. pt. of feindre. feluca. Arab fulh, a ship. (Sec Devic.) — .

— L.fiitgere, to form, feign. See Figure. Female. '‘K. — IO For femell, by con- ;

Der. feint (from F. pp .feint). fusion with mar. M. E. J'emelle.— O.F.

Feldspar, a kind of mineral. (G.) femclle. !
— L. feme lla. a young woman;
Corrupted from G. feldspath lit. ,
field- '

dimin. offemina a . woman (below),

spar. -L.) o. F. ft mint n. j
feminine.
Felicity. (F. — L.) O. F. felicite. — L. — L, ]e minium* womanly.— L. femina, a j

acc feluitdtem. — L. feltci-, decl. stem of woman. Gf.felare, to suckle Gk. 0 TjA.i j, ;
J

felix\ happy, Feline.

fruitful female, OrjXrj, the breast
;
allied to Skt. dhdtri aJ
;

Feline. (L.) L. felinus* belonging to nurse,

cats. — L. files , a cat; perhaps allied to
J

Femoral, belonging to the thigh. L.) i

Gk. OijXvs* female. 1 .. femora li\

;
adj. from femor-, stem of
Fellf 1 ), to cause to fall. E.) O. Merc. femur, thigh. ‘

fallan, A. S. fyllan causal of O. Merc, , Fen, a bog. K.) M. E. fen. A. S.

+
j

fallan A.S. feallan, to fall.

,
So also Du. fenn. 1 )tt. veen Icel. fen, Goth. J'ani*
\

vtUen , X)?a\. falde, Swed. falla, Icel fella, mud. Teut. type *fanjom, 11.
G. fallen ;
all causal forms. Teut. type Fence; short for defence ; see Defend.
*falljan-, causal of fallan -, to fall. See Fend; short for Defend, q. v.
Fall. Fender short for defender.
;

Fell (2), a skin. 'E.) M. E.fel. A. S. Fennel, (L.) M. E. fenel.

a plant.
M fell
M. H. G. vel;
vel, Joel, fell,
L. pellis ,
Goth,
Gk. vtXAa,
fill,
skin,
I A. final* jiuugle. L faeniculum, fennel
double dimin. offaettum, hay.
—
Doublet, pell; zi.fi l-nu Fenugreek, a plant. (F. — L.> F.
Fell (3)> cniel, dire. (F.-Late L.— \fenu%rec. — L. faenum Gracum, lit. Greek
L.?) M. E.ySr/. — O. E.fel, cruel (cf. Ital. hav.'
fello cruel ;. — Late L. fello, felo a male* , Feoff ;
sec Fief,
factor, felon, traitor. Perhaps from L.fel, Ferment. L.) L. fermentum (shot',
(

gall (N. E.D.); Du. dial. /r/, sharp,

cf. for *fcrui-mentum\ leaven. — \..feruere, to
biting, acrid (Molema). See Felon, boil. Sec Fervent.
Fell (4), a hill. (Scand.) M. E./r/.— Fem. fE.) A. S. fearn.+ Du. varnt ;
Icel. fjall, fell, a hill ; Da n. field, Swed. O. farnikraut ); Skt. panta a wing,
182
 L ; . L , ;;

FEROCITY FETTER
feather, leaf, plant, the orig. sense being (F.— L.) 0
F. fesse (Roquefort) ; mod.
.

‘feather.* Brugm. i. § 973. Cf. also Y.fasee a fess. — .fascia, a girth; allied
,

lath, papariis , Russ. paporotif), Irish to fascis, a bundle ; see Fascine.

ratiA, W. rhedyn fern; ,
Gk. irripis, fern, Festal. X F.— L.) O.F. festal. Formed
vrtpbv, a wing, feather. (with F. suffix -o/< L. -alts) from L. fest -
Ferocity. (F.-L.) M. F. ferocitl. - urn, a feast, orig. neut. of festus , festive,
L. acc. ferocitdtem, fierceness. L. ferdci-, — joyful. Allied to Fair (2) and Fane.
decl. stem of ferox, fierce. — L. ferns, festival. (F.-Late L. — L.) Pro-
fierce, wild. Brugm. i. § 319. perly an adj. — O. F. festival, festive.—
Ferre OHS. (L.) L. ferreus made ,
of Late \..festivalis. — Y.festiuus (below).
iron ; with suffix -ous. — h.ferrum, iron. festive. (L.) L.fesliuus, belonging
ferruginous. (L.) L. ferruginous, to a feast. — L.festum, a feast.
same as fcrrugineus rusty; with suffix , Fester, a sore. (F.-L.) O. Y.festre,
-0/f.r. — L. ferrugin-, stem of ferriigo, rust also spelt fistle, an ulcer ; whence festrir,
—
of iron. .ferrutn, iron. to fester (Godefroy'. — L .fistula, a running
Ferret \ an animal. (F. — Low I.. —
(1 sore. See Fistula.
I,.?) O. Y.furet, a ferret. — Late L .ftire- Festival, Festive ; see Festal.
tus,fiirectus, a ferret. Also furd said to ; Festoon. ( F. — Ital — L. Y. festott, a . '1

be the same as Late L. furd, a thief, from garland, festoon. — Ital. festone, a garland.
\.. fur, a thief. Cf. Gk. </*£;/>, a thief; Usually derived from L .festum, a feast.
from the strong 6-grade of tpipav, to bear, Fetch. (E.) M. E. feeehen pt. t. ,

carry off. fchte, fahte A. S, feccan , to fetch, Gen.

Ferret (2), a kind of silk tape. (Ital. xviii. 4 Luke xii. 20. Prob. feccfan is
;

— L.) From Ital. fioretti, 4 little flowers, a later form offetian to fetch (Anglia, vi..

flourishings also foret or ferret silke,*

; 1 77
N
. Allied to A.S .feet, a pace, step,
Florio. PI. of floret to, dimiu. of fore, a journey Icel. fet, a step, foot-measure
;

flower. — L. florem, acc. of fids, a flower; and to L. pcs (gen. ped-is j, a foot. Cf.
see Flower. Cf. JF. Jleuret ferret from , ;
A.S. gefeccan O. E. T. # p. 178. ,
Dor.
feur, flower. fetch, sb., a stratagem.
Ferruginous ;
see Ferreous. F6te. (F.-L.) Mod. Y.fete, the same
Ferrule, a metal ring at the end of a as O. F. feste see Feast. ;

stick. vF. L.) —

Corrupted spelling (due Fetich, Feti8h f an object of super-
to confusion with ferrum iron) of the stitious dread.
,
(F. — Port. L.) F. —
older form virrol ; XVI cent. O.F. viral fetiche —
Port, feittfo, sorcery, lit. artificial . —
(F. virole). a ferrule; Late I.. virola the also, a name given by the Port, to the ,

same. From L. uiriola a little bracelet roughly made idols of Africa. — L .factitius,
,

dimin. of *uiria an armlet, only found in artificial. — L. fact -us, pp. of facere to
,

pi. uirLe. (Die7. Doubtful. make.

Ferry, vb. (E.) M. Y..ferien. A. S. Fetid. (F.-L.) O.F. fetide.— \„
fnian to convey across; causal of A.S. fetidus, fat idus, stinking. L. fetere, to
,
—
faran, to go. +
Icel. ferja , to carry; stink.
*
i:iu»al of fara, to go; Goth, firjatt, to Fetlock. (ScandA As if the * lock
travel by ship. Sec Fare. (N. K. DA
or tuft of hair behind a horse’s pas-
Fertile. (F.-L.) Y. fertile. -Y.fer- tern-joint. Cf. Ix>w G. fitlock (Liibben):
tilis , fertile. — L. fene, to bear. See M. H.G. vizzeloch (Kluge). The syllable
Bear (1). -l-ock is due to a double suffix, but was
Ferule, a rod or bat for punishing thought to refer to Icel. lokkr, A.S. loee ,
children. (L.) Formerly ferula.— L. a lock of hair. Fet - is prob. allied to
4
ferula, a rod orig. the plant
;
giant- Icel./<r/, a pace, step,y5r/i, a pacer (used
icnnel.* of horses) and to Icel. fetr , a foot ; cf. ;

Fervent, hot, zealous. (F. - L.) O. Y. ( f. fessel, pastern ; and see Fetch, Foot.
fervent. —
L. feruent- , stem of pres. pt. of (Kluge, s.v. Fuss.)
f entire. to boil.
, Allied to 0 Irish herb- Fetter, a shackle. (EA M. E. fetir.
.

aim, I boil. Der. fervour, from O. F. A. S. fetor, a shackle for the foot ; from
<
fervour L. acc. ftmdrem, heat; fetvid, fet-, ^grade offit. foot.+Du. vetir, Icel.
from L .feruuius. ffoturr ; cf. L. ped ica and com-fis, Gk.
Fees, a horizontal band in heraldry. wtdrj, a fetter. Der.fetter, vb.
 , , , ,, , , , ; f , \ ,

FETUS FIELDFARE
TetuS, offspring. break down.
(L.) Flask. (Origin of
L. fetus, a
bringing forth, offspring, — phrase unknown.)* L. *fuire, an
obsolete verb, to generate, produce Fiat, a decree. (L.) L. /Tn/.Jet it be
allied to fu-i, I was; see Future, Be. done. — L. /m, I become ; used as pass, of
Brugm, i. § 361, ii. § 587. facere , to do, but really allied to fui, I
Feu, a fief a variant of Fee.
;
was. Cf. A. S. beo, I am. Brugm. i.
Feud (1), hatred, perpetual hostility. § 282.
(F.-O. H. G.) M.E .fedejtid. Modi- Fib. (Low G.) Allied to fob, fub off,
fied in spelling in some unexplained way, to delude (Shak.) cf. G.foppen, to banter ;

perhaps by the influence of foe. — O. F. (formerly, to He) Westphal. fip-ken, a ;

ftide, faide fide, perpetual hostility.—

,
small lie, fib (Woeste).
O. H. G. fehida (G. fehde ), enmity Fibre. (F.-L.) F. fibre. - L. fibra, ;

c<^nate with A. S. fie/16, enmity, from a thread.

A. S.fif/i , hostile. See Foe. Fickle. (E.) M. E. fikel. A .S.fiuoi;
Feud (2), a fief. (Low L. — F. - from *fiaan , to deceive, in comp, be -fie ion,
O. H. G.) Low L. fetidum a Latinised to deceive cl.fic, sb., fraud,^*#*, deceit-
, ;

form allied to O. F. fitt also spelt fief . ful ;

fice ft, fraud.
see Foe, Fief. (The intrusive is un- Fiction. (K.-L.) F. fiction. L fic- -
explained.) Der.y*W-<r/, adj. tion tm, ace. of jutio a feigning. Y. fetus, ,
—
Feuter, lay spear in rest.
to (F. — pp. of fitt^ere, to feign. See Figure.
Teut.) From M.
E. feuter a rest for a ,
Fiddle, a violin. (L.) M. Y.. fithe l ;
spear. —O. F. feutre older feltre a piece A. S. fide le ; cf. Icel .fid /a, Da n.fiddel,
Du.
of felt, also a rest prob. at first felted) for vedel , C . fiedel. Apparently borrowed from
the lance. Cp. Ital .feltro, felt. Of Teut. Late L. it itu la, ttidula a viol see Viol. ,
,*

origin; from Low G. fitt felt. See Fidelity. (F. - L.) M. Y. fidelity - L.
Felt. fidihtatem acc. offidelitas, faithfulness.**
Feuterer, a dog-keeper. F. - Low L. L. fidili-, stem of fidelis, faithful. — L.
— C.) In Ben Jonson, Every Man out faith. See Faith.
of his Humour, ii. 1 see Nares. ;
Older Fidget. (Scand.) A dimin. form of
spelling vernier, for veutr-er. — O. F. to be continually moving up ami
ventre mod. F. vautre a mongrel between down, like fike in North of England, M. E.
a hound and a mastiff. — Low Lat. acc. fiken , to fidget, to hasten. Cf. Icel. fika. to
vcltrum\ for L. vertagus vertagra ver- , ,
climb up nimbly, as a spider; Swed.yf&i,
traga , a greyhound. Said to be Celtic. to hunt after, Norw .fika, to take trouble,
Perhaps from Celtic ver-, intensive prefix, fika etter, to hasten after, pursue.
and trag-, to run ; see Fick, ii. 136, 283. Fiducial, shewing trust. (L.) From
Fover, a kind of disease. (L.) M. E. I>atc I,, fiducidlis, adj. — L. fidiu ia trust. ,

fetier (fever). A. S.ftfer,ftfor ; see Matt, — L .ftdere, to trust.

viii. 15 A. F. fevre. — L. febris, fever.
;
Fie. (F. - L.) AT. E\.fy. - Y.fi.-L.Jl
feverfew, a plant. 'L.) A. S. frfer- Cf. Icel. fy, Dan. fy, Swed fy, G. pftti, .

fuge ; A. F. feverfue. — Late L. febrifuges, Lat. pint, phy Skt. phut, expressions
for L. febrifugia 1 fever-dispelling.’ — L. of disgust.
febri-s, fever ; fugdre, to put to flight. Fief, land lurid of a superior. (Y. —
Few. (E.) M. E. fewe. A. S. pi. fiawe. O. H.G) O.Y.fief formerly spelt fitt
4*Jcel. far , Dan. faa Swed. /a ; Goth. (Roland). See Fee, Der .feoff, vb., to
fawai, pi. ; cf. L. paucus , Gk. iravpos, put in legal possession from A. Y.feoffer, ;

small. to endow with a feof or fief. Also feoffee

Fey, doomed to die. (E.) A.S.fisge, A. Y. feoff pp. of coffer. f
doomed to die.+Icel. feigr Diu ;
G. Field: <K.) ALL .field. A. S. field.
, +
feige , cowardly; Swed. /rg, Dan. feig I)u. veld. G. field (whence Dan. felt,
,

cowardly. Swed .falf). Allied to A.S. folde, earth,

Fes, a red Turkish cap, without a brim. land. Tent type *felthuz. Cf. Russ. fold,
(F.— Morocco.) F. and Turk, fez, a cap a field Skt. prlhizv, earth. Brugm. i. ; ;

so called because made at Fez, in §

Morocco. fieldfare, a bird. (E.) A. s. fiddt-
FiattO, 1H. 'a bottle.’ (Ital.) Ital. fare [miswritten feldcware ], lit. field- ‘

far fiasco to make a

,
bottle, also, to fail. traveller;’ see Face. r
 ; , , ,

FIEND FIN
Fiend. (E.) M-lLJfhtd. K.S.fiond, File (3), to defile. (E.) A. S .plan,
fiond, lit. ‘a hating one,’ an enemy, the to make foul; for *Julian. A.S. fid, —
enemy ;
*orig. pres. pt. of feog{e)an, to foul. See Defile (1) and Foul,
iuate.-f Du. vijand, Dan. Swed. fiende ; Filial. (L.) From L. fill-us, a son,
]co\,fjdndi, pres. pt. offjd, to hate Goth, filia, daughter; orig. infant: cf. 1 .. feldre, ;

fi/andsjfrom fijan, to hate; G.feind. Cf. to suck. Cf. Feminine. (^DIIE.)

»skt.//>, to hate (Fick). See Foe. Filibuster, a freebooter. (Span. -*• Du.)
Fierce. (F. — L.) M. E. fers. — O. F. Span, filibuster, a mere corruption of Du.
fers, furs, old nom. of O. F. fer , fur, vnjbnittr a freebooter. — Du. vrijbuiien
tierce (V.fier, proud). — I.. ferus, wild. to rob, plunder. — Du. vrij, free; buit,
—
Fife. (F. (). II. G. L.) F. fifre .— booty, plunder. See Booty. —
O. G. pfeife, a pipe. — O. II. G.
If. (j.pfifa, Filigree. (F. — Ital.~ L.) Formerly
pfifen, to blow, whistle. — Late L. ptpdre, filigrane; XVII cent. — F filigrane. — Ital.
to pipe; L. pipare, to chirp (as a bird). filigrana, filigree-work, fine wrought work.
Kc Pipe. —Ital ./do, a thread or row, filare, to
Fig. t^F. — Prov. — L.) F figiu. — Prov. spin ; grano, grain or texture; so called I

Jija. — Folk-L. *fita, used for \,.fhus, a because the chief texture of it was wrought
fig. (Cf. O. F. fu a fig; immediately in silver wire. From L.filum, thread;
from Jiea.) grdnum, grain, The Span .fdigrana is
right. f E.> M
E. fihten, fehten,vh. merely borrowed from Italian Monlau).
O. Merc, fehtan, to fight fehte, a fight. 4 Fill, vb. (E.) A. S. fyllan ; formed
;
*

Du. vechten G. fechini to fight (whence from ful, i. e. full, by vowel-change from u
, ,

Dan. feg/e, Swed./nMi;. Tent. *fehtan -. to y. lJu. vidien, Icel fylla, Dan fylde, + . .

Figment. L.j h. figment um, an in- Sued fylla, Ooth. fu!fan, O.fiillen.
.

vention —L
.fig-, ba<e of fingere, tu feign Fillet. (F. — L.') M. E. filet.— O. F.
(pp fic-tus for yig-it/s). , fdet, dimin. off/, a thread. — L. filum, a
figure. (F. - L.) F. figure. - I.. thread. See File (1).
figura, a thing made. — L. fingere base Fillibeg, Philibeg, a kilt. (Gaelic.') (

Jig-), to make, fashion, feign. Goth. Gael, faleadh-beag, the modern kilt. — +
deigan, to knead, Skt. dih. to smear. Gael, fileadh, f ile, a kilt, piob. from L.
(
V’PLIKIGHA Urugm. i. §589. Der. uelurn, a veil i^Macbain) and beag, little,
;

dis figure, /re- figure, tran\-figHH\ small. Cf. \V. bach, little.
Filament. D . ¥. filament. —
Date L. filament uni, thin thread. — Late
4
— U Fillip, to strike with the finger-nail,
when jerked from the thumb. v^E.) Another
L. filtlre to wind thread. — L. filum
, ,
!
lonn oiflip ; see Flippant,
thread ;
see File (G •
Fills, used for thills. (E.) See Thill.
Filbert, fruit (»f hazel. (F.-O. II. G. ;
Filly, a female foal. (Scand.) Icel.
formerly philibnd (Gower' ;
short for fyl/a, a filly, allied to Jeli, a foal, cf.
Philiberd or Philibert nut, from the Dan. Swed. fol, G. ftdlcn. See Foal,
(

proper name Philibert ;

A.S. filtnen
(S, Philibert's Film, a thin skin. V E.)
day is Aug. 22) North F. noix de filbert fylmen ), ncut., membrane (O. Fries, fil-
(Moisy — O. I (. G filu-berht, \ ery bright
). ftu tie, (., skin).
.
For \Y. Teut. *ji.minfo *, ;

from fdu (G. 7 del), greatly, bet ht, bright, from *fe'.men,-mon as in A.S. dgerfelma .

^1 Called in Germany Lambert snuss, i. e. skin of an egg. Extended from the base
nut from Lombardy (Weigand). fel- in A.S .fel, skin, Goth. Jill, skin. See
Filch. (E.) Etym. unknown ; possibly Fell G. .

related to M. E .felen, to conceal. Cf. Icel. Filter, to strain. (F.-O. Low G.) F.
fela, to hide, bury; Goth, fdhan, to hide. filtrer, o;ig. to strain through felt. — F.
File ( 0
string, line, order. i^F.-L.}
,
filtre, a strainer, orig. felt (Littre). — Low
Partly from O. V. file, a file, from filer, to O^filt, felt ; see Felt,
thread; from Late L. filare (see Fila- Filth, foul matter. (E.) A. S.fyPi.—
ment) ; portly from F. fil, thread, from A. S. ful, foul ^by vow el-change ot u to
L. filum, a thread. y). So also O. Sax. fillitha, tilth, f.om
File (2), a steel rasp. (E.) O. Merc, ful, foul. See Foul.
fil ; A. S. fiol.+ Du. vi/ 1 , 0 . II. G .fihala, Fin. (FG A.S .Jinn, a fin.-fDu. vin,
G. feile; as if from a base *fcnh - . The Swed. fena. D;m. fit me ;
L .pinna. See
Icel. form is fil, as if from a base *thenh-. Fin.
 , , L , s , ;; ;; L , . \ ,

FINAL FIST
Final. (F. - L.) O. F. final , - L. viur, 0
H. G. fuir. Teut. type fu-ir.
.

findlis, final. — . finis ^ end. Cognate with Gk. irt/p. Cf. Skt. pdvaka -
Finance, revenue. (F. O.F. — L.) (from pu), purifying, also fire. (^PC.)
finance, —
Late L. ftnatiiia payment.— , Firk, to conduct, drive, beat. (E.)
Late L. findre, to pay a fine. — Late L. A. S .fercian, to conduct, support. Prob.
finis, a settled payment, a finish or end, from A.S. far, a journey; allied to Fare.
i. e. final arrangement L .finis, end. ; Firkin, the fourth part ot a barrel.
Finch, a bird. (E.) M. E. finch . (M. Du.) M. E. ferdekin . From Du.
A.S. finc. + Dn. vink ,
Dan. finke, Swed. vierde fourth ; with suffix - kin (as in kil-
,

and G. fink. Cf.^ W. pine, a chaffinch der-kin) answering to the M. Du. double
Gk. <nri77oy, ffm£a, a finch ;
prov. E. dimin. suffix -k in (G. -ch-en in madchcn \
spink. Der. chaffinch ,
q. v., bullfinch ,
Vierde is from Du. vier, four; see Four.
&c. Firm (i)> adj. (F. — L.) M. E. ferine.
Find. A. S.^wafaw.+Du, vinden, — O. F. and F. ferme. — E. firm us, stead-
(E.)
"Dan.finde, Swed. and Icel.yf««tf {-finfa), fast. Der.farm.
Goth .finthan, G.finden. Teut. fenth-an firm (2), a partnership. (Span.-L.) *

Idg. base *pent-, whence (). Irish et-aim, The older sense was ‘signature* of the
I find. Perhaps allied to L. petere to house or (as we call it) the firm. — Span. ,

seek after; see Petition. Brugm. ii. firma, a signature. — Span, fir mar to
§ <> 34 * confirm, sign. — L. firmdre, to make firm.
Fine (i\ exquisite, thin. (F. — L.) — L, firm its firm (above).
O. F. fin witty, perfect. — Late L. finus firmament, celestial sphere. (F. — L ) ,

fine; used in place of L. finitus well O.F. firmament. — I finnamentum, a

,

rounded or ended, said of a sentence support also, expanse of the sky s Vul- ;

(Brachet), orig. pp. of finire to end. — L. gate). — firmdret to strengthen; from

, .

finis, end. din us is a back-formation firm us, firm.

from finire. Firman, a mandate. (Pers.) Pers.
fine ( 3 ), a tax. (Law L.) Law L. firman a mandate, order; O. Pers. fia- ,

finis , a fine, a final arrangement L. rndna (Horn); cf. Skt. pramdna-, a ;

//s/f, end. See Finance (above). decision, from pra, before (Gk. npo) and
Finger. (E.) A. S. finger. Du. md to measure. + ,

vinger I cel. fingr Dan. Swed. G. finger First. (E.) A.S fyrst, the supcrl. of , .

Goth. figgrs ( -fingr ) Teut. tyj>e fore, with vowel -change ot u (A. S. 0) to
.

orig. sense unknown.

;
y +Icel ,fyrstr\ Dan ,forste\ Sw vd.forsta.
Finial. (L.) A coined word from L. Teut. type furistoz superl. from the base ;
,

finis, end. Cf. fur- see Fore. ;

finical. (F. — L.) A coined word Firth ; see Frith. ;

extended from Fine O) above. Fiscal, pertaining to the revenue.

fini8h f vb. (F. — L.) M. E.finischen. (F. — I ,.) O. F, fiscal — Late L. fiscalis. —
— O. F .finiss-, base of pres. pt. o‘ finir to L,.fiscus, a basket of rushes, also a purse. ,

finish. — h. finire, to end. — L. finis,

Fish. (E.) A. S.yfo.-fDu. visch,\ce\. end.
finite, limited. (L.) L. finitus, pp.
fiskr Dan. and Swed.yf.r/6, .fisch Goth. , G ;

of finire (above .
fisks. Tent, type *fiskoz. Cognate with
Fiord, a sea-loch, deep inlet of the sea. L. piscis , Irish ard Gael, iasg, O. Ir. ia.\ t
(Scand.) Norw. fjord, Dan fiord, fjord 'with loss of initial /). ;

I cel. fj'orftr. See Frith. Fissure. (F.-L.) O.F. fitsure. — J.

.Fir, a tree. (Scand. M. V. fir \ answer- fissura. — L. fitsus, pp. of findere, to
,

ing to a mutated form due to A.S .furh, cleave. +Skt. bhid, to cleave A. S. bitan, ;

which occurs in furhumdu a pine-tree to bite. f^BHEID.) And see Vent

but prob. of Scand. origin. Cf. Icel. (1). Brugm. i. § 567.
fyri-skdgr, a fir-wood (written fyriskogr) Fist. (E.) M. \L fist, fist, fust. A.S.
from Icel. fura, a Dan .fyr, Swed. fyst.+\ )u. vuist, G. fausty O. H. G. fust.
fir; cf.

fura^G.fdhre, W .pyr.
Cognate with L. Teut. *fmtiz If the orig. Teut. form .

quercus, an oak and O. Lorn bardic fereha, was funhstiz it may be identified with
; ,
‘
aesculus.* Russ, piaste fist, 0 Slav, fasti from an ,
.

Fire. (E.) A. S. /yr.+Du. vuur, Icel. Idg. base *pdnksti which is allied to
fyri 9 Dan. and Swed.$r, G .feuer, M.II.G. Five.
 , , , , , , , , , ;,

FISTULA FLAMINGO
Fistula, a deep, narrow abscess. (L.) Flag (4), Flagstone,
a paving-stone.
From the shape Y,. fistula, a pipe.
; (ScancT.) a llag or slab of
Iccl . Jtaga,
Fit (i), to suit; as adj., apt. (Scand.) stone. This might give E. dial, flaw (see
M. E. fitten, to arrange. — Icel. and Norw. Flaw), but cf. I cel. flagna, to flake off,
fitja to knit together ;
Swed. dial, fittja, Dan. dial, flag-torn , Sc. flag a cut turf,
to bind together ;
cf. G.fltzen, to bind into A weakened form of Flake,
skeins, from fitze a skein. From Icci-fll,
, Flagellate. (L.) From pp. pf L.
a hem, also ‘web* of a bird’s foot; cf. flagellare, to scourge. — L. flagellum
M. Dan. to knit ; Dan. fid a skein, dimin. offlagrum a scourge. See Flail.
,

1 ’erhaps allied to Fit (2). Influenced Flageolet, a sort of flute. (F. — Prov.)
as to sense by M. Y..fete, well done ; from M. F .flageolet dimin. of flageol with the ,

O. Y. fait , \j\t. fact us ; see Feat. —

same sense. Prov. flajols .flaujols, a flage-
Fit (2b a part of a poem, attack of ill- olet ; which cannot represent a Late L.
ness. (E.) M. E .fit. A.S.fitt, (i) a song, 'flautiolus, a little flute, as suggested by
(2: a struggle; which perhaps are the Diez.
same word. Cf. Fit (1). Flagitious. (L.) L. fldgitios-us,
Fitch, the same as Vetch, q. v. shameful with suffix -ous. — L. fldgitium,
;

Fitchct, Fitchew, a pole-cat. (F. — a disgraceful act; cf. L .fldgitdre, to act

M.Du) Fitchew is from Picard fleheux, with violence. Perhaps allied to Flagrant.
M. Y.flssau, a polecat ; older form, flssel. Flagon. (F. — Late L.' O. F. flacon,
— M. })u.flsse, a polecat from the smell, ;
another form of flascon. — Late L flasco- .

Cf. Icel. fisa, to make a smell. nem, acc. of fiasco a flask. — Late L. ,

Fitz, son. (A. F. L.) Formerly flz — i fiasco, a flask. See Flask.
(with 2 as Is). — A. Y. flz (with c as ts , Flagrant, glaring, as a fault. (F.-L.)
nW> O. Y.filz.fits. — l,.filius, a son. O 1\ flagrant properly burning. — L.
Five. <E.J M. E. fif\ sometimes flue , flagrant-, stem of pres. pt. of flagrdre to ,

as a plural. A.
fif (for *fimfS. Du. . + buin. +Gk. tp\t'y§iv, to burn; Sk. bhtdj.
rijf Dan. Swed. Jem, led. fimm, Goth. '^BIILECO Brugm. i.
§ 539 (2).

fimfi G funf\ \V. pump, O. Ir. coic, L. Flail. (L.) M. E. flijel, flefl, fleil.
quinque Lith. peak), Gk. itivrt (/Eol.
,
Later, flayel (from O. Y .flael>Y .jttati).']
TTt^irt), Skt. fade ha. Idg. t\pc *penqe. L. flagellum, a whip, in Late L., from
Der. flf-th A. S. fif la fifteen A.
; fif- a flail dimin. offlagrum , a scourge. See ;

t?ne fifty A. Yt.fi/lig.

; ,
Flagellate.
Fix. (F. — L.) O. F. fl.\\ fixed. — L. Flake, a thin slice. (Scand.) Norw.
ftxus, fixed pp. of figert, to fix.
;
flak a slice, an ice-floe; cf. Icel. flabta, ,

Fizz. (Scand.) Imitative; cf. Icel. flagna, to flake off, Swed. flaga, a flake.
fisa, Da n.fise, with the sense of L pedere. Perhaps allied to Flay. .

Flabby ; weakened form oiflappy see Flambeau. (F.-L.' F. flambeau, a ;

Flap. Cf. Low G flabbe a hanging lip; torch dimin. of O. Y.flambe .below). ;

flabbsig, flabby (I)anncil). flame, sb. (K. — L.' O. F. flame,

Flaccid. (F.-L.) L. flam me ; also flambe. — l,. flamma \*flag-
F. flaccide. —
flat cuius, limp. — L. flaccus, via a flame; perhaps from the base
flabby.
Flag (l), to droop, grow weary. (E.) flag-, to burn. See Flagrant.
Weakened form of flack, to hang loosely Flamen. (L. L. fid men. a priest of ;

M. K. flakken to flap about. From the Koine. Prob. for 'flag-men , he who
base flac- of A. S. flac or, flying, roving, bums the sacrifice; q\. flag? are, to bum.
-flcel. flakka, to rove; flaka, to flap; Or else allied to Goth, bldtan, to sacrifice.
flokra, flogra, Dan flagre, to flutter; G. Flamingo. (Span. -Prov. -L.) Span.
finekern, to flutter. All from the imitative flamenco a flamingo; but said to be a ,

base flak-, allied to flap flicker. And Provencal word ,

the Prov. form is ;

partly from O. Y.flaquir, to be limp from flametic, where the suffix -etie is supposed
;

O. Y.flaque, limp, L .flaccus. to be an adaptation of the Teut. suffix

flag (2), an ensign. (Scand.?) Dan -ing. The F. form \$ flam an/, lit. ‘flaming,*
flag, Swed. fla&g, a flag ; from base of but it seems to have been confused with F.
Icel flogra, to flutter (above).
> FIam and, a Fleming whence the peculiar ,

flag (3), a reed ; the same word as flag form of the Prov. form may have arisen
(2) ; from its waving in the wind. Palsgrave has ‘ Flemmvng. flammant /
187
 . . , , , .-

FLANGE FLEDGE
Still, the etymology is certainly from L. Flaunt, to display ostentatiously.
flamma , a flame; from the flamelike (Scand.) It seems to have been particu-
colour of the bird. larly used of the display of fluttering
Flange, a projecting rim. (F. - Teut.) plumes, &c. Norw. flanta, to gad
The same as prov. E .flanch, a projection ; about ;
Dan. flane, to fliit. Somewnat
cf. flanch in heraldry, an ordinary on each similar is Swed. dial, flankt flutteringly, ,

side (or flank of the shield. — O. Y. flanche

)
loosely, from flanka, to waver; perhaps
(A. Y.flanke\ fern. sb. allied to Y. flanc, allied to flakka ,
to waver, answering to
side. See below. M. V,. flakken ;
see Flag (t).

flank, the side. (F. - Tent.) M. E. Flavour. (F.-L.) The form seems
flanc. — F. flanc , side. — O. H. G. hlancha , to have been influenced by that of the
tanka. hip, bend, loin ; cf. Mid. Du. dc word savour, O. Lowl. Sc. flavour?,
4

Lancke , the flancks;’ Hexham. Allied flavor. — O. F. fleur, fleiitr, flaur, smell. '

to A. S. Alanc, slender see Lank. (Dis- Ct. Ital. fiat ore a bad odour
;
answering , ;

puted but probable

; see Kluge, s. v. to Late L. acc. *flatorem.
;
L. flatus, pp. —
Gelenk.) o iflare to blow. (Korting, § 3316.) y

Flannel. (W. N Prov. E. flannen, a Flaw, a crack. (Scand.) M. E. flawe.

better form. — \V. gxvlanen, flannel, fioin — Swed. flaga a crack, flaw, also a flake ;

givlan, wool. Allied to Wool. sec Flake. Cf. prov. E. flaw, a flake
Flap, to beat with the wings. (E.' (as of snow) ; also, a gust of wind, like 1

M. E. flappen to beat not in A. S. Du. vlaag.

, ;

E. Fries, flappen. Imitative; like flat k, to Flawn,akind of custard. (F. -O.II G )

beat ; see Flag (i\+Du .flappen, to flap. M. E .flaun — Y flan, O. Y.flaon, a flawn ; .

Der flabby (Happy) flap sb.

. ;
Span, flaon Ital. fiadonc — O.II. G.
(cf. ,
.

Flare ; see below. flado a broad flat cake G. fladen.

1
;

Flash, to blaze. ^E.) M. E. flaschen Allied to Gr. irAarvr, broad.

,

to dash ; cf. Swed. dial, flasa, to burn Flax, a plant. E- A S. //Vrtr.+Du.

!
<

violently; Icel .flasa, to rush, flat, a swdt via f, t 1 flacks. Perhaps allied to (loth. .

rushing. 'flak-ta a plaiting, Gk. nXtu-tiv, to weave. ,

flare. (Scand Xorweg. flara. to '

1 Flay, to vtrip off skin. ( K. )
M.E.
blaze; apparently a variant of Swed. dial. flctin. A. S. /lean, to flay. + Icel. fla, pt.
flasa (above'. 1
f
. flo, pp. fleginn. Teut. t\pe *flahan
Flask. (Late L.?) A. S. flatre, flaxc pt. t. ; \floh to strike. Cognate with I.ith.
we also find Icel .fla±ka, Da n.flaske, Swed. plaku , I strike; ct. Lat pin fa, a stroke.

flaska G .flasche; but

,
it is hardly a Teut. •
See Plague. Ilrugm. i. § 5O9.
word. — Late L. fla<ia, a flask; cf. also i
Flea. E.) M. K. jhe, pi. fleen. A.S.
Vf.flfasg, Gael .flasg from K.'. Remoter fleah. a flea. -F Du. vtoo, led flo ,
(V. floh.
origin uncertain. See Flagon. Teut. base *flauh *, or perhaps *flank-,
Flat. (Scand.) M. V,. flat. — Icel. flair, I
allied to the vcib to flee See Flee.
Swed. Dan. flad.
fiat , |
Fleam, a kind of lancet. F. — L. - Gk ^ '

Flatter. (F.-Teut.; or E.) M.E. |

O. F. flieme F. flamme a fleam Hainil , ;

flatercn a frequentative form. Either, ton. — Late L. fl/toma, a lancet (Vocal).

j

with suffix -er-, from O. Y. flater, mod. F. 400. if;; shoitcned from Late L. flevo-
flatter to flatter; or formed from an E. tomum
,
pkhbotomum, a lancet. — Gk. ,

base flat-, of imitative origin ; cf. M. Du. tfAffloronov, a lancet. — Gk. ipkt&o-, dec!.
flatUren to flatter Hexham) from O. K. stem of <p\ty, a vein
,
t to/i-. o-grade -f ;
<

flater, which is from led. flat-r, flat from rtpvtiv, to cut. Hence also M. II. G.
;

the notion of making smooth. Cf. the base fliedetne ( flute, Du. vlijm a fleam. , ,

flak-, seen in M. Swed .fleckra, to flatter, Fleck, a spot. Scand.) M. L. Jhk. — ;

Swed. dial, fleka, to caress; also M.E. I cel. flekkrt a spot flckka y to stain Swed. ; ;

flakken, to move to and fro, and G. flack, flack a spot. Du. vUh, G. fleck. , +
flat; see Flag (1). The sb. flattery is Flection; see Flexible,
plainly adapted from O. F. flater ie, F. Fledge, to be furnished with feathers.
flatterie. K.) The pp. fledged is now used in the f

Flatulent, windy. (F.-L.) M. Y.fla- place of M.E. flegge. adj., ready to fly.
tulent. — Late L. fldtulentus. — L. flatus, Flegge is a Kentish form of M. K. flygge
breath. — L .flare, to Mow; see Blow (1 ready to fly. From A. S. *flycge found
.
;

i 88
 , . » w — , ;
,;

FLEE FLIPPANT
in the compound unflycge, as in influmes *
,
flexibilis, easily bent. — I.. flexus, pp. of
tmfligge,’ Academy, 2 June, 1894 (Napier), fleetere, to bend. Der. inflexible.
E. Fries, fliigge. I)ii. vlug (M. Du. +
flection, a bending. (L.) Better
vlugge ] ; O. 11 G. flucchi. Teut. type flexion
. from L. acc. jlexidnem, a bend- ;

*flugjoz adj.; from *flug-, weak grade of ing. — L. flexus, pp. o i flectere.
,
So also
*fleugan- f to fly. See Ply. flex or, flex ure. (Cf. E. flexion.)
Flee, to escape. (E.) M. E fleen, pt. t. Flick, a light blow. (K.) Imitative
fleh,fleih. [Tne M. E. pt. t. also appeals ci.flip. E. Fries .flik, a flick flikflakken ;

as fledde whence mod. E. fled, of Scand. to strike lightly.

origin.] A. S.fleon (pt. t.Jleak').+ O. Sax. Flicker, to flutter. ( E.) M. E.flikeren.
fliohan, (). flic hen also feel flyja (pt. t. — A. S flicorient, to flutter.
\
Imitative; a
.

flo, also flyba Swed. fly (pt. t. flydie;

weakened form offlacker frequent, of M. E. } ; ,

(loth, thliuhan. Teut. type *thleuhan • flakken , to flap about. Cf. A. S. flacor ,

(pt. t. thlauJi) so that// was orig. tkl, and adj., flying;

; .flacketn, to flutter. See G
there was no orig. connexion with the Flag(i).
verb to fly which has from an early date Flight, act of flying. (E.) A. S .flyht,
been confused with it. allied to flyge, flight.+Swed. flykt, CL
Fleece. (E.) M.K flees. A .S.flcos, fludit Du. vlucht. Teut. *fluhti ~ from , ;

earlier /tins; nl-o flys. -f I>u vlies, M.H.G. flag weak grade of *fleugan - to fly. See ,

vlius ; cf. (i.fliess also ( flans a woollen Fly. ;

i ,

coat, M. H. ( i. vhls, a sheep- skin, Tent Flimsy, weak, slight. (E.) Modern;
stems *fleusi *flettso-< flit -
;
possibly first recorded in 1702 Kersey). Prob. '

allied to L flu tna See Flume. imitatne, and suggested by film\ note E.
.

Fleer, to mock. Scand) M. E. Fries, flew, flint, a film ; Dan. dial, flews,
t
1

fletien. — Norw. flira, to titter, giggle; flints, a skim on milk. ‘For the ending,
also spelt fliui: Pan. dial, flite, to jeer cf. tipsy. humpsy\ also limpsy given by 1

S\ved. ///.nv7, to titter. Webster ns a l T S. synonym of flimsy '

. ’
;

Fleet (1 a number of ships. (E);X. I D.

,
.

M.K flete. fleote. A S. fleet, a ship; or Flinch. F. — Teut. h XVI cent. »

. |

(collective!) a numl er ol ships. — A. S. O. F. flenchir. flainchir. flechir, to turn

)
|

fleotan to float., +
O. Sax. fliot an, Du. a^ide. end. Oi unknown origin pei haps
j
1
;

vlieten to flow; O. H. G. flio-.zan. to from O. II. G. *hlencan. answering to (».

float, flow, G
/lic^ sen, to flow; I cel. lenken. to turn, l tend. The G. Uttken is j

flpta Swcd. flyta. Dan. flyde.

,
Teut. from (J II. G. h/anca, the side (Kluge); j

*fleutan- ;pt. 1. flaut, pp. flutanoi) ; Idg. j

see Flank, Flange. The initial fl
base *pitted, ns in l.ith pli/dfs, a float of
. (
would then be accounted for precisely as
a fishing-net. (^PLElM Cf. Gk. irXtttv, in the case offlank viz. fum O. II G. hi. , .

to sail, Skt. pin, frit. to swim, float. ! Cf.Link ;i).

flow. (Scand.) Cf. Swed. flanga, to Fling.
fleet (D, a creek. (K.) A. S. fleet, a use violent action, romp, race about; r
ertek, a place where water flows; fliote, \fldng. at full speed (taking one's fling)
a stream. — A. S. fleotan to float, swim; M. Swed. flenga. to strike; Icel. flengja,
,
I

sceFloetd Cf. O Fries, flet, stream,

1
. to whip Dan. flenge, to slash; * fleng, ;

fleet (r>\ swift. (E.; O'. A. S.flcotig, indiscriminately. These forms presuppose j

swift; Icel. fljbtr, swilt. From the verb; a strong verb *flinga which the E. form ,

see Fleet (r>. perhaps represent*.

fleet (4 vb., to move swiftly.
, (E.) Flint. (E.) A. S. yf/w/.+Dan. flint'.
From A. S. fleotan see Fleet (x). Swed. flinta. Perhaps cognate with Gk.
;

Flesh. (K. M. K .flesth. A.S.fldsr, ir\iv 0 os, a brick. Prugm. i. §§ 575, 704.
flesh. «f- Icel. flesh, bacon Dan. flesk Flip (i\ vb., to fillip, jerk lightly. (E.)
; ,

Swed. flask, bacon Du. vUcsch \ G. Of imitative origin, likcyfrV*. Cf. Flap.
;

fleisch. Teut type *flahkoz 11. Flip (2), a mixture of beer and spirit ,

Fleur-de-lis, flower of the lily, with sugar, heated, ^E.) Prob. itom flip ,
< 1\- 1..) Q.V.flturdelis. Here /i.f* to beat up. Moisy Diet, of Norman
Late L. Iftins,corrupt form of L. lilium , patois) spells it phlippt, as if from F.
a lily ; sec Flower and Lily, Philippe ; but wrongly.
Flexible. iF. - U) M. E. flexible. Flippant. (Scand.) Flippant is for

189
 ^ , , , ;,
. ! L , .

FLIRT FLOUNDER
fltppand, the North. M. E. pres. pt. ; flip- flordlis, belonging to Flora, goddess of
pand prattling, saucy. Or else, the suffix flowers. — L. fldr as the stem of fids,
-ant imitates the French (heraldic) suffix a flower; cf. florere, to flourish, allied to
in ramp-ant &c. Cf. prov. K -flip, nimble,
,
Blow ^2 ) and Bloom.
flippant from the base flip-, as in leel.
; florid. (L.) L floridiis, lit. abound- .

fleipa Swed. dial, flepa, to ing with flowers; hence, rosy. — L fltiri-,
to prattle ;

talk nonsense cf. Swed. dial, flip, the lip. deck stem offlos a flower (above).
; ,

Flirt. (E) Often written flurt, mean- florin, a coin. (F. — Ital. — L.) M. E.
ing to mock, gibe, scorn the oldest sense floren (about A. d. 1303k — O. Y florin, a
; .

of flirt was to jerk lightly away. 01 florin. — Ital. florino {-florino), a coin of
imitative origin; cf. flip, flick. So also Florence, so called because it bore a lily,
K. Vries, flirr, flirt, a light blow ;
flirtje the symbol of that town. — Ital. fiore, a
a giddy girl. flower. — .florem, acc. of flos, a flower.
Flit, to remove from place to place. floscule. (L.) L. Jtosculus, a little

s
Scand.) M E. flitten. — led. flytja , to flower double dimin. of flos
;

cause to flit ; Swed.y7y/7a, to flit, remove; FloSS, rough silk ; as in floss-silk.

1 Jan. flytte ; causal of Icel. fljota, Swed. (F. — L.) From M.F flosche ; Cot. has;
flyta , Dan. flyde, to float. See Fleet (I), ‘
soye flosche sleave silke.’ [So also Ital.
Float. floscio, Venetian Hosso, soft, weak ;
floscia
Flitch, side of bacon. (E.) M. E. seta floss-silk.]
,
An adj. formation from
1

flicche. A. S. fliccc. -f- Icel. flikki, a fl itch O. Y .flOther to form into ,

‘
flocks or tufts.
flik, a Perhaps allied to G.
flap, tatter. — Y floe see Flock (2).
. ;

flick-, a patch and to E. Fleck. ; Flotilla. (Span. — Teut ) Span, flo-

Float, to swim on a liquid surface. tilla, a dimin. of flota, a fleet,
little fleet ;

(E.) M E. floten flotien A S flotia n

.
,
. .
.
cognate with O. F. flote, a fleet of ships,
+Icel .flota, Du. vlotten. Teut. *flutojan a crowd of people. TlusO. Y. flote (fem.),
wk. vb.; from *flut-, weak grade of *Jleu-
J
Y.flotte (whence G. flotte is Irom a Teut.
tan-, to float, whence mod. E fleet. See i
source; cf. Du. vloot , led floti, a fleet, .

Fleet (i). Confused with Y flatter .

A. S flota, a ship. From the ba*e *flut- ;
j

(O. F. floter), to float, from the same see Float. Cf. M. E. flote, a fleet. (Kor-
Teut. base *flut-. linp. § 3349 )

Flock(I\ a company of sheep, See. I flot 8 am, goods lost in shipwreck, and
fE.j M. E. flok. A. S. flocc. 4* Ice flokkr 1 . , floating on the waves. (Law E. — E ) An
Dan .flok, Swed flock. 1 A. F. law-term, formerly flat son (Mount).
Flock a lock of wool. fF. — L.)
(2), A. E. flote^on O .Y Jlotaison, a flooding
; .

O. F. floe. — L. floe cus, a lock of wool. of field-. (Godcfroy — Low L. type *flot- ).

Floe, a flake of ice. (Dan.) Dan. tdtionem, from *flottdre, to float, to flood
j

flage\ as in iisflage an ice-floe, lit ‘ice (Y. flatter), brom the Teut. base *flut- (as
flaked Cf. Norw. isflak, isflok the same, ,
above}. Cf. Jetsam.
See Flake. Flouncd 0 ), 1° plunge about. (E.)
Flog, to beat. (L.V) A late word ;
and Cf. Swe 1 . dial, and M
Sw e<\. flunsa, to
(in 1676, a cant term. Cf, flack or pro- plunge. Of imitative origin, ;

bably suggested by flagellate, q v. Cf. 2), a plaited border on a FlotWCO

Low G.flogger, a flail, variant of flegel, dress. (E. — L. ?; Changed from M. E.G
a flail, from Late L
flagellum, a flad; see frounce , a plait O. Y .fronser .froncer, to —
Flail. gather, plait, wrinkle fronser le front, to ;

Flood* (E.) A. S. flod, a flood Prob. from ; from knit or wrinkle the forehead.
*
flowan, to flow.+Du. viced, Icel. floti. not found, but regu- Late L. frontidre ,

Swed. Dan. flod, Goth, flddits, a river, G. laily formed from frond , deck stem of
fluth . Teut. *flo-tiuz, act of flowing, also frons forehead ; see Front. (Korting,
a flood; from Teut base *flo- ; see Flow. § 3477*1
Floor* (E.) A. S. flor.+Dn. vloer, G. Flounder (»), to flounce about. (E
Jlur, Teut. *fldruz cognate with VV. or Scand.) XVI cent. Imitative. Perhaps
;

ltawr9 Idg. •plants ,

Bret, leur, Irish Idr. from Norw. flundra, to sorawk Cf.
a floor : from *pld-, to spread out, whence Du. Jlodderen, to dangle, nap, splash
a!*o L. pla nus plain. See Plain. through mire; Swed. fladdra, to flutter.
Floral, pertaining to flowers. (L.) L Flounder (2}, a fish (E. - Scand.)
190
 , , , , , , , ^ , ,

FLOUR FLY
A. F. floundre. — O. F. flondre (in Nor- meal boiled and jellied. Cf. W. Uymus,
mandy). — S wed. flundra Dan. Jlynder , ,
sharp, tart.
Icel .flytra ;
E.
ries .flunder. fr Flunkey, a footman. (F.~ ILG.) 0 .

Flour, part of meal.

finer (F. — L.) Modern. Lowl. Sc. flunkie , a servant in
Short for ‘ flower of wheat.’ — F. fleur livery. Apparently trom b flanqueur a ,
.

short for flettr dcfaring, flour see Flower scout (see Flanker in N. E. DA. — E.%flan-
;

below (which is a doublet). quer * to flank, to be at one's elbow for ,

flourish, vb. (F.-L.) M. E. floris - a help at need ; Cot.

9
F. flanc, side ; —
shen -O. F. floriss-, stem of pres. pt. of see Flank.
Jlorir to flourish. — Folk-L. fldrire , for Flnor, Fluor-spar, a mineral. (L.)
L. fldrire, to blossom; cf. L. florescere The L. fluor (lit. a flowing) was foimerly ,

inceptive form offlorae. See Floral. in use as a term in alchemy and chemistiy.

Flout, to mock. (F.) Prob. from M. E. — E. fluere, to flow.

ftoutat to piny the flute. Similarly, M. Du.
}
Flurry, hurry. (E.) Swift has flurry
fluyten (Du. fluiten ), to play the flute, a gust oi wind. From flurr to whirr ,

also had once the meaning to mock, jeer’; (N. E. I).). Imitative
‘
cf. Swed. dial. ;

Oudemans See Flute. flurig disordered (as hair) ; f.ur, dis-

Flow, to st earn, (EA M. E. fltnven ; oidered hair, whim Norweg. Jlurutt
i
;

A. S .flowan, flio~v\ cf.

pt. t. Du. vlocijcn , shaggy, disordered. And cf. E. flutter.
to flow; lcel flda, to flood.
.
Tent, base Flush (i\ to inundate. (E.) Appa-
cognate \sith Gk. hX&hiv. to float. rently of imitative origin ; d. flush, to fly
See Flood. up quickly (N. E. D.). Perhaps influenced
Flower, sb. (F. L. M E. flour. - by b flux, ‘a flowing, a flux also, a flush ;

<). F. flour (l 4

. flettr . — I., fldrem acc. oi at cauls Cot. See Flux. Cf flusch a

; '
,

fids , a flower. See Floral. pool of water (G. Douglas) M. Du .fluy- ;

Fluctuate, to waver. (LA From pp. sen, to gush or break out violently (Ikx-
of fluetud re. to float about. — I. fluctus a ,
ham) Dan. dial, fiuse, to gush out.
;

wave. — I.. fluctus, old pp. of flu ere, to Flush (2), to blush, to redden. (FI.)
flow. XVII 1 cent. Perhaps thesameasFlush(i),
Flue a chimncy*pipe. F. - L. ? ( but much influenced by Flash. Cf Swed.
Of doubtful origin. [
Flue, in Phaer’s dial, jlossa. to burn, flare; Norweg. flosa,
Virgil, x. 209, is prob. a misprint for pas«i on. uLemence. Ai:d see Fluster.
flute.'] Prob. from M. E. fitten to flow, , Flush 3 , level. (E ? This is a
as the pipe conducts the flow of the smoke; derived sense; it meant in full flow,
To flue, flue re 9 Cath. Angl. — F. fitter abundantly full; hence, level. From
*
to flow, glide;' Cot. — L .fluere, to flow. Flush n. {

Flue (al, light, floating down. (E. ?) Fluster, to heat with drinking, con-
Cf. prov. \l. fluff, flue. Perhaps a deri- fuse. (Scaml.) Icel. flaustra, to be flus-
vative of the verb Fly (cf. A.S. pt. t. pi. tered E. Fries.
;
fhiustr fluster, hurry; cf.

flug»on L We find Low G. flog, E. Fries. flo stern flu stern, to rustle ^as wind). Cf. ,

flug, flog, flue ; cf. G.flttg, flight. Flush (2) and Flash.
Fluent. (LA From stem of pres. pt. Flute, a musical pipe. (F.) M.E.
of L. fluere to flow. flo'vte , floite. — O. V flaute.fleute. flahute,
.

fluid. (F. - LA
O. F. flute. - L. flehute , a flute (mod. F. fltUe). Prov.
flnidus flowing. . fluere, to flow. —
flauta . Of uncertain origin. The fl may
Fluke (i\ .t fish. (EA M. E. floke, have been suggested by flare to blow. L
fluke A. S. floe, a kind of plaice
. Icel. Flutter, to flap the wings. ( K.) M. E. +
floki a kind of halibut. Lit. * flat * fish. flotcren to fluctuate. A. S. flotcriau , to .

The base *fldc - is the strong grade of Teut.

about; cf. A. S. flot, the sea; flota, float
\flac-, as seen in G. flack, flat. a ship. — A.S. flot-, stem of flot-en, pp. of
Fluke (a\ part of an anchor. (E. ?) fliotan to float. Cf. E. Fries, fluttem. ,

Also spelt flook Perhaps * the flat end. Flux. (F.-L.) O. F. flux, a flux.— ’
;

and the same word as fluke (i). Appa- L. flftxum acc, of fluxus a flowing; , ,

rently distinct from G.flunke the hook of from the pp. of fluere, to flow. ,

an anchor. Fly (1). to float in air. (EA M.E,

Flummery, a light food. (W.) w. fleje»,flijen. A. S.fleogun ; pt. t.fltah ;
llymrtt , llymrttwd, flummery, sour oat- pp.flogen.+Vu. vliegen , lod.flfuga, Dan.
 , , , , , ., , )

FLY FOLLOW
Jtyve, SvreA.Jtyga, G,JHegen. Teut. type (F.— L.) M. F. feuillc a leaf, also the
t ,
‘

*J7eugatt-. Cf. L. pluma a feather, foyle of precious stones,’ Cot,

,
Norman ;

(^PLEUGH.) Not allied to Flee. Der. foille, fern. cf. Ital. foglia, Span, hoja ; ,

fly, an insect, A. S. fleoge,Jlyge ;

G .fliege, a leaf. - L. folia, pi. of folium , a leaf;
riy (a), a vehicle. (E.) name given A afterwards used as a fem. sing. See
to a kind of four-wheeled vehicle drawn Foliage. Also O. F. fueiffoil, m. ; from
by men at Brighton, in 1816. Called fly - L .folium.
coach in 1818 (Scott, Heart Midi. ch. i). Foin, to thrust with a sword. (F.~ L.)
From fly* vb. See above. Obsolete. Lit. * to thrust with an cel-

Foal. (E.) M. E. foie, A. S./0/a.+Du. I

spear or trident.’ — O. F. foine, foisne, an
veulen , Icel. foli, Dan. foie, Swed, file, eel-spear. — L. fuscina a trident, the
Goth, fula, G. fohlen. Teut. *fulon •. weapon used by a retidrius or gladiator ,

Cognate with L. pulltts young of an with a net.

animal ; Gk. ira)Xoy. Foison, plenty. (F. — L.) O. Y.foison,
Foam. (E.) M. A. S fdm. abundance. — Folk L fitsionem
E. fome, ,
for L.
+Prov. G. faim O. H. G. feint. Teut. fftsiOnem acc. of fusio, a pouring out,
;
1

*fumo~. Cognate with Russ, plena, foam hence profusion. — X^.ftlsus, pp. o ifunde re,
;

Skt. phena , foam and prob. with Lat. to pour. See Fusa.
;

sfuma (for *spoimi foam, and Lat .pit-

, Foist, to palm or put off, to intrude
inex, pumice. Allied to 8pume. surreptitiously. (Du.) XVI cent. — Du.
Fob, watch-pocket. (O. LowG.) An vuisten, to take in the fist or hand; see ;

O. Low G. word, only preserved in the N. E. I). Low G. vusten to take in the j
'

cognate H. G. f Prussian) fuppe, a pocket; hand); hence, to ‘palin’ a die, to cheat,

for which see Bremen Wort. i. 437. —Du. vuist, iLt see Fist. ;

FOCUS, a point where light-rays meet. Fold 1 \ to double together. 10 .) M.E. '

(L.) L. focus, a hearth; hence, a centre folden, O. Merc. /*/</<*«, A. S fealian (pt.
I

of tire. t .feold., to told. Dan. folk, Sw.:d. filla

|
+
Fodder, food for cattle. E). M. E. filda,. Iced, filla, Goth, filthun, G.
! 1

fodder . A. S. fodor fodder extended 'fatten Teut. type *filthan-. Allied to Gk.
, ;

+
form offoda, food. Du. voeder, Icel. fodr, tii-nAa<not, doubled; nAimerety, to form,
Dan. Swed. foder, G. fatter. Teut type mould. See Plaster. Der. fold, sb„
*fodrom, ncut. Allied to Food, q. v. a plait fold, suffix, as in twofold\ See.
!
;

Foe. (E.) M.E foo. A. S. fih, adj Fold 12 a pen for sheep. (Ed A. S. .

hostile. Tent, type *faihoz Idg. *poiqos fall also fatod, fitted
; Not connected ',

» whence Irish oeeh, a foe, with loss of with fold but with D.in. fold, a sheep*
1
\

p). From the weak grade *piq* we have peri Du. vault, a dung-pit Low ! full.; , G
Gk. mfcpli, bitter, Lith piktas, unkind.; Foliage, a chister of leaves. < F. — I—
.

Brugra. i. § 646. Modified from M. 1 *. fuciilagt, from M. F.

Fcetus see Fetus.
; fueilte a leaf. — L folia, pi of folium a .

Fog. E ) In several senses; M. E. leaf used as fem. sing.

f
Gk. tpvAAuv,
,
; +
fogge is coarse grass’; hence foggy, leaf. Cf. Foil (2).
mossy, boggy, murky \ whence perhaps folio. (L.) From the L. phr. in folio,
tfte sb. fog, a mist}. Cf. Norw. fogg, where folio is the abi. ot folium, a leaf,
long-strawed, weak, scattered grass in a sheet.
moist hollow (Ross Perhaps allied to
'.
Folk, a crowd of people. (E.) A. S.
A. S.fuhtf damp, moist. A>/r. Ieel. folk, Dan. Swed folk Du. G + ;

Foible, a weak point in character, \volk. Teut. type *fotlvm,nei\i ^fLithuan.

(F.— L.) O. F. foible, F. fiiblc, weak, pnlkas, a ciowd, Ku>v polk', an army,
feeble; see Feeble. were probably borrowed 'at an early date)
Foil (1), to defeat. ,'F. — L.) M. E. from Teutonic. I

foylen, to trample under foot. -O. F. Follicle, seed* vessel. *F. — L.) F.
fouler , to trample on, also to oppress, follicule, little bag. — L. folliatlus, double
foil, over-charge extremely (Cot.). -Late dimin. of follis, a bag.
L. fulldre, folare, to full cloth; see Full Follow. (K.) M.E folwen. A. S.
(3). Der. foil, a blunt sword, for practice fotgian also fylgan weak \erb, to follow.
\u foiling, i.e. parrying;/^'/, a defeat* +G. Fries, folgia, fulia O.Sax folgSn, ,

Foil ( 3 ), a set-off, as in settiug a gem. Du. volgen ; Icel fylgja, Dan .folge, Swed.
191
 , . \ , , -
;

FOLLY FORBEAR
; G. folgen
folja A. S. fu l- We also find ped-is) ; Gk. irovs (^Eolic irc*/y\ foot (gen.
gangan (pt. t ful-eode), with the same
.
iro 8 - 6 s), irttfs
( —
mtyos', on foot; Skt.
sense, but derived from A. S.ful, full, and pad, a foot (gen. pad- as). Cf. Fetter,
gartgan , to go; and, in like manner, Fetlock, Fetch. Brugm. i. § 578.
O. H. G. follegdn. Hence the orig. sense Pooty, mean. (E.) A variant
paltry,
was, perhaps, ‘to go in full numbers/ to offoughty, musty (N. E. D.). Orig. ‘damp;’
go in a crowd, to accompany and it is a ;
from A. S. fuht, damp, with suffix *^.+Du.
derivative of Teut. *fulloz, full. See Full, vochtig damp Swed -faktig, Dan.fugtig. ;

Cf. A.S
fylstan, to assist, fultum, assis-
.
Cf. O.feucht, O. H. Q.fuhti,fuht. From
tance; also from A. S.ftill. a Teut. type fahtuz, damp; from Teut.
Polly. (F. — L.) M. K. folye. — O.Y. base fauk, as in Icel. fjuka, to drift as
— Q.Y.fol, foolish. See Fool (1).
folie, folly. snow or dust, whence also Norw. fuk.
Foment. (F. — L.) Nl.Y.fomenter.— vapour (Franck).
L. fdmentdre. — L. fomentum, short for Fop, a coxcomb. (E.) M. E. fop y a
fauimentum, a warm application, lotion, fool. Cf. I)u. foppen to prate, cheat
— L fouere, to warm. fapper, fopperij, cheating ( = E.
a wag;
Pond, foolish. . E.) M. E. fond, more foppery). off, to delude (Johnson),
Qf. fob
commonly fontt-ed, pp. of fonnen y to be For (1), prep, and conj. (E.) Orig.
weak, to act as a fool from the M. E. sb. ;
a prep. A. S. for, fore ? before, for; see
/on, fount, a fool. The sb. answers to Fore. + Du. voor y
Icel. fyrir y Dan. fory
O. Fries. famne famne, Fries. font (see
y
Sw td. for, G.fur. Cf. L. prd, for ;
Gk.
IIettema\ K. Fries, fane, fan, a maid, girl, 1
rp6 , before, mpd, near,
7

weakling, simpleton (see Kool man). All For- {2), prefix. (E.) For- has usually
allied to A.S. filmne, a virgin. Der. an intensive force, or preserves something
fond-le, vb. of the sense offrom y to which it is related.
Pont ;i), basin of water. (L.) A.S. (Quite distinct from fore-, though ulti-
/>«/. — L. fontem, acc. of fans a fount, ,
mately allied to it.'. A.S .for-; Icel .for-,
See Fount. Dan .for- Swed. for-, Du. vtr- y G. ver-.
y

Font (3 .Fount, an assortment of types. Goth fra-, fair-, Skt. para-. The Skt.
.

fF. - L.) Y.fonte a casting of metals.— y

para is an old instrumental sing, of para-,
Y.fomire to melt. See Found (2).
,
far perhaps the orig. sense w'as ‘away*
;

Pood. (E.) M. E. fode. A. S. foda, or forth.’

‘
Der. for-bear, for bid for ,

what one eats. The A.S. fod- is the fend, for-go .misspelt fore-go), for-get for- .

^trong grade of the base *fad, corresponding give Jor-lorn, for-sake forswear ; see
, ,

to Gk. nar- in nar- tea Oat, to feed. From Bear, Bid, &c.
the Idg. root pd to teed, whence I.. pci - For- if) prefix. (F. — LA Only in for-
^

ms, bread, pd-bulutn, food, and pd-scere, close (misspelt foreclose ), forfeit which ,

to feed. See Pasture. Der. fodder feed. \

see.
Pool (1), a jester (K. L.) — M. E. Jbl, I Forage, fodder, chieHy obtained by pil-
^b. and adj. O. F. fol v Y.fau S
,
a fool. — L. lage. — Low L. — Teut. M. Y*. forage,
F. )

follem, acc. of follis. a wind-bag ; pi. folIts, fourage. — O. F. fotiragt.— O. Y.forrer, to

puffed cheeks, whence the term was easily forage. — O. Y.farre (Y.feurre), fodder.—
t
r
Mnsferred to a vain or oolish person ; as Low L. fodrum, fodder. — Teut. type
m Late L .follis, a fool. Der. befool. fadtvm, fodder see Fodder. ;

fool (2). a dish of crushed fruit,

See. Foraminated, perforated. (L.) From
T\ — L.) From Fool (1); named like L. ford min-, stem of foramen, a small
h ifie. Florio has Man tiglia, a kind :
‘ hole. — b.fardre, to bore ; see Bore.
<»i clouted crearae, called a foole or a trifle Foray, Forray, a raid for foraging,
m English/ (F. — Low L. — Teut.) Foray, forray are
fools cap, paper so called from the old Lowl. Scotch spellings, with the sense
water-mark on it. of 4 foraging expedition.* Apparently
Foot. (E.) M. E .fat, foot, fat, feet. coined from the M. E. farrier, farreyer,
A.S. fat, pi. fat, Du. voet, Icel .fair, a forager. - O. F. farrier, a forager;
+
Dan. fod, Swed. fat, Goth, fat us, G .fuss, from O. Y.forrer to forage see Forage. ;

Teut. type fat (consonant-stem), corre- Forbear (1 ), vb. (E.) From For* (a)
sending to Idg. type *pdd, with the and Bear. A.S .farberan.
variants *ped, *pod. Cf. L. pes, foot (gen. Forbear (a), sb., an ancestor. (E.)
193 H
 \ ,

FORBID FORJUDGE
M. E. forbear (Wallace). For fore-be-er, Forejudge (a) ;
see Forjudge,
onewho is before. See Fore and Be. Foremost, mo9t in front. (E.) A
Forbid. (E.) From For* (a) and double form being
superl., the old superl.
Bid (a). A. S forbeodan. +Du. verbieden , misunderstood. For M.E .formest, through
Goth, faurbiudan, G. verbieten. secondary influence of most, — k.S. formest
Force (»)• Strength. (F. L.) M.E. — by-form of the regular fyrmest (<*fnr-
force, fors.mm O. F. force. LateL. fort ia, — tnistoz ), through the influence of A. S.
strength.— L. forti-, decl. stem of fortis ,
forma which is cognate with Goth,
,

strong; O. L .forctis.
Allied to Borough, fruma first, Gk. irphpos, npbfios, first.
,

Brugm. i. §§ 566, 756. Cf. Fort. Further allied to Gk. npo, before. Brugm.
Force (a\ to stuff fowls ; see Farce. i. § 518.
Force (3', Foss, waterfall. (Scand.) Forensic, belonging to law-courts.
Dan. fos, Swed. fors, Icel. fors foss, a ,
(L.) Coined from L. forens -is, belonging
waterfall. to the forum. —
L. forum market-place, ,

Forceps, pincers.
(L.) L. forceps ,
meeting-place orig. a vestibule or door-
;

*
orig. used for holding hot iron; for *for- way. Allied to L. forts, doors, and E.
mieeps (VaniSek). — 1.. formtis ,
hot ;
door.
capere, to hold. forest. (F. — L.) O. F. fo rest. — Late
Ford. (E.) M.E. ford ; also forth, h. forestis, free space of hunting-ground ;
A. S.ford, a ford, passage. -fG./wr/. Tent, foresta, a wood (medieval writers oppose
type *fterduz. From Idg. *p?r, weak grade the forestis open hunting-ground, to the ,

of ^PEK, to go; see Fare. Allied to L. pare us , enclosed park). L. forts, out of —
portus, a harbour, O. Welsh (p)rit, Welsh doors; adv. allied to I,, fores, dooTS.
rkyd a ford, and to frith see Frith and Der. forest-er, also forster, foster.
;

Pore. Brugm. ii. § 108. Forfeit, a thing forfeited or lost by

Fore, in front, coming first. (E.) A. S. misdeed. (F.-L.) K. forfete whence M . ;

fore y for, before, prep. fore, foran, before,

;
forfeten vb. — A. F. forfeit O.K. forfait
, , ,

adv. 4- Du. voor; G. vor Goth, faura cf.

, ;
a crime punishable by fine, a fine; also a
Icel. fyrir, Dan. for, Swed. for. Allied pp. of O. F. forfaire,forsfairt. to trespass,
to Gk. vapos, before; Skt. puras, before, — Late L.forisfactum, a trespass, fine; orig.
in front, Skt. purd , formerly. Also to pp. ncut.) of forisfacere, to trespass, lit.
to do beyond. — L. forts fai ere, to do or
1
For- (r), prefix, q. v. Der. fore -arm, ‘

- bode
,-cast, - castle, -date, father, -finger, act beyond or abroad; from forts % out
foot, front\ -go (in the sense to go
1
of doors and facere to do. See Fore-
; ,
r - ground - hand
before only' ,
-head, close.
, ,

-judge, -kntrw, -land, - lock -noon, Forfend, Forefend, to avert. (Hy-

,

-
ordain , -part, -rank, - rtin , -w, -ship, brid; E. and V. M. E. forfenden. An >

-shorten, -show, -sight, -stall (A. S. fort* extraordinary compound of K. for-, prefix,
steall, sb. lit. ‘a position in front’), -taste, with fend a familiar abbreviation of de- ,

dell, -thought, -token, -toothy -top, -warn fend. See For- (2) and Defend; also
\

all easily understood. Fend, Fence.

Foreclose, to preclude, exclude. ( F. Forge. ( F. — L. v O. F. forge a work-
— ,

L.) Better spelt fore lose. - O. F. forclos, shop. Folk-L. *Janrga, for \favrega —
pp. of fordorrty to exclude, shut out.— (Schwan); for 1 . fabrua a workshop. ,

O.F. for-, from L .forts, outside; and See Fabric. Der. forge, vb.
dorre, to shut, from L. daudere. See Forget. (F.j From For- (2) and
Forfeit and Close. Get. A. S. forgetan K. K. T.\ forgitan . <

Forego, to relinquish; see Forgo. +1 u. verge ten, G. verges sen. )

Foreign. (F.-L.) The g is wrongly Forgive. E.) From For (2) and
inserted. M. E. foraine foreyne.—O. F. Give. A. & forgefan.*4*Du. vergeven, G.
,

forain, alien, strange. — Folk-L. *foran us vergehen Goth ifragiban, to grant,

; ;

for Late L. fordneus, adj., from 1. fords, Forgo, Forego, to give up, (E.)
out of doors, adv. with acc. pi. form, allied Better forgo . A. 5 forgan, to pftss over. .

toh. fores, doors; cf. D

forum, a market- From For- (2) and Go.
place, and E. door. Foijudge, to deprive of by a judge-
Forejudge (I), to prejudge. From ment. (F.~ L.) O. V forjugier ~\aw L. .
.

Fore and Judge. j

forisyndic are. — L. forts, outside : and iudi*
*94
 , - ; , , , L , ,

FORK .
FOTHER
care , to judge. See Forfeit and decl. stem of fortis, strong; -ficare, for
Judge. facere , to make.
Fork. (L.) A. S. forca . - L .furca, a fortitude. (F. -L.) F. fortitude - .

fork. Der. bifurcated. L fortitudo, strength. — .fortis, strong;

Forlorn, quite lost. (E.) M. E. for- with suffix -tudo.
lorn. A.S. Jorloren, pp. of for lcosan, to Forth, forward. (E.) M. E. forth.
lose utterly from for-, prefix, and leosan,
;
A. S. for}> adv. ; related to fore , be-
to lose see For- (2) and Lose.
; So also fore see Fore. Du. voort, from voor ; + ;

Dan forloren, Du. and G. verloren simi- G. fort, M. H. G. vort, from vor ; cf.
. ,

larly derived. Goth, fiurthis, further, from faur-a, be-

Form. (F.— L.) O. F. forme — L. fore. Teut. type *fur-po-\ Idg. type Opor- .

forma, shape. Brugm.ii. § 72. (by'DIJER.) to-. See Further.

<^f
(). F. forme also means a bench/ like Fortify, Fortitude ; see Fort.
‘

Inform Der. form -ula. Fortnight, two weeks. (E.) M. E.

Former, more in front. (E.) Not fourtenight also fourten night. — M. E. ;

early; Xll cent.; a false formation, to fourten i. e. fourteen night old pi., i. e. ; ,

suit M. K. formest, i.e. foremost; see nights. A. S. fcowertyne tiiht So also .

Foremost. Formed by adding - er to the sennight = seven night.

base form of A. S form- a, first, really a Fortress. (F. - E.) M. E. forlresse.
superl. form, w here -///- is an Idg. superl. — ( ). F. forteresce,fortclesce. — Late L. for-
suffix. Cf. E. primus, first. talitia, a small fort. — Late L. fortis
Formic, rtaimng to ants. (L.) For { domus a fort; L. fortis, strong. See ,

formic -ic L .formica, an ant.

; from Fort, Fortalice.
Formidable, causing fear. (F.-E.) Fortune. (F. - L.) O. F. fortune. - L.
F. formidable. — L. formula bilis terrible. , fortunes , chance. — L forth allied toforti-,
— L.formulate, to dread formido feax. ; ,
decl. stem of fors, chance ; orig. ‘ that
Formula, a presenl>cd form. (E.) I.. which is brought/ or * an event’; from
formula, dimin. of forma ,
a form. See ferre to bring; see Fertile.
Form. fortuitous. (L.) L. fortuitous ,
pp. of l*.f»- casual; with suffix -ous. — h. forth- (as
s

Fornicate. (L. From

commit lewdness, seek a brothel.
?iiidrj, to above/.
— E. forme base offornix, a vault, arch,
-
,
Forty; see Four.
brothel. Haidly allied to Furnace; cf. Forward, (E.) M. E .forward. A.S.
rather L. Jot -/is, strong, and Skt. dhr, to for civcard. adj. — A.S .fore, before; wtard,
bear, carry, support. suffix sec Toward.
;
Der. forwards ,

Forsake. \1\.) M. E. forsaken. A. S. M. E. forwarder, where -es is the suffix of

for sac an, to neglect, oug. to ct intend gen. case, used adverbially. And see
against, or oppose; from for-, prefix, and Further.
satan, to contend, whence the E. sb. sake. Fosse. (F. - L.'i F. fosse. — L. fosses, a
See For- and Sake. So also Swetl. ditch. — L. fossa, fem. of fossus pp. of
,2;
jot Hika, Dan .forsage, Du. verzaken. fodere to dig. Brugm. i. § 166. ,

Forsooth. (F.) M. E. for so/he, for fossil, petrified remains obtained by

a truth. A.S. for sdbe where for -.-(or, digging. V F. — L.)
; M. F. fossile, ‘that
and sofa is dat. ol sot), truth see Sooth. may be digged;’ Cot. — L. fossilis, dug
;

For8Wear. (E.) From For- (2) and up. — h.foss-us, pp. oifodere (above).
Swear. A. S .forswerian. Fosset, a spigot sec Faucet. ;

Fort. (F. — E.) O. K. for/, sb., a fort Foster, to nourish. vE.^ A. S.fds/rian, ;

a peculiar use of F. fort, adj., strong. — E. vb. — A. S. fas tor, nourishment Teut. type ;

acc. fort -cm, from uom. Jot /is, strong, *fJslsot/i, for *foddrotn , neut.; allied to
bet* Force. foda , food.+Icel. fdstr, nursing, whence
fortaUoe, small fort. ( F. - L.) O. F. fdstra to nurse ; Swed. fostra Dan .festre, ,

for/elesce Date 1 .. fartalii ia

;
sc c For- to rear, bring up.
tress (below). Fother,a load, heavy mass. (E.) A.S.
forte, loud, (Ital — E.) Ital. forte. — fo(ler.+ M. Du. voeder Du. inter O. H. G.
.
, \

E. acc .fort-em. strong (above'. fuodar, G.fuder Teut. type *fot-roM,n. .

—
fortify. (F. L.) o. F. fortifier, to From *Jof', strong grade of see
—
make strong. E. fortifiedre. - L. ford-, Fathom.
*95
 , , , , e L ;

FOUL FRAME
Fotll. (E.) M. E.foul, A.S.//7 /.+ Fox. (E.) A. S. fox. + Du. vos, G.
Du. vuilj Ice\. full, Dan. futtl, Swed .ful, fucks
Tent, type *fuh-s- masc. also . % We
Goth, fuls, G. faul. Teut. type *fu-loz ; find Icel. fda % Goth, fauho, fem. a vixen ;
cf. Icel. fu-inn, rotten. Akin to Putrid. Teut. type *fuhd. A connexion with Skt.
Brugm. i. § 1 13. puchchha tail,’ is doubtful. Der. vix en. ‘

foumart, a polecat. (EA M. E.ful- q. v.

warty fillward ;
comp, of M. E. ful, foul foxglove. E.) A. S.foxesgldfa, i. e.
(as above), and A.S. mcarO, a marten, a fanciful name.
fox's glove; Cf. Norw.
4
See Marten. revbfolla, a foxglove lit. fox-bell.’ ;

Found 0 ( ,
to lay the foundation of. Foy, a parting entertainment, by or to
(F.— L.) M. E. faun den. — O. F. fonder, a wayfarer. (Du. — F.) From Du. fooi
— L. fundo re, to found. — L. funduSy a j
(in Hexham, foy, ‘a banquet given by one
bottom, foundation. See Fund. Der. 1

at parting from his friends’).— Y.foi, lit.

found-ation . faith, from L. acc. fidem cf. Late L. ;

F. — L. So
N
Found (2), to cast metals. V files, in the sense of ‘payment.’
O. F. fottdre.— L. fundere. to pour, cast Franck.) But rather from F. vote, a way
metals. (y'GHELM See Fuse (1). L. uia. Cf. Voyage.
DQT.found-ry.Y.fojid-erie. Fracas. (F.-Ital. — L.) F. fracas, a
Founder, to go to the bottom. (F.— crash. — F. fraewser, to shatter. — Ital.
L. ) M. E .foundren, said of a horse fall- fracassare to break in pieces. — Ital. ft a, ,

ing. — O. F. fondrer , chiefly in comp, prep., among, and uissare, to break imi- 1
:

afondrer (obsolete), effondrer to fall in tated from L. inter rumper 1.

,
Ital. fra L

(still in use); orig. to sink in. — F. fond, from L. infra, below. Cmsare »J qua\- ..

bottom. — h. fundus, bottom. See Found sure. to shatter; see Quash. .

(1). Fraction. (K.-L.> Y. fruition.- L.

Foundling, a deserted child. (E.) acc. fractionem, a breaking — L. frai tus,
M. E fundting\ formed with suffix -l- ing pp. of frange* t, to break
,
Cognate with
from A.S. fund weak grade of findan break see Break. , \

to find. +
Du. vondcling. See Find. fracture. (F. — L., ( ). V, fraituu.
Fount ( I ), a spring. (F. — L.) Formed, — L. fractura, a breach. — fnii/us, pp. .

by analogy with mount, from F. font. — L. of frange re to break. ,

fontem, acc. of fons a fountain. Der. , Fractious, peevish. E. and F, — I ,.) :

fountain, O. F. fontaine, Late L fon- Aprov. E word,asif from North. E. fratJt,,

tana . to squabble, chide the same as M. E. ;

Fount (2), Font, an assortment of fracchen to creak as a cart. But it also ,

types. (F. — L.) O. F. fonte a casting of occurs tin 1705) in the sense of refnutory,
,

metals. — O. F\ fondre to cast. — L. fun - being formed from faction in the sense ,

dere, to pour, cast metals. See Found (2'. of dissension,' a sense now obsolete
4
sec ;

Four. (E.) yi.Y.feowur fower,four. N. E. I). See Fraction.

y

A. S. fiower. +
Icel. fjorir Dan. fire Fragile. (K. — L )
, F. fragile — L. , .

Swed. fyra , Du. vier, Goth, fidwor G. fragilts, easily broken. — L. )rag- base of, j %

vicr ; also W. pedivar, Gael, ceithir, O. fr angere, to break. Sec Fraction.

Irish cetkir, L. quatuor Gk. Ttrra.pt r, Doublet, frail.
,

rtooapts, iriVvpcs, Russ, chetvero, Lith. fragment. (F.-L.) F. fragment. —

keturi, Pers. chehdr Skt. chatvaras. Idg. L fragtnentum a broken piece. — L .frag-,
.

type, *qetwer-. Tier, fourdh, kS.ftorPa ;

base of frangere with suffix -mentum. ;

four-teen, A. S. fiowertene for-ty A. S. ; Fragrant. (F. - L.) F. fragrant - .

feowertig. L. frdgrantem acc. of fra gratis, pres. pt.

,

Fowl. (E.) M. E. foul, A. S. fugol, a of fragrare, to emit an odour,

bird. + Du. vogel, Icel. fugl Dan. fiigl, Frail. (F.-L.) M. F. f ed, freyl.-
Swed. fogel, Goth, fugls, G. vogel. Teut. O. F. fraile, brittle. - L. fragile m, ace. of
type yugloz, masc. prob. for *fiugloz, by fragilis
; ; see Fragile,
dissimilation ;
the form fluglas pi. occurs to construct, f E.)
, M. E. fra- name,
in Matt. xiii. 32 (Rushworth also fremien. A.S. framian, to
gloss'!, and mien ;

cf. the adj. fiugol, flying. From *fiu?-, be profitable, avail; cf. also fremien,
weak grade of Teut. *fieug-an-, to fly. fremman, to promote, effect, do, lit. to
See Fugleman and Fly. Brugm. i. J 491. further. - A.S. from, strong, good, lit.

196
 a . , .

FRAMPOLD FRECKLE
forward; cf. from, prep., from, away; see tik, shorter form frentik. — O.Y. frena-
From. + \ce\. frama, fremja, to further, tique. — L. phreneticus, phrenitints, mad.
from framr adj forward, fram, adv., — Gk. fppwirucos, mad, suffering from
, ,

forward, allied tofra, from. Cf. G.fromm (ppevtns frenzy. See Frenzy, , ,

good. Der. frame, sb. Fraternal. (F. — L., O.F .fraternal.

Frampola, quarrelsome. (Low G.) — Late L. fnitermilis, the same as L.
Obsolete. Alsoframpald, frompall. Allied fratemus, brotherly. — L. jrater cognate ,

to prov. romping child. Cf. with E. Brother.

1 C. rantipole, a
E. Fries, frante-fot, wrante-pot, a peevish fraternity. (F. — L.) O.F ./rater-
man M. Du. wranten to chide, Dan. nitee. — 1.. Kccjrdlernitdlcm, brotherhood.
; ,

vrante to be peevish, vranten peevish. —I., frdternus brotherly. — L. fra ter,

, , ,

Cf. also Dan. vrampet warped; Low G. brother. Der. confraternity

, .

wraniptithtigh morose (Lubben); E. Fries

, fratricide \ murderer of a brother. ' i

franten wranten to be cross. Note also (F.— L.

, ,
O. \ fratticide.~\.. frdtricida. j
)
.

Sc. frampie, to disorder, and K. frump. ,a brother* sln\cr. — L. frCitri stem of

The second clement is prob. from E. poll, frater, bi other; cida a slayer, from -

head. '
Cudere. to kill ; see Caesura.
Franc, a French coin. ,F. — G.' M. E. fratricide (2 ,
murder of a brother.
frank. — (). Y. franc; said to be short for (F. —L
O. F. fratrecide (Littre). — L.
/•rancor um Rex ton a coin of 1360). See fratrindiurn the killing of a brother — L. ,

Frank. \frdtri- stem of fritter, brother ; -ddinm,

,

franchise. (F. — G.) M. K. fran- a slaying, from cadet e to kill.

1
,

<hist. — G. F.franchise, privileged liberty. Fraud. (F.— L. O.F. frauds — L.

{

— ). F. franchise stem of prc". pi. of fraudem, acv.. offraus, deceit, guile.

<
,

framhir to free. — O. F. franc free; see

, Fraught, to lade a ship. Low G. er 1

We now use aught only as a

j

Frank. Der. disfranchise en franchise. Friesic. , |

f
Frangible. <L. Late L. frangibilis, pp. M. F. ft ah ten, fasten, only in the
breakable; a coined word. — L. ftangere, \>\t.fraught. O.Swed frakta, to fraught or |

to break. See Fraction. freight, from fakt a cargo; Dan. fragtc j , ,

Franion, a dissolute person. (F.— L.) from trad, a cargo; E. Fries, fracht, J

O. F Jraignant, one who infringes (lawt ./*/;/, ( r» a cargo, 2' charge lor trans-
. :

it res. pt. of fravuire , to break, hence to port; also Du. bcvrachtcn from vrcuht; ,

infringe. — I.. Jrangcre, to break. See G. ftath/en, from fracht, See further
1

Fragile. under Freight. j

Frank, free. (F. -Low L. — O. H. G Fray all afTtay. F. — L.) Short

\
I .

O.F. Jr am. — Low L. francus, free for affray, or eft ay. orig. * terror/ ns
orig. a Frank. — O. II. ( i. franko. a Frank shewn bv the use ol /’/uty in the sense of
;
!

perhaps named trom a weapon ; cf. A. S. terror. Friue. xv. 255. See Affray. 1

fran* a javelin. The f ranks were a

, fray '2}. to terrify. (F. — L.) Short
(h r manic people. for affray >cc AffVay. !
;

frankalmoign, the name of the| Fray 1.3', to wear away by rubbing,

tenure by which most church-lands arc (F. — L.) O. F. trier 'also froitr, to ! f
held. (K.— (). H. G. and L. — Gk.) Lit. rub (GodefroyV — l.. frisare, to rub.
free alms/ — F. franc Freak ;i\ a whim, caprice. ( E.) A
j
4
free; Anglo* F. ,
]

almoine «• O
F. almosnc , alms. See Frank quick movement from M, E. frek, quick, ;

and Almoner. vigorous. — A. S. free bold, rash whence

!

, ;

frankincense. F. — G. and L. frician, to move briskly. lcel. frekr, +

O.F. franc encens pure ince.isc ; sec voi acious Swcd. ftack, impudent, Dan.
,
'

Frank (above) and Incenso. fr*rk, audacious; G.frech, saucy, O. H.G.

franklin , a freeholder. (F. —
0 .' freh, greedy ; Goth, faikufriks, covetous,
M. E. franktlein. — A. F. fraunkelayn Freak (2 to streak, (E.) A coined ,

1 angtoft,
ii. 212; Low francalanus, word; to streak capriciously (Milton);
J ranch ildnus. — I xjw L. francus, free ; sec from Freak (1).
Frank above). The suffix is possibly Freckle, a small spot. (Scand.)
<
We
bom O. 11 . (», dine («E. -f-ing as In find both JrekeIt and reken or frakin. f —
danting ) precisely os in chamberlain. Icel .freknur, pi., freckles ; Swed. fmkne.
;

Frantic. (F. — L. - Gk.) M E .frtnt- . 1 )an. frtgnt a •, freckle. Cf. Fleet.

197
 , , , ,;

FREE FRIEND
Free. (E.) M.E ./re. A.S./W.+ entirely. +
Goth. fra-i/an, to devour
Du. vrij ; Goth, freis ; G. fret
Teut. . entirely,from fra-, entirely, and itan, to
type *frijo2 ; allied to Skt. friya-, beloved, eat; Du. vreten, G.jresstn (mver-essen),
agreeable; also to E. Friend. Orig. sense See For- (2) and Eat.
‘ dear, beloved hence applied to those Fret (2). to ornament, variegate,
of the household who were children, not (F.—L.; ami E.^ M.E fretten, to adorn .

with interlaced work. — O. h frefer, to

1
slaves; L. libcri, free, also ‘children.
of. .

Dsr. freedom A.S. freedom free-stone

.
;
strengthen { as with iron), also to adorn;
transl. of F. picrrefranche. also spelt ferter — O. F frete, a ferrule .

Free-booter, a rover, pirate. (Du.) (Cot.), also a fret see Fret (in heraldry'! ;

Borrowed from Du. vrijbuiier a free- ,

(3). Not influenced by M. L. fretien,
booter, robber. -Du. vrijbuiten to rob; A.S. fnet wan, to adorn; from fnxtwe,
1
vrijbuit ,
plunder, lit. free booty.
‘
Du. ornament.
vrij -\L.free. And see Booty, p. 56. Fret (3b a kind of grating. (F. — L.)
Freeze. (E.) M. E. /resen. A. S. Common in heraldry. O. F. frete a — ,

freosati ; pp. froren +Tcel. fr/Jsa, Swed. ferrule; frettes pi., an iron grating V 1 >iez)
,

frysa Dan./^tf, Du. vriezett ,

, fricrett. G f etter to hoop fretti, iretty tin heraldry).
, ;

Teut. type *freusan L. prnrire to itch, ,

[Cf. Span, fretes, frets (in heraldry); allied
originally to burn (cf. fritina hoarfrost), ,
to ItaL ferriata an irou grating.]
4
I . fer %
,
—
Skt .flosha-, a burning. Btugm. 1. § 562; iron. — L. ferrttsn, iron,
ii. § ^57. U/PKEU.) fret (4', a stop on a musical instru-
Fr eight, a cargo. M.E, meni» (F. — L.) Frets arc bars across the
(F. — O. II. G.)
freyte later freyght
; an altered spelling neck of the instrument probably the same
; ;

of F. fret, the freight of a ship, the gh word as fret (3). See X. E D.

being inserted by a true) connexion with Friable, easily crumbl' d. (F.— L.)
fraught q. v. — F. fret, the fraught or M. ¥. friable. — L. fridbilis — L. friase, to
1

freight of a ship, also, the hire thaPs paid rub, crumble.

for a ship;' Cot. — O. Friar. ,F. — L.) M.E. frere. — O. F.
II. G .frlht, ‘earn-
frigs, ’ hire.This O. H. G.freht is thought frere, fret re, lit. a brother. — fat /an 1

to be the same as G.fracht, a cargo and acc. ofJrater, a brother. See Brother. ;

freht has been supposed to represent a Fribble, to trifle. (W. llern. — Du.)
Teut. type *fra-aihtiz\ from fra-, prefix From W. Yktm.fribbelen, wribbelen, to rub
(see Froth and *aihtiz> A.S. ac- (as a thread between finger and thumb. — j

quisition (from agats, to own). See Own. Du. wrijven to rub, rub away. ,

—
Frenzy. (F.-L. Gk.) M.E frenesye. Fricassee, a <!i>h of fowl* cut up.
— O. F. frenisle. — L. pkrenesis. — Late (F.) F. Jruas^ee, a fricassee fern. «»f pp. ;

Gk.<ppivrjoii,(QT Gk. <pp€vins, inflammation of frieasstr, to fricassee, also, to squander

of the brain.— Gk. <pptv-, base of fprjv, money. A fricassee is made <-f chickens,
midriff, heart, senses. See Frantic. &c. cut up into small pieces, < >f unknown
Frequent. 'F. — L.) M.F .frequent, origin. Some have stigge-Jed 1. frigere ,

— h frequentem, acc. offrequests, crowded, to roast, or JL fried* e, to rub (Kortmgj.

frequent pres. part, of a lost verb *frequerc,
; Friction. Y.frietion. — l *.
( F. - L. )
to cram, allied to farcire, to cram; see acc. frictionem. nibbing. -L. frutus a ,

Farce. Brugm. ii. §713. j

contr. pp. of frnare, to rub; allied to
Fre8C0. (Ital.-O. H.G.) A painting fridre, to rub; see Friable
on fresh plaster. -\tz\. fresco, cool, fresh, Friday, E. A. S. fnge-a\eg, trans- j
i )

—*0 II. G.frtsc (G. frisch). See below. lating J,. dies Venera where frige is gen, !
;

fresh. (K. and F. - Teut.) M. E. of Frig, the wife of Wodui 'lent type
;
;

fresh ; also fersh, representing A. S.fersc. |

*fri/d. fern, of *ftyoz, dear, beloved, also
1
The form fresh is from O. F. fres, freis
Skt. priyd, wife, loved one. See ‘free ;

(fern,freschey, cf mod. F frais, fresh. — Free, Friend. .

O. H. G. frisc (G. frisch), fresh. Teut. Friend. (E.’i E. frend. A.S. M

type *friskoz. Allied to Lith. freshets, freond, orig. ‘ loving,’ pres. pt of freogan,
sweet, unsoured, i.c. unleavened (applied to love.+Icel./nrWf, Dan. framie, Swcd.
to bread); Russ. friesnuii, fresh. ramie, only in the sense of * kinsman
j

f
Fret (1), to eat away. fE.) A. S. also Du. vriendf freustd; Goth, frijtfnds, j
G
jretan, for Teut 'fra-ctan, to devour a friend, pres. pt. of fnjtoi, to lore. Cf. 1

198
 , , , » , ,

FRIEZE FRIZ
Skt. frt to Allied to Free. (F.*-L.)
love. Staff sold by a fripier. — M. F.
Brugm. i. § 567. Der. friend* ship % A. S. fripier 1 a fripier, or broker, trimmer up ,

frfond'Scipe . of old garments, and a seller of them so

Friese (1), a coarse woollen cloth. (F. mended Cot. — O. F. frepe (also ferpe,
— Du.?) M. F. frize, frise, ‘ frise ; * Cot. felpe ), frayed out fringe, old clothes.
Perhaps due to drap de frise i.e. cloth of Prob. from \..fibra fibre (Kortirtg).
Friesland with which Cotgrave identifies
; Frisk, to skip about. (F.— Teut.)
it. — Du. Friesland, Friesland, Vries, a From the adj. brisk. — M. ¥.frisque,
Frieslander, belonging to Friesland. So * friske, blithe, briskc; 1 Cot. ; O. Y.fnque.
also cheval de Frise, a horse of Friesland — O. H. G. frise G. friseh , fresh, brisk,
; ,

whence chevaux de Frise , spikes to resist lively; see Fresh. Cf. Norm. dial, fris-
cavalry, a jesting term, Hence O. F. frisky.

f riser, to cover w ith a nap, to curl hair, Frith, (0, an enclosure, forest, wood,
to frizz. See Korting. (K ) Obsolescent ; M. K frith peace, also .

Frieze ( 2 )> P art ^ ie entablature of a enclosure, park. Cf. W.Jfridd, park, forest,
column. F.) M. Y. frize, the broa(i and which is borrowed from M. E. — A. S -frill,
{ ‘

fiat band that’s next below the cornish peace; fiibu, peace, security, asylum,
[cornice or between it and the architrave;* Cf. Icel. Jribr, Dan. Swed. fred Du. ,

Cot. Span, friso. a frieze ; allied to Ital. vrede, G. frtede , peace. Teut. type
fregio, a fringe, lace, border, ornament. *frithuz ; from */>;-, base of *frt-j0z, free.
The Ital. fregio represents 1 .. Phrygiutn See Free, The M. E. frith is also
{opus'), Phrygian work. *
wooded country/ 1 his is prob. a different
Frigate. F. — Itnl. ( I
f
M. F. regate, word A. S. gefyrhte Birch, iii. 1 ao). ; i

*
a frigate Cot.
;
*
—
ha\. fregata, a frigate. Frith. 2 \ Firth, an estuary. (Sc and ) '

Origin uncertain. M. fc. firth. — Joel. f/erdt, a firth, bay;

Fright. (E.) M. Y.. fryght. O. North- \Hn.Ji*>rd Swed. f/ard, the same. Allied %

umb. fryhto, A.S. fyrhto, fythtu, fright, to Ford Brugm. ii. 10S.
allied to forht. timid +*> ^ax.forhta* Dan. [
Fritillary, a plant. ^L.) So named
frygt Swed. jrubtart, G. furcht, Goth, because the chequered markings on the
j

faurhtti fright allied to >. Sax. forht

, ;
(
, ; corolla were in some way associated with
O If. G. foracht, < ioth. faurht r fearful. f
j
a frttillus. — L. fritillus, a dice-box.
Frigid. (L.) \*. frigidus, cold, ndj.— ; Fritter 1 , a kind of pancake. F.-~
L.yhge/e, to l>e cold. — L fritter, cold, sb.L. M. E. frytttvre* fritoure, (Cf. F.
+Gk. fi yot, culi). Urugm. i.' $ 875. l/rt/ean , ‘ fritlci,’ Cot-J O. F. frittire, —
Frill, a ruffle on a skirt. (Low G.) a frying, dish of fried fish. O. F. frit , —
f
Prill, vh., was a term in hawking ; a hawk fried. — 1 ..frictus, pp. offrigere , to fry.
that shivered, Iroin fading chilly* was said Fritter 2 , a fragment; Shak. (F. — L.) \

to frill. O. F. J tiller, to shiver with O. F. freture — L. tract ura, a fracture,

—
cold. Hence some have deduced the See Fracture.
^ense of a hawk ruffling his feathers; but fritter away, to diminish, waste,
for this there is no authority.] The sb. <F. - L.*> derivative from fritter A
answers to W. Flem. ft */, frufle a a fragment whence fritter vb., to cut
. ;

wrinkled plait De Bo cites frullcn as up into fragments. See above,

;

bring round the bottom ot a dress. Cf. Frivolou*, trifling. (I..) From L.
nLo Swed. dial yW/, a wrinkled or curled friucl us silly ; with suffix ous. The orig.
.
,

-trip, ns on a woman * cap, whence ryllig; sense stems to have Wen

1 1

/ nibbed away ; ‘

h rink led. De Bo al-o gives \V. Flem. hence friuola meant broken potsherds,
jrullnt* vb., to hang in pleats; * alien cn Sic. — L , friare, fn\ are, to rub; see
frailest, ribbons and trimming". Hence Friable.
perhaps a Verbal form *fryiUvi Frit, Friu, to cuil, render rough.
Fringe, a border of loo^e threads, (F. Y. - Du. ?> M. Y.frizsr, ‘ to frirle, crispc, 1

w L.) M. K. fringe — O. F. frengt ( Pals* curie ; ’ Cot. Ci. Span rises r% to friirie,
. J
. f
grave), oldest form of K. f
range, fringe ; raise the nap on iriere, from frisa, fricrc.]
the Walla chian form is frimbie , for *fm~ Similarly the F. riser is from frise, frize% f
brie (by metathesis). — L. fimbria, fringe ; frierc ; see Friexe \i\ Der frizs-ie, fire*
Allied to fibra, h fibre ; see Fibre. cjuent. form, in commoner use ; ct O. Fries.
Frippery, worn-out clothes, trash. jritlc, fruit, a lock of hair. ]

•99
 , , . , ,
, ,, , , , ,
;

FRO FRUMP
Fro. The Scand. form of
(Scand.) frost. (E.) M. E. frost, first ; A. S.
from. — Icel. fra , Dan, fra, from. See first (for frost).+ Du. vorst, Icel. Dan.
,

From. Swed. G. frost. Teut. types *frustoz, m.

Frock. (K.-Low L.) M. E frok.— *frustom, n. From *frus-, weak grade of .

O. Y.froc ; Low L .froccus, a monk’s frock, *freusan -, to freeze. See Freeze.

also spelt Jloccus (Ducange). I’rob. so Froth. (Scand.) M. E. frothe.— Icel.
called because woollen see Flock (2). froda, frauft, Dan. fraade [Swed. fradga\,
;

Cf. Port, froco a snow-flake, from I,. froth, foam on liquids.

,
From the Teut.
Jloccus. So Diez but Brachet derives verb %freuthan -, to froth up ; as in A. S.
;

it from O. H.G. hroch (G. rock ) a coat, a freosan. ,

in which the initial h is unoriginal. Frounce, to wrinkle, curl, plait.

Frog (1), an animal. ( E.) M
E.frogge. (F. — L.) The older form of Jloiince\ see
A. S. frogga frocga.
,
Also A. S. frox ,
Flounce (2).
a frog. +
Icel. froskr Du. vorsch, G. Froward, perverse. (Scand. and E.)
frosch. M. E. f
roward, commonly fraward
Frog a substance in
(2), a horse’s foot. (Northern). From Icel. fra, fro; and
(L. ?) shaped like a
It is fork perhaps;
ward. Cf. A.S. fronnveard, only in the
a corruption of fork q. v. , ;
the F. name is sense about to depart
‘ but we *
;
still

fourchette In any case, it

. has been con- keep the orig. sense of from-ward ,
i. e.

formed to Frog (1). averse, perverse. (Cf. wayward i. e.

Frolic, adj., sportive. (Du.) XVI cent. away-ward.) And see Toward.
Orig. an adj. — Du. Frown. (F.— Teut.) M.E .frounen.—
vrolijk , frolic, merry,
-f G.fr'ohlich, merry. O. F. frongnier , whence F. refrogner
Formed with suffix
-lijk (= E. like -ly) from the O. Sax. to frown,
,
look sullen. Cf. ltal. in-
fro- (as in frd-llko adv.), O. Fries, fro frigno, frowning, ltal. dial. (Lombardic)
,

( - G. froh), merry. Der. frolic sb. and frignare, to whimper, make a wry face. ,

verb. Of Teut. origin. From Teut. *frunjan

From, away, forth. (E.) A. S. from as in Swed. dial, fryna, Norw. fr'oyna to ,

fram. +
Icel. fra from O. H. G. fram make a wry lace. (Korting, § 3324.)
, ;

forth ; Goth, fram from. Cf. also Icel.

, Fructify. (F. -L.) Y.fructifier. - L.
fram adv. forward (Swed. fram Dan. fructificare to make fruitful. —L. friu ti-,
jfow) ; Goth, framis, adv., further. Allied for fructus fruit -fieare, for facere, to ;

to Frame. make. See fruit.

Frond, a branch. (L.) 1 frond-, stem frugal, thrifty. (F.-L.) Y. frugal.
4.

offro ns, a leafy branch. — L. frugalis, economical; lit. belonging

Front. (F. — L.) M.E. front fore- to fruits. — L. frug-i, frugal ; orig. dat. of ,

head. — O. F. front , forehead, brow. — L. frux (pi. fruges ), fruit of the earth.
frontcm, acc. offrom, forehead, brow. Allied to fruit.
frontal, a band worn on the forehead. fruit. (F.-L.) M. E. fruit. — O. F.
(F. — L.) O. F. fronteL — L. frontdie, an fruit. — L. fructum, acc. of fructus, fruit.
ornament for a horses forehead. — L.front-, — L. fructus pp. of frm to enjoy ;
stem offrom, forehead. allied to Brook (1). (^BHREUG.)
frontier. (F. - L.) O. F. frontiere Brugm. i. § in ; ii. § 532.
fern. — Late L.fronteria,frontdria border- fruition. (F. - L.) O. F. fruition, ,

land. — L. front-, stem of from, front enjoyment. — Late L. fruitionem, acc. of

(hence, border). fruitio, enjoyment. — Y. fruit -us, the same
frontispiece. (F. - L.) F or frontis- as fructus, pp. o ifrut, to enjoy.
pice\ through the influence of piece. — F. frumenty, furmety, wheat boiled
frontispicc , the frontispiece or fore-front in milk. (F. — L.)
1
Q.Y. fromentee, f.;
of a house ; Cot. — Late L. frontispicium
9 ‘
furmenty, sodden wheat Cot. Lit. , ;
*

a front view. — L. fronti-, decl. stem of made with wheat ; the suffix -h - L. -ata 9
from ; specere, to see see Species. made with. — O. F. froment, wheat. — Late
;

frontlet. (F. -L.) O. F. frontel-et, Y. frftmentum L .frumentum, corn; allied ;

dimin. of O. F. fronted, see frontal to L. fruges, fruit.

(above). Frump, an ill-tempered person. (E.)
Frore, frozen. (E.) A.S froren, pp. Of doubtful origin ; but cf. frampold.
.
A
offreosan , to freeze. See Freeze. frump formerly meant a ‘sneer/ or
 , , , , , , ;

FRUSTRATE FUN
expression of contempt. Cf. Low. Sc. sooty. — L. ftilJgin - , stem of fullgo,
frumple , to disorder; rumple, to crease; f soot. Cf. Skt. dhu-li-, dust. Allied to
frump an unseemly fold : Dan. vrampet ,
Fume. Brugm. § 481. i.

warped. Full (1), complete. (E.) A. S. /«/.+

Frustrate, to render vain. (L.) From Du. vol, I cel. fullr, Dan. fuld (for /«//),
pp. of L. frustrdri to render vain.— ,
Swed. full Goth. /«//>, G. zv//. Teut.
,

L .frustrd, in vain orig. abl. fem. of obso- type *fulloz Idg. type *pdltios. Cf. Lith.
; ;

lete adj friistros .

{
— ^fnid-tros),
deceitful. pilnas full, filled ; Russ, polnuii, full ,

Allied to Fraud. 0. Irish Ian (<fpidri), full; W. Ilawn ;

Frustum, a piece of a cone or cylinder, Skt.//7r>/tf-, Pers. ///r; cf. Gk. rr\rjp 7js, L.
L.) l^.frfist urn, a piece cut off. Cf. Ok. plenus. Idg. root */.?/, *//<?, to fill. Brugm.
i

Opaiiofia , a fragment, from 0pav€tv to break 1. §§ 393, 461. fill, fulfil, fulsome.
}

in pieces. Prellwitz ; Brugm. i. § 853. Full (2), to full cloth, felt. (F. — L.)
Fry(1), to dress food. (F. — L.) M. E. O. F. fuler, F. fouler 4 to full, or thicken ,

frien. — O. F. frire. — L. frige re to roast. cloath in a mill;’ Cot. Also to trample

4
,

Cf. Gk. (ppvyctv to parch; Skt. bhrajj to on.’ — Late L. fullare , (1) to cleanse
,

fry. — L. fullo, a fuller.

clothes, (2) to full.
Fry (2), spawn of fishes. (F.—L.) fuller, a bleacher of cloth. (L.)
A. F. fry ; M. E. fri, also used in the A. S. fullere, a bleacher. — L. fi/llo, a
sense of 4 offspring.* — O. F. *fri variant ',
fuller, bleacher. (See above.)
of froi (F. fray), spawn; see Supp. to Fulminate, to thunder, hurl lightning.
Godefroy cf. O. F frier, froier, to spawn.
; .
(L.) Fiom pp. of L .fulmindre, to thun-
— L. friedre, to rub. der. — L. fu /win-, for fulmen. a thunder-
Fuchsia, a llower. (G.) Named after bolt ( -- */u/g-men).— 1 .. fulgere. to shine.
L, Fuchs Geiman botanist, ab. 1542.
, Fulsome, cloying. (K.) M. E fulsum ,

Fudge. (F.) Picard fuche! fcuchc! from M. E .ful, full with suffix -sum ( ** E.
;

an interjection of contempt (Corblet). -some as in winsome). See Full (i\

Fuel. (F.-LA M. li.fewell (Barbour). Fulvous, Fulvid, tawny. (L.) From
A. F. fewaile , O. F. fouaille (Low L. L fuluus, tawny; Late L. fuluidus, some-
foalIt a), fuel. — Late L. focalia pi. of ,
what tawny. Cf. Yellow; Brugm. i.

focale fuel. — L. focus a hearth.

,
See § 363-
Focus. Fumble, to grope about. (Du.) XVI
Fugitive. (F. -L
O. F. fugitif - cent. — Du. fommclen to fumble.
) Swed. +
L. fugitiuus fleeing away. — L. fugit-um futnla (also farnla) Dan. famle. Ap-
, ;

supine of fugcre to flee. +

Gk. iptv-)uv, parently ml is for Im cf. Icel. fdlvia to ; ,

to flee; Skt. Mw/\ to bend, turn aside. grope about, from the sb. appearing as
Allied to Bow (i). Der. centrifugal A. S. film, the palm of the hand, allied ,

q. v. febrifuge, feverfew.
;
to L. palma see Palm. ;

Fugleman, the leader of a file. (G.) Fume. (F. — L.) O. F. fum. - L.

For fugleman. — G fliigelmann, the leader fit mum, acc. of fumus, smoke.
. Skt. +
of a wing or file of men. — ij. fliigel, a wing, dhfima -, smoke; Gk. Ovptbs, spirit, anger.
from Jlug, (light, from fiiegen , to fly; (y'DHEUA Allied to Fuliginous.
maun, a man. See Fly. fumigate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Fugue, a musical composition. (F. — fiimigdre to fumigate. — L. film-, for ,

ltal. - L.) V. fugue. — Ital -fuga, a fugue, timus, vapour ; - igcire , for age re } to drive f
lit. a flight. — See Fugi- about.
L. fuga , flight.
tive. fumitory, a plant. (F. — L.) Formerly
Fulcrum, a point of support. (L.) fumiter. — b. fu meterre, fumitory (for
L. fulcrum a support. — L. fulcire , to prop. fume de terre V — Late L. fumus terra
, ,

Fulfil. (E.) M. E. fulfilled A. S. smoke of the earth so named from its ;

fulfyllan, to fill full, fulfil. — A. S. ful abundance (and perhaps its curly appear-
full fyllan to fill.
; ,
See Full, Fill. ance). Cf. G. erdrauch fumitory, lit. ,

Fulgent, shining. (L.) From stem of earth-smoke ; \V. cwd y mwg, lit. 4 bag 4
’

pres. pt. of L. fulgere to shine,

,
Gk. of smoke.’ +
<p\iyuv, to burn ; Skt. bhraj to shine. Fun, merriment. (E. N XVIII cent. It
,
>

Der. effulgent (efi ^ L. ex ) ; refulgent. orig. meant

4
a trick ’ ; from an obs. vb.
Fuliginous, sooty. (L.) h.fultgino- fun to cheat, hoax ; prob. from M. E. ,
 , , , , , , , —-
;, ; , ,,

FUNAMBULIST FURTHEST
/on, fonne, a foolish person. See Fond. ina bundle. From fardel, a bundle ; see
Cf. Irishform , delight, pleasure, song; Fardel. Cf. F. fardeler, ‘to truss, to
Gael .fonn\ prob. borrowed from E. make into fardles;* Cot. [F .fierier, to
Funambulist, a rope-dancer. (Span. furl, is from E.]
— L.) Formerly funambulo.** Span. fun- Furlong, ith of a mile. (E.) A. S.
ambulo a funambulist. — L, fun- is, a rope furlang orig. a furrow-long, or the length ,

ambul-dre to walk see Amble. of a furrow. — A. S. furh , a furrow ; lang,

;

Function, performance, office. (F.— long.

L.) M. F function ( F.fonction ). — L. acc.
.
Furlough, leave of absence. (Du.-
functidnem performance. — functus, pp. Scand.) Orig. vorloffe Du. verlof, . —
of fungi, to perform, orig. to use. + Skt. leave, furlough the same as Dan. forlov ;

bhuhj to ,
enjoy. Brugm. ii. § 628. Swed. forlof leave, Cf. G. urlaub fur- ,

Fund, a store. (F. —L.) M. F. fond )

lough; Dan. orlov. ft. As to the prefix,
‘a bottom, a merchant’s stock;’ Cot. Du. ver-, Dan. for-, Swcd. for-, are the
L. fundus, bottom; cognate with E. same as E .for- whilst Dan. or-, G. ur- = ;

Bottom. Goth, us, out. The syllable lof leave, is

'fundament, base. (F.-L.) M. E. shortened from -lof, the equivalent of G.
fundement. — O. F. fojidement, foundation. daub-, as seen in G. ci‘-laub-en, to permit,
— L .fundamentum, foundation. - h.fund and in A. S. leaf permission. See Leave \

are see Found (1).

; (2) also Believe, Lief.
Funeral, relating to a burial. (F. - L.) Furmety ;
see Frumenty.
O F. funeral. —
Late L. funerdlis adj. Furnace, an oven. (F. — L.) M. E.
from L .fFiner- (for *ffines -), stem offinus, forneis. — O. F. fornaise. — L. forndeem
a burial. Der .funere-al, {TomL.fiinere-usf acc. of fornax, an oven. — L. fornus an ,

funereal. oven allied to formus, warm. Cf. Skt. ;

Fungus, a spongy plant. (L.) L. gharma warmth, glow. See Warm.

fungus -f" Gk. (nrayyos, a sponge
. see Brugm. i. $ 146. ;

Sponge. Furnish, to fit up, equip. (F.-O.II.G.)

Funnel. (Prov,-L.) M. E. fonel. O. F fourniss-, inceptive stem of fournir . ,

Due to the Bourdeaux wine-trade. — Prov. to furnish, of which an older spelling is

founil, enfounilh. — Late L. fundibulum fornir the same word as Prov. formir ,

(Lewis and Short) ; L. infundibulum a fromir. — O. H. G. frumjan, to provide, ,

funnel. — L. infundere to pour in. — L. in furnish; cf. O. H. G .frurna, utility, profit,

,

in fundere to pour.
;
Hence also Span. gain G.fromm, good. Allied to Former,
, ;

foml, Vosi./unil, and even Bret, founil. Frame. And see Veneer.
Fur. (F. -O. Low G.) M. E .forre.— Furrow. (E.) M. E. forwe. A. S.
O. F. forre,fuerre a sheath, case, whence furh, a furrow. +Du. voor Icel. for, Dan. ,

the vb. forrer, to line with fur; Chaucer fure Swed. fare G. furche, a furrow. , ;

translates forree by ‘furred,’ R. R. 408. Teut. type *furh -, f. Cf. W. rhych a ,

[Cf. Span, forro lining for clothes, Ital. furrow L. porca a ridge between two ;

fodero lining, fur, scabbard.] — Goth, fodr, furrows. Der. fur-long.

,

scabbard, orig. ‘protection;* Icel. fodr, Further. (E.) Probably the comp,
lining allied to G. fitter a case, lining, ot fore, but also explained as comp, of
; ,

fur.+Skt. pdtra(m), a receptacle ; cf. Gk. forth. M. E furder. A. S. furfira, adj. .

irwfjta, a cover. Brugm. i. § 1 74. m. firbor, further, adv.+Du. vorders , ;

Furbelow, a flounce. (F.) Prov. F. adv., further; O. Fries, fordera, adj.;

farbala a flounce, in the dialect of O. Sax. forthora adj.
,
O. H. G. fordar , ; ,

Hainault (Diez); the usual form is F. G. vorder, adj. Teut. type *furl hero- (i. e.
Span. Ital. Port, falbala, a flounce. Origin *fur-ther-o-) answering to Gk. npo-rep-os,
unknown. comp, of np6 In this view the comp, .

Furbish, to polish, trim. (F. — O.H.G.) suffix is dher (Gk. -rep-). Der. further,
O. F. forbiss -, inceptive stem of forbir vb., A. S. fyrbran formed from furdor , ,

to furbish, polish. — O. II. G. *furbjan by vowel-change of u to y, ,

M. H. G. fiirban to purify, clean, rub , furthest, a late form, made as the

bright. superl. of forth, and due to regarding
Furl, to roll up a sail. (F.-Arab.) further as the comp, of the same. The
Formerly spelt furdie, farthel, to roll up true superl. of fore is first.
 . , L , ;;

FURTIVE GABARDINE
Furtive. (F.-L.) M. F .furtif fem. fust, a cask ; orig. a stock, trunk, log. —
furtive. — L.
furtiuus, stolen, secret. — L. L. fustern, acc. of fustis , a cudgel.
furtum , theft. — L. furdri, to steal. — L. fust (2), the shaft of a column. (F. —
^/7 r, a thief. +Gk. <p&p a thief, allied to L.) In Kersey (1715). — O.F. fust, a
Qiptiv, to bear, carry (away). (^BHER.) trunk. — .fustem* acc. offustis , a cudgel,
Brugm. ii. § 160 (3). thick stick.
Fury. (F. — L. ) F. furie — L. furia , Fustian, a kind of coarse cloth. (4 —
.
*".

rage. — L. furere, to rage. ltal. — Low L. — Egypt.) M. E. fustane ;

Furze. (E.) M. Y*.firse. A. S.fyrs also fustian A. F. fustiane , fustain ;
; ;

older form fyres. O. F. fustaine. — ltal. fustagno Low L. ;

FUSCOUS, brown. (L.) L. fusc-us, fustdneum. — Arab, fustdt, a suburb of

brown with suffix -ous.
;
Cairo, in Egypt, whence the stuff first
Fuse (1), to melt by heat. (L.) A late came, Introduced through Genoese
word. Due to fus-ible (in Chaucer), commerce.
fus-ion in Sir T. Browne. — L. fusus, pp.
, Fustigate, to cudgel. (L.) From
offundere, to pour, melt. Allied to Gk. pp. of L J'ustigdre to cudgel. — L. fust-, ,

X*W (for *x*F~ €lv )> Goth, giutan , to pour. stem offustis a cudgel ; -igdre, for agere , ,

f^GHEU.) Der. fus-ible (from O. F. to drive, wield.

fusible fus-ion.
') See Gush.
;
Fusty; see Fust (1).
Fuse (2) see Fusee (1). ; Futile, vain. (F. — L.) F. futile. — L.
Fusee (0 Fuse. (F.-L.; ^rltal.- futilis futtilis that which easily pours ,

L.) 1
Fuse, fusee, a pipe filled with wild- forth, also vain, empty, futile. From L.
fire, and put into the touch-hole of a */«-, allied to fundere, to pour; cf. Gk.
bomb Kersey (1715).
;
*
1 Fuse is from xUiv. See Fuse (1).
.

Ital.fuso, a spindle, a shaft (of a column) Futtocks, certain timbers in a ship.

;

also, a fuse. — ls.fiisus a spindle. 2. Fusee (E.)

, Futtocks, the compassing timbers 1

*
is from F. fuste , a fusee, i. e. a spindle- in a ship, that make the breadth of it ;
shaped pipe see below, ; Kersey (1715). Called foot-stocks in
fiisee (2), a spindle in a watch. (F.— h lorio, s. v. s famine. The first syllable
L. ) O. F. fusee orig. a spindleful of is for foot futtocks is thought to be for
, ;

thread. — Late L. fit sat a, the same; fem. foot- hooks, and was so explained in 1644 ;

of pp. of fusare to use a spindle. — L. hook referring to the bent shape of the
)

fiisus a spindle.
, timbers. Bailey gives the form foot- hooks.
Fusil (1), a light musket. (F.-L.) Future, about to be. (F.— L.) O.F.
Orig. not the musket itself, but the steel futur fem. future. — L. fu turns, about to ,

against which the flint struck. From F. be fut. part, from fu-i, I was allied to
; ;
f 1
fusil, a fire-steele for a tinder-box; Cot. Be. (y'BHEU.)
Also in mod. F., a fusil. [Cf. Spun, fusil, Fuzzball, a spongy fungus. (E.) Cf.
a fusil.] — L.focile, a steel for kindling fire. prov. K. fuzzy, fozy, light and spongy
— L .focus, a hearth; see Focus. Der. Low G. fussig, loose, weak Du. voos, ;

fusil-eer, fusillade. spongy.

Fusil \ 2), a spindle, in heraldry. (L.) Fylfot, a peculiarly formed cross. (E.)
A. F. fusel (see O. F. fuisel in Godefroy). Modern; and dne to a mistake. MS.Lansd.
Dimin. of L .fftsus, a spindle. 874, leaf 190, has fylfot, meaning a space
Fusil (3), easily molten. (L.) L .fusilis, in a painted window at the bottom, that
easily molten. — L. fusus, pp. of fundere, fills the foot . Erroneously connected with
to pour. See Fuse (1). the 4
gammadion.’
Fuss, haste, flurry. (E.) Probably of
imitative origin, descriptive of spluttering
and puffing. Cf. fuff, i. e. to puff, and 6 .

hiss It cannot be connected with

M. E. fus ,
adj., eager ; A. S. fils , eager, Gabardine, Gaberdine. (Span.-
prompt. TeutJ Span, gabarduta, a coarse fiock.
Fust (1), to become mouldy. (F.-*L.) We also find M. E. gawbardyne which is ;

In Hamlet, iv. 4. 39. Coined from fusty from O. F. galvardine, gualvardtne a ,

(a. d. 1398), answering to O. F . fusti. loose frock. Perhaps a pilgrim’s' frock

‘

‘fusty, tasting of the cask,* Cot. — O. F. from M.H. G. waifart (G. wallfahrt),
 +
;;
, ,
;

GABBLE GALAXY
pilgrimage. — M. H. G. wallen, to wander Gage ( 1 ), a pledge. (F. — Teut.) M.E.
fart, travel, from far an, to go (E.fare). gage. — F.gage, a pledge (Low L. uadiurn).
Gabble, to prattle. (E.) Frequent, of — Teut. *wadjom, n., a pledge; as in Goth.
gab, to prattle. Of imitative origin cf. wadi, A. S. wed, a pledge. See
;
Wed ;

jabber. The M. E. gabben, to mock, is and see Wage. From the same source
from O. F. gaber , to mock, which is also are Ital. gaggio, Span, and Poit. gage,
perhaps of imitative origin, or is allied to a pledge.
gape. Gage (2), to gauge see Gauge. ;

Gabion. (F.-Ital.-L.) F. gabion, Gaggle, to cackle as geese. (E.) A

a gabion, large basket filled with earth.— frequent, form from the imitative base gag.
Ital. gabbione ,
a gabion; augment, of Cf. cackle, gabble ; also Icel. gagl, a wild
gabbia , a cage, also spelt gaggia, and allied goose ; gagg, the cry of a iox Lith. ;

to Span, gavia , a cage (for madmen). gageli, to gaggle.

— L. caitea, a hollow place, cage, den, Gaiety. (F.-Teut.) F. gaicti. - F.
coop ; see Cage. gat, gay. See Gay.
Gable, a peak of a house-top. (F. — Gain (1), profit. (F.-Teut.) O.F.
Soand. ) M. E. gable. — O. F. gable. — Icel. gain, F. gagne from the verb below. [It ,

gafl, Dan. gavl, Swed. gafvel, a gable. partly displaced the M. E. gam, advantage,
A. S. geafel , a foik Du. gaffel, a fork
;
which was of Scand. origin from Icel. ;

G. gabel, a fork. Further allied to O. Irish gagn, gain, advantage Swed .gagn, profit, ;

gabnl, a fork, gallows W. gajl, the fork Dan. gavn.~\

;

of the thighs. With a different gradation, gain (2), to win. (F.— Teut.) ‘Yea,
we find Goth, gibla pinnacle, G. giebel, though he gaine and cram his purse with
,

and again, ‘ To get a game by

9
Du. gevel, gable; O. II. G. gebal, bead, crimes ;

Gk. icttpaXrj, head (root-form *ghebJi -). See any trade or kinde Gascoigne, Fruits ;
’

Gaff. of War, st. 69 and st. 66. — O. F. gaigner,

Gaby, a simpleton. (Scand.; M. Dan. F. gag tier, to gain. This F. gagner, O.F.
gabe, a fool * Dan. dial, gabenar , a sim- gaagnier (Ital. guadagnare), is from
pleton, allied to Dan. gabe, to gape (Dan. O. II. G. weidenoti weidenen, to pas- >
nar means ‘ fool ’). Cf. Icel. gapi, a ture, which was the orig. sense of the F.
heedless man ; gapatnubr lit. gape- word ; from O. H. G. weida (G. weide),
mouthed), the same ; Icel. gap a, to gape ; pasture-ground. Cognate with G. weide are
Norw. gapa , stupid. A.S. wd6, Icel. veibr, hunting, the chase.
Gad (i), a wedge of steel, goad. (Scand.) Cf. L. ue-ndrl, to hunt. Der. regain .

M.E. gad a goad. — Icel. gaddr, a goad,

,
Gainly ; see Ungainly.
spike, sting; cognate with Goth, gazds Gainsay, to speak against. (Scand. and
a rod, Irish gath, L. hasta a spear. ,
E.) The prefix is Icel. gegn, against cf. ;

gad (2), to ramble idly. (Scand.) In A. S. gegut g?an see Against. ;

Levins. The orig. sense was to run about. Gait, manner of walking. (Scand.) A
— Icel. gadda, to goad. — Icel. gaddr particular use of M. E. gate, a way see ;

(above). Cf. on the gad, on the move. Gate (2). Sec also Gantlet (2\
Gaff, a light fishing-spear, a sort of Gaiter, a covering for the ankle. (F.-
boom. (F.— Teut.) A
ship’s gaff‘is named Teut.) F. guc’tre, formerly guestre (Cot.).
from tire forked end against the mast the The spelling With gu shews the word to
;

fishing-spear is hooked. — O. F. gaffe, a be Teutonic {gu G. w). Origin doubt- <

gaff, iron hook. — Low G. gaffel a two- ful; possibly allied to M.II.G. wester
,

pronged hay-fork E. Fries, gaffe l, a fork, a child's chrisom-cloth, lit. a covering;

*,

a ship’s gaff; Du. gaffel a pitchfork, Goth, wasli clothing see Vest.
, , ;

ship’s gaff. Allied to G. gabel, a lork. Sec Gala. (F.— Ital. M. II. G.) F. gala, —
Gable. borrowed from Ital. gala , festive attire
Gaffer, an old man, grandfnther. (F.— whence di gala, merrily ;
cf. galante , gay,
L. ;
and E.) From gramfer, West E. lively. Sec Gallant.
form of grandfather. See Gammer. Galaxy, the milky way. (F. -L.-Gk.)
Gag. (E.) M.E.
gaggen, to suffocate. M.E, galaxie. —
O. F. galaxie. L. ga- —
Apparently of imitative origin c L gaggle, ; laxiatn , acc. of galaxias. — Gk. yaXaftas,
guggle . Also, W. cegio , to choke; ceg, milky way. — Gk. yaXans-, for yaXa/cT -,
the mouth. stem of yaXa, milk. See Lacteal.
204
 , , , , ,, , . , \ ,. ,;

GALE GALLOW
Gale a
strong wind.
(i)> (Scand.) lively Spanish dance; perhaps through
XVI cent. Of doubtful origin; but cf. F. ;
galop gaillani,
cf.
4
the galliard
*
;

Dan. gal, furious; Norweg. ein galen
storm , a furious storm, eit galet veer
stormy weather. Cf. Icel. galinn furious,
from gala, to cry out. See Yell. Note
F. galeme a north-west wind.
Gale (2), the bog-myrtle. (E.) A. S.
gage/. + Du. gagel.
Galeated, helmeted. (L.) L. galea tus.
— L. galea, a helmet.
Galingfale, the pungent root of a
plant, t h .— Span. — Arab. — Pers.) M. E.
galingale. — O. F. galingal, garingal. —
Span, galanga gal ingale. — Arab, kha-
lanjdn galingale. — Pers. khfilanjdn, galin-
.
gale said to be of Chinese origin.
: Grcecns, Greek.
Galiot ; see Galliot.
Gall (I), bile. (E.) M. Y. galle. O. Merc.
-f- Du. gal, Icel. gall, Swed. galla,
galla.
Dan. galdc (for galle), G. gal/e L fel,
Cot. — Span, gallardo, gay, lively. M.F.
gaillani meant valiant or bold; perhaps
of Celtic origin ; cf. Bret, galloud power,
W. gallad, able, gallu, to be able; O.
Irish gal, boldness (Thumeysen).
Gallias, a sort of galley. (F. — Ital. —
Late L.) O. F. galeace. — Ital. galeazza, a
heavy galley. — Ital. and Late L. galea ;
see Galley.
Galligaskins, large hose or trousers.
V
F. — Ital. — L.) Corruption of F. gar-
guesques, greguesques, 4 slops, gregs, gallo-
gascoins, Venitians;’ Cot. — Ital. Grechesco
Greekish. — Ital. Greco, a Greek. — L.
The name was given
to a particular kind of hose worn at
Venice.
Gallinaceous. (L.) L. galllnace-us,
; .
belonging to poultry with suffix - ous —
;

Gk. Allied to Yellow. Cf. Russ. L. gallma, a hen. — L. gallus, a cock.

jelch{e ), gall (j - zh) ; jelluii, yellow. Galliot, small galley. (F. — Late L.)
Gall ( 2), to rub a sore place. (F. — L.) O. Y.galiote; Late L galeota, small galley;
M F. galle r M. F. galle , a galling, itching.
.
;
dimin. of galea; see Galley.
Cf. Ital. galla, gala, a disease called a
‘ Gallipot, a small glazed earthen pot.
windgalle ; ’ Florin. Also Late L. galla, (F.) From galley and pot, as being
a soft tumour ; app. the same word as L. brought over in galleys. So also galley-
galla,a gall-nut ; see below, But also tile cf. galy-ha If
;
petty a galley-halfpenny,
partly E. ;
cf. A. S. gealla, (1) gall, bile, coin brought over by galley-men who ,

(2) a gall on a horse. So also Du. gal. landed wines at a place called Galley-key
See above. (Thames Street).
Gall (3), a gall-nut. (F.-L.) O. F. Gallon. M.
E. galon, galitn.
(F.) —
galle. — L. galla,
a gall-nut, oak-apple. O. Y .gallon, jalon,
a gallon ; orig. ‘ a large
7
Gallant, gay, splendid, brave. (F.— bowl ; augmentative form of the word
M. H. G.) O. F. gallant, better galant, which appears as mod. F. jalt a bowl.
with one /. Orig. pres. part, of O. F. Orig. unknown.
galer, to rejoice. — O. F. gale, shows, mirth, Galloon. (F.- M.H.G.)
F. galon ,
1
festivity. (Cf.Span. Port, gala
Ital. galoon-lace,’ Cot. O. F. galoner to
; cf.

festive attire.) Perhaps from M.H.G. adorn the head (with ribbons, &c.). [Also
7 rallen, O. FI. G. wallon, to go on pilgrim- Span, galon, galloon.] — O. F. gale, Span.
age. gala, festivity see Gallant.
;

Galleon, a large galley. (Span.) Span. Gallop. (F.— Teut.) M. E. galopen;

galeon, a galleon. — Late L. galea, a galley. also spelt walopen. — O. F. galoper, vb.
See Galley. galop walop (Bartsch), sb. [Hence was
,

Gallery. M.
F. galle ric, galerie,
(F.) borrowed O. II. G. walopieren, to gallop;
a gallery to walk in.— Late L galena, a .
so that it is not of O. II. G. origin.]
long portico, gallery. Of unknown origin ;
The sb. seems to have been due to Low G.
possibly from Gk. kqXov, wood, timber elements; and meant ‘Celtic running.'—
(Korting). See below. 0 . Sax. Walk , a Celt and hlopan , to run,
;

Galley, a low-built ship. (F. - Late L. to leap. See further under Walnut and
— Gk.?) M. Y.galeie. — O. Y.galie ; Late Iieap. The Norw. vallkopp, a gallop,
L..galea, a galley ; Late Gk. 7a\ea, 7 aXafa. is only a modem adaptation ; as if field-
1

Orig. unknown. Korting suggests Gk. hop.*

Ka\ov wood, also sometimes a ship. Gallow, to terrify. (E.) King Lear,
Galliard, a lively dance. (Span. - C. ?) iii. 2. 44. M. E. galwen. A. S. ga/watt,
Span, gallarda (with ll as ly), a kind of to terrify ; in comp, dgalwan
 , , — ,
; \ , , ,

GALLOWAY GANNET
Galloway, a nag, pony. (Scotland.) Gambol, a frisk, caper. (F. - Ital. - L.)
Named from Galloway Scotland. Formerly gambold gambauld, gambaud. —
,
,

Gallowglas, Galloglas, a heavy- M. F. gambade *a gam boll;’ Cot. -Ital. ,

armed foot-soldier. (Irish.) Irish gallo - gambata a kick. — Ital. gamba the leg; , ,

glack a servant, a galloglas. - Irish gall, the same as F. jatnbe O. F. gambe Late
, ,

a foreigner, an Englishman; oglach, a L. gamba a joint of the leg. Cf. Gael, ,

youth, servant, soldier (from og, young, and W. cam, crooked, answering to O.
O. Ir. dac, be , cognate with E. Young). Celt. *kambos (fem. * kambd), crooked;
It meant ‘ an English servitor,’ as explained Stokes-Fick, 78.
by Spenser, View of the State of Ireland, Game. (E.) M. E. game, also gamen .

Globe ed. p. 640. (See N. and Q. 6 S. x. A. S. gamen , sport. Icel. gaman, Dan. +
gamtnen, M. Swed. gamman, O. H. G.
joy, mirth. See Gammon (2). gaman ,

galga, gealga cross, gibbet whence mod.

,
Gammer, an old lady, grandmother.
;

E. galloWy the s being the pi. termina- (F. — L. and E.) For gramme r, West. ;

tion. +Icel. galgi, Dan. Swed. galge, Du. E. form of grand-mother.

galg, Goth, galga, a cross, G. galgen. (1), the preserved thigh of a Gammon
Teut. type *galgon~; cf. Lith. ialga a hog. (F. — L.) M. E. gambon A. F. .

pole ( i^zh ). gambon (F. jambon), a gammon; from

Galoche, a kind of shoe. (F. - Late L. 0 F. gambe leg. See Gambol. .
,

— Gk.) F. galoche answering to a , (2), nonsense; orig. a jest. Gammon

Romance type *galopia *calopia formed (E.) M.E. gamen , a game; see Game.
, ;

from *calopu$ sing, of Late L. calopodes And see Backgammon.

,

wooden shoes; we also find Late L. Gamut. (F.-Gk.; and L.) Comp,
calopedia (see Bracket), a clog, wooden of O. F. game, gam me, and ut. Here
shoe, and calopodium — Gk. KaXomohov, gamine represents the Gk. 7 appa (7),
.

dimin. of tcaKunovs, kclX&itovs a shoemaker’s because the musical scale was represented
,

last. — Gk. Ka\o-v, wood; irovs a foot. by a b, c , d, e, /, g the last being g= 7.

, ,

Galore, in plenty.
(C.) Irish goleor, Ut is the old name for do, the 1st note ill

Gael, gu leor, gu leoir, sufficiently. F ormed singing, because began an old hymn to
it

from Irish and Gael. Icor sufficient, by St. John, ,

‘ Ut queant laxis,* &c., used in
prefixing go or gu, lit. to,’ but used to learning singing.
‘
Gamut is the scale,
turn an adj. into an adverb. from 7 (g) to tit ( a ).
Galt (1), Gault, clay and marl. Gander. (E.) M. K. gandre. A. S.
(Scand.) Norweg. gald, hard ground, gandra also spelt ganra (the d being, in ,

a place where ground is trodden hard fact, excrescent). Du. gander. Cf. also +
Icel. gald, hard-trodden snow. Low G. gante, a gander (see ganta in
Galt (2), a boar-pig. (Scand.) M. E. Pliny). Teut. type *ganron- m. Allied
gait. - Icel. go Hr, galti Swed. Dan. gait, to Gannet and Goose.
;

a hog. Cf. O. H. G. galza, a sow. Gang (1), a crew of persons. (E.)

Galvanism. (Ital.) Named from A. S. gang a going, progression but the , ;

Galvani of Bologna, Italy about A. D. sense was affected by the related word
;

1792. genge, a gang.

Gambado, an E. substitution for F. gang (Scand.) Icel. ganga,
(2), to go.
gambade ;
see Gambol. to go A. S. gang a going, path,
;
cf.

Gambit, an opening at chess. (F. course (whence E. gang-way ) ; see Go.

Ital. — L.) F. gambit. — Ital. gambetto, a Ganglion, a tumour on a tendon. (L.
tripping up. - Ital. gamba ,
the leg ; see — Gk. ) L. ganglion. — Gk. yayyXiov.
Gambol. Gangrene, a mortification of the flesh.

Gamble. (E.) put for (F. - L. - Gk.) M. F. gangrene. - L. gan-

A late word,
gamm-le or gam-le, a frequent, form which grana. — G k. 7^77patva, an eating sore.
has taken the place of M. E. gamenen , to Allied to 7ifhoov, an old man, from
play at games. - A. S. gamenian to play at ip, to grow old; cf. Skt. jaras, old

games ; from gatnen a game. See Game. age, jaraya to consume (see Prellwitz).
, ,

Gamboge. (Asiatic.) A corruption of Gannet, solan goose, a sea-fowl. (E.)

Cambodia in the Annamese territory, A. S. ganot.+ Low G. gante Du. gent, a
, ,

whence it was brought after A. D. 1600. gander ; M. H. G. game, 0 H. G. ganazo, .

 , , , , , , -,;

GANTLET GARNER
a gander. From a base gun*; see belter (see N. E. D.), the same grabeller,
Gander. to garble or sort out spices, orig. to sift.
Gantlet (I) ; see Gauntlet. The same as Span, garbillar, Ital. garbel-
Gantlet a military
(2), Gantlope, lare, to garble or sift wares. — Span, gar-
punishment. (Swed.) Formerly gantlope ; billo, a coarse sieve. — Pers. gharbil, Arab.
corrupted by confusion with gauntlet. ghirbal, a sieve ; Arab. gharbalat i sifting,
'

Again, gantlope is a corruption of Swed. searching. Rich. Diet. p. 1046.

*
gatlopp, lit. a running down a lane to ;
*
Garboil, a commotion. (F.) M. F.
‘
run the gantlope * is to run between two garbouil, 4 a garboil, hurliburly ; * Cot.
files of soldiers, who strike the offender as Cf. Span, garbullo a crowd Ital. gar-
, ;

he passes. — Swed. gata a lane, street (see buglio , a garboil, disorder. Of unknown
Gate (2)); and lopp, a running, from lopa , origin. Prob. imitative. Florio has Ital.
to run, cognate with E. Leap. garabtillare, to rave.
Gaol, Jail, a cage, prison. (F.-L.) Garden. (F. O. Frankish.) M. E. —
A. F. gaole, geiole (F. geble ) , a prison, gardin.- A. F., O. Noith F. and Picard
birdcage. — Late L. gabiola , caveola a gardin , F. jardin. — O. Frank, gardin ,

cage, dimin. of L. cauea , a den, cave, (O. H.G. gariin ), gen. and dat. of gardo,
cage. — L. cauus hollow ; see Cage. ,
a yard, cognate with E. Yard, q. v. Cf.
Gap. (Scand.) M. E. gappe. — Icel. and O. H. G. gartin-ari, a gardener.
Swed. gap, a gap, abyss. — Icel. and Swed. Garfish; see Gar (1).
gapa, to gape (below). Gargle. (F. — LateL. — Gk.) Modified
gape. (Scand.) M. E. gapen. — Icel. from F. gargoniller 4 to gargle ; * Cot. —
and Swed. gapa Dan. gabe.+E. Fries, and F. gargouille, the weasand of the throat,
,

Du. gapen G. gaffen Cf. Skt. jabh 1 also a gargoyle, or mouth of a spout.
. So
jambh to gape. ,
also Span gargola, a gargoyle; Ital. gar- .

Gar (1), Garfish, a fish. (E.) A fish gozza the gullet. From an imitative base ,

with slender body and pointed head. garg-, as seen in L garg-arizare, to gargle, .

From A. S. gar, a spear ; cf. Garlic. So from Gk. yapy-api(uv, to gargle cf. Gk. ;

also gcd. yapyapc&v, the uvula. Hence also Ital.

Gar (2), to cause. (Scand.) Icel. gprua gargagliare, to murmur, gargaita, the
(Noreen), Swed. gbra Dan. gjore, to throat. The parallel L. base is gurg-
,

make, cause ; lit. to make ready. — Icel. see Gorge, Gurgle.

g/rr, gorr, ready; see Yare. gargoyle, a spout. (F.-L.) F. gar-
garb (1), dress. (F. -O. H. G.) In gouille (above).
Shak. — 0 F. garbe a garb, good fashion.
.
, Garish, staring, showy. (E.) Also
— O. H. G. garawi garwi dress, prepara- , , formerly spelt gaurish. Allied to M. E.
tion ; cf. O. H. G. garawen M. H. G. gauren to stare (Chaucer). Cf. M. E.
garwen ,
get ready.
to — O. H. G. gawen, to stare Icel. ga to heed, mark.
; ,

ready ;
cognate with E. ;
see Gear. Garland. ( F. — Teut. ?) E. gerlond M . .

Garb a wheatsheaf, in heraldry.

(2), - O. F. garlands. Cf. Span, guirnalda,
(F.»— O. II. G.) A. F. and Picard garbe ,
Ital. ghirlanda (whence Mod. F. guir-
F. gerbe. a sheaf. — O. II. G. (G. lande), a garland. Prob. formed, with
garbe), a sheaf. Lit. what is grabbed* ‘
suffix -ande, from M. H. G. *wierelen,
or caught up into a bundle by grasping. frequentative of wieren to adorn, from ,

Cf. E. grab, Swed. grabba to gTasp; Skt. ,

O. II. G. iviara, M. H. G. wiere, refined
grab, Vedic grabh to seize. Brugm. i. ,
gold, fine ornament, crown. Cf. Wire.
§ 531 . Garlic, a plant. (E.) A. S. garleac ,
garbage, refuse. (F. H. G.) -0 . lit. spear- leek.’ — A. S. gar, a spear ; leac,
‘

M. E. garbage entrails of fowls. ,

This a leek, plant. See Gore (3) and Leek.
agrees in form with O. F. garbage , gerbage , Garment. (F. O. Low G.) M.E. —
a tax paid in garbs or sheaves. Prob. garnement.'mQ. F. garnement , garniment
similarly formed from O. F. garbe, in the a robe (defence). O. F. gamir to pro- —
sense of 4 handful,’ small bundle, a sense tect see Garnish. ;

which occurs for Low L. garba Garner. (F.-L.) M.E. gamer.

.

Garble, to select for a purpose ; hence, O. V.gernier variant ofgrenier, a granary. ,

to corrupt an account. (F. - Span. — Arab.) L. grdnarium a granary. L. grdnum , — ,

Orig. to pick out, sort, sift out. — Q, F. gar- corn ; see Grain.

207
 , , e
, ; — ; \ , , , ;;

GARNET GAUGE
garnet. (F.-L.) M.
E. garnet , also Gash, to hack, cut deeply. ( F. Late L. —
spelt granat. —
O. F. granate M. F. Gk.) Formerly garsh, garse.— O.F. —
grenat, 1 a precious stone called a granat garser, to scarify, pierce with a lancet. —
or garnet/ Cot.; Late L. grdndtus . So Late L. caraxdre, short for incaraxdre ,
called from its resemblance to the seeds of incharaxare, to pierce, incise. Cf. Late I..
the pomegranate, or malum grdnatum garsa, scarification, by making incisions ,

lit. seeded apple. — L. grdnum , a grain, in the skin, called in Gk. €yxapa(^
seed. whence the Late L. vb. was formed. See
Garnish. (F.— O. LowG.) Also Character.
— O. F. gam is-, warnis stem of Gasp. (E.) M. E. gaspen, gaispen.
pres. pt. of garnir, zvarnir to defend one- The latter answers to Icel. geispa Swed.
, ,

self, fortify, garnish. — O. Frank. *zuarn gdspa to yawn (cf. Dan. gispe).
*
The
jan ;
cf. O. H. G. zvarnon M. II. G. former represents the cognate A.S. *gds-
warnen to guard against, provide one- pan (not found). Icel. geispa is for *geip-
self with cf. O. H. G. warna foresight,
; sa cf. Du. gijpen, to gasp A. S. gipung, ; ;

care. See Warn. a gaping.

.garniture. (F.— O. Low G.) F. Gastric, belonging to the belly. (Gk.)
garniture garnishment. — Low L. garni- Coined from Gk. yaarpo-, from ycioTrjp,
,

tura. — Low L. garnitus orig. pp. of the belly.

,

garnire )
toadorn, which is merely a Gate (1), a door, hole, opening. (E.)
Latinised form of O. F. garnir (above). M. E. gate, yate. A.S. gat, geat, a gate,
Garret, (F. G.) - M. E. garite opening (whence M. E. yate )
. pi. gatu ;

O. F. garite (F .gudrite), place of lefuge, (whence M. E. gate). Du. gat, a hole, +

watch-tower. — O. F. garir, zvarir to opening, gap ,
O. Fries., O. Sax., Icel. ;

preserve. — O. H. G. warjan, to defend. gat, an opening.

Allied to Weir. Gate 12), a street. (Scand.) Common
Garrison. (F. — O.LowG.) Confused in the North; it also means ‘a way.’ —
with M. E. garisoun , warisoun a reward Icel. gata Swed. gata, a way, path, street,
, ; ,

but the true form is M. E. garnison , lane Dan. gade cf. Goth, gatwo, G. ; ;

nison, defence, stores, supply. — O. F. gasse. Perhaps allied to Gate (1), and
garnison , store, supply. — O. garnis- ant, also to the vb. Go. p. Gate (1) answers
pres. pt. of garnir to supply, garnish
,
to Teut. type *gatom, n., but gate (2) to
see Garnish. And see Warison. Teut. type *gatwdn~, f. See Gait and
Garrote, Garrotte. (Span. - C.) Gantlet (2).
Span .garrote, a cudgel, tying a rope tight, Gather. (E.) M. E. gaderen. A.S.
strangling by means of an iron collar. gaderian geedrian, to collect, get together. ,

Formed, with dimin. suffix - ote , from Span. — A.S. gader-, together; also gador
garra , a claw, talon, clutch, grasp. — geador. -f- Du. gaderen to collect, from ,

Bret., W., and Corn, gar , the shank of (te 'gader, together. Cf. A. S. geed, a com-
the leg (Diez). See Garter. pany, society (whence also A.S. ga:de-
Garrulous. (L.) L. garrulus, talk- ling a comrade ge-gada a companion) ;

ative. — L. garrtre, to chatter. Brugm. i. Du. gade a spouse, G. gatte, a husband , ;

§ 638. Goth. gadiliggs, a cousin. Perhaps allied

Garter. (F. — C.) A. F .garter; O.F. to Good.
gartier (North of France, Hecart), spelt Gaud, a show, ornament. (L.) M. K.
jartier in Cotgrave (F. jarret Hr ) — O F. gaude — L. gaudium gladness, joy hence,
. . .
, ;

and Norm, garet (F. jarret\ the ham of an ornament. — L. gaudere, to rejoice (base
the leg; a dimin. form. — Bret, gar, W. gauid-, as in gduisus sum used as pt. t.).
gar, shank of the leg ; Celt, type *garris 4*Gk. 7 rj$f€iv, to rejoice allied to yaUiv
. ;

Gas. (Du.) The Belgian chemist Van (=7af-Utv), to rejoice; 7 avpos, proud.
Helmont (died a. d. 1644) invented two Brugm. i. § 589 ; ii. § 694. Der. gaud-y,
terms, gas and bias; the latter did not adj.
come into use. He tells us that gas was Gauge, Gage, to measure the content
suggested by the Gk. xaor. See N. E. D. of a vessel. (F.— Low L.) Spelt gage in
Gasconade, boasting. (Gascony.) F. Shak. — O. North F. gauger, F. jauger 1 to ,

gasconnade , boasting said to be a vice of gage,’ Cot. — O. North F. gauge, F.

;

Gascons ; at any rate named from them. jauge, gage, instrument wherewith a
208
 , , , \, , , , L , , , ;;;

GAUNT GENEALOGY
cask is measured/ Cot. ;
Low L. gaugia a magpie, dimin. of gazza , a magpie,
(a. d. 1446). Of unknown origin. whence it may have meant * tittle-tattle *

Gaunt, thin, lean. (Scand. ?) An East- or (2) a very small coin (perhaps paid for
Anglianword; perhaps Scand. Also spelt the privilege of reading the news), from
gant (1691), Cf. Norweg. gand, a thin Ital. gazzetta, a coin less than a farthing,
stick, a tall and thin man, an overgrown probably from Gk. 7afa, a treasury.
stripling (Aasen) ; Swed. dial, gank a lean, Gear, dress, harness, tackle. (Sfand.)
,

half-starved horse (Rietz). Doubtful. M. E. gere. — Icel. gervi, gdrvi gear,

Gauntlet. (F. -Scand.) O. F. gante- appaiel. Cf. gbrr, geyrr, skilled, dressed,
let, a double dimin. of gant, a glove. — O. pp. of gora, to make.+A. S. gearwe, fern,
Swed. wante a glove; Dan. vante, a pi, preparation, dress, ornament; A.S.
mitten, Icel. vottr (stem vantu -), a glove. gearo, ready; see Yare. And see Gar
Cf. Du. want a mitten (prob. borrowed (2), Garb (1).
from Scand ). Prob. from Wind, verb Geek, a dupe. (Du.) In Tw. Nt. v.
(Noreen) cf. G.gewand a garment Low 351. — Du. gek, formerly geek a fool, sot
; , ; ,

G. want, cloth (Liibben). cf. G. geek, the same Dan. gjek, fool ;

Gauntlet ;
see Gantlet (2). Icel. gikkr, a pert, rude person. Not
Gauze, a thin silken fabric. (F.— to be confused with A. S. geac, cuckoo
Palestine.) M. F. gaze Span. gasa. Cf. ;
nor with gowk nor with gawky. ;

Low L. gazzdtum , gauze ; gazeturn, wine Gecko, nocturnal lizard.

a (Malay.)
from Gaza. Said to be from Gaza, in Also F. gecko. — Malay gekoq a gecko; ,

Palestine, whence it was first brought. so named from an imitation of its cry.
Gavelkind, a sort of tenure. (E.) Ged, the fish called a pike. (Scand.)
M. E gauelkynde
.
answering to an A.S.
\ Icel. gedda Swed. gadda , Dan. giedde a
,

form *gafol-cynd — A.S. gafol, tribute, ged allied to gaddr, a goad ; see Gad (r)
;

payment and cynd, kind, sort, condition.

;
Named from the sharp, thin head hence ;

The A. S.gaJ-ol (whence Low L. gabulum ) aLo called pike.

is from Teut. *gab, 2nd grade of Give, q. v. Gelatine. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. gelatine,
Gavial, the crocodile of the Ganges. kind of jelly. — Ital. gelatina. — L. getdtus,
(F. — Hind.) F. gavial (a corrupt form). pp. o{ geldre, to freeze. — L. gclu, frost;
- Hind, ghariyal a crocodile. see Gelid.
Gavotte, a dance. (F.) M. F. gavote Geld, to emasculate. (Scand.) M. E.
orig. a dance of the Gavots. Gavot is a gelden. — Icel. gelda Dan. glide, Swed. ,

sobriquet, in Provence, of the moun- galla (for gdlda) ; cf. Icel. geldr. Swed.
taineers of the Alps (see Ilatzfeld). gall, barren. Perhaps related to Goth.
Gawk, Gawky, awkward. (F.- giltha, a sickle. Cf. Galt (2). Der.
Scand.) From E. dial, gawk-handed ,
geld-ing, from Icel. gelding, the same.
gaulick- handed, left-handed gawk clumsy. ;
Gelid, cool. (L.) L. gelidus. L. gelit, —
Here gawk is short for gaul-ick where ,
frost. Allied to Cool. Brugm. i. § 481.
-ick is a suffix. Of F. origin ; cf. Burgund. Gem. CF. — L.) M. E. gemme —
. F.
gdle, numb with cold, said of the fingers. gemtne. — L. gemma, a bud ; also a gem,
— Swed. Dan. valen benumbed; whence jewel. Brugm. i.
§ 413 (4).
Swed. dial, val-handt Norw. val-hendt, , Gemini. (L.) L. gemini, twins ;
pi.
having numbed hands. Prob. not from of geminus, double.
F. gauche (N. E. D.). Gender (1), kind. (F.-L.) M. E.
Gay. (F. - O. H. G.) O. F. gai. - gendre (with excrescent d). — O. F. genre,
O. II. G. wdhi, fine, beautiful. kind. — genere, abl. case oi genus, kind,
.

Gaze. (Scand.) M. E. gasen. — S wed. kin. The unusual deriv. from the abl.
dial, gasa, to gaze, stare at. case is due to the common phrases genere
Gazelle, an animal. (F. — Span.— tiatus , hoc genere, omni genere ; so also
Arab.) Formerly gazel. — O. F. gaze l, Ital. genere, kind.

gender (2), to produce. (F. — L.

x
gazette. — Span, gacela. — Arab, ghazdl, a
wild goat, gazelle. M. E. gendren. — O. F. gendrer (Gode-
Gazette. (F. -Ital.) O. F. gazette an , froy). — L. generdre, to beget. — L. gener
abstract of news, issued at Venice. — Ital. for *genes stem of genus (above). And
gazzetta a gazette ; the orig. sense is see Engender.
either (1) a magpie, from Ital. gazzetta , Genealogy. ',F. - L. - Gk.) M. E.
 . i , , , , ,, -

GENERAL GERUND
genealogies — O, F. gened-
genealogie. - L.
gentle. (F.-L.) O.F. gentil (above),
logia. — QV. yeveakoyta, an account of a gentry. (F.-L.) M.E.gentrie, high
family, pedigree ( Tim. i. 4).— Gk. yeved,birth shortened from M. E. gentrise, the ;

birth (allied to ytvos, see genus); and same. — O.F. genterise another form of
koyta, an account, allied to \ 6 yos (see gentilise, rank (-Late L. *gentiliiia).—
Logic). L. gentilis ;
see Genteel.
General, relating to a genus, common.
Genuflexion, a Genuflection,
(F.— L.) O. F. general — L. generalise bending of the knee. (F. — L.) M.F. genu-
.

belonging to a genus (stem gener -, for flexion — Late L. acc. geniiflexidnem. — L. .

*genes) ; see genus. Hence general sb., genu, knee; flex -us, pp. of flectere, to
a leader ; generalissimo from Ita\. general- bend.
,

issimo, a supreme commander, with superl. Genuine. (L.) L. genuinus of the

suffix - issimo true genus or stock ; allied to L. genus
generate. (L.) From pp. of L. (below).
gene rare, to produce. — L. gener-, decl. genus, kin. (L.) L. genus (gen.
stem of genus. generis ,
for *geneses
),
kin, race. + Gk.
.generic, pel tabling to a genus. (L.) yevos, raceA. S. cyn, kin. See Kin.
;

Coined from L. gener-, decl. stem of (y'GEN.) Brugm. i. § 604.

genus. Geography. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. F.
generons. (F. - L.)
O. F. genereus, geographic. — L. gedgraphia. — Gk. yew-
later gittereux. generosus, (properly) 7 pa(pia, lit. earth-description. — Gk. yew- =
— L.
of noble birth.— E. getter-, as above. 7 rjo-, a combining form of yrj earth;
Genesis, creation. (L. Ok.) —
L. -7 pa<pla, description, from 7piupeiv, to
genesis. — Gk. yeveais, origin, source; write.
related to yevos, race ; see genus. geometry. (F. — L. Gk.) O. F. —
Genet, an animal. (F. — Span. — Arab.) geometric . — L. gedmetria. — Gk. yew perpia,
F. genette ,
a kind of weesell ’ Cot.— land -measurement. — Gk. yew- (as above) ;
4
;

Span, gineta.— Arab . jarneit (Dozy). -perpia, measurement, from perpew, I

—
Genial. (F.— L.) O. F. genial. L. measure, perpov, a measure ; see Metre.
gentdlis, pleasant ; adj. from genius see georgic. (L.-Gk.) L. georgicus,
;

genius. relating to husbandry. — Gk. ycwpyucSs,

Geniculate, jointed. (L. ) In botany. the same.— Gk. yewpyia, tillage. — Gk. yew-
From L. genictdum a little knee, joint in (as above) ; *epyetv>lpheiv, to work. See
a plant; double dimin. of genii, a knee. Work.
Allied to Knee. Geranium, a plant. Gk.) L. fL—
Genie, a demon see Jinn. ;
geranium Latinised from Gk. yep&viov, a
Genital. (F.-L.) O. F. genital. -L. geranium or crane’s bill (from the shape
genitalis generative. — L genit-um, supine of the seed-pod).— Gk. yepavos, a crane;
, .

of gignere to beget.
, allied to Crane.
genitive. (F.-L.) O. F. genitif.- Gerfalcon ; see Gyrfalcon.
L. genettuus, belonging to birth, applied a seed. (F.— L.) Germ,
F.gertne
in grammar to a certain case of nouns. — L. germen (stem germin •), a sprout, germ.
L. genitum (above). Der. germin-ate (from the stem).
genius, inborn faculty. (L.) L. german, germane, akin. (F.-L.)
genius, the tutelar spirit of any one ; also Cousins-german are cousins having the
wit, lit. * inborn nature.’ Allied to genus. same grandfather. Formerly spelt germain.
Gennet; see Jennet. — M. F. germain. — L. germanum, acc. of
Genteel. (F.-L.) XVI cent.; F. germdnus, closely akin. Allied to Germ.
gentil. — L. gentilis , belonging to the same Germander. (F.- L.-Gk.) F.ger
clan, a gentile (afterwards applied to mean mandrie, germander; O.F. gertnandree,
well-bred, &c.). — L. genii-, decl. stem of gematuiree (Godefroy, Supp.) cf. G. ga- ;

gens, a clan, tribe. Allied to genus. mander. — Late L. gamandria , a popular

Gentian, a plant. (F.-L.) O. Vien- alteration of Late Gk. xa P av ^Pv^i ger-
tiane. — E.gentiana\ named after Gentius, mander.— Gk. xapaihpvs, germander; lit.
an Illyrian king, abt. b.c. i 8o. ‘ground-tree,’ i.e. low tree.— Gk. x®/*®**
Gentile. (F.-L.) O. F. gentil. -L. on the ground ; fyvt, tree.
gentilis, gentile ; see Genteel. Gerund, a part of a Latin verb. (L.)
210
 ; , , . , . ;;

GESTATION GIBLETS
L. gerundium a gerund. — L. gtrundus,
,
ogorka a cucumber Pol. ogureky ogorek , ,

Bohem. okurka. — M. Ital. anguria a

that which is to be done or carried on ; ,

cucumber (Florio) Low L. angiirius a

a verbal adj. from gerere (pp. ges-tus), to ; ,

carry on, perform, bring. (^GES.) water-melon. — Byzantine Gk. ayyovpfov,

gestation, the carrying of the young a water-melon. — Pers. angarah a melon, ,

in the womb. (F. - L.) M. F. gestation . — a cucumber; Rich. Diet., p. 194.

L. acc. gestdtionem a carrying. L. gesta- — Ghost, a spirit. (E.) M. E. gost, goost.
tus, pp. of gesture, to carry, frequent, form A. S. gdst. +
Du. geest, G. geist. Teut.
of gerere (pp. gest-us ), to bring. typQ*gaistoz. Of uncertain origin ; perhaps
gesticulate, to make gestures. (L.) allied to Icel. geisa, to rage (like fire),
From pp. of gesticuldri, to make mimic and to Goth, us-gais-jan, to terrify.
gestures. -L. gesticulus a gesture, double ,
Brugm. i. § 816 (2).
dimin. o f gestus, a gesture. — L. gestus, pp. Ghoul, a kind of demon. (Arab.) Pers.
of gerere. ghdly an imaginary sylvan demon; Arab.
gesture. (L.) Late L. gesliira a ghuwaly a demon of the woods; from Arab.
mode of action. — L. gestus pp. of gerere ,
ghawly attacking suddenly.
Get. (Scand.) M. E. geten, pt. t. gat, Giant . (F. — L. — Gk. ) E. giant , M .

pp. geten. — Icel. geta, pt. t. gat, pp. getinn. geant, geaunt. — A. F. and O. F. giant ,
+A. S. -getan, pt. t. -gat, pp. -geten, to geant. — L. gigantem , acc. of gigas. — Gk.
get, obtain ; Goth. -gitan cognate with ;
747a? (stem ytyavr -), a giant. Der.
L .hendere (base hed), in prehendere , to gigant-iCy from L. gigant-, stem of gigas.
seize; Gk. xavbdvtiv (base x a ^)> to seize; Giaour, an infidel. (Pers.) Giaour is

Russ. gadate to conjecture. (^GHwED.)

,
an ltal. spelling usual among the Franks
Der. be-get,for-get. Brugm. i. § 632. of the Levant (Byron). Pers. gawr an ,

Gewgaw, a plaything, specious trifle. infidel, a fire-worshipper; variant of Pers.

(F.) Forme ly gugaw, (perhaps) answering
1 gaOr, a Gueber see Gueber. ;

to M.E. giuegoue Ancren Riwle, p. 196.

, talk. (E.) The
Gibberish, unmeaning
The pron. of M. E. giuegoue is uncertain. separates it from the verb gibber,
hard g
Origin unknown; prob. F. One sense of to gabble, which is the frequentative of
E .gewgaw is a Jew’s harp ; cf. Burgundian jibe, and allied to jabber Fuller has
gawey a Jew’s harp (Mignard). Cf. Swed. Geberishy and Camden Gebris/i apparently ;

dial, guva, to blow ; Norw. guva gyva in allusion to Gebir, an Arabian alchemist
,

(pt. t. gauv). of the 8th century, and to the jargon of

Geysir. (Icel.) \ct\.gcysir, lit. ‘gusher.’ alchemy. But the word is imitative ; like
— Icel. geysa ) to gush; allied to gjosa (pt. gibble-gabble. See N. E. D.
X.gaus), to gush. See Gush. Gibbet. (F.) M.E. gibbet, gibet .-
Ghastly, terrible . (E.) M. E. gasify . O. F. gibbet (F. gibet), a gibbet. Prob.
Formed from M.E. gastcn A. ,
S. glestan allied to O. F. gibet , a large stick, perhaps
to terrify; allied to Goth, usgaisjan , to a dimin. of O. F. gibe, gibbe, a sort of
terrify. See Aghast. Allied words are stick shod withiron, an implement for
gasted. terrified, K. Lear, ii. 1. 57 ;
gast- stirringnp earth. Or is gib et a dimin.
tiessy Oth v. 1. 106. See Ghost. from M. Du. ivippe , < a gibbet/ in Hexham ?
Ghaut, a. quay, way
landing-place, Gibbon, a kind of ape. (F.) F .gibbon,
down to a river mountain-pass. (Hind.)
;
in Buffon unknown origin.
;
of
Hind, ghat, Bengali ghat. See Wilson. Gibbous, humped, swelling. (L.)
Ghee, boiled or clarified butter. (Hind. From L. gibbosus humped (whence also,

— Skt.) Hind. ghi. - Skt. ghrta, clarified gibbose). — L .gibbiis,gibba, a hump, hunch
butter orig. pp. of ghr, to sprinkle.
;
cf. gibbus bent.
,

Gherkin, small cucumber. (Du. — Gibe, Jibe, to mock. (E.) Of imitative

Slav. — Low L. — Gk.- Pers.) Short for origin ;
E. Fries, gibeln , to mock, Du.
cf.

*agkerkin. - Du. agurkje , a gherkin (of gijbelen, to sneer. Note also Icel. geipa,
which an older form was doubtless to talk nonsense, Icel. geip, idle talk;
*agurken ( = agurk*ken), because M. Du. Norw geipa, to make grimaces.
used the dimin. suffix - ken where mod. Giblets, the internal eatable parts of
Du. uses je in fact, the form augurken a fowl, removed before cooking. (F.)
is preserved in E. Friesic.). Without the M.E. gibelet. — O. F. gibelet which, ac- ,

final n, we have Du. agorke (Sewel).— cording to Littre, answers to mod. F.

 , , , ) , ;
. , ;;,
;

GIDDY GINGER
gibelotte, stewed rabbit. Of unknown Gillyflower, a flower. (F.-L.-Gk.)
origin ;
perhaps related to Y.gibier, game. Formerly gilofer, geraflour. Formed (by
Giddy. (E.) M. E. gidi, gedy adj. , confusion with flower) from M. F. girojlee ,
late A. S.gidig, insane, answering to earlier ‘
a gilloflower ; ’ Cot. From F. clou de
*gydig, which would mean ‘ possessed by girofle, the same. — Late L. caryophyllum.
a god ’ cf. A. S. gyden a goddess. From
; ,
Latinised from Gk. Kapvo<pvk\ov a clove ,

A. S. god. tree, lit. * nut-leaf.’ — Gk. K&pvo-v, a nut

Gier-eagle, a kind of eagle. (Du. and tpvWov , leaf.
F.) The hrst syllable is from Du. gier , Gimbals, a contrivance for suspending
a vulture; cf. G. geier, M. H. G. gir, a a ship’s compass, to keep it horizontal.
vulture. Allied to G. gier-ig, greedy, and (F. — L.) Formerly gimmals also called ;

to E.Yearn. gemmozv or gemmow-ring, a double ring,

Gift. (E.) M. E. gift, yift. - A. S. gift, with two or more links. The forms gem-
a gift (rare) ; common in the pi. gifta, mow and gimmal correspond to M. F.
nuptials; E. Fries, gift. — A. S. gifan to ,
getneau, and O. F. gertiel, a twin. — L. gemel-
give. -plcel. gift, Du. gift, G. -gift (in mit- lus, a twin, a dimin. form of L. ge minus,
gift, a dowry), The hard g is due to double.
Scand. influence. See Give. Der. gift-ed. Gimlet, Gimblet. (F.-Teut.) M.F.
Gig, a light carriage, light boat. (Scand.) gimbelet a gimlet or piercer Cot. ,
1
;
’

In Shak., a gig is a boy’s top. M. E. gigge guimbelet Godefroy (F. gibe let ) Norman , , ;

apparently a whirling thing, Ch. Ho. dial, guinblct. Of M. H. G. origin

Fame, iii. 852 (whence E. whirligig) formed from a base wind-, to tum or
I’rob. of Scand. origin cf. Icel. geiga to wind ; cf. mod. G. wendel-bohrer a
; ,

take a wrong direction, to rove at random. wimble. Note also Icel. vindla to wind
Cf. Jig. Prob. of imitative origin. up, vindill, a wisp. See Wimble, of
Gigantic ; see Giant. which gimlet is the dimin.
Giggle, to titter. (E.) Of imitative Gimmal-ring see Gimbals. ;
origin; cf. gaggle. Cf. 1 C. Fries. glcheln, Gimp, a kind of trimming, made of
Low G. giggeln (Danneil;, G. kiihent to ,
twistedsilk, cotton, or wool. (F. — O.II.G.)
K'Kgle. See Bailey’s Diet. vol. ii., ed. 1731. Named
Giglet, Glglot, a wanton woman. from a resemblance to some kind of
(E. ?) Dimin. of gigle, a ilirt, used by wimple. — M. F gui?npe, a nun’s wimple; .

Cotgrave (s. v. gadrouillette from M. E. also guimple (see index to Cotgrave, s.v.
;

gigge, the same, Plowm. Tale, 759. Per- wimple). — O. II. G. wimpal a light robe, ,

haps allied to Gig or Giggle. a fillet for the head; Gn.wimpel,*. streamer
Gild, to overlay with gold. (E.) M. E. see Wimple. Prob. confused with F. ^
gilden . A. S. gyldan to gild cf. A. S. guipure a thread or silk lace. See Gui-
; ,

gylden golden. Formed (with vowel- pure.

mutation from Teut. n (>A. S. 0 ) to y) Gin (i), to begin. (E.) Obsolete often ;

from gold, gold. See Gold. needlessly written ’gin, as though be- were
Gill (1), organ of respiration in fishes. omitted. M. E. ginnen A. S. ginnan , .

(Scand.) M. E. gille. — 1 )2Ji.gioelle, Swed. to begin, commonly on-ginnan (pt. t.

gal, a gill M. Dan. galle, M. Swed. gel. ongann , pp. ongunnen).+ Goth, ginnan,
;

Gill (2), a ravine, chasm. (Scand.) Also in the comp, du-gintian to begin. Brugm. ,

ghyll — Icel. gil, ravine ; Norw. gil. i-

§. 376 .

Gill (3\ with g soft, a quarter of a pint. Gin (2), a trap, snare. (F. — L.) M. E.
(F. — Late L.) M. M. gille. — O. F. gelle, a gin, short for M.E. engin a contrivance. ,

sort of wine-measure, Late L.gella cf. Late See Engine. ;

L. gillo, a wine-vessel. Gin (3), a kind of spirit. (F. — L.) Short

Gill (4), with g soft, a woman’s name, for geneva corruption of M. F. genevre ,

a pitcher, ground-ivy. (L.) Short for juniper. — L. acc. iuniperum sec Juni- ;

Gillian , from L. Juliana a fern, name per.

due to L. Julius; see July. 'Der. flirt- Ginger, the root of a certain plant.
gill or gill-flirt, jilt. F. — L. — Gk. — Skt.) M. E. ginger gin-
, ,

Gillie, a boy, page. (C.) Gael, gille, geuere ( =- gingevere). — O. F. gengibre (F.
giolla , Irish giolla , boy, lad ; O. Irish gingembre). — Late lu.gingiber L. zingiber. ;

gilla, a servant. - Gk. {lyyi&epis. —Skt. frfigavera, ginger

212
 , , , ;. , L , .;

GINGERLY GLAIR
lit.*horn-shaped,’ from the horns on it.— the waist Dan. giord.+ Goth. gairda, a
;

Skt. frftga, a horn vera a body. ; ,

girdle. Teut. type *gerda. See Gird (1).
Gingerly, with soft steps. (F.— L.) Gist, the pith of a matter. (F.— L.)
From the adj. *ginger, soft, delicate (with The gist is the point wherein the matter
soft g). Apparently adapted from O. F. lies. — O. F. gist (mod. F. git), it lies;
genzor, gensor, more delicate, comp, of whence the proverb ‘e’est la que git le
gent, fine, delicate, noble orig. ‘ well- lievre,* that is where the difficulty^, lit.
;

born.’ — Folk-L. *gentum , I,, gentium , that’s where the hare lies.’ From the F.
‘

acc. of genitus born (well-born), pp. of verb gesir (now gtfsir) y to lie. — L. iacere y
gignere to beget. (N.E.D.)
,
to ie. ( O. Y.gist — L. iacet .) See Jet ( 1 )
1

Gingham, a kind of cotton cloth. Gittern ; see Cithern.

(F. — Malay.) F. guingan. — Malay ging- Give. (Scand.) M. E. giff (Northern),
gang striped cloth, gingham. — Malay and geuen yeuen (Southern) ; pt. t. gaf (N.),
, ,

Javanese ginggang, striped (C. P. G. Scott). yaf( S.), pp -gifen (N.) yiuen y youen (S.).
Gingle ; the same as Jingle. — lcel. gefa, Dan. give, Swed gi/va. . +
GipSV ; the same as Gypsy. A. S. gifan y pt. t. gcaf pp. gifen ; Du.
Giraffe, a long-legged animal. (F.~ geven\ Goth, giban, G. geben. Teut. type
Span. — Arab.) M. F. giraffe (F. *gebati- y pt. t. *gab. Cf. O. Irish gab-im,
girafe ). — Span, girafa. — Aiab. zardf, I give, 1 take.
zardfa{t ). Gizzard. (F.-L.) M. E. giser (the
Gird ( 0 ,
to enclose, bind round. (E.) d being added). — O. F. gezier jugier, ,

M. E. garden, girden. A. S. gyrdan to jaisier (F. gtsier). — L. gigerium, only in

gird.+C). Sax. gurdian Du. go rden, lcel. pi. gigeria (Late L. gizeria ), cooked
,

gyrda , to gird, Dan. giorde G. giirten entrails of poultry. , .

Teut. type *gurdjan-; from *guid-, weak Glabrous, smooth. (L.) From L.
grade of Teut. *gerdan- (pt. t. *gard), to glaber smooth. Idg. stem *gladh-iv - ,

enclose ; cf. Goth, bigairdan , to begird. see Glad. Brugm. i. § 589.

Allied to Garth, Garden, and Yard. Glacial, icy. (F. - L.) Y. glacial. - L.
Gird (2), to jest at, jibe.(K.) peculiar glacidlis, icy. — A
glacies, ice. .

use ol M.
E. girden, garden, to strike, cut. glacier, a mountain ice-field. (F. L.) —
To gi/d at ^ to strike at, jest at; a gird F glacier (a Savoy word). — Y .glace, ice. .
—
U a cut, sarcasm ; Tam. Shrew, v. 2. 58. holk-L .glacia, for L. glacies, ice.
Girdle. (E.) A. S. gyt del, that which glacis, smooth slope. (F.— L.) F.
girds. — A. S.gyrdan, to gird see Gird ( 1 ). glacis. — M. F. glacer, to cover with ice.—
;

+Du. gordel, lcel. gyrbill, Swed. gordel, F. glace (above).

G. garlel. Glad. (E. A. S. glad, shining, bright, )

Girl. (E.) M.E. girlc, gerle , garle, cheerful, glad.+Du. glad smooth, bright, .

often used to mean * a boy ; a child lcel. gladr, bright, glad. Dan. Swed. glad,
’

Answering to an A.S. form *gyrel- , Teut. G. glatt smooth, polished. Cf. Russ.
*guril- y a dimin. form from Teut. base gladkii y even, smooth ; L. glaber, smooth ;
*gur~. Allied to N. Fries, gbr, a girl see Glabrous.
Low G. gbr, gore a child. Cf. Swiss Gladden, Gladen, a plant ; Iris
gam*, garrli, a depreciatory term for a pseudacoras (L.) A. S. gl(tdene\ altered .

girl (Sanders, Ger. Diet.). from L. gladiolus , a sword-lily. Dimin.

Giron, Gyron, in heraldry, the eighth of L. gladius , a sword ; see Gladiator.
part of a shield, made by drawing a dia- Glade, an open space in a wood. (E.)
gonal line from the top comer to the centre, The orig. sense was prob. an opening for
and from the centre horizontally towards light, passage through a wood ; from A.S.
the same side a right-angled triangle. glad, bright, shining.
;
Cf. Swed. dial.
(F. — O
H.G.) Y.giron, agiron (Littre). glcul-yppen, completely open, said of a
— O. II. G. gerun acc. of gero, a lance, lake whence the ice has all melted away.
,

spear M. H. G. gere, a gore or gusset in

;
Gladiator, a swordsman. (L.) L. gla-
a garment, a triangular piece. — O. H. G. diator. — L. gladius , a sword.
ger, a spear, cognate with A.S. gar, a Glair, the white of an egg. (F.~ L.)
spear. See Gore (2). (Diez, Schade.) M. E. gleyre. — O. F. g/atre. L. cldra, —
Girth. (Scand.) M.E. gerth.— lcel. fem. of cldrus, bright ; Late L. cldra out,
gjorby a girdle, girth; gerd, girth round the white of an egg.
 , , , ; , ; ;

GLAIVE GLINT
GlaiT6 f a sword. (F.-L.) A. ¥. glaive, M. E. A. S. glida, a kite, lit
glede.
a sword ; O. F. glaive a sword, lance.—
,
‘ glider/from its smooth flight. — A. S.
L. gladium acc. of gladius, a sword. glid-, weak grade of gltdan , to glide ; see
Glamour ;
see Gramarye. Glide. Cf. Icel. gleba (the same).
Glance, a swift dart of light, quick Glede (2), Gleed, a glowing coal.
look ; as a verb, to glide off or from, to (E.) A. S. gled (where e is from d by ,

graze, to flash. (F.— L.) The sb. is from vowel-change). — A. S. gl&wan, to glow;
the verb. A nasalised form (influenced see Glow. Cf. Dan. Swed. glbd, the same.
by M. E* glenten , to glance) of O. F. Glee, joy, singing. (E.) A.S. gleo,
glacer , glacier to glide, slip, glance. — F. earlier gtiu, joy, mirth, music.
,
Icel. gly, +
glace, ice; see Glacial. 2. M. E. glenten glee, gladness ; Swed. dial, gly, mockery.
answers to the causal form of the strong Cf. Gk. yktirt), a jest. Brugm. i. § 633.
verb glinta , to shine, still found in Swed. Gleek (1), a scoff, jest. See Nares.
dialects (Rietz). See Glint. Prob. a particular use of Gleek (2).
.

Gland, a fleshy organ in the body, Gleek (2), a game at cards in which ;

secreting fluid. (F.~ L.) M. F. and F. a gleek meant three cards alike (as three
glande, a gland ; O. F. glandre. — L. glan- kings'). (F. Du.) See Nares.— O. F. —
dula, a gland; dimin. of glans (stem glic , a game at cards ; also spelt ghelicque
gland-'), an acorn. +Gk. fiakavos, an acorn. (Godefroy).— M. Du. gelijek, alike.— M.
Brugm. i. § 665. Du. ge-, ghe -, Du. ge-, prefix ( — A. S ge-> .

glanders, glandular swellings. (F.— Goth gad) M. Du. -lijck, Du. -lijk, cognate ;

L.) M. F. glandres , pi. — Lat. pi. acc. with E. like see Like, Hexham has ;

glandulds swollen glands from L. glans gelijk ofte ongelijk spelen, to play at even
, ;

(above). or odds.
Glare, to shine brightly. (E.) M. E. Glen, a narrow valley. (C.) Gael, and
glaren ; cf. A. S. gldr, amber. +
Low Irish glcanit, O. Irish glenn W. glyn, a
G. glaren , to glow. Perhaps allied to valley, glen. Celtic type *glemios.
Glass. Cf. Dan. glar, Icel. gler, glass Glib (1), smooth, voluble. (E.) Cf.
(below). E. Fries, glibberig, slippery; glippen, to
Glass. (E.) A. S. glees. + Du. glas, slip. +
Du. glibber ig, slippery, glibberen, to
G.glas; cf. Dan. glar , M. Swed. glar, slide ; Du. and Low G. glippen, to slip
4
Icel. gler, glass. Orig. sense prob. shin- away.
ing.* See above. Glib (2), a lock of hair. (C.) Irish and
Glaucous, grayish blue. (L.-Gk.) Gael, glib, also Ir. did, a lock of hair.
L glauc us; with suffix -ous.— Gk. ykav- Glib (3), to castrate. (E.) The same as
kos, gleaming, bluish. lib with prefixed g- = A. S. ge-, a common
Glaze, to furnish with glass. (E.) prefix. Cognate with Du. lubben to cas- ,

M. E. glasen. — M. E. glas, glass ;

see trate, M. Du. lubben. See Left.
Glass. Glide. (E.) M. E. gliden , pt. t. glood.
Gleam, a beam of light. (E.) A. S. A. S. glida n. +
Du. glijden Dan. glide,
glcem; Teut. type *glaimis. O. Sax. + Swed. glida, G.gleilen. Teut. type *glei-
glimo , brightness O. li G. glitno , gleimo,
;
dan-, pt. t. *glaid pp. *glidanoz.
',

a glow-worm (from base *glei/n-). Allied Glimmer, verb. (E.) M. E. gli-

to Gk. warm. See Glimmer. meren. +
Low G. glimmern frequent, of ,

Glean. (F.) M. E. glenen. O. F. — glimmen to shine ; Dan. glirnre , vb., cf.

gletter, glaner (F. glaner), to glean ; Low glimmer , sb., glitter Swed. dial, glimmer, ;

L glenare ( A.D. 561); cf. Low L. glena, vb., glimmer, sb., glitter. Frequent, of
.

gelina, gelima a handful.

, Of unknown Dan. glimme, Swed. glimma , to shine. Cf.
origin. The A. S.gilm, a handful, whence Swed. dial, glim, a glance, A. S. gleo mu
prov. E. yelm , to provide handfuls of straw (for *glimu), splendour ; from *glim-,
ready for a thatcher, will not account for weak grade of *gleim - see Gleam. ;

the O. F. form, We
also find the form glimpse, a slight gleam. (E.) For-
t ogleame (Levins), also spelt gleme. merly glimse M. E. glimsen, to glimpse
Glebe, soil. (F. L.) —M. F. glebe, formed with suffix -s- from *glim (above).
* ’
glebe, land belonging to a parsonage ; Glint, to shine, glance. (Scand.) M. E.
Cot. -*L. gleba, soil, a clod of earth. glenten. —
Swed. dial, gianta, glinta , to
Glede 0)1 a kite, a bird so called. (E.) shine ; nasalised from Icel. glita , to shine.
 +
,

GLISTEN GNARL
+M..H.G. glinzen, to glint, Swed* glindra. mouth of the windpipe. — Gk. 7X&rra,
See Glitter. Attic form of 7 \w<raa, the tongue* Der.
^

Glisten, Glister, to glitter. (E.) epiglottis.

Extended from base glis- of M, E. glisten , Glove. (E.) A. S. glof, a glove cf.
;

to shine. A. S. glisian ; whence also Icel. glofi, prob. borrowed from A. S. glsf.
glisnian , to shine. We
also find M. E. Possibly from g- (for ge-), prefix ; and
glisteren, glistren, to glitter. Cf. Du. Icel. lofi, Goth. lofa, the palm of the* hand.
glinsteren , to glitter; Swed. dial. glisa. Der. fox-glove.
Glitter. (E.) M. E. gliteren, to shine. Glow. (E.) M. E. glowen. A. S.
A. S. glitinian, to shine ; extended from glow an, to be ardent, to shine brightly.
A.S. glitian, to shine. + Icel. glitra, to Icel. gloa, Dan. gloe, to glow, stare, Swed.
glitter, frequent, of glita, to shine ; Swed. glo, to stare, Du. gloeijen , G. gliihen.
glittra , to glitter; glitter sb., a sparkle. Brugm. i. § 156.
, Der.glide (2).
Cf. Goth. glil-tnunjan, to glitter. From Glower, to look frowningly. (E.) E.
*glit-, weak grade of *gleit - , as in 0
Sax. Fries, gliircn. Cf. Low G. gluren, M. Du.
.

glitan, G.gleissen, to shine. gtoe/ en *

to look awry, to leare,* Hex-
,

Gloaming, twilight. (E.) Scot, ham A Du. gluren. M, E. gloren , to

;

word for even-glow, the time of becoming stare, is allied to glare.

dusk; A.S. cefen-glommung, glow of eve, Gloze, to interpret, flatter. (F, — L.~
Hymn. Surtees, 16. 16. See Glow. Gk.) M.E. g/osen, to make glosses.-*
Gloat, to stare, gaze with admiration. M. E. glose, a gloss; see Gloss (2).
(E.) Formerly glote (XVI cent.). Icel. Glue. (F.-L.) O. F. glu. — Late L.
+
glotta to grin, smile scornfully; Swed, glutem, acc. of glus (gen. glutis), glue;
,

dial, glotta glutta to peep ; G. glotzen, to allied to L. gluten , glue, glutus, tenacious,
, ,
,

stare. Cf. Russ. gliadiet[e), to look at. +Gk. 7 Aoius, mud, gum. Allied to Clay.
Globe* (F.-L.) O. F. globe. — I.. Iirugm. i. § 639.
globum, acc. oi globus, a ball cf. glomus, ;Glum, sullen. (E.) M.E. glommen,
a ball, clue. glomben, gloumen y to look gloomy. E.
Glomerate. (L.) From pp. of glo- Fries, glumen, glumeti, to look sullen. -f-
merare, to collect into a ball. — L .glower-, Low G. ghtum , a sullen look, glummen
for *glomes stem of glomus , a ball or to make turbid
,
Norw. glyme , a sullen ;

tlew of yarn. See Globe. look, glyma , gloma to look sullen. See .
,

Gloom. (E.) M. Y,. gloumen, to lower, Gloom,

as if from A. S. *glumian ; cf. room from Glume, a bracteal covering, in grasses.
A. S. rum ; and prov. E. glum 1 overcast. (L.) L. gluma, a husk, hull. — L. gtubere,
+Norw .glyma, an overcast sky; Low G. to peel, take off the husk. See Cleave (1).
glum, turbid. See Glum. swallow greedily. (F.— L.)
Glut, to
Glory. (F.-L.) M.E. glorie. — O. F. glotir, gloutir. — L.
- A. F. M.E. glotien.
and O. F. glorie (F. glo ire). — L. gloria, glutire gluttire, to swallow ; cf. gula, the
,

Gloss (i )» lustre. (Scand.) Icel. gloss i, throat. Der. glutton.

a blaze, glys, finery Swed. dial, glossa
; Glutinous, gluey. (L.) L.gldlinosus,
,

to glow Nor w.glosa, to glow.+M. H. G. sticky. — L. glut in-, for gliiten, glue.
;

g/osen to glow, glos, lustre; Du .gloren

, Glutton. (F. — L.) M.E. gloton. —
(Franck), E. Fries, gloren. O. F. gloton. — I,, gluttonetn , glutbnem,
Gloss (2), a commentary, explanation, acc., a glutton.— L. glutire, to devour.
(F.-L. — Gk.) M. E. glose. — O. F. glose, Glycerine, a viscid fluid, of sweet
‘a glosse;’ Cot.— L. glossa, a difficult taste. (F. — Gk.) F. glydrint ; from Gk.
word requiring explanation. — Gk. ykwooa,, 7 Kvxcpbs, sweet; from Gk. ykvtcvs, sweet,
the tongue, a language, word needing ex- Glyptic, relating to carving in stone,
planation. Der. gloss, vb., gloze. (Gk.) Gk. ykvvnkos, carving. — Gk.
glossary. (L. — Gk.) L .gldssdrium, y\virr 6 s, carved. — Gk. y\ 4<pciv, to hollow
a glossary formed with suffix - Ciriurn out, engrave. See Cleave (1).
;

from L. gless-a (above). Gnarl, to snarl, growL (E.) Frequen-

glossograpker. (Gk.) Coined from tative oignar to snarl, an imitative word. ,

glos so-, from Gk. ykwaaa, a hard word Cf. A. S, gnyrran to creak ; E. Fries.
;
,

7patpuv, to write. gtiarren to creak, snarl.+Du. knorren % ,

glottis. (Gk.) Gk. yKwrrls the Dan. knurre, to growl, Dan. kmrri* to
,

315
 , , , , 1 1 ,, = ;; , , , , , ; \

GNARLED GOD
creak ; Swed. knorra , G. knurren , to supposition arises that Teut. *gaim , *gais,
growl, G. knarreti, to creak. *gaith are contracted from the verbal
Gnarled, knotty, twisted. (E.) Gnarled particle ga- and the inherited tm, n, ith =
is full of gnarls, where gnar- is a dimin. Skt. emi, eshi, Sti\ cf. Gk. <fyu/ — Kluge.
of gnar or knar, M. E. knarre a knot in But this is mere conjecture.
wood. See Knurr. Goad. (E.) M. E. gode. A. S. gad.
Gnash. (E.) M. E. gnasten , to gnash Teut. type *gaidd, f.+Lom bardic gaida,
the teeth. E. Fries, gna stern, gnastern, a gore (Due.) ; from the base *gai-, Idg.
to gnash.+Swed. knastra, to crash (be- *ghai~, whence also A. S. gd-r Icel. gei-rr ,
tween the teeth) ; Dan. knaske to gnash O. Irish gai, a spear; see Gore (2).
Icel. gnastan st>., a gnashing, gnesta (pt. t. Goal, the winning-post in a race. E.) ^

gnast ), to crack G. knastern, to crackle. M. E. gol, Shoreham, p. 145. Answering

;
*
Imitative ; so also Dan. knase to crackle to A. S. *gdl, prob. 4 an impediment ;
,

Icel. gnlsta to gnash, E. Fries, gnfsen . whence A. S. gielan, to impede. Goal

Gnat. (E.) A.S. gticett. Said to be may have meant ‘stopping-place/
named from the whirring of the wings; Goat. (E.) M. E. goot. A. S. gat.+
cf; Icel. gnata , to clash, gnat, clash of Du. geit, Dan. ged, Swed. get, Icel. go it,
weapons. G. geiss, geisse ; Goth, gaits. Tent, base
Gnaw. (E.) M. E. gnawen, pt. t. gnew, *gait- allied to L. Inzdus. ;

gnow. A. S. gnagan, to gnaw, pt. t. gndh, Gobbet, a mouthful, a small piece.

pp. gnagen. +
Du. knagen Low G. gnauen, (F. — C.) M. E. gobet, a small piece.—
,

O. Icel. knaga, mod. Icel. ttaga, Dan. O. F. gobet, a morsel of food (see Li tire) ;
gnave, Swed. gnaga. Without the g, we allied to M.F. gob a gulp (in s wallowing ,

have G. nagen ; also Dan. nage, to gnaw, — O. F. gober to devour. — Gael, gob, beak, ,

Swed. nagga , whence prov. E. nag, to bill, mouth Irish gob, mouth, beak. ;

worry. gobble (1), to devour. (F.-C.) Fre-

Gneiss, a rock. (G.) G. gneiss from quentative, with suffix - le from O. F.
;

its sparkling. — O. II. G. gneistan, to gob-er, to devour ; see Gobbet.

sparkle; gneista a spark. A. S. gnast, + Gobble (2), to make a gabbling noise.
Icel. gneisti, a spark. (E.) Imitative ; a variant of gabble.
Gnome, a kind of sprite. (F. — Gk.) Gobelin, a French tapestry. (F.)
F. gnome, a gnome a word due to Para- Named from Giles Gobelin, wool-dyer of
;

celsus ; from the notion that gnomes could Paris, in the 16th cent.
reveal secret treasures. — Gk. yvcjfxrj, intelli- Goblet. (F. - L.) F. gobelet, a 4

gence.— Gk. yvwi ai, to know. (^GEN.) goblet Cot. Dimin. of O. F. gobel, a
;
’

—
gnomon, index of a dial. (L. Gk.) cup. — Late L. cupelliim, acc. of ciipellus,
L. gnomon, — Gk. yvwfiojv, an interpreter a cup dimin. of L. ctipa a vat ;
see ,

(one who knows) the index of a dial. — Coop. Cf. Picard gobe, a great cup.
;

Gk. 7 vcuvai, to know. Goblin. (F.-L. — G.) O.F. gobelin .

gnostic, one of a certain sect. (Gk.) — Low L. gobe linns a goblin properly ;

Gk. yv(u0Titc6s, wise, good at knowing. — 4

a household-god ’
;
cf. A. S. cof-godas,
Gk. yveoaros, from yveur 6s, known. — Gk. 4
II. G. kobel, a hut dimin.
penates.’ — M. ;

7vafvai, to know. of M.
G. kobe, a stall, cognate with II.
Gnu, a kind of antelope. (Hottentot.) Icel. kofi, a hut, A. S. cofa, a chamber
Found in S. Africa. Said to belong to the (Kluge). See Cove.
Hottentot language. See Supplement. Goby, a fish. (L. — Gk.) For "L.gdbius,
Go, to move about, proceed, advance. orig. applied to the gudgeon. — Gk. tavfhSs,
(E.) M. E. gon, goon A. S. gan.+Du. a kind of fish, gudgeon, tench.
. Der.
gaan Dan. gaae , Swed. ga G. geken gudgeon . ; ;

O. H. G. gan,gen. 4
The Teut. gai- ( God. (E.) A. S. god.+ Du. god, Icel.
A.S. ga-, O. II. G. ge-) supplanted the go 5 gud, Dan. gtid, Swed. gud, Goth. ,

Idg. e/I, to go, in Lat. ire, Gk. Uvai, guth, G. gott Teut. type *guthorn ; Idg. .

Skt. i. Since Teut. gai - has no old primi- type *ghutom perhaps 4 the being wor-
tive noun-derivatives in Teut,, and takes shipped/ a pp. form from Idg. root *ghu, ;

the place of Idg. 4/ (the Goth, aorist to worship, as in Skt. hu, to sacrifice
iddja = A. S. eode still remains), and as it (to), whence huta- one to whom sacri-
is inflected after the -mi- conjugation, the fice is offered. Not allied to good, adj.
216
 , , \
;
, ,,
;

GODDESS GOOSEBERRY
goddess. with?. suffix.) M. E. banner. (F.—M. H. G.) Ul.TL.gonfanon.
(E.;
goddesse (godesse). Made from god by — O. F. gotifanon. — Wl. H. G. gundfano
adding the O. F. suffix -esse ( — L. - issa » lit. battle-flag.’ — M. H. G. gund gunt
4
',

Gk. - looa ). battle fano (G. fahne), a banner, flag.

;

godfather. (E.) M. E. godfader, Here gunt is cognate with A. S. gu6 (for

father in baptism from god and fader.
;
*gtmth), battle, war cf. Skt. han, to kill.
;

rodhead. (E.) M. E. godhed, also Fano is allied to Vane. %

Jnod the suffix answers to A. S. had
; Gong. (Malay.) Malay agong or gong,
office, state, dignity; see -hood (suffix). the gong, a sonorous instrument.
Godwit, a bird. (E.) Origin un- Good. (E.) U.E.good. A. S. god.+
1
4
known. Can it mean good creature ? Du. goed, Icel. gddr, Dan. Swed. god,
A. S. god wiht, a good wight, good crea- Goth, gods, G. gut. Teut. type *gddoz ;
*
ture (wiht being often applied to animals from *god~, strong grade of *gad-, 4 fit
;

andbirds). See Wight. see Gather. Allied to Russ, godnuii ,

Goffer, Gauffer, to or crimp suitable, O. Slav, godit, fit season. Der.

plait
lace, &c. (F. — O. Low G.) M. F. gauf good-s, sb. pi., i. e. good things, property
frer, to goffer ; orig. to mark like the good-will, &c. Also good- man, i. e. master
edges of wafers. — M. F. gauffre, goffre, a of the house, good- wife, mistress of the
wafer ; see Wafer. house.
Goggle-eyed, having . rolling and Goodbye, farewell. (E.) familiar,A
staring eyes. (E.) M. E .gogil-eyid. ‘They but meaningless, contraction of God be
’
gog/e with their eyes hither and thither ; with you the old form of farewell
,

Ifolinshed, Descr. of Ireland, c. i. Cf. very common; often written God b'w'y.
Irish and Gael, gogshuileach, goggle-eyed, f
Not for God be by you the form God :

having wandering eyes, from gog, to move buy you — God be-with-you you ( you re-
slightly, and suit, eye. But gog seems to peated).
be from E., and of imitative origin. Cf. Goodman
;
see Good.
prow E. coggle , Bavar. gageln to be un- , Goose, a bird. (E.) A. S. gos, pi. ges
steady. (lengthened 0 caused loss of n , and gos —
Goitre. (F. — L.) F. goitre a swelled *gons <
*gans). -f- D11. gans, Dan. gaas,
throat ; from O. F. goitron , the same, esp. Swed. gas. Icel. gas, G. gans. Teut. type
in Savoy. — Late L. acc. type *guttridnem *gans ; Idg. type *ghans - ; cf. L. anser
,

from L. guttur, throat. Gk. xv v \ Skt. hainsa, a swan ; O. Irish

Gold. (E.) A. S. £*?/</.+ Du. goud (for geis, a swan Lith. zqsis, a goose. ;

gold), Icel. gull, Swed. Dan .guld, G. gold Gooseberry. (E. cf. F.-M.H.G.) ;

Goth, giilth . Teut. type *gul-thom, n. In Levins. From goose and berry ; cf.
Idg. type *ghdl-tom cf. Russ, zoloto Skt. goose-grass, &c.
; ,
a. We
also find North.
hataka-, gold also Pers. zar, gold, Zend E. grosers, gooseberries ; Burns has grozet,
;

za rattya-, Skt. hiranya -. Named from its a gooseberry. Apparently from O. F.

colour. Allied to Yellow. (</GHEL.) *grose, *groise, a gooseberry, not recorded,
Der. marigold, gild. but occurring not only in the O. F. dimin.
Golf, a game. (Du.) Mentioned A. D. form groisele , grosele,& gooseberry, but also
1457 (Jam.). The name is from that of a in Irish grois-aid, Gael, grois-eid, grays,
l>u. game played with club and ball. — Du. a gooseberry, all borrowed from M.E. The
ko/f a club used to strike balls with.+ spelling groisele is as old as the 13th
Low G. kulf hockey-stick; Icel. kdlfr, century (Bartsch) ; and answers to the
clapper of a bell, kylfa, a club ; Dan. kolbe, form crosela in the dialect of Como
butt-end of a weapon, kolv bolt, shaft, (Monti), p. The orig. O. F. *groise or
arrow, Swed. kolf, butt-end, G. kolbe, club, *grose was borrowed from M. H. G. kriis,
mace, knob. curling, crisped, whence G. krausbeere, a
Golosh ; the same as Galoche. cranberry, a rough gooseberry. Cf. Swed.
Gondola. (Ital.-Gk.-Pers. ?) Ital. krusbdr, a gooseberry, from krus, crisp,
gondola dimin. of gonda a boat. — Gk. curled, frizzled. The name was first given
, ,

kovZv, a drinking-vessel ; from the shape to the rougher kinds of the fruit, from the
(Diez). Said to be of Pers. origin; cf. curling hairs on it ; similarly. Levins
Pers. kandu , an earthen vessel. gives the Lat. name as uua crisfa (frizzled
Gonfanon, Gonfalon, a kind of grape).
317
 , , . , ,

GOPHER GOSSIP
Gopher, a kind of wood. (Heb.) Heb. — Gk. yopybs, fearful. + O. Ir. garg,
gopher a wood.
,
fierce.
_
Gorbellied, having a fat belly, (E.) Gorilla, a kind of large ape. (O. Afri-
Compounded of E. gore 9
lit. filth, dirt (also An old word revived. In the Peri-
can.)
the intestines) ; and belly So also Swed. plus of Hanno, near the end, some creatures
dial, ghrbdlg, a fat paunch, from g&r, dirt, are described which the interpreters called
‘

contents of the intestines, and balg, belly. Gorillas ’ — in Greek, yoptWas.

See Gore (i). Gormandise ;
see Gourmand.
gorcrow, carrion-crow. (E.) I.e. GorSe. (E.) Formerly gorst. - A. S.
gore-crow see above.
;
gorst, gorse. Cf. Skt. hrsh, to bristle.
—
Gordian. (L. Gk.) Only in the phr. Goshawk. (E.) Lit. ‘goose-hawk.’
'Gordian knot,’ i.e. intricate knot. Named A. S. goshafuc. — A. S. gos, goose; hafuc,
from the Phrygian king Gordius (Topdtos), hawk.
who tied it. An oracle declared that who- gosling. (E.) Formed from A. S.
ever undid it should reign over Asia, gos, goose (M. K. gos), with double dimin.
Alexander cut the knot, and applied the suffix -l-ing.
oracle to himself. Gospel, the life of Christ. (E.) M. E.
Gore (I), clotted blood. (E.) It for- gospel. A. S. godspell. A. S. god God, — ,

merly meant filth. A. S. gor filth, dirt.+ ,

i. e. Christ ; spell, a story. Lit. 1 narrative
Icel gor, gore; Swed gor, dirt; M. Du. goor; of God/ i.e. life of Christ, Orig. god
O. H. G. gor, filth. Origin uncertain. spell i. e. good spell a translation of Gk.
, ,

Gore (2), a triangular piece let into a tvayylKiov ; but soon altered to godspell\
garment, a triangular slip of land. (E.) for the E. word was early introduced into
M. E. gore. A. S. gara, a gore, project- Iceland in the form gubspjall (where gud*
ing piece of land; from gar, a dart, a *= god, as distinguished from god- = good),

spear-point. Named from the shape. [So and into Germany as O. H. G. gotspell
also Icel. geiri, a triangular slip of land, (
where got-^ god, as distinguished from
from geirr, a spear ; G. gehre, a wedge, guot, good).
sset, Du. geer a gusset, gore.]
gore ; ,Gossamer. (E.) M. E. gossomer
r The
ger)
A. S. gar (Icel. geirr O. H. G. gosesomer lit. goose- summer! Theprov.
is from Teut. type *gaizoz m.
,

E. name (in Craven) is summer-goose

,
1

.
, ;

allied to Gaulish L. gaesum a javelin, Named from the time of year when it is
,

O. Irish gai, a spear.
Gore (3), to pierce.
gar a spear-point (with the usual change Nov.
from a to long 0).
Gorge, the throat, a narrow pass. (F.
— L.) O. F. gorge, throat. — Late L. gorga,
variant of L. gurges a whirlpool, hence
(in Late L.) the gullet, from its voracity,
Cf. L. gurgulio, gullet. +Skt. gargara - , a
whirlpool.
gorgeous, showy, splendid. (F.— L.)
O/F. and M. F. gorgias, ‘gorgeous;’ Cot.
The O. F. gorgias also meant a gorget
the sense of ‘gorgeous’ was orig. proud,
most seen, viz. during St. Martin’s summer
(E.) From A. S. (early November); geese were eaten on
1 1 formerly. Cf. Lowl. Sc. go-
summer (popular variant), Martinmas,
Also called sum?ner*colt (Whitby) ;
also
summer-game. Cf. G. sommerfaden (lit.
summer -threads), gossamer; Du. zomer-
draden, Swed. sommertrdd, the same. [But
in G. it is also called mlidchensoin mer,
lit.Maiden-summer, der allweibersommer,
the old women’s summer; which also
means St. Martin’s summer.] It would
;
appear that summer is here used in the
sense of summer-film/ so that gossamer ~
‘

from the swelling of the throat in pride, goose-summer-film. (Better spelt gossomer
Cotgrave gives F. se rengorger ‘to hold t
or gos summer.)
down the head, or thrust the chin into the ; Gossip. (E.) Now a crony formerly
neck, as some do in pride, or to make a sponsor in baptism. M.E. gossib 9 also
their faces look the fuller ; we say, to godsib lit. ‘ related in god.’ — M. E. god, ,

bridle it.’ Hence the derivation is from god; sib, related, from O. Northumb.
F. gorge , throat (above). sibbo, pi. relatives, allied to Goth, sibja,
gorget, armour for the throat* (F.— relationship, G. sippe, affinity, sippen ,
L.) From gorge , i. e. throat. kinsmen. Cf. Skt, sabhya-, fit for an
Gorgon, a monster. (L. - Gk.) L. assembly, trusty, from sabhd, an assembly.
—
Gorgon , Gorgd. Gk. Topyw the Gorgon. Brugm. i. §§ 134 (4), 567.
218
 . L , , , , , ,

GOUGE GRAMERCY
Gouge, a hollow-bladed chisel. (F. — I graduate a service-book of portions sung
,

Low L.) F. gouge. — Low L. *gobia , in gradibus, i. e. on the steps (of the
*gubia 9 only recorded in the form guvia choir). — L. gradu-s a step.
(Span, g tibia). Cf. Ital. sgorbia, gouge ;
graduate. (L.) Late L. graduates,
(.Gascon goujo. one who has taken a degree pp. of Late ;

Gourd, — L.)
F. gourde, formerly
(F. L. gradudre. — L. gradus, degree.
gouhourde and cougourde (Cot.). L. cu- — Graft, Graff, to insert buds on a stem.
curbita, a gourd. (F. — L.— Gk.) Graft is a later form of
Gourmand, a glutton. (F.) F. gour- graff, and due to confusion with graffed,
mand, a glutton, gormand, belly-god ;
1
’
pp. Shak. has pp. graft Rich. Ill, iii. 7. ,

Cot. Etym. unknown. Der. gormandise 127. M. E. graffen, to graff, from graffe,
(for gourmand- 2 se). sb. — O. F. graffe, a sort of pencil, also a
Gout (1), a drop, disease. (F. — L.) slip for grafting, because it resembled a
M. E. goute , a disease supposed to be due pointed pencil in shape. — L. grafhium a
to defluxion of humouis. O. F. goute , — style to write with. — Gk. 7pacpiov, 7pa-
goutte , a drop. —
L. gutta a drop. same. — Gk. ypa<pav , to write.
(peiov , the
Gout (2), taste. (F.-L.) F. godt, Grail (1), a gradual, a service-book,
taste. — .gustus, taste; see Gust (2). (F. — L.) M.E. graile grayle — O. F. ,
.

Govern. (F. L. — Gk.) M. E. goner-—
ftal. — O. F. govcrner. —L. gubernare to
steer a ship, rule. — Gk. Kvfitpvav, to steer.
Cf. Lith. kumbriti to steer. ,
Gowan, a daisy. (Scand.) North. E.
gowlan Sc. yellotv gowan, corn marigold,
,
Named from the colour. — I cel. gulr, S wed.
gut, Dan. guul, Norw. gut, gaul yellow,
See Yellow.
Gowk, a simpleton. (Scand.) Icel.
gaukr a cuckoo, Swed. gok.+(S. gatich a
,
cuckoo, simpleton.
Gown, a loose robe. (C.) M.E .goutte.
— W. giun, a loose robe, [Irish gunn
Gael, and Corn, gun,
E. O. F. goune is
Fick, p. 281.
grael. — Late L. gradate also called gra-
,
dudle; see gradual,
Grail (2), the Iloly Dish at the Last
Supper. (F. — L. — Gk.) The etymology
was very early falsified by an easy
change from San Great (Holy Dish) to
Sang J\ eat (Royal Blood, strangely taken
,
to mean Real Blood). — O. F. graal, great,
grasal, a flat dish; with numerous other
forms, both in O. F. and Late L. It
would appear that the word was corrupted
in various ways from Late L. type *cratdlis
(cf. Late L. gradate , a bowl); from Late
L. crat-us, a bowl, equivalent to L. crater,
Manx goon, are from a bowl see Crater.
;
(Diez.)
Gaulish.] Stokes- Grail (3), flne sand. (F. — L.) In
Spenser, F. Q. i. 7. 6 Vis. Bellay, st. 12.
;

Grab, (E.) toCf. E. Fries.

seize. -O. F. graiste , graile (F. grele) , thin,
grabbig, greedy; grabbelen, to grab at; small. — L. gradient, acc. of gracilis ,
Du. grabbel a scramble, grabbelen to slender. ,

scramble for; Low G. grabbeln, to grab Grain. (F. — L.) M. E. grein. O. F. —

at; Swed. grabba, to grasp. Skt. grah, grain. +
L. grdnurn, a grain, com.+Irish —
0. Skt. grabh, O. Pers. and Zend grab, gran W. gronyn . Cognate with E. Corn, ,

to seize. See Garb (2). Cf. Grasp. Grallatory. (L.) term applied to A
Grace. (F. L.) — O. F. grace. — L. wading birds. — L. grallator, a walker on
gratia, favour. — L. grains, dear, pleasing, stilts. —L .grallce (for *gradla), stilts. — L.
Brugm. i. §§ 524, 632. gradus, a step ;
gradl, to walk.
Grade, a degree. (F.-L.) F. grade, Gramarye, magic. (F.-L.-Gk.)
a degree. — L. gradum, acc. of gradus, a M. E. gramery, skill in grammar, and
degree, step. — L. gradi (pp. gressus), to hence skill in magic. — O. F. gramaire,
step, walk, go. (^/GHREDH.) Brugm. grammar see Grammar. Cf. O, F. ;

1. § 635 ; ii. § 707. gramaire (1) a grammarian, (2) a ma- ,

r dient, a gradually rising slope, gician. *([ The word glamour is a mere
L. gradient -, stem of pres. pt. of corruption of gramarye or grammar,
gradi, to walk, advance. meaning (1) grammar, (a) magic.
gradual, advancing by steps. (L.) Gramercy, thanks. (F.-L.) For-
Orig. gradual, sb., a service-book called merly graund mercy , Chaucer, C. T,
in Lat. graduate, and in E. gradual or 8964. — F. gratid merci, great thanks ; see
grayl — Late L. gradudlis only in neut. Grand and Mercy.
,

219
 ,, , , —
’ r , ;

GRAMINEOUS GRATUITY
Gramineous. (L.^ FromL .grdmin-, fruit. — M. H. G. krapfe O. H. G. krapfo
, ,

for grdmen grass ; with suffix -e-ous. a hook. Allied to Cramp. The senses
Grammar. - - (F. L. of ‘hook* and ‘cluster* result from that
Gk.) M. E.
grammere.— O. gramaire (XIII cent.). of clutching.’
F. ‘

— Late L grammatical grammar (Schwan). Graphic, descriptive, pertaining to

.

— Gk. ypannaTucri, grammar. — Gk. 7pap.* writing. (L. — Gk.) L graphicus, belong- .

paruc 6 s, knowing one’s letters see below. ing to painting or drawing. — Gk. 7pcupiKos,
;

grammatical. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. the same. — Gk. 7pa<puv, to write. Allied

grammatical from L grammaticus gram- to Carve.
; .

matical.— Gk. ypapparucos, versed in one’s Grapnel, a grappling-iron. (F\ -

letters. — Gk. 7pappar-, stem of 7 pdppa. M. H. G.) M. E. grapenel. Dimin. of
a letter. — Gk. ypcapuv, to write. See M. F. grappin a grapnel. — O. F. grappe , ,

Graphic. a hook. — O. H. G. krapfo , a hook; see

Grampus, a large fish. (F.-L.) Spelt Grape.
grampasse, A. D. 1655. — A. F. grampais grapple, to clutch. (F.— M. H. G.)
;

Blk. Bk. Adm. i. 152. — L. grande m piscem Properly to seize with a grapnel. — M. F.
,

acc. of grandis piscis, great fish. grappil sb., ‘ the grapple of a ship; ’ Cot.
,

Granary, store-house for grain. — O. F. grappe, a hook (above).

(L.)
L. grandria, pi. — L. granum, corn. See Grasp. (K.) M. E. g'aspen, used in
Garner. the sense ‘ to grope.’ Also grapsen in ,

Grand, (F.-L.)
great. O. F. grand. Hoccleve. Prob. for *grab -sen, closely
— L. grandem, acc. of grandis great, allied to Grab, q. v. Cf. E. Fries.
grandee, a Spanish nobleman. (Span. grapsen to clutch Low G. grapsen , ; ;

— L.) Span. grande, great; also, a E. Fries, graps a handful ; also Lith. ,

nobleman. — L. grandem acc. of grandis grdp-ti, to grab (Kluge).

, ,

great. Grass. (E.) M.E. gras, gres, also

grandeur, F. gers.
greatness. A. S. gars gras. Du. leel. Goth.
(F.-L.) , +
grandeur ; formed with suffix -eur (L. G. gras Swed. gras, Dan. gras. Teut. ;

- dr cm ), from grand, great. type *gra-som, n. from *gra - , the sense ;

grandiloquent, pompous in speech. of which is doubtful cf. grow. ;

(L.) Coined from L. grandi decl. stem Grate ( * a framework of iron bars. 0
of grandis great; and loquent-, stem of (Late L. - L.) M. E. grate. — Late L.
pres. pt. of loqui, to speak see Loqua- grata, erdta , a grating. — L. crates , hurdles.
;

cious. The true L. form is grandi - See Crate.

loquus. Grate (2), to rub, scrape. (F.-Teut.)
Grange, a farm-house. (F. - L.) O. F. O. F. grate (F. gratter). Swed. kratta — ,

grange a barn, a farm-house. — Late L.

,
Dan. kratte, to scrape ;
O. H. G. chrazzon
granea a barn. — L. gran urn, corn.
, (< *kratton), to scrape.
anite, a hard stone. (Ital. — L.) Grateful, pleasant. (Hybrid; F.-L.
f
Ital.
granito, granite, speckled stone.— and E.) The first syllable is from O. F.
granito, pp. of granire , to reduce to grat, pleasing, from L. grdtus with E.
grains (hence, to speckle). — Ital. grano , suffix ful.
a grain. — L. granum , a grain ; see Grain. gratify. (F.-L.) M. F. gratijier.-
Grant. iF. — L.) M. E. graunten
L. gratifiedre, grdtifiedri to
. please. — L.
O. F. graanter, graunter , later spelling of grdti-, for grdtus , pleasing ; and -fiedre,
crdanter creanter, to caution, assure, for facere , to make. Der. gratific-at-ion.
,

guarantee ; whence the later senses, to gratis, freely. (L.) L. gratis , adv.,
promise, yield ; Late L. creantdre , for freely; for grdtiis, abl. pi. of gratia ,

*credentare. — L. credent -, stem of pres. grace ; see Grace.

pt. of credere, to trust. Sec Creed. gratitude. (F.-L.) F. gratitude.
Granule, a little grain. (L.) L. grd- -Late L. grdtitudinem, acc. of grdtit lido,
nulurn dimin. of granum, a grain.
, thankfulness. — L. grdtus , pleasing.
Grape. (F.-M. H. G.) A. F. grape, gratuitous, freely given. (L.) L.
M. F .grappe, * bunch, or cluster of grapes; grdiuit-us, freely given ; with suffix - ous .
Cot. [In E., the sense has changed, from From grdtus.
cluster to single berry.] The orig. sense gratuity, a present. (F.-L.) O. F.
of grappe was 'a hook/ then clustered gratuiti * a free gift ; * Cot. — Late L. ,

220
 , , , , , . ; . -
,; + , ; .

GRATULATE GRIDDLE
gratuitdtem , acc. of grat tiltas, — L. gra- greve ,
Picardgreve, the shank, shin.
tuftus (above). Origin unknown.
gratulate, to congratulate. (L.) Grebe, a bird. (F.) F. gribe. Cot.
From pp. of L. gratulari to wish a per- gives griaibe, ‘ a sea-mew,* as a Savoyard
son joy. As if for *grdti-tuldri from word. Of unknown origin.
L. grdtus , pleasing. Brugm. i. § 986. Greedy. (E.) A. S. gr&dig, grtdig.+
Grave (1), to cut, engrave. (E.) M. E. Du. gretig, Icel. grathigr, Dan. gragdig,
gralien. A.S. grafan pt. t. £?'<?/•+ Du. Goth, gredags ; cf. Skt. grdhra-, greedy,
graven Dan. grave Icel. grafa, M. Swed. f
from grdh, to be greedy. The sb. greed,
grafva y Goth, graban, G. graben, Teut. hunger, answers to Icel. grddr, Goth.
type *graban-, pt. t. *grob. Cf. Russ. gredus, hunger ; Teut. type *grceduz.
grob\ a tomb, grave. Der. grave, sb., a Green. (E.) M.E. green. K.S.grine
thing cut or dug out A. S. graf. ; + Du. groen, Icel. grann , Dan. Swed.
Grave (2), sad. (F.-L.) F. grave. gro 71, G. grun. Teut. type *grdnjoz,
h.grauem, acc. of grauis, heavy. Goth. + earlier type *gro-niz (Sievers). Cf. A. S.
kaurus ; Gk. papvs, Skt. guru-, heavy. gro-wan to grow. Allied to Grow.
Brugm. i. § 665. Green is the colour of growing herbs.
Gravel. (F. - C.) M. E. grauel.- Der. greens, pi. sb. See Sward.
O. Y.gravele dimin. ofO. F .grave, gravel.
,
Greengage, a green plum. Named
Of Celtic origin; from Celt, base *gravo •, from Sir W. Gage, of Hengrave Hall,
as in Bret, grouan gravel, Corn, grow , ,
near Bury, before a. I). 1725. There is
gravel, W. gro pebbles. ,
also a blue Gage a yelloiv Gage, and a
,

Gravy. (F. — L.) M. E. grau/, mistaken purple Gage .

form of O. F. grant, a broth with powdered Greet (i ), to salute. (E.) M.E .greten.
almonds (like grains). — L. granatum, full A.S .gretan, to visit, address. D11. groeten, +
of grains. — L. grdnum a grain. G. gnissen O. Sax. grotian
,
Teut. type ;
.

Gray. (E.) M. E. gray, grey O. *grot -jan- from the sb. *grbt~, as in Du.
'bdtxc.greg, A. S. grceg.+Dn. graauiu, Icel. groet, G. grass, a salutation.
grdr, Dan. graa, Swed. grd, G. grau, Greet (2), to cry, weep. (E.) M. E.
O. H. G. grd (gen. grdw-es). Teut. stems greten. A.S. grdtan gretan. Icel grata, , + .

*grdg-, *grdw- <*grdgwoz ,

Dan. grade Swed. grata Goth, gretan. , ,

Graze (i\ to scrape slightly. (E. ?) Gregarious. (L.) L. gregdrius, be-

Formerly grase. Apparently a peculiar longing to a flock. — L. greg-, stem of grex,
use of graze to crop glass ; used of a flock. 0 Irish graig, a herd of horses. .

cannon-balls that rebounded from grass. Grenade, a war-missile. (F.— Span.—

So also G. graseti. L.) Formerly also granado , which is like
Graze (2), to feed as cattle. (E.) M. E. the Span. form. Named from its likeness
graseti , vb. A. S. grasian. — A. S. gras, to a pomegranate, being filled with com-
grass; see Grass. Der. graz-i-er (cf. bustibles as that is with seeds. — F .grenade,
bow-y-er, law-y-er). a pomegranet, a ball of wild-fire ; Cot.
‘ *

Grease. (F.-L.) M. E. grese, grece. — Span granada, the same; granado full . ,

— A. F. greisse, craisse, fatness, Ps. xvi. of seeds. — L. grdndtus, full of seeds. — L.

10. — Late L. type *crassia. — L. crassus, grdnum, a grain; see Grain. Der.
thick, fat. See Crass. grenad-ier.
Great. (E.) M. E. gret, greet. A. S. Grey ; the same as Gray.
great.+D u. groot, G. gross. Teut. type Greyhound. (E.) M.E .greihound,
*grautoz. grehound. A. S. grighund ; where grig-**
Greaves (1), Graves, sediment of grieg- (Icel. grey-), for Teut. *graujo-.
melted tallow. (E.) E. Fries, graft pi. Cf. Icel. greyhundr, a greyhound, from
;

grafen , greaves.+M. Swed. grefwar dirt Icel. grey, a dog, hutidr, a hound; grey-
,

Ijus-grefwar lit. * light-dirt,’ refuse of tal- baka a bitch, Not allied to gray, ,

low in candle-making Swed. dial, grevar which is represented in Icelandic by grdr.

;

pi., greaves Low G. greven, greaves; G. Griddle, a pan for baking cakes.
;

griebe, O. H. G. griubo, griupo. (F. — L.) Also girdle. M. E. gredil —

Greaves (2), leg-armour. (F.) O. F. O. F. gredil (Moisy, Diet, of Norman
greves , 'boots, also greaves;’ Cot. Cf. patois), gr'eil (Godefroy) ; cf. grediller,
Span, grebas, greaves, pi. of greba. — O. F. vb., to grill (same). — Late L. *crdttculum,
 , , . ; , ,, , , ;

GRIDE GRISLY
for L. craticula , a gridiron, dimin. of Grimalkin, a cat. (E.; partly O.H.G.)
cratis, a hurdle. Dor. Hence M. E. Prob. for gray Malkin , the latter beinjj a
gredire , a griddle, afterwards turned into cat’s name. Malkin = Maid-kin , dimm.
gridiron by confusion with M. E. Maud, i, e. Matilda ; from
of A. F. *=

E. See Grill and Creel. O.H.G . Mahthilt. Here maht— might;

Gride, to pierce, cut through. (E.) See hilt means battle. Cf. Macb. i. i. 8.
Spenser, F. Q. ii. 8. 36. A
metathesis of Grime. (Scand.) Swed. dial, gritna , a
gird, M. E. girden, to strike, pierce; see smut on the face; Dan. grim, griim ,
Gird (2). lamp-black, soot, grime. Cf. Low G.
Gridiron; see Griddle. grimmeln, to become smutty; E. Fries.
Grief. (F. — L.) M. E. grief gref — gremen, to begrime.
O. F. grief, gref burdensome, sad, heavy. Grin, to snarl, grimace. (E.) M. E.
— L. gram's, heavy see Grave (2). Der. grennen A .S. grennian, to grin.+Icel.
;
.

grieve vb., O. F. grever L. graudre to grenja, to howl. Perhaps cf. Du, grijnen,
,

burden ; from grauis. to weep, fret Dan. grine to grin, simper, ; ,

Griffin, Griffon. (F. - L. — Gk.) Swed. grina, G.greinen (Noreen, § 149).

Better griffon, M. E. griffon — F. griffon .See Groan.
;

formed from Late L. griffus, a griffon.— Grind. (E.) A. S. grindan , pt. t.

L. gryphus , extended form of gryps, a gr-ami, pp. grunden. Allied to L. frcn~
griffon. — Gk. ypvip (stem ypvn-), a griffon, dere to gnash. ,

a fabulous animal supposed to have a Grip, sb, (E.) M. E. gripe. A. S.

hooked beak. — Gk. ypuiros, curved, hook- gripe a grip; from the weak grade of
beaked, Confused with Gk. 71fy, a gripan (below).
vulture. gripe. (E.) A.S. gripan, pt. t. griip,
Grig, a small eel, a cricket. (E.) pp. gripen, to seize. Du. grijpen Iccl. +
App. of imitative origin. Cf. crick, still gripa Swed. gripa, Dan. gride, Goth,
preserved in crick-et Lowl. Sc. crick, a greipan,G. greifen. Teut. type *greipan-f
tick, louse; Du. krick, a cricket. In pt. t. *graip pp. *gripanoz. Cf. Lith. ,
1
phr. 'as merry as a grig, grig is for Greek graibyti, to grasp at.
I

(Troil. i. 2. 1 1 8) ; Merygreek is a character Grise, Grize, a step. (F. — L.) Also

in Udall’s Roister Doister from L. grce- spelt greece greese, See.
; The proper
,

cart, to live like Greeks, i. e. luxuriously, spelling is grees , and the proper sense is
Grill, to broil on a gridiron. (F. -L.) 'a flight of steps/ though often used as
F. griller, to broil. — F. gril, ‘ a gridiron/ meaning a single step. Grees is the pi. of
Cot.; O. F. gretl, grail. — Late L. *crati- M. E. gree, gre, a step. — O. F. gre, a step
culum, for craticula, a small gridiron (Roquefort) cf. F. de-grf E. de-gree. — L. ;

(whence F. grille, a grating). — L. crat is, gradus, a step. Der. Prov. E. (Norf.)
a hurdle. See Crate, Creel, and Griddle, grissens, steps ^gree-s-en-s, a treble plural.
Grilse, the young salmon on its first GrisettOj a gay young Frenchwoman
return from the sea to fresh water. (F.— of the lower class. (F. — M. H. G.) F.
Teut.) Orig. grills, pi. — 0 F . gris le, grille, grisette ; named from the cheap gray dress
.

grayish. — O. F.gris, gray. See Grizzly, which they used to wear. — F. gris, gray
Grim, fierce. (E.) A. S. grim ; allied see Grizzly.
to gram, fierce, angry, furious. + Icel. Griskin. (Scand.) The lit. sense is
grimmr, grim, gratnr, angry; Dan .grim, 1
pig/ now spine
little of a hog. Dimin.
grim, gram, angry G. grimm, f\\xy, gram,
; from M. E. gris, a pig. — Icel. griss, a
hostile. From Teut. root *grem - (2nd young pig; Dan. griis, Swed. gris pig. ,

grade, *gram-) Allied to Gk. xP € IT Gr is it for *gris-skin, where skin

f**~
rifav, to neigh, xP^Mt XP^/10 ** noise, represents Dan. skinne, a splint? Cf.
Brugm. i. § 572. Grizzly.
Grimace. (F.— Teut.) F. grimace , Grisled; see Grizzly.
'acrabd looke;' Cot. Of uncertain origin. Grisly, terrible. (E.) A.S. grislic,
Perhaps from Icel. grimmr, Dan. grim, terrible Formed with suffix - lie (like*)
grim, angry (above); cf. E. Fries, and from gris -an (pt. t.grds), to shudder. E.
Low G. grimlachen , to laugh mali- Fries, grtselik terrible, from grisen to , ,

ciously. Derived by Diez from \ct\.grima, shudder. Du. afgrijsselijk horrible;+ ,

a mask. af-grijzen horror.

22a
 . ; . , , , . \ ,

GRIST GROUNDS
Grist, a supply of com to be ground, upper part of the shoulder-blade,* and
(E.) A. S. grist. From the base of ‘snowt of a hog.’
groin, The 0 F. .

Grind. groin also means ‘extremity, headland.*—

gristle. (E.) A. S. gristed cartilage Late L. type *grunnium from L. grun-
;

allied to grist, and A. S. gristbitian to ,

nire, to grunt.] But groin is a variant of
gnash tEe teeth. From the base of grind, grine (in Cotg., s. v. Aims ) fuller form ;

with reference to the necessity of crunch- grinde {grynde in Palsgrave). — A. S.

ing it if eaten. So also Du. knarsbeen , grynde abyss ; hence, depression. Allied
gristle, from knarsen, to crunch. to Ground. Der. groin-ed, having angular
Grit, coarsesand. (E.) Formerly greet, curves that fork off.
A. S. greot grit. , +O. Fries, gret, Icel. Grom
well, a plant. (F. -L.) For-
grjdt, G. gries. Allied to Grout, Groat merly grotnclle grumelie, gramel, grume!,,

(i). - 0 F. grernil, grenil ‘the herb gromil,

.

Grizzly, Grizzled, grayish. (F. — M. orgraymil;* Cot. Prob. from L. grdnum,

H. G.) From M. E. gnsel a gray-haired a grain from its hard seeds. ;

man. — F. gris, gray. — M.H. G.gris, gray; Groom. (Low G. or F. — Low G.)
cf. G.greis, a gray-haired man. + Du. grijs, M. E grome. Either from M. Du. groin,
.

O. Sax. gris, gray. Icel. gromr a boy, lad (Egilsson) ;

, or
Groan. (E.) M. E. grotien A. S. from O. F. *grome, in the dimin. gromet,
.

grdnian, to groan. Teut. type *graindjan-, a lad, boy, servant, valet (whence F.
from *grain, 2nd grade of *greinan-, as gourmet), which is prob. from the same
in O. H.G grinan, G. greinen, to weep, M. Du. grom
. And see Bridegroom,
. *

grin ; Du. grijnen to weep. ,

Perhaps Der. grummet
allied to Grin. Groove. (Du.) Du. groef groeve, a
Groat (1), a particle, atom. (E.) M.E. trench, a channel, a groove. — Du. graven
grot A. S. grot From *grut~, weak (pt. t. groef), to dig; see Grave (1).+
grade of *greut- (as in A. S. greot). See M. E. grdfe, a cave.
Grit, Grout. Grope. (E.) A.S grdpian, to seize, .

Groat (2), a coin worth +d. (Du. — Low handle; hence, to feel one’s way. — A.S.
G.) M. E. grote. — M. Dn. groote — O. grafi, 2nd grade of gripan , to seize. See
.

Low G. grote, a coin of Bremen meaning Gripe.

;

‘great,* because large in comparison with Gross. (F. — L.) O. F. gros (fem.
the copper coins ( Schwaren ) formerly in grosse), gross, great. — L. grossus , fat,
use there; cf. Du. groot, great, cognate thick.
with E. great. Grot. (F. — Ital. — L.-Gk.) F. grotte.
Groats, grain of oats. (E.) M.E. a cave. — Ital. grotto. — L. crypta.~Gk.
grotes lit. bits. — A. S. grot, an atom. — A. S. Kpv-mi), a vault see Crypt.
, ;

*grut- see Groat (1) above. grotesque. (F. — Ital. — L. — Gk.)

Grocer. (F. — L.) Formerly grosser or F. grotesque, ludicrous. — Ital. grotesca,
engrosser, a wholesale dealer. — O. F. gros- curious painted work, such as was em-
sier, a wholesale dealer.— O.Y.gros, great; ployed on the walls of grottoes. Ital.
see Gross. Der. grocery, formerly gros- grotta (above).
sery. grotto. (Ital. — L. — Gk.) Better
grog, spirits and water. (F. — L.) grotta. - Ital. grotta (above).
Short tor grogratn it had its name from
; Ground. (E.) A.S. grund. Du. +
Admiral Vernon, nicknamed Old Grog, grond, G. grund Goth, gruttdu Teut.;

from his grogram breeches (ab. A. d. type *grunduz ; also *grunthuz, whence
1
745) ; he ordered the sailors to dilute Icel. grunnr, Dan. S wed. grund.
their rum with water. groundling, a spectator in the pit
grogram, a stuff. (F. — L.) Formerly of a theatre. (E.) From ground^ with
grogran, so called from its coarse grain. — double dimin. suffix d-ing, with a con-
M. K. grosgrain, grogram. — O. F. gros, temptuous force,
coarse grain, grain.
;
grounds, dregs. (E.) So called
Groin, the depression of the human from being at the bottom. Cf. Gael,
body in front, at tne junction of the thigh grunttdas lees, from grunnd, bottom,
with the trunk. (E.) [Confused with ground Irish gruntas, dregs, from grunnt,
;

F. Cot. gives 1 groin de pore, the head or the bottom.

223
 y

GROUNDSEL GUANO
groundsel, a small plant. (E.) Also grobben Cf. E. Fries, grubbeltt, to grope .

groundswell (Holland's tr. of Pliny). A. S. about. Low G. grubbeln the same; + ,

grundeswelge, as if ‘ground-swallower/ G. grubcln, O. H. G. grubilony to rake, dig,

but really from the older form gu ndeswelge grub. Allied to Grave (i). t

‘
lit. swallower of pus/ from its supposed Grudge, to grumble. (F.) M. E.
healing qualities from A. S. gund pus.
;
grochen grucchen, to murmur. — O. F.
t ,

groun dsill , threshold. (E.) From groncier groucher, to murmur; Low L. ,

ground and sill, q. v. Also spelt grunsel groussare A. D. 1358. Probably gru-dge, ,

(Milton). gru-nt grow-l are all from the same imi- y

Group. (F. — Ital. — G.) F. groupe. — tative base; cf. Gk. ypvt a grunt.
Ital. groppOy a knot, heap, group. — O.H.G. Gruel. (F. — O. Low G.) O. F. gruel
kropfy a crop, wen on the throat, orig. a (F. gruau). — Low L. ^grutellum, dimin.
bunch Low G. kropb ; see Crop.
;
of grutum f meal. — O. Low G. grut, Du.
Grouse, a bird. (F. — Celtic ?) Grouse gruity grout, coarse meal; see Grout,
appears to be a false form, evolved from Gruesome, horrible. (Scand.) Dan.
an old pi. grows (1531)* In 1547, the pi. grusom, cruel. — Dan. gru horror; with y

was grewes. Of unknown origin, though suffix -som, as in virk-som, active. Cf.
*the form seems to be French. Giraldus Dan. grue, to dread, giwelig, horrid .+ Du.
Cambrensis, Topographia Hibernica (Rolls gruwzaam yG.grausam M. H. G .grusam, ;

Seiies, v. 47) has: gallinae campestres, gruwesam, from M.H. G. grmve, horror,
i

quas vulgariter grutas vocant.’ Cot- Allied to O. Sax. gruri, A. S.gryre, horror,
grave, s. v. gi-iesche has ‘the hen of A. S. bc-greo san to overwhelm with terror,
, y

the grice or moorgame.’ This must Gruff, rough, surly. (Du.) Du. grofy
be a mistake, as the word grice is big, coarse, loud, blunt. G. grob coarse + t

otherwise unknown. Perhaps gruta re- (whence S wed. grofy Dan. grov) ; O.H.G.
presents a Celtic word, allied to E. gerob E. Fries, grujjfig. ;

crow . Grumble, to murmur. (F. — G.) F.

Grout, coarse meal Grouts, dregs, grommeler (Cot.). - Low and prov. G.
;

(E.) M. E. grut. — A. S. grut, coarse grummeletiy to grumble, frequent, ol

meal. Cf. Du. grut Icel. grant r, porridge, gru?nmen, grommen, to grumble M. Du.
; ;

Dan. grody Swed. grot, boiled groats G. grommelen, frequent, of grommen. From
;

gnitse, groats allied to Lithuan. grudas

;
*grum?n -, weak grade of Tent. *gremman- y
,

corn L. riiduSy rubble. Cf. Grit.

;
to rage, as in M. H. G. and A. S. grimman,
Grove, a collection of trees. (E.) M. E. to rage. Cf. G. gram, anger, and E. Grim.
groue (with u=v). — A. S. gr&f, a grove. Grume, a clot of blood. (F. — L.)
Grovel, to fall flat on the ground. Rare. .gru?ne, a cluster. — L.grumuSy
(Scand.) Due to M. E. groveling , pro- a little heap.
perly an adv., signifying flat on the ground; Grummet, Gromet,
a ship-boy, a
also spelt grofling, grojlingesy where the O. F. gromet,
cabin-boy. (F. — Tent.)
suffixes -lingy -linges are adverbial a serving-boy cf. Span. grumetCy a ship-
cf. ; ;

head-longy dark-ling. — Icel. grufa, in phr. bov. — M. Du groin a boy; see Groom. .

liggja d gruftiy to lie grovelling, symja a Gruusel ; see Groundsill.

grrifity to swim on the belly; cf. also Grunt. (E.) M.E. grunten. A. S.
griifay grufiay to grovel; Swed. dial, grunnettan, extension of A.S. gruniany
gruvaf flat on one’s face, ligga a gruvef to to grunt.-f Dan. grytite, Swed. grymta, G.
lie on one’s face. grunzen ; so also L .grunntrey Gk. ypv£uv.
Grow. (E.) A. S. growany pt. t. greozv, All imitative ;
cf. Gk. ypv, the noise made
\>\).growen.+T)i\. groeijetiy Icel. groa, Dan. by a pig.
groey Swed. gro. Esp. to produce shoots, Guaiacum, a kind of resin, from lig-
as herbs; allied to Green. Der. grow-th ; num — Hayti.) Span, guay-
vitae. (Span.
from Icel. gro5r growth.
t
aco, guayacan, lignum vitae. From the
Growl, to grumble. (F. — Low G.) language of Hayti.
Picard grouler. — E. Fries, grullen ;
cf. GuanacO, a kind of Peruvian sheep.
Du. grolleny to grumble; G. grollen, to (Span.-Peruv.) Span guanaco (Pineda), .

rumble; Norw. grylay to growl. (See — Peruv. huanacu y a wild sheep.

grol in Franck.) Guano. (Span. Peruv.) Span, guano, —
Grub, to grope in dirt. (E.) M. E. . —
huano Peruv. huanu , dung.
224
 , , , , , , ,

GUARANTEE GULF
Guarantee, sb. (F.—O. H. G.) For- a stranger, also an enemy. Allied to
iiierly guaranty or garanty which are Hostile.
better spellings. — O. F. garantie, garran- Guide. (F. - Ital. - Teut.) M. E.
tie a warranty ; fem. of pp. of garantir
,
gyden (also gyen). — F. guider, to guide.— ,

to warrant. — O. F. garant, warant a Ital. guidare cf. O. F. guier, Span .guiar. , ;

warrant; see Warrant. Der. guarantee, The gu (lor w ) shows the word to be of
vb. cf. F. garantir
;
Teut. origin. — O. Sax. witan (A. S. witan),
.

Guard, vb. (F.-O. Low G.) O. F. to pay heed to O. H. G. wizan. Allied ;

garder, earliest form warder, to guard.— to Wit. Cf. Guy-rope.

0. Sax. wardon to watch cognate with Guild, Gild. (Scand.) The spelling
;

A. S. weardian , to watch, from weard guild indicates the hard g. M. E. gilde.

sb. ; see Ward. Der. guard-ian see — Icel. gildi, a payment, a guild; Dan. ;

Warden. gilde. — Icel. gjalda (pres. t. geld), to pay;

Guava. (Span. — W. Ind.) Span.^way- cognate with A. S. geldan to pay, yield;
aba borrowed from the native name in see Yield. -f- Du. gild; whence G. gilde.
;

Guiana. Guilder, an old Dutch coin. (Du.)

Gudgeon. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. Adaptation of M. Du. gulden a gilder/ ,
‘

ione. — F. goujon. — L. gobionem , acc. of Hexham. From Teut. adj. type *gulthi-
gobio, a by-form of gdbius.— Gk. koj(3 6 s, a noz, golden, from Teut. *gulth-om gold. i
,

gudgeon, tench. See Gold.

Gueber, Gheber, a fire-worshipper. Guile, a wile. (F. — O. Low G.) O. F.
(F. — Pers.) F. Gulbre. — Pers. £»£/*, a guile From a Low G. form see further .
;

priest of fire-worshippers; Rich., Diet., under Wile. Der. beguile, vb., with E.
p. 12 28. prefix be- ( = by).
Guelder-rose. (Du.) Here guelder Guillotine. (F.) Named after a
stands for Gucldre the F. spelling of the ,
French physician, J. I. Guillotin died
province of Gelderla?id in Holland. First used, 1792. A. D. 1814.
Guerdon, recompense. (F. — O.
crime. (E.) M. E. gilt. A. S. H. G. Guilt,
and L.") O. F. guerdon (Ital. guidar - gylt, a trespass; also, a fine for a tres-
done). — Low L. widerdonum, a singular pass. Tent, type *gultiz m. ; perhaps
compound of O. II. G. wular , back, again, related to A. S. geldan to pay, yield; see '
, '

and I,, donum ,

a gift. The word is really Yield.
a half-translation of the true form O.H. G. Guinea. (African.) First coined of
widarlon a recompense. Here widar -- African gold from the Guinea coast, A. D.
( ivieder, back again
1 . and AT;/ (G lohn) is ;
. 1663. Der. guinea-fowl (from Guinea).
cognate with A. S. lean I)u. Aw;, a , 5T The guinea-pig is from S. America;
reward, allied to L. In- c rum, gain Brugm. ;
so that it may mean Guiana pig.
1. § 490. So also A. S. witier-lean , a Guipure, a kind of gimp.
lace of cords,
lecompense. (F. — Teut.) F. guipure. — Teut. *wip-an }

Guerilla, Guerrilla, irregular war- to wind, weave as in Goth, weipan to

;

fare. (Span. — O. H. G.)

Span. guciTilla, crown (whence waips, a wreath) G. weifen , ;

a skirmish, lit. dimin. of to reel, wind.

‘little war;*
guerra, war. — O. H. G. werra, war ; sec Guise, way, wise. (F. — O. H. G.)
War. M.E. gise, guise. — O. F. guise, way, wise,
Guess. (Scand.) M.E. gessen. -Dan. manner. — O. H. G. wisa (G. weise), a
gisse, Swed. gissa, to guess. -fE. Fries, and wise; cognate with Wise (2).
Du. gissen , Icel. giska N. Fries, gezze, Guitar. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. guitare -
;
.

gedse. Allied to Dan. gjette, to guess; L. cithara. — Gk. tciOapa, a lyre ; see
the I cel. giska may be for *git-ska, a deno- Cithern.
minative vb. from a base *git-isko - , in- Gules, red. (F.-L.) M. E. goules .-
genious, acute, from geta, to get, also, F. gueules, gules, red ; answering to Late
to guess. See Get. L. guloe (pi. of gula\ meaning (1) mouth,
Guest. (Scand.) M. E. gest. — Icel. (2) reddened skin, (3) gules. (See Cula
gestr, Dan. giest, Swed. gast. +
A. S. geest, in Ducange.) — L. gtila, the throat.
giest; Du. gast, Goth, gas is, G. gast. Gulf. (F. — Ital. — Gk.) Formerly
Teut. type *gastiz Idg. type *ghostis ; goulfe. — Y. golfe.— Ital. goljo. — Late Gk.
;

cf. Russ. gost(e), a guest, alien L. hostis, K 6 \<pos, a variant of Gk. *oA.iror, the bosom,
; |

335
 ;; , ,

GULL GUY-ROPE
also, a deep hollow, bay, creek. Der. M. F. grongnard (F. grognard), grunt-
en-gulf ing, grunter, whence M. F. gournauld ’>

(i), a bird. (C.) Corn. gullan, a grougnaut gurnard (Cot.). — M. F. grogn-

gull ; W. gwylan ; Bret, gwelan ; O. Irish er to grunt with suffix - ard ( = G. hart).
, ;

*
Joihntiy alcedo.' — L. grunnire , to grunt see Grunt. ;

Gull (2), a dupe. (C.) The same Gush. (E.) M. E. gtischen E. Fries. .

from the notion that a gull was a stupid gusen, to gush out.+M. Du. guysen, to
bird, But cf. Du. gul, soft, good- gush out (Kilian) ; Icel. gusa, allied t ogjosa
natured M. Du. guile, a great wench (pt. t. gauss), Norw. gjosa to gush. Allied
;
1
,

without wit,* Hexham. to Icel. gjota to pour, Goth. gititan,,

Gullet, the throat. (F. — L.) M. E. L. fundere. Cf. Du. gudsen, to gush.
golet. — M.F. goulet (Cot.) dimin. of O. F. (\/GIIEU.) See Gut, Geysir.
;

gole, goule (F. gueule), the throat. — L. Gusset. (F.) F. gousset, < a gusset,'
gula, the throat. Brugm. i. § 499. Cot. Also * the piece of armour by which
iiy. a channel worn by water. (F. — the arm-hole is covered,’ id. Named from
r Formerly gullet. —
gullet, a deep gutter of water ;
M
F. goulet , ‘a its supposed resemblance to a husk of a
.

Cot. The bean or pea dimin. of F. gousse, husk of

*
;

same word as Gullet (above). bean or pea; cf. Ital .guscio, a shell, husk ;
Gulp. (E.) M. E. gulpen, gloppen , of unknown origin.
glubben . Cf. E. Fries, and Du. gulpen , Gust (1), a sudden blast, gush of wind.
to swallow eagerly; Du. gulp a great (Scand.) ,
Icel. gustr a gust. — Icel. gtis- t ,

billow, draught, gulp. Prob. of imita- weak grade of gjosa, to gush see Gush. ;

tive origin. Cf. Swed. glupa , to devour. So also Swed. dial, gust, stream of air
Gum (0) flesh °f the jaws. (E.) M. E. from an oven, Norw. gust , a gust.
gome. A. S. gotna, jaws, palate. Icel. +
Gust (2), relish, taste. (L.) L. gustus,
gentry Swed. gom cf. G. gaumen
;
Lith. a tasting; oX. gustare, to taste. (^GEUS.)
,

gomitrys , the palate. Brugm. i. § 196. Allied to Choose. Der. dis-gust.

Gum (2), resin of ceitnin trees. (F. — L. Gut, the intestinal canal. (E.) (The
— Gk.) M. E. gomme.—F. gomme. — F. word is allied to M. E. goie, pTov. E. gut,
gufumi. — Gk. KufifLi, gum. (Prob. of a channel.) M.E. gutte. A. S. gut pi. ;

Egyptian origin Coptic borne, gum.)

;
guttas orig. a channel. ’ Mone, Quellen,
;
‘

Gun. (Scand.) M, E. gonne from an P- 333* L 198. — A. S. gut-, weak grade

;

engine of war named Gunildn in 1330-1. of Teut. *geutan- A.S. geotan , to pour.
From Icel. Gunnhillr a female name. (^GHEU.)
, +
Dan. gyde, a lane, M. Du.
Gunny, a coarse kind of sacking. gote, a channel, G. gosse, a drain. See
(Hind.-Skt.) Hind, and Mahratti gon, Gush.
goni, a sack, sacking. — Skt. gout, a sack Gutta-percha. (Malay.) The spell-
(Yule). ing gutta is due to confusion with L.
Gunwale, upper edge of a ship’s side. gutta , a drop, with which it has nothing
(E.) Sec gunwale or gunnel in Kersey to do. — Malay gatah,gutah, gum, balsam;
(1715). A wale is an outer timber on a pei'cha the name of the tree producing it.
,

ship’s side ; and the gun-wale is a wale Gutter. (F. -L.) M. E. got ere. -
from which guns were pointed. A wale A. F. guttere ; O. F. gutiere goutiere ,

is a * beam ; see Wale.

*
(Littrc, s. v. goutttirc, a gutter). Esp.
Gurgle, to purl. (Ital. — L.) In Spen- used for catching drops from the eaves of
ser, Thestylis, 3. Imitated from Ital. a roof. — F. goutte. — L. guttay a drop.
gorgogliare, to purl, bubble, boil ; gorgo- Guttural. (F. - L.) F. guttural. - L.
glio, gurgling of a stream. — Ital. gorgo a gut turdlisy belonging to the throat. — L.
,

whirlpool. — L. gurges whirlpool cf. gur- gnttur the throat.

, ; ,

gulio, gullet. See Gorge. So also Du. Guy, a hideous creature, fright. (F.—
gorget G. gurgel throat; from L. gur- Ital. -Teut.)
, ,
Orig. used of an effigy of
gulio. Brugm. i. § 499. Guy Fawkes. — F. Guy. — Ital. Guido ; of
Gurnard, Gurnet, a fish. (F. ~ L. Teut. origin. Cf. Guide.
with Teut. suffix.) Gurnard is the better Guy-rope, Guy, a guide-rope, used
and fuller form. The word means ‘a to steady a weight in heaving. (F. — Teut.)
grunter,' from the sound which the fish O. F. guie, a guide. — O. F .guier, to guide;
makes when taken out of the water.— see Guide. Cf. Span. guia } a guy-rope.
226
 — ; , ' -

GUZZLE HACKNEY
Guzzle. Apparently suggested
(F.) Habiliment, dress. (F.-L.) Y.hab
by O. F. goziller gosillier, to vomit illement clothing. — F. Jiabiller, to clothe,
, ,

(Godefroy), understood to mean to swal- orig. Ho get ready/— F. habile ready, fit.1
,

low greedily/ The O. F. desgosiller had — L. habilis, easy to handle, active. — L.

both senses (Godefroy). Cf. O. Y.gosillier, habere to have see Able. , ;

the throat, allied to F. gosier, the throat. Habit, practice, custom, dress. (F. — L.)
Remoter source unknown. O. F. habit a dress, a custom. — L. habltum ,
Gymnasium. (L.-Gk.) L. gymna- acc. of habitus a condition, dress. — L. ,

sium.— Gk. yvfJLV&atov, an athletic school, habitus pp. of habere to have, keep. See
, ,

where men practised naked. — Gk. yvfxvd- Brugm. i. § 638.

(tiv, to train naked, exercise. — Gk. yvyivos, habitable. (F.-L.) F. habitable. —
naked. De r. gymnast — y vfiuaffT^s, a L. habitubilis, that can be dwelt in. L. —
trainer of athletes gymnast -ic. habitdre , to dwell, frequent, of habere , to
;

Gypsum. (L.-Gk. -Arab.)

L. gyp- have.
sum, chalk. — Gk. yvipos, chalk. Prob. habitant. (F.-L.) F. habitant ,
from Ttvs./absin, lime, Arab .jibs, plaster, pres. pt. of habiter to dwell. — L. habitdre , ,

mortar Rich. Diet., p. 494. frequent, of habere (above).

;

Gypsy. (F. — I Gk. — Egypt.) Spelt habitat, the natural abode of a plant.
gipsen Spenser, M. Hubbard, 86.
,
Short (L.) L. habitat it dwells (there) ; 3 pres, ,

for E. Egypcien. - O. F. Egyptian -

M. . s.of habitdre to dwell (above). ,

Late L. sEgyptiamis from L. shgyptius, habitation, abode. (F. - L.) F.

an Egyptian. — Gk. A lyvirrios. — Gk. At- habitation. — L. acc. habildtidnem. — L.
yvirros, Egypt, The supposition that habitdtus , pp. of habitdre , to dwell,
they came from Egypt was false ; their frequent, of habere to have. ,

original home was India. habitude. (F.-L.) F. habitude ,

Gyre, circular course. (L. — Gk.) L. custom. — Inhabit udo, condition. — L habit-,
gyrus. — Gk. yvpos ring, circle. , Der. as in habitus pp. ol habere to have. , ,

gyr-ate from pp. of L. gyrdre.

,
Hacienda, a farm, estate, farm-house.
Gyrfalcon, bird of Gerfalcon, (Span. L.) —
Span, hacienda an estate, ,

prey. (F. — Tent, and

1‘oimerly ger- L.) orig. employment. pronounced [The r is

faulcon also girefancon ^ used by Tre visa

;
as //* in thin.] O. Span, facienda. — L.
to translate L gyrofalco).— O. Y.gerfaucon.
.
facienda , things to be done; gerundive
— M. 11. G. gfrvalke.— O. II. G. gir-, for neut. pi. of facei'e, to do.
giri, greedy (whence also G. geier. a Hack (1), to cut, mangle. (E.) M. E.
vulture) and L. falco, a falcon,
;
L. hakken. A. S. haccian , to cut, in the
gyrofalco is a mistaken form. comp./JV^r/Vw.-f- Du. hakken, Dan. hakke,
Gyron; see Giron. Swed. hacka, G. hacken , to chop, hack.
Gyves, fetters. (F.) M. E. giues, Teut. types *hakkdn~, *hakkdjan
gyms. — A . K. gives, fetters (Godefroy). Hack (
2
')
; see Hackney.
Cf. O. H. G. be-wlfen, to fetter. Hackbut. (F.-liOW G.) Also hagbttt.
— M. F. haquebute a haquebut, a calivet* ,
4

a soit of musket) Cot.

(i. e. corruption ;
A
H. of Low G. hakebusse (Du. haakbus ), an
arquebus due, apparently, to some con-
;

Ha, exclamatory sound.

inlerj. (E.
x
An fusion with O. F. bitter, to thrust. Lit.
Cf. O. Fries, haha, to denote laughter; ‘
hook-gun so called from the hook on
;

G. ha O. F. ha !
;
the gun, by which it was hung on to a
Haberdasher, a seller of small wares. support. — Low G. hake (Du. haak ), ,

(F.) So named from his selling a stuff hook busse (Du. bus), a gun.
; See
called hapertas in A.F. see Liber Albus, Arquebus ; ;
and see Hook.
ed. Riley, pp. 225, 231. The name of Hackle (I), Hatohel, an instrument
this stuff is of unknown origin. for dressing flax ;
see Heckle.
Habergeon, armour for neck and Hackle (2), long shining feathers on
breast. (F. — O. II. G.) M. E. habergeon ,
the neck of a cock. (E.) Probably allied
haubergeoun. — O. F. haubergeon, hauber- to Hackle (1).
jon a hauberk; deriv. (treated as dimin.)
, Hackney, Hack, a horse let out for
of O. F. hauberc see Hauberk. hire. (E.) M.E. hakeney. O.F. haquenee.
;

2
 \ \) ;

HADDOCK HAKE
which was merely borrowed from the A, F. (Scand.) Frequent, of North E. hag, to
hakeney (1340), haketui (1307), Low L. cut as hackle is of hack to cut.
;
The ,

hakeneius (1 292) all from M. E. Hakeney

; ,
form hag is from Icel. hoggva ,
to hew,
i. e. Hackney in Middlesex, spelt Ilakeneia cognate with E. hew; see Hew. Cf.
in 1199; from A. S. Haccanieg, Hacca’s Norman dial, haguer to hack. ,

island, Hack is short for hackney , and Haggle ( 2),

to be slow in making a
quite a late foim hence hack, verb, i.e. to
;
bargain. (E.) I11 Cotgrave, s. v. harceler .
use as a hack or hackney. Cf. Du. hakkelen to hackle, mangle, ,
4

Haddock, a fish. (E M. E. haddok . faulter/ i. c. stammer (Sewel) hakketeren , ;

'XIV cent.). Orig. doubtful ; the lrLh iur to wrangle, cavil. It is probably the
’
4
haddock is codog. same word as Haggle (1). Cf. also
Hades, the abode of the dead. (Gk.) higgle, to bargain.
Gk. <£5779, atdrjs (Attic), atdrjs (Homeric), Hagiographa, holy writings. (Gk.)
the nether world; in Homer, the god of Gk. ayt 6 ypa(pi books written by
the nether world. Of unknown origin. inspiration. — Gk. a'710-s, holy; ypatp-uv,
Hadji, Hajji, one who has performed to write.
the pilgrimage to Mecca. (Arab.) Arab. Ha-ha, Haw-haw, a sunk fence. (F.)
haji, a Christian who has performed the
4
From F. haha, an interjection of laughter
pilgrimage to Jerusalem, or a Muham- hence a surprise in the form of an un-
medan [who has performed] that to expected obstacle (that laughs at ont).
Mecca ; * Rich. Diet., p. 549. Orig. the The F. woid also means an old woman
latter. of surprising ugliness, a ‘caution/
Hsematite, Haemorrhage ; see Hail (1), lrozen rain. (E.) M. F.
Hematite, Hemorrhage. haghe l, hay l, A. S. hcegl, hagol. + Icel.
Haft, handle. (E.) A. S. haft, a hagl, D11. Dan. Swed. G. hageL Tout,
handle. — A. S. haf-, base of hebban, to types *liag(a)loz, m.,*liag(a)lom,n. Cf. Gk.
lift; see Heave. -f- Du. heft, Icel. hepti Kax\ 7)[, a round pebble.
^pron. hefti ), G. heft a handle. Lit. , Hail (2), to salute, greet. (Scand.)
1
4
that which is caught up. M.E. heilen; a verb coined from M.E.
Hag. (E.) M.E. hagge with same ;
keily hail sb. which is an adaptation of
, ;

sense as A.S. Aagtis, a fury, a witch, Icel. heilly prosperity, good luck, a sb.
a hag.-f G. hexe, M. II. G. hecse, a witch, formed from the adj. heill hale, sound, ,

O. II. G. hazissa, also hagazussa a fury. ,

fortunate. Cf. A.S. heel, safety, luck.
Perhaps connected with A.S. haga,a.hedge, See Hale (1).
enclosure but this is uncertain.
; hail (3\ an exclamation. (Scand.)
Haggard (0, wild, said of a hawk. Icel. heilly hale, sound ;
used in greeting.
(F. — G.) M. F. hagard wild; esp. used This word is common in greeting persons,
of a wild falcon ; see Cotgrave. Perhaps as far heill — farewell, kom heill, welcome,
the orig. sense was hedge-falcon formed, ;
hail ! The Scand. verb is Icel. heiha,
with suffix - ard (< 0 II. G. hart) from
.
}
Swed. hclsa, Dan. hike, to greet. See
M. H. G. hag (G. hag), a hedge; see Hale ( 1).
Haw. Hair. (E. ; influenced by F.) The true
Haggard meagre. (F. - G.)
(2), lean, E. form was M. E. heer. From A.S. liar,
Really the same as the word above (Cot.). her. <
4- I)u. haary Icel. hdr, Dan. haar ,
We also find hagg-ed i. e. hag-like, from Swed. har ;
G. haarf O. H. G. hdr. Teut.
hag. 4 The ghostly prudes with hagged type *hcbrom, neut. Further related to
face/ Gray, A Long Story, near end. Icel. heuidr, hair, Teut. type *Jiazdoz ; and
Mod. G. hager may be from M. F. to Lith. kassa , plaited hair ; also to Russ.
hagard for G. hagerfalk means a haggard
; chesatif), to comb out, L. carere to card ,

hawk. wool. p. But the mod. E. form is due

Haggis, a dish of sheep’s entrails, to confusion with A. S. k&re, hair-cloth,
chopped up, seasoned, and boiled in the which was replaced by M. E. haire ,
sheep’s maw. (F.) M. E. hagas, hageis. borrowed from O. F. haire with the same ,

A. r. hagiz, hageis; from the verb hag ; sense ; and this O. F. haire was from
to cut up, chop up. Of Scand. origin cf. ;
O. H.G. hdrra (for *hdrjd) haircloth, a ,

Swed. dial, hagga, to hew, Icel. hoggva . derivative of O. H. G. har hair. ,

Haggle (1), to hack awkwardly, mangle. Hake, a fish. (Scand.) Cf. Norw.
 , , ,, . ,

HAKIM HALT
hakefisk ,
lit. *
hook-fish ;
’
from the hooked 759). So also Du. heilbot, halibut, from
underjaw. See Hatch (i). heilig, holy, bot a plaice; Swed. helge- ,

Hakim, a physician, doctor. (Arab.) flundra , a halibut, from helig, holy,

Arab, hakim wise ; also, a doctor, physi- flyndra a flounder; Dan. helleflynder,
, ,

cian. —Arab. root hakama , he exercised a halibut, from heilig, holy, flynder
authority. flounder. See Butt (4).
Halberd, Halbert, a kind of pole- Halidom, a holy relic. (E.) *M. E.
axe. (F. — M. H. G.) O. F. haleharde. — halidom , h alula m. A.S. hdligdom, holi-
M. H. G. helmbarte, mod. G. hellebarte ness, a sanctuary, a holy relic. — A. S. ;

sometimes explained as an axe with a hdlig, holy -dom, suffix, orig. the same as ;

long handle cf. M. H. G. halm (?), a helve dom, doom. See Holy and Doom.
;
Du.
(helm), or handle. But it has been better heiligdom ; Icel. helgidotnr , Dan. heilig-
interpreted as an axe for splitting a helm dom, G. heiligthum By my halida 7ii ,
.

i. e. helmet.
(
3 The O. H.G. barta, G. (with - dam lor -dom) was imagined to
.

barle, a broad axe, or axe with a broad refer to Our Lady ( dame )
blade, is from G. hart, a beard. [Similarly Hall. (E.) Mi E. halle. O. Merc.
the Icel. skeggja an axe, is from skegg, hall ,
A. S. heall, heal, a hall, orig. a ;

a beard ; and see Barb (i).] Cf. Icel. shelter. «f Du. hal, Icel. hall, holl, Swed.
bar6a halberd.
,
hall, Dan. hal. Teut. type ^ halId, for
Halcyon, a kingfisher ; as adj. serene. *halna, fern. from *hal, 2nd grade of ;

(L. — Gk.) Halcyon days = calm days; *helan-, to cover (A. S. helan ). Allied to «

it was supposed that the weather was calm Helm (2), Hell.
when kingfishers were breeding. — L. Hallelujah, Alleluia, an expression
halcyon, alcyon a kingfisher. — Gk. a\fcv wv, of praise. (Heb.) Heb. halelii jdh , praise
clXkvojv, a kingfisher. Allied to L. alccdo ye Jehovah. — Heb. haleln, praise ye (from
the true L. name. The incorrect aspirate hdlal, to shine, praise) ; jdh, Jah, Jehovah.
in Gk. was due to a fanciful etymology Halliard ; see Halyard.
from aA-s, sea, Halloo, Hallow, to shout.
and kvojv, conceiving. (F.)
Hale (i), M.E. halowen. — O. F. ha lloer, to pursue
whole. (E.) M. E. hale, hal.
O. Northumb. hal, which became hale, with shouts. Of imitative origin.
while the A. S. (Wessex) hal became Hallow, to sanctify. (E.) M. E. hal-
M.E. /tool, now spelt whole Cognate wen, halewen, halowen A. S. lidlgian, to . .

with Goth, hails. See Whole. make holy, from hdlig, holy; see Holy.
Hale (2), Haul, todrag, draw violently. So also Icel. helga, G. heiligen .
(F. — O. II. G.) M. E. halien halen. — F. , hallowmass, feast of All Hallows ,
haler, haul a boat, &c. (Littre). —
to i. All Saints.
e. (Hybrid; E. and L.)
O. H. G. halon, holon (whence G. holen). Short for All Hallows Mass, mass (or
+ O. Sax. halon, Du. halen O. Fries. feast) of All Saints. Here hallows' is the
halia, E. Fries, halen, Low G. halen to , gen. of hallows, pi. due to M. E. halowe or
pull, haul ; cf. also A. S. geholian, to halwe, a saint — A.S. hdlga, a saint, def.
acquire, get L. caldre, to summon Gk.
; ;
form of the adj. hdlig, holy; see Holy
Ka\fii/, to summon. (^KAL). Hale and Mass.
dates from the XIV cent. ; haul is later, Hallucination, wandeiing of mind.
appearing as hall in 1581. (L.) From L. hallucindtio, a wandering
Half, adj. (E.) M. E. half. O. Merc. of the mind. — L. halliicindri, better allti-
half, O. Fries, half A.S. healf ; +
Du. cindri, dlucindri, to wander in mind, dream,
half, Icel. halfr Swed. half, Dan. halv rave.
,
Gk. cL\vuv, dXuftv, to wander in +
Goth, halbs G. halb. 2. Allied to half, sb., mind cf. ^Ac 6 s, distraught.
, ;

from O. Merc, half, A. S. healf sb.+Icel. ;

see Haulm. Halm
hdlfa, Goth, halba, G. halb in all these Halo, a luminous ring. (F. — L. - Gk.)
;

languages the oldest sense of the sb. is F. halo.-L. acc. halo, from nora. halos.—
*
side.’ Der. halve, vb. beAialf. Gk. aAcwy, a round threshing-floor, in
;

Halibut, Holibut, a fish. (E.) So which the oxen trod out a circular path.
called because excellent eating for holi- Halser ; Hawser.
see
days ; the lit. sense is ‘ holy (i. e. holiday) Halt, lame. (E.)M. E. halt. O.Merc.
plaice.’ From M.E. halt , holy (see halt ;
A. S. health Icel. ha Ur, Dan. Swed.
Holy), and butte, a plaice (Havelok, 1 . halt, Goth, halts, O. H. G. halz. Teut.
 , l ,, ,
.; , , , ,, , , ;;

HALT HANDSEL
type *haltoz. Cf. L. claudus , lame. Der. hamaca . A West Indian (Caribbe&n)
halt, vb., A. S. healtian . word.
Balt! (F. — G.) F. kalte. — G. halt A Hamper (i), to impede. (E.) M.E.
hold! See Hold (i). hampren\ from the same root as Icel.
Halter. (E.) M. E. halter (an has f hamla, to stop, hinder, Norw. hamla, to
been lost). A. S. luzlftre , a halter. -pM. strive against; cf. Swed. dial, hamla to
Dh. and G. halfter, O. H. G. kalftra be awkward, to grope about. Perhaps
O. Low G. haliflra (Schade). Teut. types further allied to Icel. he?nja, to restrain, G.
*halftr-, *haliftr- (Franck). From the hemmen, to check. See Hem (i). 2. Or
base *hal?f-, app. signifying ‘to hold*; a nasalised form allied to Low G. hapern,
1
see Helve. I. e. something to hold by
‘ E. Fries, haperen to stop short cf. Swed.
; ;

cf. L. capistrwn a halter.

,
dial, happla, to slammer, happa to back
Halyard, Halliard, a rope for hoist- a horse; Dan. happe to stutter. See ,

ing sails. (F. — O. H.G.) As if for hale- Hopple.

or haul-yard because it hales or hauls Hamper (2), a kind of basket. (F.—
the yards into their places but really a G.) Formerly spelt hanaper — O. F.
;
.

perversion of M. E. halier, meaning simply hanapier Low L. hanapenum orig. a

‘that which hales See Hale (2). vessel to keep cups in. — O. K. hanap
Ham. (E.) M.E. ham me. A. S. hamm. DLow L. hanapus ), a drinking-cup.
+ Du. ham, M. Du. hame Icel. horn (gen. O. Frankish *hnapp Du. nap O. H. G. ,

ha?nar)\ prov. G. hamme\ O. II. G. hnapf M. II. G. napf a cup.+A. S. hncep,

hamtna. Brugmann (i. § 421) connects a cup, bowl.
these with Gk. kvJjw, the lower part of hanaper, old form of Hamper
the leg. (above). Hence Hanaper office named
Hamadryad, a wood-nymph. (L.~ from the basket in which writs were
Gk.) L. hamadryad stem of hamadryas deposited.
,

— Gk. dfxadpvd^, a wood-nymph the life (E.);

A. S. hand, hond.+ Hand.
of each nymph depended on that of the Du. hand Icel. bond, Dan. haand Swed. ,

tree to which she was attached. — Gk. hand, Goth, handus , G. hand. Teut. type
apa together with ; bpv-i, tree.
,
*handuz fern. Root uhknown. ,

Hame Hames,
; pk, the bent sticks handcuff. (K.) cuff for the hdnd. A
round a horse-collar. (E.) M.E. hame. XVIII cent.; too late for connexion
+Du. haam. Cf. Mid. Du. hamme , ‘ a with A. S. handcops , a handcuff, |

;
cratch of wood to tie beasts to, or a yoke ’ handicap, a race for horses of ail
Hexham. See Hem (1). ages. (E.) From hand { cap hand ,
in
Hamlet. (F. — Teut.) M. E. hame let, the cap, a method of drawing lots; hence,
dimin. of O. F. kajjiel (F. hameau), a a mode of settlement by arbitration, &c.
hamlet. Formed, with dimin. suffix -el, handicraft. (E.) A. S. hartdcixeft,
from O. Fries, ham hem O. Sax. hem, a
,
a trade; the i being inserted in imitation
home, dwelling; see Horae. of handiwork (below).
Hammer. (E.) A. S. hamor. 4- Icel. handiwork. (E.) M.E. handhverc.
harnarr, Dan. hammer Swed. hammare , A. S. handgeweorc — A. S. hand, hand .

Du. hamer G. hammer. Thought to be

, geweorc from wcorc, O. Merc. 1oerc, work,
,

allied to Russ. kamen{e), a stone; as if The i is due to A. S. ge.

;
orig. ‘ a stone implement ’ Icel. harnarr handle* A. S. handlian\
vb. (E.)
also means a rock.’
‘
formed from handle a handle (below). ,

Hammercloth. (Du. and E. ?) For- Cf. Du. kandelen, Icel. hdndla Dan. ,

merly hamer-cloth (1465). The cloth handle, Sw. handla, G. handeln, to handle,
which covers a coach-box. Origin un- or to trade.
knbwn. Perhaps orig. a cover-cloth; handle* sb. (E.) A. S. handle ; Cp.
adapted from Du. kernel heaven, also ,
Glos. 1 904. ** A. S. hand, hand,
a cover, tester, canopy. ‘ Den kernel van handsel* hansel* first instalment of
een koetse, the seeling of a coach * Hex- ;
a bargain. (Scand.) Icel. handsat, the
ham. Cf. M. Du. hemelen, ‘ to hide, cover, conclusion of a bargain by shaking hands
adorne;* Hexham. lit. ‘
handgiving, * expressed by ‘hand-
Hammock, a slung net for a bed. sale ’ ; so also Dan. handsel, Swed. handsel,
(W. Ind.) Formerly hamaca ; Span, a handsel. See Sale, The late A. S.
230
 ; \ , , \ , , \
,
; ,; , , —
;

HANDSOME HARDOCK
handselen, glossed mancipatio,’ occurs ‘
Hansel see Handsel. ;
but once ; but cf. O. E. Texts, Charter 44, Hansom, a kind of cab. (E.) From
1 8.
. the name of the inventor (no doubt the
handsome. (E.) M. E. handsum same word as handsome). A. D. 1834.
orig. tractable, or dexterous. — A. S. hand Hap. (Scand.) M. E. hap. — Icel. happ,
hand ; -sum, suffix, as in wyn-sum win- hap, chance, good luck cf. A. S. gehap ; ,

some.+Du. handzaam , E. Fries. handsam, fit. [The W. hap must be borrowed from
tractable, serviceable. E. ] Der. happ-y, i. e. lucky ;
hap-less ,
handy (1), dexterous. (E.) From i. e. luckless ;by luck ( happily is
hap-ly,
hand with E. form
suffix -
y . The M. used in the same sense); mis -hap ; per-
was hendi (never handi ) A. S. hendig, ;
haps.
skilful ; formed from hand hand, with , happen. (Scand.) M. E. happenen ,
suffix - ig and vowel change. +F>u. handig, hapnen extended from happen , i. e. to hap.

Dan. hcendig beheendig, Swed. handig , ;

From the sb. above.
dexterous, Hara-kiri, suicide by disembowel*
handy (2), near. (E.'i From hand ment. (Japanese.) From Japan. hara>
with suffix -y. ^ The M. E. form was belly ;
kiri, to cut (Yule).
hende A. gehende S. (F. - O. H. G.)
, near, at hand.
O. F. — Harangue.
A. S. hand hand. harangue, an oration; Low L. harenga .
Hang, to suspend, to be suspended. The same as Span, arenga, Ital. aringa.
(E.) The history of this vb. involves that Orig. a speech made in the midst of a
of two A. S. and one O. Norse vb. viz. ring of people as shown by Ital. aringo , ; ;

(1) the A. S. hon (for *hanhan ~) pt. t. an arena, lists, also a pulpit. — O. H. G. ,

heng, pp. hangen (2) the A. S. weak vb., hrinc (G. ring\ a ring, ring of people, an
;

hangian, pt. t. kangode and (3) the Icel. arena, circus, lists. Cognate with A.S.
;

causal vb. hevgja, from hanga (pt. t. hekk, bring, a ring. See Ring.
for *henk, pp. hanginn). Cf. G. hangen, Harass. (F.) F. harasser to tire ,

weak vb., from G. hangen (pt. t. king, pp. out, vex, disquiet; Cot. Perhaps from
gehangen Allied to L. cunctari, to delay, O. F. barer, to set a dog at a beast.—
Skt. fanh, to hesitate. Brugm. i. § 420. O. H. G. haren , to call out, cry out (hence
Hanger, a short sword. (E.) So cry to a dog).
called because hung from the belt. Harbinger, a forerunner. (F. -*
Hangnail; for ang-nail a form of O. H. G.) M.E. herbergeoiir , one who
Agnail, q. v. provided lodgings for a man of rank.
Hank, a parcel of skeins of yarn. 0. F. Jierberg-er, to lodge, to harbour
(Scand.) Icel. honk a hank, coil hanki, with suffix -our (L. -citdrem). — O. F. her-
, ;

a hasp, clasp Swed. hank a string, Dan. berge, a lodging, harbour. — O. II. G.
;

hank a handle, ear of a vessel. Cf. also heriberga (below).

,

Low G. hank a handle (Lubben\ G. , harbour (1), shelter. (Scand.) M. E.

henkel, a handle, ear of a vessel. Prob. hereber^e, herberwe — Icel. herbergi a .
,

allied to G. /taken a hook, A. S. kaca harbour, lit. army- shelter.’ — Icel. herr ,
,
i

fastening of a door. See Hatch (1). an army barg 2nd grade of bjarga to ; ,

Hanker, to long after. E.) Cf. prov. shelter. So likewise O. H. G. heriberga, (

E, hank , to hanker after, of which it is a a camp, lodging, from O. H. G. heri ^G.

frequent, foim; cf. the phr. ‘to hang heer), an army, befgan, to shelter (whence
about/ From the verb to hang. Verified F. auberge Ital. albergo ). Cf. Harry and
by M. Du. kengelcn, to hanker after Borough. Der. harbour, vb.
(from hangen ) honkeren ( Du hunkered) to, Harbour (2), see Arbour. .

hanker after (Sewel) also Dan. hang, bias, Hard. (E.) A.S. heard O. Fries.
; ;

inclination, E. Fries, hang hank , ,

bias. herd. + Du. hardr, Dan. hard ; Icel.
Hanseatic* pertaining to the Ilanse haard, Swed. hSrd, Goth, hardus, G.
towns in(F. — O. H. G.) O. F.
Germany. hart Teut. type *karduz Idg. type
.
,

hanse the hanse, i. e. society of merchants

,
*kartus cf. Gk. reports, strong. Brugm.
with L. suffix -at tens. — O, II. G. hansa 1. § 79*-
(G. hanse), an association cf, Goth. ; Hardock, Hordock, the corn-blue-
hansa , A.S. kos a band of men, (From ,
bottle; Centaurea cyanus. (E.) Hardokes,
about a. D. 40,) u pi., is the reading in K. Lear, iv. 4. 4, ed.
231
 ; \ F . . , . ;;

HARDS HARPY
1623; the quartos have hordocks. The Teut. type *herkan- can hardly be related
same as haudod used in Fitzherbert’s to Hear.
Husbandry to mean the corn-bluebottle; Harlequin. (F.— Ital.) Y.arlequin ,

see Glossary, and pref. p. xxx. Mr. Wright harlequin a harlequin. — Ital. arlecchino , ,

(note to K. Lear) shows that hardhake a buffoon, jester. The Ital. word seems to
meant the Centaurea nigra Both plants correspond to the O. F. Hellequin Herle - ,

were called, indifferently, knobweed, knot- kin Hierlekin; the usual O. F. phrase ,

weed, and loggerheads Named from the was la maisnie hierlekin (Low L. harle -
.

hardness of the head of the Centaurea quint familias) a troop of demons that i

nigra for which reason it was also called haunted lonely places at night A popular
iron-weed iron-heads &c. ', See Plant- etymology connected the word with Charles
,

names, by Britten and Holland. Quint; Max Miiller, Lect. ii. 581. Prob.
Hards, fibres of flax. (E.) M. E. of Teut. origin cf. O. H. G. hella cunni, ;

herdes. A. S. heordan, pl.+M. Du. heenie, the kindred of hell which may have been ;

herde , hards (Kilian), later hede (Hex- confused with O. F. herle Merit?, tumult, ,

ham) E. Fries, hede. Teut. type *hizdon-

; Harlot. (F.) Orig. used of either sex,
or *hezdon ; cf. Meed, Distinct from
* and not always in a very bad Sense; equiv.
hard. to mod. E. ‘fellow;’ Ch. C. T. 649.—
Hardy, stout, brave. (F. — Teut.) O. F. herlot, arlot, a vagabond ; Prov.
M. E. hardi. — O. F. hardi brave; 01 ig. ,
arlot, a vagabond; Ital. arlotto (Baretti),
pp. of hardir, lit. to harden. — Teut. Low L. ar lotus a glutton. Of disputed
,

*hartjan as in O. H. G. hertan, to harden,

,
origin. W. herlod is from E.
make strong. — O. H. G. harti (G. hart), Harm, sb. (E.) M. E. harm. A.S.
hard ;
see Hard. heartn , grief, also harm. Icel. harmr, +
Hare. hara. A.S
Dan. Swed.
(E.) + grief, Dan. harme wrath, Swed. harm, ,

hare, Icel. heri (formerly here ) ; Du. haas , anger, grief, G. harm, grief; Teut. type
G. base Teut. types *hazon -, *hason -, Idg.
. *harmoz. Cf. Russ, srame shame. Brug.
type *kason -; cf. O. Pruss. sasins (for ii. § 72. Der. harm, vb.
*kasins ), W. cein-ach fem. (Rhys), Skt. , Harmony, concord. (F. — L. — Gk.)
(a fa, for fasa , a hare. The Skt. word harmonie.— F. harmonie. — la. har- M. E.
means ‘jumper,’ from fOf (Idg. has-), to monia. — Gk. appovia, a joint, proportion,
jump, leap along. harmony. — Gk. appos, a joining. — Gk.
harebell. (E.) From hare and bell. *ap€iv (dpapiatca v), to fit. (-^AR.)
Harem, set of apartments for females. Harness. (F.) The old sense was
(Arab.) Also haram. — Arab, haratn ‘armour.’ O. F. harneis, harnois, armour ,

women’s apartments, lit. 'sacred,’ or pro- whence Bret, harnez old iron, armour ‘
,

hibi ted. ’ — Arab, he prohi-

root harama ,
(Thumeysen). Of unknown origin; the
bited (because men were prohibited from G. harnisch is from F.
entering). The initial is the 6th letter of Harp. (E.) M. E. harpe. A. S.
the Arab, alphabet. Rich. Diet., p. 563. hearpe +
Du. harp Icel. harpa Swed. y ,

Haricot (1), a stew of mutton, (2) harpa, Dan. harpe G. harfe Teut. type ,

kidney bean. (F.) F. haricot 'mutton ,

*harpdn-, fem. whence F. harpe. ;

sod with little turneps,’ &c. ; Cot. The Harpoon. (F.—L. — Gk.) Formerly
also harpon which is the F. spelling. — F.
1
sense of 1 bean ’ is late ; that of minced ,

mutton with herbs,’ O. .hericot, is old. harpon a cramp-iron, a grappling-iron;

,

Origin unknown. whence also Du. harpoon. — O. F. harpe a ,

Hark, Hearken. (E.) M. E. herken ,

dog’s claw or paw, a clamp, cramp-iron
also hetknen. Herknen is from A. S. cf. se harper, to grapple. — Late L. harpe f

Iteration , heorenian , to listen to. Herken a sickle-shaped sword. — Gk. apirrj, a

corresponds to a shorter type, A.S. *heorcian sickle. Cf. also Span, arpon, a harpoon,
(not found), O. Fries, herkia ; also O. Fries, arpar to claw, rend.
,

harkia (from the 2nd gTade), E. Fries. Harpsichord. (F.— Teut. and Gk.) '

harken . Teut. type *herkan-, pt. t. *hark, Also harpsechord with intrusive s. — ;

pp. *hurkanoz. The O. H. G. hdrechen , F. harpec horde, i a harpsichord ; * Cot.

M. H. G. horchen with long 0, must have ,
From Teutonic and Greek ; see Harp
been associated with O. H.G. hdrjan G. ,
and Chord. Cf. Ital. arpieordo (Florio).
horen, to hear; cf. G. horchen. But the Harpy. (F.—L. — Gk.) O. F. harpie.
232
 , , , , * . ,, , ; ,

HARQUEBUS HATCHET
— L. harpyia , usually in pi. harpy ice. Gk. —
Hashish, Hasheesh, an intoxi-
pi. dpirviou , lit. * spoilers or * snatchers.* —
*
cating drink. (Arab.) See Assassin.
Gk. apir-, base of dpirdfav, to seize allied Haslets, Hastelets, Harslets,
;

to L. rapere . See Bapacious. the inwards of a pig, &c., for roasting.

Harquebus ;
see Arquebus. (F. L.) F rom O. F. haste let, meat roasted —
Harridan, a jade, a worn-out woman. on a spit. — O. F. haste a spit. — L. hasta, ,

(F.) A
variant of M. F. haridelle, a poor a spit see Hastate. ;

tit, leane ill-favored jade/ Cot.; i. e. a Hasp. (E.) A. S. hapse , a fastening,

worn-out horse ; also used in the sense of clasp, catch of a door.+Icel. hespa, a hasp,
a gaunt, ugly woman (Littr^). The form a skein (of wool), Dan. Swed. G. haspe,
remains unexplained. hasp cf. M. Du. hasp, haps , a skein of ;

Harrier (i), a hare-hound. (E.) For- wool. Cf. Low G. happen, hapsen, to
merly harier\ from hare. Cf. bow-yer snatch, clutch ; F. happer, to lay hold of.
from bow. Hassock. (E.) M. E. hassok, orig.
Harrier (2), a kind of buzzard. (E.) coarse grass or sedge of which the old ;

I. e. harry-er , because it destroys small hassocks were made. A. S. hassuc, a tuft

birds see Harry.
;
of coarse grass, Not from W. hesgf
Harrow, sb. (E.) M. E. hat~ive. sb. pi., sedges.
North Fries, hanve. Not found in A. S. Hastate, spear-shaped. (L.) L. hasta -
+Icel. herfi Dan. harv , a harrow ; Swed. tus, spear-like. — L. hasta, a spear. Allied
,

harf, a harrow. Apparently allied to M. to Gad.

Dan. harge, Du. harkt Swed. harka G. Haste, sb. (F. — Teut.) M. K. hast ,
hat he, a lake. Base har- ? Cf. L. carr ere , haste. — O. F. haste, haste (F. hate). — W.
to caul wool. Germanic if
hai{f)sti-, violence; as in O.
Harry, to ravage. (E.) M. E . harwen, Fries, haest (Richtofen, s. v. hast), 11 G. 0 . .

hericn, her^ien. A. S. hergian to lay heisti adj., violent; A. S. hast, violence.

waste, as is done by an army. lcel. herja , + Cf. Goth, haifsts , fern., strife. *f[ D11. haast,
to ravage, Dan. harge O. H.G. harjon. G. Dan. Swed. hast , haste, are all borrowed
Teut. type *harjon-, to harry; from *har- from F. Der. haste, vb. ; hasten, XVI
joz, an army (A. S. here, lcel. herr, Dan. cent.
har, O. H. G. hari, G. hcer Goth, harjis). Hat. (E.) A. S. hat. lcel. hbtt, a +
Allied to O. Truss, harjis, an army ; Lith. hood, later hattr, Swed. hatt, Dan. hat.
haras war.
,
Teut. type *hatluz, m. If it is related
Harsh. Seand.) M. E. harsh. — Dan.
1 to hood, it stands for an earlier form
harsh, rancid Swed. harsh , rank, rancid,
; *hadnuz. See Hood.
rusty. 4 G. harsch , harsh, rough.
* Cf. Hatch (i), a half-door. (E.) M. K.
Lithium, kart us , harsh, bitter (of taste); hacche a hatch also corresponds to North
see Hard. E. heck. A.S. kac (gen. hcecce), a hurdle
Hart. (E.) M. E. hert. A. S. heort (?). + Du. hek fence, rail, gate, Swed.
heorot , herut.+ Du. hert, lcel. hjortr, Dan. hack, coop, rack. Teut. *hakjd, f. Prob.
hiort Swed. hjort G. hirsch , O.H.G. hiruz
, ; so named as being lightly fastened with
Teut. stem * her ut-. Allied to L. cennes, a hook. Cf. A. S. hac-a, a fastening of a
W. carta, a hart, horned animal; Rus*. door see Hake, Hook. Der. hatch es ,
;

serna a chamois; cf. Gk. ecipas a horn.

, ,
pi. sb., a frame of cross-bars over an
See Horn, opening in a ship’s deck hatch-way. ;

Harvest. A.S. harfest, autumn

(E.) ; Hatch (2), to produce a brood by in-
orig. ‘crop.* +
Du. herfst G. herbst ,
cubation. (E.) M. E. hacchen. SwT ed. +
autumn lcel. haust,
;
Dan. Swed. host hacka , to hatch Dan. hcekkebnur, a
;

(contracted forms). Allied to Gk. tcapirbs, breeding-cage. Origin unknown.

fiuit; L. carpere, to gather, Lith. kerpu Hatch (3), to shade by minute lines,
I shear. Brugm. i. § 631. And cf. Gk. crossing each other. (F. — G.) F. hacher ,
ecupuv, to shear. to hack, also to hatch or engrave; see
Hash, a dish of meat cut into slices, Hash.
&c. (F.-G.) [O.F. hachis, hash.] - Hatches ;
see Hatoh (1).
F. hacher to hack. — F. hache, an ax.—
, Hatchet, a small ax. (F.-G.) F.
O. H. G. *happjd, whence O. H. G. heppa ,
hachette, dimin. of hache , an ax. See
M. H. G. hepe, a bill, a sickle. Hash.
233
 . , . , , , y , ; ;
,
;

HATCHMENT HAWSER
Hatchment, escutcheon. (F. — L.) Swed. hamn. 4- Du. haven G. kafeny a ,

Shortened from achievement an escut- , harbour. Cf. also M. H. G. habe, haven

cheon; which was contracted to dtchea- which seems to be allied to M. H. G. hab,
ment (Feme, 1586), hachement (Hall, Icel. Swed. hafy Dan. hav, A.S. heafy sea.
1548); &c. Haversack, soldier's provision-bag.
Hate, sb. (E.) M. E. hate A. S. hete, (F. — G.) F. havresac — G. habersack,
.

oat -bag/ — G. haber, haftr ,

4
hate; the mod. E. sb. takes the vowel hafersack, lit.
from the verb hatian, to hate. 4 Du. haat, oats sack, a sack. *
;

Icel. hatr Swed. hat, Dan. had Goth.

, Havoc, destruction. (F.) Cf. A. F.
,

hatis, G. hass, hate. Cf. Gk. Krjbttv, to crier havok where havok is for O. F. ;

vex; W
cawddy displeasure. Der. hate, vb. havot. — O. F. havoty plunder whence crier
,
;

hatred. (E.) M. E. hatred hatrcden. havoty E. cry havoc' (Godefroy). Cf.

4
,

The suffix is A. S. rieden, law, mode, con- O. F. haver to grapple with a hook ,

dition, state, as in hiw-neden, a house- (Cot.); and G. haft seizure. Prob. ,

hold and see kindred

;
from G. heben, to lift,
. The W. hafoc ,

Hauberk, a coat of ringed mail. (F. destruction, is borrowed from E.

- O. II. G.) M. E. hauberk. - O. F. Haw, a hedge also, berry of hawthorn. ;

hauberc — O. II. G. halsberc lit. neck- (E.) M. E. hazve, a yard. A. S. haga, an

.
y

defence.— O. II. G. ha Is, neck; bcrgan, to enclosure, yard. Icel. hagi, Swed. hage, +
protect. See Collar and Bury. enclosure Dan. have garden D11. haag, ; , ;

Haughty. (F. — L.) For M. E. hau- G. hag, hedge. Teut. base *hag- Idg. ;

teiny arrogant; Hawty, haultain

‘ Pals- base *kagh-, as in W. cae, an enclosure;
;
’

grave. Cf. booty, from butin. — O. F. see Quay. Der. haw-thorn. See Hedge.
hautain hauty
,
4
Cot. — O. F. haut
;
*
(1), a bird of prey. (E.) M. E. ; Hawk
oldest form halt, high. — L. altus high; hank, hauek ( = havek). A. S. hafoc heafoc,
, ,

see Altitude. a hawk.4-Du. havik Icel. haukr, Swed. ,

Haul ; see Hale (2). hoky Dan. hog, G. habicht O. H. G. liapuh.

Haulm, Halm, stalk. (E.) A. S. Prob. 4 a seizer ; ’ allied to E. heave, L.
healm. 4- Du. halm , Icel. hdlmr Dan. capere ; see Heave. So also Low L.
Swed. halm ; Russ, soloma straw ; L. ,
capus, a falcon, from capere ; and L. ac-
culmuSy stalk, Gk. /caAa/xos, reed W. calaf, ; cipiter, a hawk.
stalk. Brugm. ii. § 72. Hawk (2), to carry about for sale.
Haunch, hip, bend of the thigh. (F. (O. Low G.) A verb foimed from the sb.
— O. H. G.) F. hanche ;
O. F. handle hawker ; see Hawker.
hanke; Low L. hancka (1275). Of Teut. Hawk to clear the throat. (E.)
(3),
origin from Frankish *hankd, represented
;
Imitative. Dan. harkey Swed. harska
Cf. ,
1
by M. Du. hancke ‘haunch or hip; to hawk; \V. hochi to hawk, hock, the
Hexham. See Korting, § 3872. throwing up of phlegm.
Haunt, to frequent. (F.) M. E. hanten , Hawker, pedlar. (O. Low G.) Intro-
haunten. — O F. hauler to haunt, frequent. ,
duced from abroad Du. heuker a hawker, ; ,

Origin disputed. M. Du. hoecker, hucker ; cf. heukeren to ,

Hautboy, a musical instrument. (F. — hawk, sell by retail. So also Dan. hoker,
L.) F. hautbois. — F. haut, high bois, ;
a chandler, huckster, h'okrey to hawk
wood. — L. altus, high Late L. bosciis ;
Swed. hokare a chandler, huckster. See
,

buscusy L. buxtiSy box-tree; see Box (1). further under Huckster.

It is a wooden instrument with a high Hawse, Hawse-hole. (Scand.)
tone. Hence Ital. obot, E. oboe, borrowed Hawse a round hole through which a
is
from F. hautbois. ship’s cable passes, so called because made
Have. (E.) M. E. hauen, pt. t. hadde in the neck ' of the ship. — Icel. ha Is, hals
4
, ,

pp, had. A. S. habban pt. t. hctfde, pp. ,

the neck; also, part of a ship's bows. 4-
gehcefd. 4- Du. hebben Icel. hafa, Swed. , O. Merc, hals, A. S. heals Du. G* hals ;

hafva, Dan. have, Goth, haban G. haben. ,

allied to L. collum, neck.
Teut. stem *habe-. If cognate, as usually Hawser, a tow-rope. (F.-L.) Cf.
supposed, with L. habere, to have, the Idg. F. haussitre a hawser. But hawse-r is
base must be *khabh~. from M. K. hawse to lift. — O. F. halcier, ,

Haven, harbour. (Scand.) A. S. F. hausser, to lift, raise. — Late L. altidre

hcefen hoefene . — Icel. hofiiy Dan. havn,
,
to elevate. — L. altus high. See Altitude. ,

234
 , \ , ,, , , , ; , , , ;, , ;

HAWTHORN HEAT
Cf. M Jtal. alzaniere a halsier ,
1
[hawser] make whole ;
formed from hdl whole, with }

in a ship* (Florio) from alzare , to

;
raise. i- mutation of a to ii see Whole. So also ;

Not allied to Hoist. G. heilen from heil ; Goth, hailjan from

Hawthorn Ilaw. ;
see hails .
Hay (i). (E.) M.
E. hey . O. Merc. health. (E.) A.S. held, health (Teut.
A. S. +
Du. liooi Icel. hey Dan. , ,
type *hailithd ,
f.), from hdl, whole see ;

Swed. &?, Goth. grass; G. heu. Heal (above).

Teut. type *hau~jom n. Properly ‘cut Heap, sb. (E.) M. E. keep. A. S.
grass ; from the verb to hew see Hew.
*
;
heap, a heap, crowd. 4- Du. hoop (whence
Hay (2), a hedge. (E.) A. S. hege, m. Icel. hopr, Dan. hob, Swed. hop, O. H. G.
Teut. type *hagiz, Allied to Haw and houf ) ; cf. also G. haufe, O. II. G. htifo.
Hedge. Der. hay-ward i. e. hedge- 4- Lith. kaupas, O. Slav, kupii, a heap.
warden. Brugm. i. § 421 (7). Her. heap vb.
Hazard. (F. - Span. - Arab. ?) F. Hear. (E.)
heren, pt. t. herde , M.E.
hasard.wm Span, azar a hazard; orig. an pp. herd. O. Merc, heran A. S. hyran, ;

unlucky throw (at dice') ; cf. M. Ital. zara, pt. t. hyrde pp. gehyred. -f- Du. hooren t
,

a game at dice. — Arab, al zahr, lit. the Icel. heyra Dan. hare. Swed. hora Goth.
, ,

die (Devic) al being the Arab. def. art.

;
hausjan, G. horen. Cf. Gk. u-kovuv, to
But Arab, zahr is of doubtful authority. hear. (Nut allied to Ear.)
Haze, a mist. (E. ?) Ray has: ‘it Hearken ;
see Harken.
hazes, it Etym. unknown. We
misles.’ Hearsay. (E.) From hear and say ,

may perhaps compare the Lowl. Sc. kaar, the latter being in the intin. mood. Cf.
a sea-fog, a mist. A. S. ic sccgan hyrde — I heard say
Hazel. (E.) M. E. hascl. A. S. Inrsel. (Beowulf, 1346).
+Du. hazelaar Icel. has l, hesli Dan.
,
Hearse. (F. - L.) M. E. herse, hearse.
Swed. hassel G. hasel; Teut. type *kaselo - The orig. sense was a triangular harrow,
from the Idg. type *koselo- we have L. then a triangular frame
for supporting
corulus (for * costilus), W. and O. Irish chinch service, esp. at a funeral,
lights at a
coll (for *cos/), a hazel. then a bier, a carriage for a dead body.
He. (E.) A. s. he; gen. his dat. him, All these senses are found. — M. F. herce ,
acc. June. Fem. sing. 110m. heo, gen. dat. a harrow, a frame with pins on it. (Mod.
hire , acc. hie , hi; ncut. sing. nom. hit, F. herse, ltal. erpice, a harrow.) — L. hir-
gen. his, dat. him acc. hit. PI. (all gen-
, picem, acc. of hirfex a harrow. Der.
ders), nom. acc. hie, hi, gen. hira, heora ,
rehearse.
dat. him, heom. *f- Du. hij, O. Sax. he, hi ; Heart. (E.) M. A. S. heorte .
K. hei te.

Goth. neut. hita. Allied to Lith. szis, this, 4- Du. hart . Icel. Swed. hjerta ,
hjarta ,

L. ci-trd, on this side, Gk. i-nti, there, Dan. hierte , ;

Goth, hairto, G. herz Teut.
that one.
tctivos, Brugm. i. §§ 83, 604. type * herion-. Further allied to Lith.
Der. hence, her, here, hither. szirdis Irish cridhe. W. craidd, Russ. ,

Head. (E.) M. K. hed, heed, hcttcd serdtse, L. cor gen. cordis ), Gk. naphta, nrjp.
(— heved). A.S. heafod. 4* Du. hoofd, Hearth. (E.) M. E. herth, herthe.
Goth, haubith, G. haupt, O. II. G hotibit ; A. S. heorb. 4- Du. hoard ; Swed. hard,
also O. Icel. haufob later hbfud, Dan. a hearth, a forge, G. herd ; Teut. type
,

hoved, Swed. hufvud, M. Swed, havud. Vierthoz m. Cf. Goth, haurja , pL, Icel. ,

Teut. types * haubiui-, * handl'd-, ntut. hyrr, embers, burning coals. Idg. base ;

answering to Idg. types *kotipot-, *koupet-, *ker- cf. L. (remart , to burn. ;

which are not exactly represented. The Heart’s-ease, a pansy. (E.) Lit.
L. caput (with short a) does not correspond ease of heart i.e. giving pleasure.
in the vowel -sound, but is allied to A.S. hearty. (E.) M.E. herty ;
also
hafela, heafola head. (The difficulties as hertly ; from M. E. herte
see Heart. ;

to this word are not yet cleaied up.) Heat. (E.) M. E. lute . A. S. hietu,
headlong, rashly, rash. ^E.) M.E. hdto, from *haitiu , for *haitjo-, f.
hedling, heuedling, hedlittges. Thus the formed from hat hot, with the usual ,

suffix is adverbial, answering to A. S. suffix vowel-change. 4* Du. hitte, Dan. hede ,

m l-tng,
really a double suffix. Cf. A.S. Swed. hetta, Icel. hiti, G. hitze all from
bcec-ling backwards, flr-inga, suddenly. the weak grade hit- ; see Hot. We also
Heal. (E.) M.E. helen. A. S. hdtan to ,
find A. S. hdtan , verb, to heat.
 , , ,, , , , ) ,; \ . , ,;

HEATH HEIFER
Heath. (E.) M.
A. S. had. 4* Du. hekel, a heckle ; Dan. hegle Swed.
E. helh. ;

4- Du G. heide Icel. heidr, Dan. hede, hdckla G. hechel a heckle. Teut. type ;

Swed. hed, Goth, h aithi, a waste Tent, *Jiakild from a base hak to pierce, bite,
; ;

type Viaithi fem. ,

Cf. W. coed, O. W. as in O. H. G. hecchen, M. II. G. hecken
colt, a wood. (for *hakjari), to pierce, bite as a snake
heathen y a pagan. (E.) A. S. hidden, cf. A.S. hacod, a pike (fish), from its
adj. So also Icel. heidenn G. heiden a sharp teeth. Cf. Hack (1).
, ,

heathen ; Goth, haithno, a heathen woman. Hectic, continual, as a fever. (F.—

Lit. a dweller on a heath, orig. * wild Gk.) F. hectique (as if from Late L.’

cf. Goth, haithiwisks wild (Mk. i. 6) *heclicus). — G k. Iktik6s, hectic, consump-

A. S. hieden a wild creature (Beow. 986). tive. — Gk. efts, a possession; also, a
From A. S. hed, a heath (above). [Simi- habit of body. — Gk. ef-cw, fut. of
larly L. pagan: is meant (1) a villager, (2) to have, hold. (^SEGH.)
a pagan.] Hector, a bully. (L. — Gk.) From L.
Heather. (E.) Usually associated lfcctor. — Gk. "E/crap, the celebrated hero
}
with heath but the Nhumb. form hadder of Troy. Lit. ( holding fast ; from ex (lu
; t

points to some different origin. to hold (above).

Heave* (E.) M. E. heuen (—heven). Hedge. (E.) A.S. hecg, f. (dat.
From A. S. stem of A. S.
he/-, a pres, heege) Teut. type % hag-jd, allied to Jiaga,
;

hebban pt. t. hdf pp. hafen Du. he/fen . + a haw. 4* Du. hegge, heg, allied to haag,
Icel. hefja Swed. hcifva Dan. have Goth. ,
a haw G. hecke, f., a hedge. See Haw.
;

hafjan, G. hcben. Teut. type *hafjan-, Heed, vb. (E.) M. E. heden. A. S.

pt. t. *ho/\ corresponding to L. capio, hedan pt. t. hedde.
,
Formed as if from
I seize;
cf. Gk. hwwtj, handle. (Distinct sb. *hod, care (not found); though we find
from have.) the corresponding O. Fries, sb. hade, hiide,
Heaven. (E.) M. E. heuen ( = heveti and the G. sb. hut, O. H. G. huota, care. .

A.S. heofon, hefon. 4*0. Sax. hetnin. [Icel. Du. hoeden, from hoede, care; G. huten, +
himinil, Goth, himins, G. himmel, O.H.G. from hut (O. H. G. huota), care, guard.
himil, O. Sax. /limit, Du. he met, heaven, Brugm. i. § 754. Prob. allied to Hood.
may be from a different source.] Cf. Heel (1), part of the foot. (E.) A. S.
A. S. hus heofon a ceiling, so that the and O. Fries, hela, heel (whence Du. hid).
sense may have been * canopy/ 4- Icel. hall , Dan. heel, Swed. hiil. The
Heavy. (E.) Hard to heave, weighty. A. S. hela is prob. contracted from *hdh-ila,
M. E. heui (= hevi). A.S. hefig heavy, ditnin. of A. S. hbh, heel. See Hough.
hard to heave. — A. S. ha/-, stem of hebban Heel (2), to lean over, incline. (E.)
(pt. t. ho/), to heave with z-mutation Modified from M. E. heiden , hilden, to in-
;

of rt.4*Icei. ho/itgr, hofigr heavy, from cline on one side.

, A. S. hieldan, hyldan
he/ja , to heave; Low G. hevig ; O.H.G. to tilt, incline ; cf. nider-heald, bent down-
he big. See Heave. wards. 4- Du. hellen (for *heldan, O. Sax.
Hebdomadal, weekly. (L.-Gk.) L. a/-heldian) , to heel over; Icel. halla (for
hebdomadalis. —
Gk. ipdofm 5-, stem of *halda), to heel over (as a ship), from
cjSfiofuis, a week. — Gk. kirra, seven; see hallr <*halth -), sloping; Dan. heide to (

Seven. tilt, cf.held a slope; Swed. halla, to tilt.

,

Hebrew. (F.-L.-Gk.-lleb.) F. The is A.S. -heald, O. Fries, ha Id,

adj.
htbreu Qiibrieu in Cotgr.). — L. Hebraus. Icel. hallr , O. H. G. hald, inclined, bent
Gk. ‘E/fyafos.— Iieb. 'ivri, a Hebrew (Gen. forward Teut. type *halthoz. Allied to
;

xiv. 13), a name given to Israelites as A.S. hold, G. hold, faithful, true (to a
coming from E. of the Euphrates Heb. — master), Goth, hulths gracious. ,

'avar, he crossed over. Heft, a heaving. (E.) In Whit. Tale,

Hecatomb. (F. -L.-Gk/ M. F. he- ii. 1 45.
.
Formed from heave just as ha/t ,

catombe. — L. hecatombJ. — Gk. kfcaTUfjL&rj, a is from have.

sacrifice of a hundred oxen. — Gk. tKarb i', Hegira. (Arab.) Arab, hijrah sepa-
a hundred ; /3oGs, ox. See Hundred and ration esp. used of the flight of Moham-
;

Cow. med from Mecca ; the era of the Hegira

Heckle, Hackle, Hatchel, an in- begins on July 16, A. D. 622 Cf. Arab.
strument for dressing flax or hemp. ED * hajr separation.
M. E. hechele , hekele, E. Fries, hakel, hekel. Heifer. (E.) M. E. hay/are, hek/ere.
:.6
 \ , ,,; , , ;

HEIGH-HO HEMLOCK
A. S. heahfore , a heifer ; also spelt hcahfre Goth, hilms. Teut. type *hel-moz m.;
hcahfru. The form is still unexplained. lit. ‘ a covering ’ from * he lan-, to cover.
;

Heigh-ho. (E.) An exclamation ;

Allied to Skt. parman-, shelter, protection.
a cry to call attention ho, an ex- ;
Lith. szalmas , a helmet, O. Slav, shlhnii ,
clamation. are prob. borrowed from Teut. Brugm. i.
Height. (E.) A variant of highth § 420. Der. helm-et , dimin. form. Allied
(Milton); we find M. E. highte as well to Hell.
as hepe ( heghthe ). A. S. hieh&u , heahbu Helminthology, history of worms.
height. — A. S. //ra/j, high. -f* Du. (Gk.) Coined from Gk. ikpuvdo -, decl. I

hoogte , Icel. /*«#, Swecl. Dan. hbide. stem of 'i\p.ivs, a worm ; -Xoyta, a dis-
Cloth, hauhitha . See High. course, from Xlyuv, to speak. The sb.
Heinous. (F.-O. Low G.) M. E. eXptvs, also eXpis, means *
that which curls
heinous ,
hainous. — O.Y. hatnos , odious; about ’
;
allied to Helix.
iormed with suffix -w (L. -dsns') from Helot, a (Spartan) slave. (L. Gk.) —
O. F. (F. haine hatred. — F. L. pi. Ueldtes , from Gk. ci'Aturcs, pi. of
to hate. From an O. Teut. form, such (iKous, a helot, bondsman fabled to have ;

as Goth, katjan , O. Fries, to hate meant an inhabitant of Helos (a town of

see Hate. Laconia), enslaved by the Spartans.
Heir. (F.-L.) M. E. lieire, heir, also Help, vb. (E.) M. E. helpen , pt. t.
cyr. F. heir ^V. — Late L. herein , for
— O. ,
halp pp. holpen.
,
A. S. helfan, pt. t.
L. he redan, acc. of heres, an heir. Cf. Gk. hcalp, pp. holfen Du. helper, Icel. . +
Xi7pa, a widow (relict). Der. heir-loom, hjdlpa Dan. hielpe , Swed. hjelfa Goth.
, ,

where loom signifies ‘ a piece of property,’ hilpan, G. helfen. Teut. tv pe * he /pan-.

but is the same word as E. loom. See Allied to Lithuan. szelpti to help. Der. ,

Loom (i). help sb., A. S. help helpe ; help-mate,

, ,

Heliacal, relating to the sun. (L.— suggested by meet (Gen. ii. 18).
Gk.) From Late L. — Cik. i)Aia- Helve, a handle. (E.) M. E. helm
tcus, belonging to the sun. — Gk. ij\ios, (
= helve). A. S. hielf, also helfe a ,

sun see Solar.

;
handle. +
M. Du. helve , handle, Low G.
heliotrope, a flower. (F. — L. — Gk.) helft, M. II. G. halp handle; allied to ,

F. heliotrope. — L. he liotropium. - Gk.i)Aio- Halter and Helm (1).

rpomov a heliotrope, lit.
,
sun -turner ; *
’
Hem (r, border. (E.) A.S. hem.
from its turning to the sun. — Gk. rj\io-s , Orig. an enclosure
‘
cf. O. Fries. ham, ;
’

sun ;
rpoir-, 2nd grade of rpiirtiv, to turn ; hem (dat. hemrne), North Fries, ham, an
see Trope. enclosure (Outzen) ; prov. G. hamme a
Helix, a spiral figure. (L. — Gk.) L. fence, hedge (Fliigel, 1861). Der. hem,
helix, a spiral. — Gk. t'A t£, a spiral, a twist. vb., to enclose within a border, hem in
— Gk. (Knrvtiv, to turn round. Allied to cf. G. hemmen, Swed. hamma.
Volute. Hem (2), a slight cough to call atten-
Hell. (E.) M.E. helle. word allied to
A.S. hcl, tion. (E.) An imitative ;

gen. helle orig. f that which hides,’ from Hum. + M. l)u. himrnen hemmen, ‘to
; ,

Teut. *helan A.S. helan (pt. t. //*r7), to call one with a hem,’ Hexham.
,

hide. +
Du. hel, Icel. he l, G. holle, Goth. Hematite, an oie of iron. (L.-Gk.)
halja. Teut. type *halja Named from the red colour of the powder.
fern. Allied to
Cell, Conceal. — L. InnnatJtes. — Gk. aiparirijs, blood-
Hellebore. (F. - L. — Gk.) Also elle- like. —Gk. aipar-, stem of alpa blood. ,

hore. — O. F. ellehore. — L. helleborus. — Gk. Hemi-, half. (Gk.) From a Lat.

«A \tf3 opos, the name of the plant. transcription of Gk. half, cognate with 1

Helm (i), an implement for steering a L. semi-, half ; see Semi-. Der. hemi-
ship. (E.) Orig. the tiller or handle. sphere &c. ,

A. S. helma.+ Icel. hjdlm (for *helm-) a t hemistich, a half-line, in poetry.

rudder; E. Fries, helm. The prov. E. (L. — Gk.) hemistichium.
L. — Gk. 1 )pu-
helm means * handle ’ so also M. E. halm ;
orixtov, a half-verse. — Gk. half;
(Gawain, 330). Prob. allied to Helve. ori\os , a row, verse.
Helm (2), armour for the head. (E.) Hemlock. (E.) M.E. hemlok, hum -
M. E. helm. A. S. ^/w.+Dn. helm ; Icel. lok. A. S. hemlic, hymlice ;
also hymblica
hjdlmr, Dan. hielm , Swed. hjehn G. helm , ,
( Ep. Gl.). The origin of hym- is unknown;
237
 , , ,; \ ; ;,;

HEMORRHAGE HERESY
the second syllable is perhaps an unstressed Hep, hip; see Hip (2).
form of A. S. /fir, like. Hepatic, - L.
relating to the liver. (F,
Hemorrhage, a great flow of blood. — Gk.) M. F. hepatique — L. hepaticus — . .

(F. — L. — Gk.) M
F. hemorrhagic. — L.
. Gk. 1)7raTiKos, belonging to the liver. — Gk,
kcemorrhagia. — Gk. atpoppay ia, a violent rjnar-, stem of fjirap, the liver. +L. iecur 9
bleeding. — Gk. atpo-, for atpa, blood Skt. yakrt the liver. ,
See Diver. Der.
pay-, a stem of prjyvvpi, I burst, break ; the hepaiica, liver-wort, a flower.
lit. sense being a bursting out of blood. Heptagon, a plane seven-sided figure.
Hemorrhoids, Emerods, painful (Gk.) Lit.
1
seven-angled/ — Gk. Iirrd,
bleeding tubercles on the anus. (F. — L.— seven ; ywvia, an angle, allied to yovv,
Gk.) M. F. hemorrhoide sing., a flowing knee. See Seven and Knee.
of blood. — L. hcemorrhoidce pi. of hamor- heptahedron, a solid seven-sided
rkoida. — Gk. atpoppol'fcs, pi. of alpoppoU, figure. (Gk.) From Gk. Ima, seven;
adj., liable to a flow of blood. — Gk. atpo-, edpa, a base, seat (allied to E. Sit).
for atpa, blood ; fio- (as in po-os, a stream), heptarchy, a government by seven
allied to fUiv, to flow, cognate with Skt. persons. (Gk.) XVII cent. — Gk. err-,
sru, to flow ; see Stream. for inra, seven; and -ap\i a, from apx-ftv,
Hemp, a plant. (L. - Gk.) M. E. to rule.
hemp (short for henep). A. S. henep, Her. (E.) M. E. hire from A. S. hire,
hcenep. Borrowed at a very early period gen. and dat. of heo, she, fem. of he, he
from some Eastern language, whence also see He. Der. her-s, M. E. hirs, hires (XIV
L. cannabis, Gk. mvvaQir, Pers. kanab cent.) her- self. ;

hemp, so that the word suffered consonantal Herald. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E. keraud.
letter- change. Cf. Skt. pana, hemp (prob. — O. F. heralt (Low L. heraldus) ; O.H.G,
not an Idg. word). So also Du. hentiep, herolt (G. herold), a herald note also ;

Icel. hatnpr Dan. hamp, Swed. hampa , G.

,
O. H. G. Heriold Ilariold, as a proper \

hanf\ all of foreign origin. name, Harold. (3 The proper name is .

Hen. (E.) A. S. ham, hen , ham a for *hari~rvald i. e. army-rule. — O. II. G,

; ,

fem. form (Teut. type *han-jd) from A. S. hari, an army ^G. hcer ) ; wald, wait, rule,
liana, a cock, lit. ‘ a singer,’ from his power (G .gewalt). The precise histoiy
crowing; cf. L. canere to sing. -f- Du. hen of the word is very uncertain.
, ,

fem. of haan, a cock G. home f. of hahn

; Herb. (F. - L.) M. E. Jierbe. - F.
, ;

Icel. hcena f. of hani

,
Dan. hone f. of herbe. — L. herba , grass, fodder, herb;
; ,

hane; Swed. hona , f. of hane. (y'KAN.) prob. allied to O. L. forbea Gk. tpopfirj, ,

See Chant. pasture.

Hence. (E.) M. E. hennes, older form (1), a flock. (E.) Herd
M. E. herde .
henne (whence henne-s by adding adv. A. S. heord hioid a flock, -f- Icel. hjorti ,

suffix -s). A. S. heonan for *kinan, adv , Dan. hiord Swed. hjord, G. heerde Goth.
, , ,

closely allied to A. S. hine, inasc. acc. of hairda. Teut. type Jierdd f. Cf. Skt. ,

he, he. See He. pardha fs), a herd, troop. Brugm. i. § 797.
Henchman, a page, servant. (E.) herd (2), one who tends a herd. (E.)
Formerly hengestman, he use man, hensh - Usually in comp, shep-herd cow-herd, ike. ,

man cf. Uinxman as a proper name. M. E. herde. A. S. Jiierde hirde keeper

; , ,

For hengest-man , i. e. groom from M. E. of a herd from A. S. heord a flock.

; ; , +
hengest A. S. hengest, a horse.
, Cf. Du. Icel. hit Sir, Dan. hyrde Swed. herde, G. ,

and G. Jungst, Dan. Jiingst, a horse, IceL hirte, Goth, hairdeis all similarly derived. ;

a horse. Cf. Lith. kerdzus, shepherd.

Hendecagon, a plane figure having Here. (K.) M. E. her, heer. A. S.
•eleven sides. (Gk.) Named from its eleven her, adv. related to he, he. Du. hier ; + ,

angles. — Gk. tvhtna, eleven; ywvia, an Icel. her Dan. her, Swed. hdr, G. hier, f

angle see Decagon.

; Goth. her. Cf. L. cis, on this side.
Henna, a paste used for dyeing the Hereditary, adj. (L.) L. hereditdrius.
nails, &c., of an orange hue. (Arab.) — L. heredildre to inherit. — L. heredi ,

Arab, hinnd-a, bind, or hinna at, the decl. stem of heres, an heir. See Heir.
dyeing or colouring shrub (.Lawsonia in- Heresy. (F.~ I..— Gk.) M. E. here-
•ermist ; Rich. Diet., p. 582. sye. — O. F. heresie. — L. type *hreresia

Kent, a seizure ; see Hint. tor L. haresis. — Gk. at peats, a taking,

|

2$ 8
 , , ,, 1 , , ;;

HERIOT HEW
choice, sect, heresy. — Gk, alpttv, to take. with suffixed -on (Ital. -one). + Swed.
Der. heretic , L. hcereticus , Gk. atpirucSs, hager, Icel. hegri, Dan. heire, a heron.
able to choose, heretical (from the same Distinct from G. hither, a jackdaw,
verb). heronshaw, hernshaw,
a young
Heriot, tribute paid to the lord of a
a. heron
(by confusion) a heronry.
;
also
manor on (F. — O. H. G.) 1. Spenser has hemeshaw ,
the decease of a tenant. (E.)
A. S. heregeatu , lit. military apparel; a heron; M. E. heronsewe , a young heron
hence, equipments which, after the death (still called keronsew in the North). From
of a vassal, escheated to his lord; after- O. F. heronn^eau, later form of kerounpel,
wards extended to include horses, &c. — a young heron (Liber Custumarum, p.
A. S. here an army ,
geatu } geatwe, 304) dim. of hairon (above) ; cf. lionceau,
;
,

apparel adornment. See Harry.

,
lioncel a young lion. The usual form is
,

Heritage. (F.— L.) O. F. heritage. F. heronneau , O. F. kaironnean 2 But . .

Formed, with suffix -age (=*L. •dticum), heronshaw , a heronry, is due to a (false)
from O. F. heriter, to inherit. — L. heredi- popular etymology from heron , a heron,
tdre to inherit. See Heir. and shaw, a wood ; Cotgrave has ‘ hairon
Hermaphrodite, an animal or plant niere a heron’s neast, a hemeshaw, or
of both sexes. (L.— Gk.) I., hermaphro- shaw of wood wherein herons breed.’
ditus. — Gk. kppa^pbhiTos ; coined from Herring, a fish. (E.) M. E. heering.
*Epfirjs, Mercury (representing the male) A. S. heering. [Sometimes said to be
and \<ppohiTTj Venus (representing the connected with A. S. here, a host, army
*

female principle). which seems impossible.] +Du. haring ,

Hermeneutic, explanatory. (Gk.) G. /idling; O. H. G. hdring (Kluge).

Gk. epfirjvevTtKus, skilled in interpreting. — Hesitate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Gk. tpfirjvtvTTjs, an interpreter also kpprj- hcesitdre , to stick fast intensive form of
; ;

vevs, the same. Allied to L. serrno (stem kurere , to stick. Lithuan. gaiszti to +
sermon -) see Sermon.
;
tarry. (y'GT/AIS.) Brugm. i. § 627.
Hermetic. (Gk.) Low L. hermeticus Hest, a command. (E ) M. E. hest }

relating to alchemy ; coined from Hermes the final i being excrescent, as in whils-t t
from the notion that the great secrets of amongs-t , &c. A. S. hies, a command
alchemy were discovered by Hermes Tris- Teut. type *haittiz, f (>*haissiz, with ss
megistus. — Gk. ‘Ep/rijs, Mercury, Her- for //).— A.S. hatan, to command; Teut.
metically was a term in alchemy a glass type *haitan~. Cf. Icel. licit, a vow, from
;

bottle was hermetically sealed when the heita, to call, promise ; O. H. G. keiz (G.
orifice was fused and then closed against geheiss), a command, from heizan (G.
any admission of air. heissen), to call, bid, command. Cf.
Hermit. (F.-L.-Gk.) [M.K. here - Goth, h aitan, to call , name. Der. be-hest.
mite, directly from L. heremita. ] — F. See Hight.
hermite. — Late L. heremita, more com- Heteroclite, irregularly inflected. (L.
monly eremlia. — Gk. kp^pirr^s, a dweller — Gk.) L. heteroclitus. — Gk. crepufcXtros,
in a desert. — Gk. iprjpta, a desert. — Gk. otherwise (i. e. irregularly) inflected. — Gk.
eptjpos, deserted, desolate. Der. hermit- trtpo-Sj another; -tcXtros, formed from
age. kXivuv, to lean (hence, to vary as a case
Hern ;
see Heron. does) see Lean (1). ;

Hernia. (L.) L. hernia, a kind Of heterodox, of strange opinion, heret-

rupture. ical. (Gk.) Gk. 2 r«po-s, another; 5 of-a,
nero. (F.-I.. — Gk. M. F. heroe.— opinion, from hoictiv, to think.
) I

L. herd'em, acc. of herds ) a hero. — Gk. heterogeneous, dissimilar in kind.

ijpQj s, a hero, demi-god. Der. kero-ic, (Gk.) Gk. €T6po-s, another; 7^-os,kind,
M. F. heroique , L. herdicus. kin, sort see Kin. ;

heroine. (F. — L. — Gk.) M.F. heroine . Hetman, a captain. (Pol. G.) —

L. heroine — Gk. iJpa/fr*;, fem. of vpas, a Polish hetman (Russ, ataman'), a cap-
.

hero. tain (of Cossacks). — G. hauptmann, a

Heron, Hern, a bird. (F.-O.ILG.) captain. — G. haupt
matnn , man. , head ;

M. E. hero ttn, heiron hem. — O. F. hairon

,
Hew. M.
A.S. kea-
(E.) E. heweti.
(F. kdron , Span, airon, Ital. aghirone).— wan to cut.+Du. kouwen, Icel. hoggva,
,

O. li. G. heigir M. H. G. heiger , a heron ;

}
Swed. hugga, Dan. hugge G. batten; ,

239
 , '
;

HEXAGON HIEROPHANT
Russ, kovate , to hammer, forge Lit. * son of something/ a son to
;
Lith. sheu).
kauti, to fight; cf. Lith. a father has left an estate. — Span.
kowh, battle. whom
Brugm. i. § 639. Allied to L. cudere to hijoy son; dey of; algo, something. — L.
beat. Der. hay, q. v. filium, acc. o (filiuSy son (whence O. Span.
He zagOll, a plane six-sided figure. JigOy later hijo) dg, of ; aliqudy something. ;

(L. — Gk?; L. hexagdnum. — Gk. k(ay<vvos, (So Korting. The explanation from ftlitis
six-cornered. — Gk. <£, six; 7(uvia, an Italicus is baseless.)
angle, from y6 vv , a knee see Knee. ; Hide (1), to cover. (E.) M. E. hidetiy
hexameter. (L. — Gk.) L. hexa- huden A. S. hydan 4* Gk. Ktvdciv, to . .

meter, — Gk. i(dptTpos, orig. an adj.,i.e. hide cf. W. cuddio (base *koud-), to
;

having six measures or feet. — Gk. ££, six; hide. (VKEUDH.)

ptrpov , a measure, metre. Hide (2), a skin. (E.) M. E. hide,
Hey, interj. (E.) M. E. hei, hay a hude. A. S. hydy the skin. Du. huid9 ; +
natural exclamation. +G. and Du. hei. Jcel. hub, Dan. Swed. hud, O. H. G. hut,
heyday (1), interj. (G. or Du.) Also G. haut\ L. cutis, Gk. kotos, <tkvtos skin, ,

keyda (Ben Jonson). Borrowed either hide. (V’SKKU.) The roots of hide
from G. heida , hey there hallo or from (1) and hide (2) are prob. connected.
! !

Du. hei daar , hey there The G. da and

! hide (3), to flog. (E.) Colloquial;
Du. daar both mean ( there.’ to * skin by flogging. So also Icel. hyoa, *

Heyday (2), frolicsome wildness. (E.) to flog, from hub, skin.

The * heyday of youth’ means the 1 high Hide (4), a measure of land. (E.)
day of youth.’ The spelling hey is a pre- Estimated at 120 to 100 acres, and less.
servation of M. E. hey the usual spelling (Low L. hida.)
,
A. S. hid, a contracted
of high in the 14th century. form ; the full form is higid, lligid and
Hiatus, a gap. (L.) L. hiatus, a gap ; htwisc were used in the same sense, to
from pp. of hiare, to gape. Allied to mean enough land for one family or house-
Yawn and Chasm. hold. They are probably closely allied
Hibernal, wintry. (F.-L.) F. hiber- words, and theiefore allied to hind (2);
nal. — L. hibernalis , wintry (Vulg.). — L. for hiwisc is merely the adj. formed from
htberniiSy wintry allied to kiems, winter. hiw-a a domestic, one of a household;
; ,

Also to Gk. \upapiv 6 sy wintry, Gk. x i ~^ v j see Hind (2). Not connected with
snow, Skt. hi-ma-y frost. Der. hibern-ate. Hide (1).
Hiccough, Hiccup, Hicket, a Hideous, ugly. (F.-L. ?) M. E.
spasmodic inspiration, with closing of the hidous. — O. F. hidoSy hidus , later hideux,
glottis, causing a slight sound. (E.) The hideous ; the earliest form is hisdos. Sup-
spelling hiccough seems to be due to a posed by some to be from L. hispidosus ,
popular etymology from cough , certainly roughish; from hispidus, rough, shaggy.
wrong ; no one ever so pronounces the (See Korting, § 3363.)
word. Properly hiccup or, in old books
,
Hie, to hasten. (E.) M. E. hietiy hyen,
hicket and hickock which are still better
,
hiien . A. S. higian [higian ?), to stiive
forms. Hick-ety hick-ock, are diminutives after, be intent on. Cf. Du. hijgen, to
of hick or hiky a catch in the voice, imita- pant ; and (perhaps) Skt. ftgh-ra quick.
tive of the sound. Cf. * a hacking cough; Hierarchy. (F.-L. - Gk.) M. F
and see Hitch. + M. Du. htick-up, ‘ the hierarchic ; Cot. — Late L. hierarchia .—
hick, or hock,’ Hexham; M. Du. hick, Gk. Upapx'ia, power of a Upapx a
‘the hick-hock,* Hexham; Du. hiky the steward or president of sacred rites. — Gk.
hiccup, hikkeiiy to hiccup; Dan. hikke, Up-, for Upos, sacred and apx*w, to rule. ;

sb. and vb. ; Swed. hicka, sb. and vb. Milton has hierarch «=Gk. Updpx^s,
Bret, hiky haky a hiccough ; W. ig a sob, hieroglyphic. (L. Gk.) L. hiero-
,
—
igioy to sob. And cf. Chincough. glyphicus, symbolical. — Gk. hpoy\v(piK 6 s,
Hickory, a N. American tree. (Americ. relating to sacred writings. — Gk. Up 6 -s,
Indian.) Formerly pohickery\ from the sacred ; y\v<p-uv, to hollow out, engrave,
American-Indian (Virginian) name. incise. See Glyptic.
Hidalgo, a Span, nobleman of the hierophant, a priest. (Gk.) Gk.
—
lowest class. (Span. L.) Span, hidalgo \ Upo<pavTr)s, teaching the rites of worship.
O. Span. JidalgOy Port. JidalgOy a noble- — Gk. Upo-Sy sacred; <paivuv, to shew,
man; sometimes written hijodalgo (Min- explain. See Phase.
240
 , , , , ,, , ) , \ , ;,
;;

HIGGLE HIP
Merely a %hina,
Higgle, to bargain. S. a domestic, unauthenticated
(E.) A.
weakened form of Haggle. as a nominative, and really a gen. pi., so
High. (E.) M. E. heigh, hey ky. that hina stands for hhia man * a man of ,

A. S. heah, hih. +
Du. hoog, Icel. liar the domestics; cf. hina ealdor ^ chief of ,

Swed. hog, Dan. hoi, Goth, hanks, G. hoch the domestics, a master of a household. .

Teut. type *hauhoz See . How

(2) ; and Hina » hignay gen. pi. of htwan, domestics
cf. G. hiigel a bunch, knob, hillock
', also cf. hiwen a family, hiwrdden, a house- ; ,

Lith. kaukaras, a hill; kankas , a boil, hold also G. heirath , marriage, Goth. ;

swelling; Skt. kucha-, the female breast. heiwa-fraujay master of a household. Cf.
(VKEUK.) L. etuis a citizen. Brugm. i. § 609.
highland. (E.) From high and Hind (3), adj., in the rear. (E.) We
land ; cf. up-land low-land, ,
form now say ‘ hind feet 1 ; but the older
Hight, was or is called. (E.) The is hinder feet/ We even find M. E. hyn- ‘

only passive vb. found in E. he hight = derere (as if hinder-er). — A. S. hindan ,

;

he was named. M. E. highte also hatte adv., at the back of, hinder adv., back-; , ,

hette .A. S. hatte, I am called, I was wards. Goth. hhidar, prep., behind; +
called pr. and pt. t. passive of A. S. hdtan
;
hindamiy beyond; G. hinter prep., behind, ,

to call. So also Icel. heiti I am named, hinteny adv., behind ,

O. II. G. hintaro, ;

from to call G. ick heisse, I am comp, adj., hinder. We also find Goth.
;

named, from heissen to call, bid. Best hindumists, hindmost. In O. H. G. hin-

illustrated by Goth, haitan to call, 3 p. taro the comp, suffix is like the Gk. -repo-
,

pres, tense (passive) haitada as in and in Goth, hin-dum-ists the superl. ; ,

‘
Thomas, saei haitada Didymus = suffix is like the L. -tim-{us) in op-timus ’

Thomas, who is called Didymus, John followed by -ists = E. -est. Extended from
A. S. hin-, as in hin-, heon-ati hence
Hilarity, mirth. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. from hi-, base of he; see Hence.
hilarity —
L. acc. hilaritdtem from ; hinder, vb. (E.) M. E. hindren. A. S.
hilaris , adj., cheerful also hilarns. Gk. ;
— hindrian to put behind keep back. — A. S.
, ,

IXapvs, cheerful. Hilary Term is so ^ hinder (above). +Icel. hindra, G. hitulern ;

called from the festival of St. Hilary (L. similarly formed. Der. hindr ance ( for
Hilarius ), who died Jan. 13, 367. hinder a nee). -

Hilding, a base wretch. (E.) Also hindmost. (E.) From kind and
helding; XVI cent. Prob. from M. E. most a late formation. The M.E. form
;

helden to incline, bend down. Cf. M. E. was hinde rest; cf. A.S. hin-dema , hind-
heldinge, a bending aside; Dan. fielding most, a superb form with suffix -dema (cf.
bias ; A. S. kylding, a bending see Heel ;
L. op-timus). Goth, hindutnists hind- + ,

(2). most ( = hin-dum-ists with double superb ,

Hill. (E.) M. E. hily hul. A. S. hyll. suffix).

+ M. Du. hil ;
L. collis, a hill; Lithuan. that on Hinge. (E.) M. E. heng,
kalnas, a hill, belli, to raise; Gk. koXwvos, from M. E. hengen , which the door hangs ;

a hill. Brugm. i. § 633. Allied to Holm to hang, a later variant of M. E. hangien

and Culminate. Der. down-hilly up-hill. (A.S. hangian), to hang; suggested by
Hilt, sword-handle. (E.) A. S. belt, A. S. hengen, a hanging, or by Icel. hengja,
hilt. + Icel. hjalty Dan. hialte, N. Fries. to hang. Cf. A.S. henge-clif a steep
heelt, O. II. G. helza. Cf. O. F. Kelt, from cliff and Stone-henge Dan. dial, hinge, ; ;

Teut. Not allied to hold rather, to hcenge a hinge (Dan. hangsel). For the
; ,

helve . Cf. Low G. helft ax-handle. sound, cf. singe swinge

,
See Hang.+ , .

Him ;
see He. M. Du. henge, hengene a hinge. ,

Hin, a liquid measure. (Heb.) Heb. Hint, a slight allusion. (E.) Hint is
hin, a hin ; said to be of Egyptian origin. apparently a thing taken or caught up ‘ *

HindO ), female of the stag.

(E.) A. S. cf. Lowl. Sc. hint, an opportunity; in a
hind. +
Du. hinde Icel. Dan. and Swed. hint, in a moment hint, to lay hold of.
; ;

hind, M. H. G. hinde O. H. G. hinta a From M. E. henten to seize. — A. S. hentan,

doe. Perhaps allied to Gk. KtpL-a 9, young to seize. Allied to Hunt, and to Goth.
deer. fra-hinthan to seize. ,

Hind (a\ a peasant. (E.) The final d Hip (1), the haunch. (E.) M.E. hipe,
is excrescent. M. E. hine, a domestic. hupe A. S. hype.+D u. heup, Icel. huppr, .
 , , , , , , ! ‘ ,;

HIP HOB
Dan. hofte Swed. hoft Goth, hups G. , , Hitch, to move by jerks, catch slightly.
htiftt O. H.G. huf.
,
Perhaps allied to (E.) M. E. hicchen, to move, remove.
Gk. /nftfor, the hollow near the hips of Cf. Lowl. Sc. hatch , hotch, to move by
cattle. jerks ;
by a jerk ; prov. E.
hitch , a motion
Hip (2), Hep,
of the dog-rose. fruit a swing. It describes
hike, to toss, hikey,
(E.) M.E. hepe. A. S. heopc a hip; a jerky movement; cf. Low G. and E.
hiopbremel a hip-bramble. +0. Sax. hiopo ,
,
Fries. hikken, to peck. Not allied to
M. H. G. hiefc O. II. G. hiufo, a bramble- hook.
bush. Hithe, Hythe, a small haven. (E.)
Hippish. (Gk.) Equivalent to hypo- M. E. hithe. A. S. hy&, a haven.
chondriacal, adj. of Hypochondria, q. v. Hither. (E.) M. E. hider, hither .

Hence hippish = hyp-ish. The contrac- A. S. hider. From the base of he, with
tion hipped ( = //j/V ) was prob. suggested Idg. suffix -t(e)r. — So also Ieel. heftra
by hipped lamed in the hip (an older O. Icel. hidra , Goth, hidre, L. citrd.
word). Hive, a house for bees. (E.) A. S. liyf,
Hippopotamus. (L.-Gk.) 1 hippo- .. fern. Teut. type *>fc/7/zz.+Du. huif, a hive
;

potamus.— Gk. t7rrrorrora/^os,the river-horse (see Franck) Dan. dial, hyve cf. L. ciipa,
; ;

0/ Egypt. — Gk. nnro-s, horse; irorapo-s, a tub, cup. Allied to Cupola.

river. Gk. iwiros is cognate with L. equus ; Ho, Hoa, a call to excite attention.
see Equine. (E.) A natural exclamation. Cf. Icel.
Hire, sb. (E.) M. E. hire. A. S. hyr, ho! ho hoa, to shout out ho
! !

hire, wages. + Du. huur Swed. hyra, Dan. Hoar, white. (E.) M.E. hoor. A.S.
hyre ,
prov. G. better , hire, rent ; Low G. ^zzr.+lcel. hdrr, hoar; G. hehr, exalted,
1
hiiren , to hire. Teut. type hftr-jd , f. O. H. G. her, proud, lofty, orig reverend.* .

Hirsute. L. hirsfitus , bristly,

(L.) Teut. type *hairoz lit. shining,’ hence, ;
4

rough. Cf. L. horrcre , to bristle; see white ^ *hai~roz. The base *hai- occurs
:

Horrid. in Goth, hai-s, a torch, G. hei-ter, orig.

His ;
see He. ‘bright,’ Icel. hei*b, brightness; cf. Skt
Hiss. (E.) M.E. hissen, hiss hen. -f k?tu{s) a sign, a meteor (Kluge).
%

M. Du. hisschen ;
Low G. his sen, to say Hoard, a store. (E.) A.S. hord.+
/«Vj/ in setting on dogs; Gascon /z/j-ja, Icel. hodd, G. hort Goth. huzd. Teut. ,

to hiss (Moncaut). An imitative word; type *huzdo -, due to Idg. *kudh-dho a

like G. zischen to hiss. ,
thing hidden ’ from the weak grade of
;

Ust, an interjection enjoining silence. ^KEUDH, as in Gk. Kfvfaiv, A. S. hyd~

(E.) Also w/, *$/. Cf. Dan. /z/r, silence an; see Hide (i). Brugm. i. § 699.
hysse, to hush. Milton has //*>/ =- summon Hoarding, a kind of fence. (F. - Du.
silently, II Pens. 55. or Du.) Not old. Either from Du. horde,
Histology, the science treating of the a hurdle, or from M. F. hourd a scaffold ,

minute structure of tissues of plants, &c. (Cot., index), which is the same word
(Gk.) Gk. Ict 6 ‘ s, a web (hence, tissue) (borrowed). See Hurdle. ;

-Xo7(a, discourse, from Ktyuv, to speak. Hoarhound, Horehotmd, a plant.

Gk. iaro-s (also a mast) is allied to latrjpi, (E.) The true hoarhound is the white,
to set, place. (<^STA.) Marrubium vulgare. The final d is ex-
History. (L. - Gk.) M. E. historic. — crescent. M. E. hor{e)houne. A. S. har-
L. hisioria. — Gk. iaropia, a learning by hune also called simply hiine. A. S. ,
—
enquiry, information. — Gk. iarop stem of har, hoar hune, hoarhound, the origin of ;

itfTojp , larwp, knowing for * 15 -Twp . — which is unknown.

;

Gk. Fib-, base of eidfrat, to know. Hoarse, having 0 rough, harsh voice.
(VWEID.) Allied to Wit. Doublet, (E.) The r is intrusive, but sometimes
story, q. v. occurs in M. E. hors , also spelt hoos ,
Histrionical, relating to the stage. hoarse. A. S. has hoarse Dan. has, , +
(L.) From L. histridnicus relating to an Swed. hes, Du. heesch G. heiser Icel. ,
.

actor. *-L. histrion stem of his trio, an hdss seems distinct (Noreen).
actor. ;
see Hoar. Hoary
Hit, to light upon, strike, attain to. Hoax, (r ,ow L.) Short for hocus, i. e.
(Scand.) M. E. kitten. — Teel, hitta, to hit to juggle, cheat. See Hocus-pocus.
upon Dan. hitte Swed. hitta, to find.
; ; (1), Hob
the nave of a wheel, Hub,
242
 \ ; ;

HOB HOIST
part of a grate. (E.) The true sense is river Main, whence the wine comes. It
‘ projection * ; the hob of a fire-place was means ‘ high home.'
orig. a boss or mass of clay behind the
(
Hockey, a game. (E.) Also called
fire-place ; N. E. D.
’
E. Fries, hobbe a hawkey ; because played with a hooked stick
,

rough tump of grassy land rising out of so called. See N. E. D.

water hubbel a projection.
; , Du. hobbel, +
Hocus-pocus, a juggler’s trick, a jug-
a knob G. hiibel, O. H. G. hubel a hil- gler. (Low L.) As far as it can be said
;

lock. Cf. Lith. kup-stas , a tump of grass ; to belong to any language, it is a sort of
Du. heuvel a hill A. S. hofer, a hump. Latin, having the L. termination -us. But
, ;

Der. hob-nail, a nail with a projecting it is merely an invented term, used by

head. a juggler (temp. James I) in performing
Hob (2), a clown, rustic, a fairy. (F. tricks see Todd’s Johnson and N. E. D. ;

— O. II. G.) ‘Elves, hobs and fairies , Cf. L. locus, a game. Der. hocus, a
, ;

Beaumont and Fletcher, Mons. Thomas, juggler, a trick hocus, vb., to trick, to ;

iv. 6. Hob was a common personal name, hoax .

a corruption of Robin (like Hodge from Hod, a kind of trough for carrying
Roger), The name Robin is F., and is bricks. (F.) Modified from M. E. hotte,
a form of Robert , a name of O. H. G. F. hotte a basket, dosser influenced by , ;

origin. Der. hob-goblin see Goblin. ;

hod a prov. E. form of hold ; see Hold.
,
*
Hobble, to limp. (E.) M. E. hobelen. In Line, and York, hod means * hold
Equivalent to hopp-le frequentative of or 1 receptacle
;
as in (Whitby) powder- ’
;

hop.+Du. hobbelen prov. G. hoppeln.;

hod, powder-flask cannle-hod candlestick. ; ,

Hobbledehoy, a lad approaching Hodge-podge ; see Hotchpot.

manhood. (E.) Of unknown origin. Hoe. (F. — G.) Formerly howe. — F.
Prob. an invention, perhaps for hobbledy hone a hoe ; Norman dial. hoe. — O. H. G.
, ,

founded on hobble (above), with the addi- houzva (G. kauc), a hoe, lit. a hewer.—
tion of hoy an unmeaning suffix.
,
The O. II. G. hotiwan , to hew ; see Hew.
Scottish hoy means ‘ shout/ both as sb. Hog. (E.) M. E. hogge, ‘ maialis, est
and vb. enim porous carens testiculis;’ Cathol.
Hobby (1), Hobby-horse, a toy like Anglic, p. 187. Cf. hog-skeep, one clipped
a horse, ambling nag, a favourite pursuit. the fust year. A. S. hogg, Cambridge
(F.— O. H. G.) Corruption of M. E. Phil. Soc., 1902, p. 13, 1 . 2; cf. also
’
nobin, a nag [whence F. hobin, 1 a hobby Hocges-tun Cod. Dipl. Moisy gives Nor-
; ,

Cot.]. Ilobin is a variant of Robin see man dial, hogge, a six-months’ lamb, a pig ;
;

Hob (2). Cf. Dobbin , a name for a and hogastre, a two-year- old sheep ; but
horse. these are piob. from E. Not borrowed
Hobby (2), a small falcon. (F. — from Corn, hock, W. hwch , a sow for ;

O. Low G.) M. E. hobi, holy From O. F. which see Sow. .

hobetf a hobby allied to F. hobreau

; Hogshead. (E.) Of E. origin; for
{^hob-er-el), ‘the hawke tearmed a hogs head but the reason for the name
hobby ;
’
Cot. — F. hober, to stir, move is nnceitain. Hence M. Du. hock shoot,
about. — M. Du. hobben to toss, move up okshoofd oxhoofd a hogshead; M. Dan.
, , ,

and down. Cf. Hop ( 1 ). hogs hoved also Dan. oxhoved, Swcd. ox- ;

Hobgoblin; see Hob (2). hufvitd a hogshead, but made to seem ,

Hobnail; see Hob (1). to mean ox-head.’ ‘

Hobnob, Habnab, with free leave, Hoiden, Hoyden, a romping girl.

at random. (E.) Compounded of hab and (M. Du.) Formerly applied to males, and
nab to have or not to have, hence applied meaning a rustic. — M. Du. heyden (Du.
,

to taking a thing or leaving it, implying heiden ), a heathen ; also, a gipsy. See
free choice, and hence a familiar invitation Heathen.
^[ The W. hoeden is bor-
to drink, as in ‘ to hob-nob together.’ Ilab rowed from English.
is from A. S. habban to have
, ;
nab is from Hoist, to heave. (M. Du.) The final t
A. S. nabban , for ne habban , not to have is due to the pp. hoist used for hoised. ,

see Have. Cf. willy-nilly The verb is really hoist \ spelt hyce in
.

Hock (1) ; see Hough. Palsgrave. (Cf. graft for graff.) — M. Du.
Hock (2), a wine. (G.) From Hochheim, kyssen, Du. hijsschen to hoise (y sounded ,

the name of a place in Germany, on the as E. long i ) ; cf. Dan. heue, hisse ; Swed.
 \ , \ ;
,; , ; , ,
;

HOLD HOMER
hissa , to hoist (cf. , F. htsser from Tent.)* I Holm, an islet in a river, flat land by a
Not allied to F. hausser to elevate. , river. (Scand.) M. E. holm. — Icel. holtnr ,

Hold (i), to keep. (E.) O. Merc. holmi, holmr , an islet, flat meadow ;
Dan.
Haitian ; A. S. healdan +Du. houden , Icel. holm Swed. holme whence G. holm, ;

ha/da, Swed. hhlla, Dan. holde, Goth. island. Cf. A. S. holm, billow, sea; L.
huldan G. halten. Tout, type *haldan ~
,
culmen, hi 11 -top. Allied to Hill and
pt. t. *he^hald. Der. hold, sb. also be - ;
Culminate.
hold, with prefix be- (E. by up-hold ) ; Holm-oak, the evergreen oak. (E.)
Hold ^2), the cavity of a ship. (Du.) Here holm a corruption of M. E. holm
is

For hole, with excrescent d , due to a holly. Holme , or holy [holly] ’

‘
;

confusion with the verb to hold. — Du. Prompt. Parv. and see Way’s note. The
;

hoi, a hole, cave, esp. used of the hold of Quercus ilex an evergreen plant ; the
,

a ship (Sewel). See below. leaves of which resemble those of holly.

Hole. (E ) M. E. holey ho!. A. S. hoi. Holocaust. (L. — Gk.) L. holocaus -
a cave. 4" Du. holy Icel. hoi Dan. hul ,
tuniy Gen. xxii. 8 — Gk. 6 \ 6 k<xv<itov, a
.

Swed. hhl. Teut. type *httlom n.; orig. }

sacrifice burnt whole neut. of 6 \ 6 fcavaTos
; f

neut. of *huloZy adj., hollow, as in A. S. burnt whole. — Gk. 0A0-?, whole ; and
hoi, Du. hoi, Icel. holr. Dan. huitl, G. tcaUiVy to burn. See Caustic.
hold. Cf. Goth, us-htdon, to hollow out, Holster, a leathern case for a pistol.
hul-nndiy a cave. (3 Prob. A. S. hoi is . (Du. — O. H. G.) Du. holster Low G. ;

from hol-y weak grade of str. vb. helan to ,

holster a pistol-case. — G. holfter , a pistol-
,

cover ;
see Hell. Not allied to Gk. case (with change of ft to st) M. II. G.
/cofAos, hollow. hidftery a quiver ; from O. H. G. hulfty a
Holibut ;
see Halibut. cover, case (Kluge). Cf. M. Dan. holfte ,

Holiday, a festival. (E.) For holy day. a gun- case. ^[ So Franck ; who rejects
See Holy. the connection with Icel. hulstr A. S.
Holla, Hallo, Stop wait! (F.) Not ! heolster.
the same word as halloo , to shout; but a wood. (E.) M. E. and A. S. Holt,
differently used in old authors. See Oth. Du. houty M. Du. holt Icel. holt, holt. +• ;

i. 2. 56; As You Like It, iii. 2. 257. — F. G. holz. Teut. stem *hu/lo-y Idg. stem
hold, ‘an interjection, hoe there;* Cot.— *holdo-. Allied to O. Irish caill, coill
F. hoy interj. and let, there ( = L. tilde). (for *caild)y a wood W. celli, a grove,
; ;

The form hallo is due to a confusion Russ, koldday a log, Gk. K\dbo5, a twig.
with halloo . Holy, sacred. (EA [This word is equi-
Holland, Dutch linen, (l)u.'i From valent to the M.E. /tool, whole, with suffix
Holland the name of the province. So -y and therefore closely allied to 7vhole.) ;

abo hollatuiSy spirits from Holland. M.E, holiy holy. A. S hiilig, holy. -f- Du.
Hollow. tE.) M. E. holwe, adj. A. S. heiligy holy, Icel. heilagr he/gr, Dan. ,

holhy sb a hollow place, also spelt holg hellig, Swed. helig, G. hei/ig;
, Goth. .

Cf. O. H. G. huliwa a pool, puddle. hailagy neut. (in an inscription).

, Teut.
Perhaps extended from A. S. holy hollow type *hailag0Zy a deriv. of *hailoz (A. S.
see Hole, hal)y whole, or oi*hailoz - or *hailiz -, sb.,
Holly. (E.) M. E. ho/in so that an good omen. Cf. Irish ell, \X. coel, an
;

n has been dropped. A. S. ho leu, holegn omen. See Whole. ,

holly. 4- W. celyny Corn, celin, Bret. Helen ( F. — L. M. E. homage. — Homage

. )
Gael, cuilionny Irish cuileamiy holly ; Idg. O. F. homage the service of a vassal to his ,

type *kolenno-. Cf. also Du. hulst, G. lord. — Late L. homdticttm , homindticum,
k li/sty holly, O. II. G. hulls (whence F. the service of a vassal or man. — L. hom o
houx). ^stem homin -), a man. See Human.
Hollyhock, a kind of mallow. (E.) Home. (E.) M. E. hoom. A. S. ham.
M. E. holihoCy i. e. holy hock. Com- 4* Du. heiniy keem; Icel. heimry an abode;
pounded of holy and A. S. hoc. mallow.’ Dan. hieniy Swed. hem, G. heim ; Goth.
,
*

[We also find W. hocys mallows, kocys haimSy a village. Teut. base Viavno
,

bendigaidy hollyhock, lit. ‘ blessed mallow,’ % haimi~ cf. Lithunn. kemaSy a village ;

where bendigaui = L. benedictus. W. hocys and perhaps Skt. kshema safety, from
is from A. S. hoccasy pi. of hoc!) In A. S kshiy to dwell.
the mallow is also called hocleaf. Homer, a large measure. (Heb.) Heb.
2*44
 , , . , ; ! , !

HOMICIDE HOP
khdmer a homer, also a heap (with initial
, honeysuckle. (E.) Lye gives A. S.
cheth).— Heb. root khdmar to surge up. hnnigsucle unauthorised; but we find
, ,

Homicide, man- slaughter, also a man- A. S. hunigsuce hunigsuge privet, simi- ,

slayer. (F. — L.) F. homicide meaning larly named. From A. S. sucan, to suck.
,

(1) manslaughter, from L. homictdium; Honour. (F. — L.) A. F. homtr.-

(2) a man-killer, from L. homicida.
— 'L. L. hondrem acc. of honor, honos honour. ,

hom-o, a man - cidiam , a killing, or

; Hood, covering. (E.) A. S. hbd.+ Du.
a slayer, from ccedere to kill. hoed, G. hut, O. H. G. knot, hot, a hat.
,

Homily. (L. — Gk.) I,, liomilia. — Allied to Heed and Hat.

ilk. dfju\ia a living together
, also con- -hood, -head, suffix. (E.)
;
A. S.
verse, instruction, homily. — Gk. opikos, a had. state, quality cognate with Goth. ;

throng, concourse. — Gk. o/i-os, like, same, haidus, manner, way. Cf. Skt. ketu(s),
together, cognate with E. Same and a sign by which a thing may be recognised ; ;

(possibly) tkrj, *ikr), a crowd, from ukuv, from kit to perceive. Brugm. ii. § 104. ,

to compress, shut in. Hoodwink. (E.) To make one wink

Hominy, maize prepared for food. (W. 01 close his eyes, by covering him with a
Indian.) W. Indian auhtiminea parched hood.
corn (Webster) Trumbull gives appu -
; Hoof. (E.) M. E. hoof, huf pi. haves*
mintonasli with the same sense. A. S. /^+Du. hoef, Icel. hofr, Dan. hov ,
Hommock; see Hummock. Swed. hof G. huf Teut. t\pe *hofoz m.
Homoeopathy. (Gk.) Englished from Allied to Russ, kopuito, Skt. (afha, hoof.
Gk. bpoioiraOtia, likeness in feeling or con- Hook. (E.) M.E. hok. A.S. Jioc.+
dition. — Gk. bfJLoio-s , like ;
iraO-uv, aorist 1 )u. hoek ; also (with a-grade) Du. haak,

infln. of rr&ax €iv j to suffer. See Same and Icel. haki, Dan. hage, Swed. hake, A. S.
Pathos. haca, a hook. Allied to Hake.
Homogeneous, of the same kind Hookah, Hooka. (Arab.) Arab.
throughout. (Gk.) Englished from Gk. huqqa{jt ), a vase, water-pipe for smoking.
bfj.oycv-7]s, of the same race. — Gk. 6/jlo-s, Hoop (1), a pliant strip of wood or
same (cognate with E. Same), and yiv-os, other material bent into a band. (E.)
a race (cognate with E. Kin). So also M. E. hoop, hope. A.S. hop. Du. lioep\ +
homo-logons, corresponding, from \6yos, a E. and N. Fries, and O. Fries, hop.
saying, ktyeiv, to say. Hoop (2), Whoop,
to call out, shout.
Homonymous, like in sound ,
but (F.) M. E. houpen, to shout. O. F. —
differing in sense. (L. — Gk.) L. homonym- hoitper, to hoop unto * Cot.
‘ Of imita- ;

ns; with suffix -ous. — Gk. ofiwz'u/xos, having tive origin

;
from houp l interj. ; cf. Goth.
the same name. — Gk. same owpa, o/jl 6 -s, ;
Invopan to boast.
,

tivofia name.
. See Same and Name. hooping-cough, a cough accom-
Der. homonym, F. homonyme. panied by a hoop ur convulsive noisy catch
Hone. (E.) A. S. hdn, a stone (with in the breath. (Formerly called chin-
change from a to long 0 as in ban bone); cough.) , ,

Birch, ii. 458. +

Icel. hein, Swed. hen Hoopoe, the name of a bird. (F. — L.)
Teut. stem Viaina f. Cf. Skt. fi, to Formerly houpe
,
hoope. — F. huppe , ap- ,

sharpen. Brugm. i. § 200. parently confused with O. Y. pupu, another

Honest. (F.-L.) O. F. honeste (F. form of the same word. — L. upufa , a
honnete — L. honcstus honourable hoopoe ; the E. initial h is due to the F.
, ;

for hones-tns related to horns honour

,
huppe. Gk. tiro\p, a hoopoe. Of imita-
, +
See Honour tive origin, The F. huppe a tuft of ,

Honey. (E.) M.E .huni. A.S. littnig. feathers, is from huppe a hoopoe (from ,

+Du. honig Icel. hunang Dan. honning its tufted head) not vice versd.
, , , ;

Swed. honing, G. honig. Hoot. (Scand.) M. E. houteti. — O.

honeycomb. (E.) A. S. hunigeamb, Swed. huta to hoot. — Swed. hut interj. ,

a honey-comb where comb is the usual begone

;
of onomatopoetic origin. So !

E. word, though the likeness to a comb is also Norm. dial, houter, to hoot W. hwt ;

rather fanciful. Irish ut! expressions of dislike. See

honeymoon. (E.) Wedded love was Hue (2).
compared to the full moon, that soon Hop (1), to leap on one leg. (E.) M. E.
wanes; Huloet, 1522. See N. E.D. hoppen huppen
, . A. S. hoppian , to leap,
245
 ,, , , \; , . ,;

HOP HOSE
dance. +
Du. hoppen, Icel. hoppa, Swed. horn, strange that G. homisse f It is ,

hoppa Dan. hoppe G. luipfen

,
Brugm. i. O. H. G. hornaz (without vowel-change) is
.

5 421 (7). Der. hopp-er (of a mill) referred to a Teut. type *hurz-natoz (cf.
hopp-le a fetter for horses
,
hop-scotch Du. horz-elen , to buzz), allied to L. erdbro
; ,

a game in which children hop over (for *cras-ro), a hornet, Lith. szirszu
scotches i. e. lines scored on the ground. (gen. szirsz-ens ) , a hornet; see Brugm. i.
,

Cf. Hobble. § 626.

Hop a plant. (Du.)
(2), Introduced Horologe, a clock. (F.-L. -Gk.)
from the Netherlands ;
XV
cent. — M. Du. O. F. horologe (later horloge) — L. horolo-
hoppe (Du. hop), hop. G. hopfen, hop. gium. — Gk. djpo\ 6 yiov, a sun-dial, water*
+
We also find A. S. hymele, Icel. humall clock. — Gk. <bpo-, for &pa , hour ; -\oyiou,
Swed. Dan. humle , M. Du. hommel teller, from Xiyav, to tell.
(whence Late L. hutnulus ) ; also F. horoscope. (F.-L.- Gk.) F. horo-
houb/on which can hardly be allied words. scope.— L. horoscopus, a horoscope, from
,

Hope (1), expectation, i^E.) M. E. hdroscopiis adj., observing the hour. — Gk,
hope . A. S. hopa hope; whence hopian, wpooKoiros, observing the hour (also as sb.).
to hope, -f- Du. ^00/, Dan. haab Swed. — Gk. ujpo-, for wpa, hour; (tkoituv, to
hopp , M. H. G. //0^0, sb. whence Du. consider, allied to okctttoijkju, I consider
;

hopen , Dan. kaabe, Swed. hoppas, G. hoffen, see Sceptic.

to hope. Horrible. (F. - L. ) O. F. horrible.
Hope (2), a troop. (Du.) Only in the — L. horribilis , dreadful. — L. horrere, to
phr. ‘a forlorn hope,’ i.e. troop. — Du. dread (below).
verloren hoop — lost band, where hoop -= horrid. (L.) Spenser has it in the
K. £00/ see Heap. * Ken hoop krijghs - sense of ‘rough*; F. (,). i. 7. 31. — L. hor-
;

volck, a troupe or band of souldiers,’ ruius, rough, bristly. — L. horrere (for

Hexham verloren hoop (Kilian). (Now *hors-ere), to bristle; also to dread, with
;

obsolete in Dutch ) reference to the bristling of the hair through

Horde, a wandering tribe. F. - Turk. terror. Cf. Skt. hrsh, to bristle, esp. as a
(

—Tatar.) K. horde. — Turk, ordu, a camp. token of fear or of pleasure.

— Tatar Urdu, a royal camp, horde of horrify. (L.) Coined, by analogy
Tatars (Tartars) see Pavet de Courteille, with F. words in -fy, from L. horrificare,
;

to cause terror, — L. horri-, for horrere to

P- 54 -
,

Hordock ; see Hardock. dread ; -fiedre, for facere , to make.

Horehound; see Hoarhound. horror, dread. (L.) L. horror, — h.
Horizon. (F.*— L. ~Gk.) F. horizon. horrere to dread (above). ,

— L. horizon (stem horizon/-). — Gk. Horse. (E.) M. E. hors. — A. S. hors,

bpifav, the bounding or limiting circle pi. hors, it being a neut. sb.+Icel. hross, ;

orig. pres. pt. of bpi^av, to limit. — Gk. hors, Du. ros t G. ross, O. H. G. hros, Prob.
8pos, a boundary. Der. horizontal. a runner * cf. L. currere (sup. curs-um ) ‘
;

+
Horn. (E.) A. S. horn. Icel. Dan. to run. Brugm. i. § 516, ii. § 662.
Swed. G. horn Du. horen Goth, haurn
; Hortatory, full of encouragement.
, ;

W. Gael. Irish corn, L. cornu. Allied to (L.) As if from L. *hor/diorius i coined

Gk. Ktp-as, a horn, and to Hart. from hortdtor, an encourngcr. — L. hortdri,
Hornblende, a mineral. (G.) A blende to encourage; prob. allied to L. horior ,
named from its horn-like cleavage. G. I urge, and to E. Yearn.
hornblende. — G. horn , horn ; blende a Horticulture, gardening. (L.) Coined
'deceitful* mineral, yielding little ore; from L. horti, gen. case of horius a gar- ,

from blenden , to deceive, blind, dazzle; den cult lira, cultivation see Culture. ; ;

from blind, blind. L. hortus is allied to E. yard (1).

Homet, a kind of large wasp. (E.) Hosanna, an expression of praise.
So called from its resounding hum. A. S. (Gk. — Ileb.) Gk. dnravvd. — Heb. hoslu
hymet , a hornet. — A. S. horn, a horn, to - dh tina, save, we pray. — Heb. lids hi' a,
which the word was later conformed. Cf. save (from ydsha ); and nd, a particle
4
O. Sax, horno-bero, a hornet, lit. horn- signifying entreaty.
bearer :* A. S. horn-bora , a trumpeter. Hose. (E.) M. E. hose, pi. hosen . A.S.
Hexham has M. Du. horener, homte a hosa> pi. hosan hose, stockings. Du. , +
hornet, horentoren, a wasp, from horen a hoos, Jcel. hosa, Dan, hose, G. hose (whence ,

246
 , , , , , , ,;

HOSPICE HOUND
O. F. hose), Der. hos-uer (cf. bow-yer, host (i). So Korting. The Words may
law-yer ). have been confused.
Hospice. (F. — L.) F. hospice. — I,, Host el, an inn. (F. — L.) O. F , hostel,
ho sp ilium, a house for guests. — L. hospiti —Late L. hospitale see hospital, ;

decl. stem of hospes, a host; see host hostler, ostler. (F. — L.) Orig.
(i). the innkeeper himself, and so named from
hospitable. (F.
L.) —
M. F. ho spit- his hostel \ above).
able. From Late hospitare, to receive Hot. (K.) M.E. hoot (with long o),
as a guest. — L. hospit- , stem of hospes A. hat, hot. -f- Du. heet, Icel. heifr,
S.
a host. Swed. het, Dan. hed, G. heiss * Teut. type
hospital. (F. — L.) M.E. hospital. — *haitoz Allied to Icel. hiti, G. hitze, heat,
.

O. F. hospital. — Late L. hospitale a large ,

Goth. heito, fever; and cf. Goth, hats, a
house, a sing, formed from L. pi. hospitdlia , torch, Lithuan. kaitra, heat. Der. heat.
apartments for strangers. — L. hospit -, Hotch-pot, Hodgepodge. (F.-
stem of hospes (below). Du.) Hodgepodge
a corruption of is

host (G, one who entertains guests, hotchpot, a confused medley. — F. hochepol,
(F. — L.) M.E. host, hoste.—O. F. hoste. a medley. — F. hocher, to shake; and pot ,
Cf. Port, hospede, a host, guest. — L. pot (see Cot.). Imitated or borrowed
hospitem, acc. of hospes, (i) a host, (2) a from M. Du. hutspot (lit. shake-pot),
guest. Some make L. hospit- short for
% hodgepodge, beef or mutton cut into small
*hostipot-, where hosti- is the decl. stem of pieces. — M. Du. huisen hot sen, to shake; ,

hostis , a stranger, enemy, see Host (2) ;

pot a pot. Cf. E. Fries, hotjen, to shake,
,

and -pot- means 4 lord,’ being allied to L. See Hustle and Pot.
potens, powerful; cf. Skt. pati- 9 a master, Hotel, an inn. (F. — L.) Mod. F.
governor, lord see Possible. ;
Thus hotel, the same as O. F. hostel ; see
hospes = *hostipotis, guest-master, a master Hostel.
of a house who receives guests. Cf. Russ. Hottentot, a native of the Cape of
gospode, the Lord, gospodare, a governor, Good Hope. (Du.) name given them A
master, from goste, a guest, and -pode by the Dutch, in derision of their speech,
(
= Skt. pati-), lord. Brugm. i. §§ 158, which sounded like stammering, or a repe*
240. Der. host-ess , from M. F. hostesse ,
tition of the syllables hot and tot. is En
‘an hostesse/ Cot. F. hdtesse. ;
Dutch for ‘and’; hence Du. hot en tot —
Host (2), an army. (F. — L.) The orig. ‘
hot ’
and tot.’ ‘
Cf. M. Du. haleren to ,

sense is ‘ ‘foreigner/ M.E.

enemy ’
or stammer, Du. taferen, to stammer.
host, ost.—O.Y. host, a host, army. — L. Hoildah, Howdah, a seat fixed on
hostern acc. of hostis , an enemy (orig. a an elephant’s back. (Ilind. — Arab.) Hind,
stranger, a guest); hence, a hostile army, haudah. — Arab. hawdaj9 a litter carried
a host. -f* Russ, goste, a guest, stranger ;
by a camel, a seat placed on an elephant’s
A. S. geest see Guest. ;
Doublet, guest, back.
Host (3),. the consecrated bread of the Hough, Hock, the joint in the hind-
eucharist. (L.) L. hostia , a victim in a leg of an animal, between knee and fetlock;
sacrifice O. I. at. fostia lit. ‘ that which
; ,
in man, the back part of the knee-joint,
is slain.’ — L. hostire, O. Lat. *fostire , to (E.) Now usually hock; formerly hough.
strike. M. E. hough A. S. hah , the heel; Teut.
.

Hostage. — L.)
O. F. hostage , a type
(F. *hanhoz. +
Icel. ha-, the hock, in
hostage (F. otage, Ital. ostaggio O. Prov. hit-sin hock-sinew. See Heel. Hock is
ostatje). We also find ltal. statico, a a later form ; and prob. arose from the
hostage; and (according to Diez), both comp, ‘hough-sinew,’ spelt hbhsinu in
ostaggio and statico answer to a Late L. A. S., and hexene, hoxne in O. Fries,
form *obsiddticus , from Late L. obsiddtus, (A. S. hs>x). See G. hechse (in Kluge)
the condition of a hostage. — L. obsid•, and see Hox. Der. hough vb. hox, ;

stem of obses a hostage, one who remains q. v.

,

behind with the enemy. — L. obsidere, to HOTLXld, a dog. (E.) A. S. kund.+

stay. — L. ob, at, on, near; sedere, to sit. Du. bond, Icel. hundr Dan. Swcd. G. ,

IT Another explanation is from Late L. hund, Goth, hands. Teut. type *hun-dos
*hospitdticum a receiving as a guest; m. Allied to L. can is, Gk. kvwv (gen.
from L. hospit for hospes , a host; see hvvos), Skt. fvan-, a dog; also to Irish cu>
*47
 . ; l . ;

HOUR HUDDLE
W. a, a dog, Russ, suka , a bitch, Lith. Bohemian haufnice y orig. a sling for cast-
szh (stem szun-) y a dog. Brugm. i. § 609. ing a stone; Jungraann, Bohem. Diet. i.
The final -d may have been suggested by 662. Cf. F. obits y from the same.
confusion with Teut. *henthan- f to catch. Howl. (E.) M.E. houlen. M. Du. +
See Hunt. huylen Dan. hyle ; G. heulen y to howl.
;

Hour. (F. — L. — Gk.) O. F. hore (F. Of imitative origin; cf. L. ululdrey to

heure).— L. hora. — Gk. wpa y a season, howl, whence O. F. huller.
hour. Allied to Year. Hox, to hamstring. (E.) For hocks y which
Houri, a nymph of Paradise. (Per-. — is from hock-sinew sb., O. Fries. hdxcne y y

Arab.) Pers. hurt, one virgin of Paradise, hoxne A. S. hoh-sinu, hough-sinew. —

y

htlrd, Jiur , a virgin of Paradise, black- A.S. hdh hough; sinu, sinew; see Hough.
y

eyed nymph. From Arab, hazard, fem. Cf. E. Fries, haksene , lit. ‘ heel-sinew,* but
of ahwar , having fine black eyes. also the hamstring (of a horse).
House. (E.) M. E .hous. A. S. hits. Hoy (1), a kind of sloop. (Du.) Du.
+ Du. huisj Icel. hus Dan. huns Swed.
y ,
heu heude a flat-bottomed merchant-ship
, y

hust Goth, hits, G. haus. Teut. type M. Du. hode y heude ; Flemish hui, a hoy.
*husom n.
,
Possibly allied to Hut, Hoy (2), stop (E.) M.E. hoy. Cf. Du. !

. Hoard from ^KEUDII, to hide. See

;
hui hoy! come! well! Allied to Ho.
Hoard, Hide (1). Brugm. i. § 796. Hoyden ;
see Hoiden.
Housel, the eucharist. (E.) The orig. Hup, a projection the same as Hob
; (1).
sense is
1
sacrifice.* M. E. housel A. S. Hubbub. (E.) Imitative. Cf. Gael.
husel.+Goth. hunsl, sacrifice. Allied to ub interj. of aversion.
f
Formerly also
Lith. szwentasy holy, consecrated ; Zend whoobub a confused noise. Hubbub was
,

sponta holy. Brugm. i. § 377. confused with hoop-hoop reduplication of ,

Housings, trappings of a horse. (F. — hoop and whoobub with whoop-hoop. See
;

Teut.) The old form was hous ; -ings Hoop (2), Whoop.
has been added. — F. housse a coverlet, , Huckaback, a soit of linen cloth.
‘a foot-cloth for a horse Cot. (Low L. (Low G. ?) The orig. sense was prob.
hucia , husia hussia, the same). Low L.
,
*
pedlar’s ware ;
*
cf. Low G. hukkcbaky G.
type *hulslia. — 0
II. G. hulsty a cover.
. huckebak pick-a-back. ,
See Huckster.
+ Icel. hulstr, a case, sheath; A. S. Huckle-berry. (E.) The same as
heolstor Goth. hulistr, a covering.
y
From hurtle-, whorlle- y hurt-, hart-berry. A.S.
*/**//-, weak grade of Teut. *helan- (A. S. heorot-berge y i. e. hart-berry.
helan ), to cover, hide; cf. O. II. G. and Huckle-bone, the hip-bone. (E.) A
Du. hullen, to cover. huckle a small joint.* Cf. E. Fries.
is ‘

Hovel, a small hut. (F. — Teut.?) M.E. hukken to bend, stoop, crouch ; see below.
,

hovel, hovil, a shed. Perhaps from O. F. Huckster. (O. Low G.) M. E. huk-
*htivel-, as in huvelet ,
a penthouse. — stere, hucster Formed with the fem.
O. H. G. huba (G. haubc) y a hood ;
M. Du. suffix -ster (for which see Spinster), from
httyve, a tilt of a cart. M. Du. hucker Low G. hokery a hawker, ,

Hover. (E.) A frequentative of M. E. also a stooper, bender, one who stoops,

hbuen ( = hdven) to be poised,
y to stay, p. The hawker or huckster was so named
tarry, wait. Origin uncertain cf. heave. ;
from his bowed back, bent under his
The W. hojio y to hover, is borrowed burden ; from M. Du. hucken to stoop ,

from M. E. houen. under a burden. Cf. Icel. hokinn bent, y

How (1). (E.) M.E. houy hu; A. S. pp. of a lost strong verb (Teut. *heukan-) ;

hit. Closely related to A. S. hwa y who see ;

also Icel. huka y to sit on one’s hams, Low
Who. 0 . Fries. Jiu y O. Sax. hwdy Du.
+ G. huken, to crouch. See Du. heukery
hoe. Cf. Goth, hwaizva how ; Gk. zrm. ,
huiken in Franck.
How (2), a hill. (Scand.) M.E. hogh. Huddle. (E.) M. E. hoderen y hodren y
Icel. haugr, a hill ; Swed. hog, a mound which is an equivalent form, meaning to
Dan. h'oi} a hill. Allied to Icel. har y huddle together, as under a covert or
Swed. hog, Dan. hdiy high ; see High. shelter. Frequentative related to M. E.
Howdah ;
see Houdah. huden to hide; see Hide (1).
, But the
Howitzer, a cannon. (G. —
short mod. E. sense of huddle seems to be due
4
Bohemian.) Borrowed from G. haubilze y to Du. hoetelen to doe a thing unskilly,* ,

a howitzer; formerly spelt hauffnitz .— Hexham ;

cf. G. hudeln to bungle. ,

248
 , ; , ,, , ,,
; ,, , , , , •;

HUE HUMID
Hue show, appearance, colour. (E.)
(i), hulu a husk, lit. ‘covering;' from the
M. E. hewe. A. S. hiw heow heo appear- , ,
same root as G. hiilse a husk, viz. Teut.
ance.+Swed. hy skin, complexion ; Goth.
, *hul-, weak grade of Teut. *helan - (A. S.
kiwi, form, show. helan), to cover. See Hell.
Hue (2), clamour, outcry. (F.— Tent.) Hull (2), body of a ship. (Du.) From
In the phr. ‘ hue and cry;’ A. F. hu et Du. hoi, hold. een schip, * Het hoi van
cri. M. E. hue a loud cry. — O. F. hu a the ship’s hold or hull;' Sewel. Sec
cry; to hoot. — M.H.G. hu interj. Hold (2). Or the same as hull (1).
huzen, to hoot; M. Swed. huta to hoot; , Hum (1), to buzz. (E.) M. E. liummen ;
see Hoot. an imitative word. + G. hummen, Du.
Huff, to puff, bluster, bully. (E.) The hommelen, to hum. Cf. Hem (2).
old sense is to puff, blow hard ; hence to hum (2% to trick, cajole. par- (E.) A
bluster, vapour. An imitative word, like ticular use of hum,
also meant to buzz ;
it

puff. Cf. Lowl. Sc. hauch, a forcible puff, to utter a sound expressive of contempt
heck, to breathe hard; G. hauchen, to (Cor. v. 1. 49); also to applaud; see
breathe. To huffy at draughts, simply
^ Richardson, and Todd's Johnson. Hence
means to blow
‘
it was customary to
*
;
itmeant to flatter, cajole, trick. So also
blow upon the piece removed cf. Lowl. ;
Port, zumbir to buzz, zombar, to jest
,

Sc. blaWy to blow, also to huff at draughts ; Span, zumbar to hum, also to jest. Der.,

Dan. blase en brikke, to huff (lit. blow) a hum sb., a hoax.

man at draughts. Human. — L.) Formerly humaine.
(F.
Hug, to embrace closely. (Scand. ?) — F. ‘humane, manly;’ Cot.—
hutnain ,

XVI cent. Uncertain. Perhaps of Scand. L. acc. humanum, human. — L. homo, a

origin ; cf. Icel. hugga , to soothe, comfort man lit.
; a creature of earth,’ from
‘

hugga barn to soothe a child, huga, to

mind ; hugna, to please M. Du. heuge,
humus, ground
guma, a man.
see humble. A. S. ; +
;

joy. humane. (L.) Directly from L. hu

Huge, vast. (F. — Teut.E. huge, ?) M. inamts, (1) human, (2) kind (above).
houge . An initial a has dropped. — A. F. humble. (F.-L.) F. humble.-!,,
ahoge\ O. F. ahuge, aliugue, huge, vast humilem acc. of humilis, humble, lowly,
,

(12th cent.). Of unknown origin perhaps;

near the ground. — L. humus the ground. ,

allied to Icel. haugr, a hill, whence O. F. Cf. Gk. x a F at on the ground, Russ. >

hoge, liogtie , a hill; see How (1). zemlia earth, land. Brugm. i. § 604.
Huguenot, a French protestant. (F. Humble-bee, a humming-bee. (E.)
— G.) F. huguenot as if from the per- From the verb humble for hummle, fre- ,

sonal name Huguenot . This name was quentative of hum. Cf. Du. hommel, a
in use two centuries at least before the humble-bee, fiom hommelen to hum; G. ,

Reformation, and is a dimin. of F. Hugon hummel a humble-bee, from hummen to ,

acc. case from the 110m. Hugues Hugh. ,

hum ; Swed. hum la, a humble-bee.
— M. II. G. Hug, Plugh. 2. But this form Humbug, a hoax, piece of trickery.
was due to popular etymology. The orig. (E. ) Humbug, a false alarm, a bugbear,’
‘

form was G. eidgenoss a confederate, Dean Milles MS. (cited in Halliwell).

appearing as Swiss Romance eingenot ‘
Drolleries, bon mots, and humbugs about ;
’

hr\>ueno, a protestant (Wedgwood). From a. d. 1740. Compounded of hum, hoax,

G. eid, an oath (see Oath), and genoss- and bug, a spectre, ghost, bugbear; the
A. S. geneat, a companion. 15 false orig. sense being sham bugbear ; see ‘ ’

etymologies of this word are noted by hum (2) and Bug. Der. humbug, vb.
Scheler. humdrum, dull, droning. (E.) Com-
Hulk, (Late L. — Gk.)
a heavy ship. pounded of hum, a buzzing noise, and
M. E. hulke. A.S. hulc. — Late L. hulka ,
drum a droning sound; see Drum.
,

also hulcum holcas a kind of ship. — Gk.

, , Humeral, belonging to the shoulder.
b\ttas, a ship which is towed, also a heavy (L.) Late L. humerdlis belonging to the
ship, merchantman. — Gk. cAkciv, to draw, shoulder. — L. humerus the shoulder; ,

drag. Cf. L. sulcus, a furrow. Der. better umerus.+ Gk. cfyuos, Goth, amsa ,
hulking, i. e. bulky, unwieldy, Distinct Skt. amsa-, the shoulder. Bragm. i. § 163.
from M. E. hulke, A. S. hulc, a hovel. Humid, moist. (F. — L.) F. humide .

Hull (1), husk. (E.) M. E. hule. A.S. — L. httmidus, better ttmidus, moist — L.
 , , ; , , , , ;

HUMILIATE HURRY
kumere, umere, to be moist cf. uuens, ; cf, hunt, sb,, a hunting. Related to
uuidus, itdus moist ; Gk. vypus, moist.
,
Teut. *hunth~, weak grade of * hen than-,
Humiliate. (L.) From pp. of L. to seize ; see Hent. Cf. Brugm. i. § 701.
humilidre, to humble. L. humilis, humble; Hurdle. (E.) M. E. ktirdel . A. S.
see Humble; hyrdel ; a dirain, from a Teut. base
humility. — L.) M.E. humilites.
(F. *hurth - ;
also early A. S. hyrpih 4 * Du,
-pO. F. humilittity humility. — L. kutnili- horde G. kurde , M. II G.
Icel. hurts, .

tatem occ, of kumilitds, humility. — L.

,
httrly a hurdle; Goth, haurds a door. ,

humilis, humble. Allied to L. crates a hurdle, Gk. tcap- ,

Hummock, Hommock, a mound, raAoj, a (woven) basket. Cf. Skt. krt,

hillock, rounded mass. (E.) It appears to spin. The sense is a ‘plaited* thing.
to be a variant of hump or hatch. Brugm. §§ 529, 633.i. (VQERT.)
Humour, orig. moisture. (F.-L.) Hurdygurdy, a kind of violin, played
See Trench, Select Glossary, and Study of by turning a handle, (E.) From Lowl.
Words. The four humours according to ,
Sc. hirdygirdy , a confused noise; also
Galen, caused the four temperaments of hirdum-dirdum the same. Cf. Lowl. ,

mind, viz. choleric, melancholy, phlegmatic, Sc. hurr, to snarl, gurr, to growl. ‘
Som
and sanguine. «• O. F. htmor (F. hwneur). vse)>strange wlaffyng, chytering, harryttg
— L. umorem, acc. of umor, moisture.— and garryng ~ some people
* use a strange
L. umere to be moist
,
see Humid. ;
babbling, chattering, snarling and growl-
Hump, a lump, bunch, esp. on the back. ing Spec, of English, ed. Morris and
;

(E.) Humpy a hunch, or lump,* West-

* Skeat, p. 241, 1 163. Formed on the .

moreland ; Halliwell.
*
Not found in model of hurlyburly, See Hurry.
M. E. Cf. E. Fries, humpe hump a bit, , , Hurl. (E .) M. E. hurlen , horlen Not .

lump.+Du. kompy a lump, bunch Low G. ;

in A. S. perhaps of Scand. origin. Cf.
;

humpel, a heap. Cf. Lithuan, kumpaSy E. hurleblast , a hurricane, hurlepool,

hunched. Parallel to hunch q. v. whiilpool, hurlewind, whirlwind. Also
Hunch, a hump, round mass. (E.) A E. Fries, hurrel a gust of wind hurreln,
, ;

palatalised form of prov. E. hunk a lump. ,

to blow in gusts; hurrelwind a whirl- ',

Apparently a parallel form of hump; wind. Explained by Swed. dial, hurra ,

with nk for nip. Cf. W. Hem. htinke to whir, whirl round; whence hurrel ,

brood a hunk of bread (De Bo)

,
and ;
a whirl, hurrel-wind a whirlwind. Of ,

perhaps Du. honky a starting-post, orig. imitative origin Dan. hurre to buzz, ;
cf.
‘
a stump;’ see Franck. Icel. hurr a noise. So also M. H. G.
Hundred. (K.) M.E. hundred. A. S. hurren to move quickly; from the sound.
hundred ; a compound word. — A. S. hund, Cf. Hurly-burly, Hurry.
a hundred and - redy with the sense of
; Hurlyburly, a tumult. (F.-L.) A
‘
reckoning ’ or rate, to denote the rate of reduplicated word, the second syllable
counting. Cf. Icel. hund-ratl orig. 120; being an echo of the first. [Cf. M. F.
G. hund-ert. This suffix is allied to Goth. hurluberlu, tumult, in Rabelais (v. prol.).]
rapjoy number, L. ratio ; see Bate (i '. The short form hurly also occurs; see K.
P« The A. S. hund is cognate with L. John, iii. 4. 169. — O. F. hurlec, a howling,
centum answering to an ldg. form % ksm-
,
outcry, great noise orig. fem. pp. of ;

t6m, perhaps for *dekdmt6m, a decad, hurler to howl. — L. ululdre, to howl.

,

allied to Goth. taikunte-hund, a hundred, Prob. confused with Hurl.

which Brugmann explains as dixadaiv fouas. Hurrah. (G.) From G. hurra ,
Cf. also Gk. iicaTov, Skt. $atam, IV’ s. sad, M. H. G. hurra . Of imitative origin;
Lith. szimtas , Russ, sto, Irish cead, \V„ see Hurl.
cant, a hundred. Brugm. i. § 431 ,
ii. § 179. Hurricane, whirlwind. (Span. —
See Teu. Caribbean.) Span, huracan. — Carib.
Hunger. (E.) A. S. hungor. Icel. + huracan (Oviedo).
hungry Swed. Dan. hunger, Du. honger , Hurry. Not allied to harry .
(E.)
G. hunger; Goth, huhrus hunger. Teut. ,
Formed from on older base hurr- like ;

types ViungrtiZy * hunhruz, m. Allied to scurr-y from shir. M. E. horieti , to hurry

Lith. kanka, suffering. Brugm. i. § 639.
N
(Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, B. 883). +
Hunt, chase wild animals.
to (E. <
M. Swed. hurra to swing, whirl round ,

M. E. hunten. A. S. htmtiany to capture Swed. dial, hurra , to whirl, hurr, sb.,

 ; , , ; !

HURST HYDRAULIC
hurry, haste. Cf. Dan.
hurre, to hum, Hustings. (Scand.) The mod. use
whir; Icel. hurt, a noise; M. H. G. is incorrect; properly hustings sing.,
it is
hurren, to move swiftly. See Hurl ; and means a council, an assembly for the
and cf. whir, whiz, of similar imitative choice of a candidate. M. E. husling.
origin,' whence whurry, to hurry (N arcs). A. S. hit sting. — I cel. hiisjing, a council,
Hurst, a wood. (E.) M. E. hurst ;
meeting. — Icel hits, a house ping, a thing,
A. S. hyrst. -f M. H. G. hurst , a shrub, also an assembly; see House and Thing,
thicket; G. horst K. Fries, horst. ;
Cf. Swed. Norw. and Dan. ting, the same
Hurt, to dash against, to harm. (F.) as Icel Ping.
*

M. E. hurten hirten , (1) to push, dash

, Hustle, to jostle. (Du.) For hutsle.
against; (2) to injure. — O. F. hurter (F. —Du. hutsden, to shake up and down,
heurter) 1 to strike Of dash against. Of huddle together; frequent, of M. Du.
unknown origin. Hardly from Celtic See hutsen, Du. hot sen, to shake.
(Thumeysen, p. 81). The
form is Hotchpot. Cf. Du. hotten to curdle;
Ital. r

urtare possibly from L. *urtum> unused hot, curds

,
prov. G. hotze, a cradle, a ;

supine of urge re to press on (Korting).

,
swing; Lowl. Sc. holt, to move by jerks,
hurtle, to dash. (F.) M.E. hurtleft, hotter, to jolt,
frequent, of hurten (above). Hut. (F.~ O. II. G.) M. E. hotte. — F.
Husband. (Scand.) Icel. husbondi huitc, a cottage; Cotgrave. — O. H. G. ,

the master of a house, the goodman hutta (G. kittle ), a hut. Swed. hydda ; + ,

short for husbuandi.~\c£\. /tits, house; abut. Perhaps ldated to Hide (1).
buandi, dwelling in, pres. pt. of bua, to Hutch, a box. (F. — Low L.) M.E.
dwell; see Boot. So also Swed. hus- huehe, hucche. — F. huche, ahutch.bin.—
bonde, Dan. husbond. Der. husband- man, Late L. hiitica a hutch, box of unknown ;

husbandry, origin. Pcihaps Teutonic; cf O. II. G.

Hush. (E.) M. E. husht vr\As\.,\huotan (G. huten), to take care of. See
,

silent; prob. taken to be a pp. Cf. Heed.

Swed. hyssja Dan. hysse, to hush
,
Dan. Huzzah, Hurrah. (E.) Huzzah is ;

hys, hush A purely imitative word, allied also written huzza. Cf. G. hussa, huzzah
!

to hiss. M. H. G. hurt a, hurrah So also Swed. !

Husk, shell. (K.) M.E huske. The and D;in. hurra hurrah! Cf. M. II. G.
.
,

•k is a dimin. suffix from A. S. hits, a hurren, to move quickly; Dan. hum, to

;

house. Cf. Low G. hiiske a little house; hum, buzz. See Hurry.
E. Fries, hit she. a little house, core of an Hyacinth, a flower. (F. — L.— Gk.)
apple, small case; M. Du. huysken a F. hyacinthe. — L. hyacinthus. — Gk. va- ,

little house, a case, a husk of fruit (Kilian). kivOos, an iris, larkspur (not our hyacinth).
See House. Doublet, jacinth.
Husky, hoarse. (K.) Apparently allied Hyaena ; see Hyena,
to prov. E. husk dry, parched with
,
Hybrid, mongiel. (L.) L. hibrida ,
;

reference to the dryness of husks. hybrida a mongrel, a hybrid. Some ,

Hussar. (G. — Hungarian. — Servian, connect it with Gk. vppib-, stem of vfipts,
— Gk. — L.) Hussars, Husaresj Coles insult, wantonness, violation
*
but it may ;

( 1 684) — G.
. Husar. — Hung. Huszar. — be Latin.
Serv. x^sar, hussar, robber, sea-robber Hydra, a water-snake. (L. — Gk.) L.
(Popovic'). — Late Gk. fcovpa&pios, a corsair, hydra. — Gk. vlpa, water*snake. — Gk.
pirate (Ducange). — Late L. cursdrius, a v 8 -oop, water. Cf. Skt. udra~s, a water-
corsair. — L. cursus, a course see Corsair, animal, otter, A. S. oter
; Doublet, oiler. .

% The word is older than the story about And see Water. Brugm. i. § 572.
Mathius Corvinus (1458); see N. and Q. hydrangea, a flower. (Gk) A coined
8 S. ii. 156; Miklosich, p. 14S. name, referring to the cup-form of the
Hussif, HtlSSy. (E.) Short for capsule, or seed* vessel. From Gk. vbp-,
huswife, i. e. housewife ;
cf. hus- in for vficop, water ; dyytiot'f a vessel.
husband see Husband and House. hydraulic, relating to water in
IT In the sense of ‘ case for needles, thread, motion. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. hydrautique .

&c.,’ it must mean * house -wife’s compan- — L. hydraulicits. — Gk. btyav\ucds, belong-
ion*; it is, however, remarkable that ing to a water-organ. *-Gk. vSpav\is, an
Icel. hitsi means a case.*
‘
organ worked by water. — Gk. for

*5*
 ; , , ;, ;

HYDRODYNAMICS HYSON
vdwp, water ;
av\6s a pipe, tube (allied to
f
L. hyphen for Gk. vrpiv,
,
lit. ‘ under one.*
drjfM, I blow; see Air). — Gk. v<p- for viro, under
, ; fr, neut. of cfy,

hydrodynamics, the science relating one (allied to L. sim- in simplex see

to tne force of water in motion. (Gk.) Simple).
Gk. vdpo-, for vdarp, water ; and E.
dynamics a word of Gk. origin see
Hypo-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk.
cognate with L. sub.
,
under M
, ;

Dynamics. Hypochondria, a mental disorder in-

hydrogen, a very light gas. (Gk.) ducing melancholy. (L. — Gk.) Named
The name means ‘generator of water.* — from the spleen (which was supposed to
Gk. vdpo -, for vdwp, water ; and the base cause it), situate under the cartilage of
yh-, to produce; see Genesis. the breast-bone. — Late L. hypochondria,
hydropathy, the water-cure. (Gk.) fem. sb. for L. hypochondria s. pi. — Gk.
;

Gk. vdpo-, for vdwp, water; na0-oy, suffer- vnoxbudpta, sb. pi., the parts beneath the
ing, endurance of treatment see Pathos.
;
breast- bone. — Gk. viro, under; x° v ty ° y , a
hydrophobia, fear of water. (L.- com, grain, gristle, cartilage of the breast-
Gk.) Late L. hydrophobia . Coined from bone (cognate with G. grand, gravel, and
Gk. tidpo-, for vdwp, water <poj8oy, fear, allied to K. grind), Der. hipp-ish, q. v.
;

fright, allied to </>*i3 open, 1 flee. (^BHEG.) Hypocrisy, pretence to virtue. (F. —
hydropsy, dropsy. (F. - L. - Gk.) L. — Gk.) M
F. hypocrisie. — L. hypocrisis,
.

Formerly dropsie or ytiropsie the form 1 Tim. iv. 2 — Gk. virdfcpims, a reply,
;
.

dropsie being due to loss of — M. F. answer, playing a part on a stage, acting

hydropisie. — L. hydropisis hydropisia. — of a part. — Gk. viroKpivopai, I reply, play
,

Late Gk. *udpwm<ris, not found, from Gk. a part. — Gk. hr6, under; Kpivopai I con-
vdpwxp, dropsy, extended from vdpo-, for tend, middle voice of /cpivw, I judge. See
vdwp, water. Der. dropsi-c-al. Critic. Der. hypocrite, F. hypocrite L.
hydrostatics, the science which hypocrita, Gk. viroKpiTrjs, a dissembler,
treats of fluids at rest. (Gk.) Gk. vdpo-, Matt. vi. 2 .

for vdwp, water ; and Statics, q. v. Hypogastric, belonging to the lower

Hyena, Hysena, a hog-like quad- part of the abdomen. (F. — L. — Gk.)
ruped. (L. — Gk.) [M. E. hyene from M. F. hypogastrique — Late L. hypogas-
; .

O. F. hyene. ] L. hyana. — Gk. vaiva, a tric us, belonging to the lower part of the
hyena; lit. ‘sow-like.* — Gk. v-y, a sow, belly. — Gk. inroydarptov, lower part of the
cognate with E. Sow ; with fem. adj. belly see Hypo- and Gastric. ;

suffix -cum. Hypostasis. (L.-Gk.) L. hypo-

Hymen. (L. - Gk. ) L. hymen. - G k. stasis. —Gk. vndoTaaiSy a standing under,
vprjv, the god of marriage. Cf. Skt. siv groundwork, subsistence, substance, a
,

to connect, lit. to sew see Sew.

;
Person of the Trinity. — Gk. viro, under;
Hymn. (F. - L. -Gk.) M. E. ympne crams, a standing, from <^STA, to stand.
(with excrescent /). — O. F. ymne (later See Statics.
hymne). — L. hymnum , acc. of L. hymnus. Hypotenuse. (F. - L. - Gk.) Also
— Gk. vpvos, a song, festive song, hymn. hypothenuse ( badly). — F. hypotenuse. — L.
Hypallage, an interchange. (L. — Gk.) hypotenusa. — Gk. vnordvovoa the sub- ,

L. hypallage — Gk. viraWayrj, an inter- tending (line)

. fem. of pres. part, of viro-
;

change, exchange. — Gk. vir-6, under rdvuv, to subtend, lit. to stretch under.
d\Xayrj, change, from a Warsaw, to change ; (VTENA
from aAAoy, another. See Alien. Hypothec, a legal lien on property.
Hyper-, prefix, denoting excess. (L. — (F. - L. - Gk.) Englished from M. F.
Gk.) I., hyper-, for Gk. vnip, above, be- hypotheque, a mortgage. — L. hypotlieca
yond, allied to L. super. Hence hyper- (the same), — Gk. vitoBiiKrj , lit. 'support;*
baton, a transposition of words from a pledge, mortgage. — Gk. tm6, under ; Or]-,
natural order, lit. ‘ a going beyond (from as in ri-Orj-pu, I place.
* (^DHE.)
Qaivuv, to go) hyper-bole , exaggeration,
; hypothesis, a supposition. (L. - Gk.)
Gk. bwepftoKfi (from 0dWuv, to throw, L. hypothesis. — Gk. vir6$tots a placing t

cast) ; hyper-borearl, extreme northern under, supposition. — Gk. under Blais, M, ;

(from fioptas, north wind). a placing ; from the same root as the above.
Hyphen, a short stroke (-) joining See Thesis.
two parts of a compound word. (L. — Gk.) Hyson, a kind of tea. (Chinese.) In
252
 . ,

HYSSOP IDIOT
the Amoy dialect called ckhun-ti , lit. hekel, isjakel. 2. Icel .jokull is the dimin.
‘spring tea,* from chhun, spring, and t£, of Icel. jaki, a piece of ice, cognate with
tea. Said to have been orig. from hi Irish aig, W. ia, ice. Brugm. i.
§ 305.
chhun, lit. 4 blooming spring,’ i. e. early Ichneumon. (L. — Gk.) L. ichneu-
crop. From Chin, hi, blooming ;
chhun ,
mon. — Gk. i*x vtvpoju, an ichneumon
4
spring. (lizard) ;
lit. a tracker/ because
it tracks

Hyssop, a plant. (F. — L. — Gk. — Heb.) out (and devours) crocodiles’ eggs. — Gk.
M. K.ysope. — O. F. hyssope. — I,, hyssapus. lyveouv, to track. — Gk. a footstep.
— Gk. vaaojnos, an aromatic plant (not Ichor, the juice in the veins of gods.
our hyssop). — Heb. ezobh a plant (it is ,
(Gk.) Gk. Ix&Pt juice.
not exactly known what plant). Ichthyography, description of fishes.
Hysteric, convulsive, said of fits. (F. — (Gk.) Gk. from iyO vs, a fish ;
L. — Gk.) M. F. kysterique — L. hystericus. -7patpia, fiom 7patpuu, to describe. So
— Gk. varepiKus, suffering in the womb; also ichthyology, from \6yo?, a discourse,
— Gk. vorlpa, the womb. Prob.
hysterical. \tyav, to speak.
from Gk. varcpos, latter, lower, compara- Icicle ; see Ice.
tive from the ldg. base uJ~, out ; see Iconoclast, a breaker of images.
Uterine and Out. (Gk.) Coined from Gk. < Ikovo from
dicujv, an image; kKckst tjs, a vine-pruner
(but lit. a breaker), from k\ 6.uv, to break.
I. Icosahedron, a solid figure with
twenty equal faces. (Gk.) From Gk.
I, nom. case of first pers. pronoun. (E.) dicooi, twenty c5 pa, a base, lit. a seat,
;

M. E. (Northern) ik, i ;
(Southern) ich ,
from the base <5-, to sit ; see Sit.
uch ,
i. A. S. rV.+Du. ik, Icel. eh, Dan. Idea. (L.~Gk.) L. idea. — Gk. tfic'a,
/eg, Swed .jag, Goth, ik, G. ich Lith. asz, the look or semblance of a thing, species
Russ, ia , L. ego , Gk. kyd), iywv, Skt. aham. (hence, notion). — Gk. ibtiv, to see.
Idg. base, EGH- and EG- Brugm. ii. ;
WEID.) See Wit,
§ 434- H Me is from a different base. Identical, the very same. (L.) For-
I-, neg. prefix; see In- (3). merly identic identick.
,
Formed as if
Iambic, a certain metre, a short and a from Med. scholastic) L. identicus, adj.
long syllable (v/ -)• (L. — Gk.) L. iambi - suggested by identi-tds see below.;

cus. — Gk. iappitcos. — Gk. tappos, an iambic identity, sameness. (F. — Late L. —
foot, iambic verse, lampoon. (Origin L.) F. identity. — Late L. acc. identity -
doubtful.) tem, sameness. — L. identi-, occurring in
Ibex, a genus of goats. (L.) I,, ibex. identidem , repeatedly ; with suffix - las — .

Ibis, a bird. (L. — Gk. — Egypt.) L. L. idem, the same. — L. i-, and * dent ; from
ibis. — Gk. T(3 is, an Egyptian bird. Of Idg. pronominal bases 1 and DE.
Egypt, origin ; cf. Coptic hippen (Peyron). Ides, the 15th day of March, May,
Ice. (E.) M. E. ys, iis. A. S. />.+Du. July, October; 13th of other months.
ijs, Icel. iss, Dan. iis, Swcd. is, G. eis. (F. — L.) F. ides. — L. ulus, ides.
Teut. type *isom, neut. Der. ice-berg, Idiom, peculiar mode of expression.
quite a modern word the latter element (F. — L. - Gk.)
;
F. idiome. — L. ididma — .

is the Du., Norw., Swed., and G. berg, Gk. ibta)pa, an idiom, peculiarity of lan-
a mountain ; cf. Du. ijsberg Norw. and guage.— Gk. iStow, I make my own.—
,

Swed. isbjerg, Dan. iisbjerg, G. eisberg, an Gk. ibios, own.

iceberg; (prob. a Norw. word). Also idiosyncrasy, peculiarity of tem-
ice-blink, Dan. iis-blink, a field of ice, perament. (Gk.) Cf. F. idiosyncrasie .
from Dan. blinke, to gleam. From Gk. t&o-y, own; avy-Kpaais, a
icicle. (E.) M. E. isikel, iseyokel blending together, from avy- (=r<rwy>, to-;

from M. E .ys, ice, and ike l, a point of ice. gether, tcpdois, a mingling. See Cr&sis.
- A. S. ts-gicel, an icicle also written idiot. (F.-L.-Gk.)
; F. idiot. — L.
ises gicel, where ises is the gen. case. idiota, an ignorant, uneducated person.—
Gicel, O. Merc, gecile (Sweet, O. E. T.), Gk. Ibtwrrjs, a private person ; hence, one
means 4 a small piece of ice.’+Icel. iss- who is inexperienced (1 Cor. xiv. 16).—
jokull though jokull is gen. used by Gk. Idioa), 1 make my own. — Gk. ?6tor,
;

itself in the sense of icicle Low G. is- own. ;

m
 ; ;

IDLE ILLUSTRIOUS
Idle. (E.) M. E. idel. A. S. idel, I logical for which see legalf legible , &C.
vain,empty, useless. Du. ijdel vain ; + , And see illicit.
Dan. idee, Swed. idel, mere G. eilel, ; Iliac, pertaining to the smaller intes-
vain, trifling. Origin doubtful. tines. (F. — L.)
F. iliaque, belonging to the
Idol. (F.— L. — Gk.) O. F. idole. — L. flanks. Formed from L. ilia, sb. pi., flanks,
tdolurn. — Gk. ciSojKov, an image, likeness, groin. See also Jade (2).
— Gk. tUofiai, I appear, seem; ibtiv, to Iliad, an epic poem. (L.— Gk.) L.
see. (^WEID.) Der. idolatry, O. F. ido- Iliad-, stem of /lias, the Iliad. — Gk.
latrie. Late L. idolatria, shortened form of ’I \idb-, stem of lAtay, the Iliad.— Gk.
iddlolatria from Gk. eibwKo-Karpda, ser-
, "IA to$, Ilios, commonly known as Troy
vice to idols (where Aarpc/a, service, is said to have had its name from (a mythical)
from Karpts, a hired servant, Karpov , hire). Ilus, grandfatherof Priam, and son of
Hence idolater , &c. Tros (whence Troy).
idyl, idyll, a pastoral poem. (L. — 111, bad. (Scand.) M. E. ille. — Icel.
Gk.) L idy ilium. — Gk. €lbvKKiov, a short illr (later illr ,
ill, adj. ;
Swed. ilia, Dan.
descriptive poem. — Gk. «T5os, form, shape, ilde, ill, adv. Not allied to Evil,
figure. — Gk. «i5o/xai, I appear (see above). Illapse, a gliding in, a sudden entrance.
If, conj. (E.) M. E. if, A. S. gif+ Icel. (L.) L. illapsus, sb., a gliding in.— L.
efy if O. Fries, ief gef ef O. Sax. ef\ il- for in , in lapsus, a gliding, from pp.
;

Goth, ibai, interrog. particle./h^a/, if with ;

of lain, to glide. See Lapse,
which cf. Du .of. if, whether, G. ob, whether : Illation, an (F. — L.) F.
inference.
also O. II. G. Uni, if, lit. * on the condition,* illation. — I,,
acc illdtionem, a bringing
dat. of iba, condition, doubt. Cf. also Icel. in, inference. — L. il- (for in), in; Icitus
if, ef, sb., doubt. See Kluge, s. v. ob. (
= tldtus ), borne, brought ( = Gk. rA^roy).
Ignition, a setting on (ire. (L. ) F. See Tolerate.
ignition. As if from L. Hgnitio. — L. ig- Illicit, unlawful. (F.— L.) F. iWrite,
nitns, pp. of ignire to set on fire. — L. ,
‘illicitous,’ Cot. — L. illicitus, not allowed.
ignis hre.
, +
Skt. agni-, fire, base *cgni- ;
— L. il- (for in-), not; licitus, pp. of
cf. Russ, ogone, Lith. tignts, fire, base lieere, to be allowed. See Licence.
*ogni-. Brugm. i. Hence also ignis
§ 148. Illision, a striking against. (L.) From
faluus, a vain fire igne-ous adj.
; ,
L. illisio a striking against. — L. illisus ,
,

Ignoble. (F.-L.) F. ignoble, not pp. of illidere to strike against. — L. il-

,

noble. —
L. i-gndbilis ,
where i- - in, not; (for in), upon; leedere , to strike. See
see Noble. Lesion.
Ignominy, disgrace. (F.-L.) F. Illude, to deceive. (F.-L.) F. Hinder,
ignominie. — b. ignominia. — b. i- (for in), c
to illude;* Cot. — L. illudere , to mock
not; gnomin -, for gndmen, old form of at. — L. il- (for in), upon, at; ludere, to
nbmen name, fame
,
see Noun.
;
jest, play. See Ludicrous.
Ignore, to disregard. (F.-L.) F. Illuminate, to enlighten. (L.) From
ighorer. ignorare, not to know. — L.
— L. pp. of L. illumindre to throw light upon.
i- (for in), not; and base gno-, as in grid- — L. il- (for in\ upon ; lumin-, for lumen,
scere -noscere, to know; see Know. Der. light; see Luminary, also use f We
ignor-ant, -ance also ignoramus, lit. ‘ we
; illumine illume , ,
from F. illuminer^fb.
ignore* that, an old law-term. illumindre.
Iguana, a kind of American lizard. Illusion. (F.-L.) F. illusion.— L.
(Span. — W. Indian.) Span, iguana. Of acc. illusionem. — L. illUs us, pp. of illudere ;

West Indian origin. — Hayti iuanna,yuana see Illude (above).

(Eden.). Illustrate. (L.) From the pp. of
w ^
a fossil dinosaur, with illustrate, to throw light upon. — L. il*
teeth like an iguana. From iguan-a, and upon luttrdre to shine (below).
(for in), ; ,

Gk. 6 dov*r-, stem of tooiSy, tooth. illustrious. (F. — L.; orb.) A badly
n- (1), for in*, prefix, from L. in, coined word either from F. illustre or
; ,

prep., when / follows. Exx. : il-lapse, il- from the L. illustri-s, bright, renowned.
fusion, &c. (Imitation of industrious.) p . In L.
11- w> for in*, negative prefix when \illustris , the prefix il-(^in), upon; -lustris
l follows. Exx. illegal, illegible, il-legili- stands for *tou-c-stris , from the base luc-,
mate, illiberal, il-limitable, il- lit crate, il- as in Lucid, q. v. See Brugm. i. § 760.
*54
 ,, ; -
,, ; , . , - ,-;

»M- IMMUNITY
Im- (i), (F.-L.)
prefix. In some Ital. imbroglio , perplexity. — Ital. imbrogli-
words, im- stands for m-, the O. F% form are, to entangle. — Ital. im- (for in), in
of L. im-y prefix. Or for L. in, in, before broglio, a broil, confusion ;
see Broil (2).
by niy or p. Imbrue, Embrue, to moisten, drench.
Im- (a), prefix. (E.) For E. in as in (F. — L.) M. F. embruer s'embruer to ; ,
‘

im-bed, for in-bed. imbrue or bedable himself with;* Cot.

Im- (3), prefix. (L ) L. im- (for in), in, Variant of O. F. embevrer, embreuver, to
when by m t
or p follows. moisten. — F. em- (L. in, in) ; and a causal
Im- (4) > prefix. (F.-L. ; or L.) Nega- verb -bevrer, to give to drink, turned into
tive prefix for L. in -, not.
; Exx. im- : -brever in the 16th cent., and then into
material im-tnature, im- measurable, im-
,
-bruer see F. abreuver in Hatzfeld. O.F.
memorial, im-moderatey im-modest , im- bevrer answers to a L. type *biberare, to
moral, bn- mortal, im - movable, i m - m uta bte ,
give to drink ; from L. bibere to drink.
im-palpable, imparity, im-partial, im-pass See Beverage.
able , im-passive , impatient , im-peccable Imbue, to cause to drink in, tinge
impenetrable im-penitent im-perceptible
, ,
deeply. (F. - L.) O. F. imbuer — L. im .

im-perfcct, imperishable, impersonal, im- buere, to cause to di ink in ; where -buere

pertinent, im-perturbable impiety, im- ,
is a causal form, apparently allied to
pious, im-placable, impolite, impolitic Inhere, to drink.
im-ponderable, impossible im-potent, im- , Imitate. (L.) From pp. of L. imitdrl,
practicable, im-probable, improper im- ,
to imitate ; frequentative of *imdre, not
provident, imprudent impure for which , ;
found ;
cf. L. ima-go. See Image.
see material, mature & c. Immaculate. (L.) L.im-maculdtus,
Image, a likeness, statue. (F. — L.) F. unspotted. — L. im- (for in-), not; macu-
image. -L. imdginem, acc. of imago, a See Maculate.
la tus, spotted.
likeness. Formed, with suffix -ago, from Immediate, without intervention or
the base im- in im-itdri, to imitate ;
see means. (F. — JL.)
M. F. immediate — L.
Imitate. im- (for in), not; medidtus, pp. ot L.
imagine. (F. — L.) F. imaginer, to medidre, to be in the middle. — L. medius,
think. — L. imdgindri to picture to oneself, middle. See Medium.
imagine. — L. imdgin -, stem of imago, an Immense. (F.-L.) F. immense .-
image, picture see above. Der. imagin-
; L. immensus unmeasurable. — L. im- (for
,

ary, imagination. in-), not mensus pp. of metiri, to

;

Imam, Imaum, a Muhammedan measure. Sec Measure.

priest. (Arab.) Arab, imam, a leader, Immerge, to plunge into. (L.) L.
chief, prelate, priest. — Arab, root amma, immergere (pp. im-mersus), to plunge
‘he tended towards.* Rich. Diet., p. into. — L. im- (for in), in; mergere, to
163. plunge. See Merge. Der. immers-ion.
Imbecile, feeble. (F.~ L.) Formerly Immigrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
rare as an but the verb imbicil, to
adj. ; immigrdre, to migrate to. ( 7///- in, in.)
enfeeble, is found, and was confused with See Migrate.
embezzle. — F. imbecile M. F. imbecille, ; Imminent, near at hand. (L.) L.
*
feeble * Cotgrave. — L. imbecillum, acc.
; imminent stem of pres. pt. of im-minere
of imbccillus (also imbecillis), feeble. to project over. — L. im- (for in), upon;
(Root unknown.) minere, to project, as in e- min ere.
Imbibe, to drink in. (F. — L. ; or L.) Immit, to inject. (L.) In Kersey
F. imbiber (1 6th cent.). — imhibere, to U (1715). L. im-mittere, to send into (pp.
drink in. —
L. im- (for in-), in; bibere , to immissus). — L. im- ( - in), in ; mitt ere, to
drink. send. See Missile. Der. immiss-ion.
Imbricated, bent and hollowed like Immolate, to offer in sacrifice. (L.)
a gutter-tile. (L.) Botanical. From pp. From pp. of L. immolate to sacrifice, lit.
of L. imbriedre, to cover with gutter-tiles. to throw meal upon a victim. L. im (for —
•• L. imbric stem of imbrex, a gutter- in), upon; mola, meal, cognate with E.
tile. — L. irnbri Meal
-, deck stem
of imber, a (1).
shower of rain.+Gk. aeppos, foam; Skt. Immunity, freedom from obligation.
abhra a rain-cloud ; Brugm, i. § 466. ( F. - L.)
immunity, immunity. — L.
F.
Imbroglio, intrigue, perplexity. (Ital.) immunitdiem, acc. of imm unitas, exemp-
ts
 , , , , - , , , ;

IMMURE IMPORT
tion. — L. immunise exempt from public impingere (pp. impactus), to bind, fasten
services. — L. im- (for in), not; munis, see Pact. See Dispatch.
serving, obliging (whence also communis , Impede, to obstruct. (L.) From L.
common). See Common. impeaire, to entangle the feet, obstruct. —
Immure. — L.) (F. For emmure . — L. im - ( = in ), in; ped-, stem of pes,
M. F. emmure r to shut up in prison, lit. foot. Der. impedi-ment.
to enclose with a wall.— L. im- ( = in ), Impel. (L.) L. im-pellere, to urge on.
in mums a wall.
; ,
— L. im (for in), on; pellere, to drive;
Imp, a graft, offspring, demon. (Late see Pulsate. Der. impulse, L. impulsus,
L. — Gk.) Formerly in a good sense, sb.. from the pp. impulsus.
meaning a scion, offspring. M. E. imp, Impend, to hang over. (L.) L. im*
a graft on a tree (A. S. impe ) impen, pendere, to hang over. — L. im-;
(for in),
to graft. — Late
L. impotus, a graft (Lex on, over; pendere, to hang. See Pen-
Salica) [whence also Dan. ympe Swed. dant.
; ,

ympa G. impfen, O. H. G. impiton to Imperative. (F.-L.) F. imptratif,

, ,

graft]. — Gk. efKpvros, engrafted James imperious. — L. imperdtiuus, due to a com-

;

i. 21. — Gk. kfx<pveiv, to implant. — Gk. mand.— L. imperatum, a command; neut.

in- (for tv), in; <pvuv to produce, from of imperdtus, pp. oUmperare, to command.
,

^BHEU, to be ; see Be. See Emperor.

Impact, a striking against. (L.) L. imperial. (F.—L.) O. F emperial, .

impact-us, pp. of impingere, to impinge. later imperial. — L. imperidlis, belonging

See Impinge. to an empire. — L. imperium an empire.
Impair, to make worse, injure, weaken. See Empire.
(F. — L.') M. E. empeiren — O. F. em- Impertinent. From Im- (4) and
.

peirer later etnpirer to impaired Cot.— Pertinent.

,
‘

Late L. impeiordre to make worse. — L. Impervious. From Im- (4) and

,

im- (for in), prep., with intensive force; Pervious.

and prior, worse, a comparative form from Impetus. (L.) L. impetus lit. ‘ a fall- ,

a lost positive. Cf Pessimist. ing on a rush, attack. — L. im- {in), on;

Impale, to fix on a stake. (L.) Late petere to fall, fly, seek. See Petition.
L. impdldre (whence F. cmpaler). — L. im- Impinge, to strike against. (L.) L.
(for in), on pd/us, a stake. See Pale (i). impingere, to strike against. — L. im- {in),
;

Impart. (F.—L.) M. F. imparlir. — on, upon pangere, to fasten, also to ;

L. impartire, impertlre, to give a share to. strike. See Pact.

— L. im- ( — in), to, upon partire, to part, Implement, a tool. (Late L.-L.)
;

from parti-, decl. stem of pars, a part. Late E. implcmentum an accomplishing , ;

See Part. hence, means for accomplishing. — L. itu-

Impassive. From Im- (4) and Pas- plere, to fill in, execute. — I,, im- (for in),
sive. in plere to fill. See Plenary. ; ,

Impawn. From Im- (3) and Pawn (1). Implicate. (L.) From pp. of L. im-
Impeach, to charge with a crime. (F. plicate, to involve. — L. im- {in), in;
— L.) The original sense was ‘ to hinder plicare, to fold. See Ply. 1
;

as, to impeach and stop their breath,’

‘
implicit. (F. — L.) F. implicite .-
Holland, tr. of Pliny, b. xi. c. 3. — O. F. L. implicitus, old pp. of implicare (above).
Implore. (F. — L.) F. itnplorer. — L.
*
empescher to hinder, stop, bar, impeach
,
‘
;

Cot. Older spelling empeescher, where the imp Idrare, to implore. — L. im ( - in), on, -

s is adventitious. [Littre and Scheler con- upon pldrdre, to wail. Cf. deplore. ;

nect the mod. F. empkher with Prov. em- Imply. (F.—L.) Coined from L. tm-
pedegar, from Late L. impedicdre, to fetter. {in), and ply as if from a F. Hmplier ; ;

— L. im- (for in), on, upon; pedica a but the F. form was impliquer still
fetter, from ped stem of pes, a foot.] earlier emploier (whence E. employ). See
,

p. At the same time the usual sense of E. Ply.

impeach and some (at least) of the senses Import. (F. — L.; or L.) In two
of O. F. empescher above are due to O. F. senses (1) to signify. — M. F. importer, to :

empacher, Span .empachar, Ital. impacciare, signify. — L. importare to import, bring

to delay; from a Late L. frequent, form in, introduce, cause (2) to bring in from ;

(*impacticdre, in Korting, § 4110) of L. abroad directly from the same L. im- ;

 , , , ,; , . , , , ;

IMPORTABLE IMPROVISE
portdre — L. im - (iff), in ; portdre, to bring.
. not ;
F. prendre, from L. prthendere, to
X)er. import-ant, i. e. importing much. take, seize. See Prehensile*
See Port (i). Impregnate, to render pregnant. (L.)
importable, in tolerable; obsolete. (F. From pp. of L. impragndre f
to impreg-
— L. ) M. F. importable — L. imporldbtlis, nate. -L. im- (for in), in;
. *pragndre,
,

that cannot be borne. — L. im- {in-), not; only used in the pres. pt. pragnans ; see
portdre , to bear. Pregnant.
Importune, tomo^t. (F.-L.) From Imprese, an heraldic device, with a
M. E. importune adj., troublesome. — F. motto. (F.-Ital.— L.) In Rich. II. iii.
s

importun , ‘importunate Cot.-*L. im- 1. Also spelt impresa (Nares). — O. F.

25.
pdrt&nus, unfit, unsuitable, troublesome. — Ital. impresa, ‘an imprese, an
imprese.
’
Orig. ‘ hard of access ; from L. im- (in-), embleme also, an enterprise ; * Florio.
;

not ; portus access, a harbour. See Port Fern, of impreso, undertaken (hence,
(2). Der. importun-ate from pp. of adopted), pp. of iniprendere to undertake.
Late L. importundri, to vex, dep. vb. — L. in, in prehendere , to lay hold of.
;

Impose. (F. — L. and Ok.) F. im- Doublet, emprise, an enterprise, Spenser,

poser, to lay upon. — F. im- (L. in), upon F. Q. ii. 4. 12 ; from F. emprise, fem. pp.
F. poser, to lay. See Pose ( i ). of emprendre to undertake (Cotgrave) *
Imposition. (F. — L. ) F. imposition . Ital. iniprendere Der. impresario an ,

— L. acc. impositidnem, a laying on. — L. undertaker, stage-manager ; from impresa

impositus, pp. of imponere , to lay on. — L. an undertaking.
im- (in), on ponere , to lay.
;
Impress. (L.) L. impressare, fre-
impost. (F. — L.) O. F. impost a ,
quent. of imprimere to press upon. — L. ,

tax. — L. pp. neut. impositum (above), a im- (in), on ;

premere , to press. See
thing imposed. Press.
Impostbnme, an abscess. (F. L.— — imprint. (F.-L.) The verb, in Sir
Gk.) Letter apostume , as in Cotgrave.— T. More, is formed as if from im - and
M. F. apostume ,
‘ an apostume, an inward print but we also find M. E. empreinten.
;

swelling of corrupt matter.’

full still A — O. F. empreinte, ‘ a stamp, print 9 Cot. ;

better spelling is M. F. aposteme, also in Orig. fem. of pp. of empreindre, to print, ‘

Cotgrave.— L. apostema. — Gk. dirocrrr)fia, stamp;* id. — L. imprimere to impress,

a standing away from hence, a separation ;
press upon (above). See Print.
of corrupt matter. Gk. Ait6 away crrrj — , ; Imprison. (F. — L.) For emprison. —
base of 'iorrjfu, I set, place, stand. O. F. emprisonner, to imprison. — O. F.
IVStA.) em - (for L. in), in ; prison, a prison. See
Impostor. (L.) L. impostor ,
a de- Prison.
ceiver:from L. impdnere to impose, also, , Impromptu, a thing said off hand.
to impose upon, cheat. See Imposition. ( F. — L.) F. impromptu. — L. in promptu,
Impotence. (F.-L.) F. (and O. F.) in readiness where prompts is abl. of
;

impotence. — L. impotentia , inability. — L. promptus a sb. formed from promere, to

,

impotent -, stem of impotens, powerless. bring forward see Prompt. ;

See Im- (4) and Potent. Impropriate, to appropriate to private

Impoverish. (F.-L.) From O. F. use. (L.) Coined from L. im- (in), in
empovris stem of pres. pt. of empovrir propriare, to appropriate, from proprius, ,

to impoverish. — F. em- ( -= L. in), ex- one’s own. See Proper.

tremely; O. F. povre , poor, from Lat. Improve. (F.— L.) F ormerly emprove,
pauperem acc. of pauper poor. See for late M. E. enprowen (Skelton), which
,

Poverty and Poor. was itself an alteration of M. E. approwen,

Imprecate. (L.) From pp. of L. im - to benefit. — O. F. aproer apprower to ,

precart, to call down upon by prayer. — L. benefit. — O. F. a (for L. ad, to), and
im- (in), upon preedri, to pray. See Pre- prou , sb., profit, answering to Ital. prode,
;

carious and Pray. sb., benefit. Cf. Ital. prode, adj., good,
Impregnable. (F.-L.) The gn valiant see Prowess, The O. F. ;

orig. represented the sound of n followed sb. emprovement, improvement, occurs in

by a slight glide cf. M. E. regne, pron. Godefroy.
;

(ren'ya), whence E. reign. - F. imprenable, Improvise. (F.-Ital.-L.) F. im-

Cot. - F. im- ( = L. in-) proviser.-* Ital. ttnprowisdre, to sing ex*
1
‘
impregnable ;
257
 , , - , , , , . ,
:
; , , -, , , ;,

IMPUDENT INCESSANT
temporaneous verses. — Ital. improvviso, Inaugurate. (L.) From pp. of L.
sudden, unprovided for.— L. improuisus in-augurdre, to practise augury, to con- ,

unforeseen. — L. im- (for */*-), not pro, be- secrate, begin formally. — L. in, in, upon
;

fore ;
uisus, pp. of uidere to see. See augur an augur see Augur. , ;

Vision. Inca, a royal title. (Peruv.) Peruv.

Impudent, shameless. (F.— L.) F. inca, a title. Cf. Peruv. fapay kapac
impudent. — L. impudent -, stem of im- Inca king of Peru {papay = only kapac , ;

pudens shameless. — L. im - (for **), not

,
= lord). Inca was orig. the chief of a
pudens, modest, pres. pt. of pudere , to tribe (Oviedo).
feel shame. Incandescent, glowing hot. (L.)
Impugn. (F. - L.) F. impugner - L. From stem of pres. pt. of in-candescere, to
impugndre to, fight against. — L. im - (for glow; where candescere is the inceptive
,

i«), against; pugndre to fight, from pugna form of candere to glow. See Candid. ,

a battle cf. pugnus a fist.

; , Incantation. (F.-L.) F. incanta-
Impulse ; see Impel. tion. — L. incantdtidncm acc. of incantdtio, ,

Impunity. (F.- L.) F. impuniti. - an enchanting. — L. incantdre, to enchant.

L. aoc. impunitatem, acc. of impunitds — L. in, on, upon cant are, to sing, ;

•impunity. — L. impuni-s without punish- frequent, of canere to sing. See Enchant

ment. — L. (
- in-), not poena, punish- and Cant (1).
;

ment. See Pain. Incarcerate, to imprison. (L.) L.

Impute. (F. — L.) F. imputer. — L. in, in ; and carcerdtus pp. of careerare,
impulare to ascribe. — L. *>w- (*«) towards; to imprison, from career a prison.
,

putare to reckon. See Putative. Incarnadine, to dye of a red colour.

In, prep. (E.) A. S. m.+Du. Icel. (F.— Ital. — L.) F. incarnadin carnation
*, Swed. Dan. f, Goth. *7*, G. i«, Vi.yn, colour (Cot.). — Ital. incarnadino, carna-
O. Irish L. zw, Gk. 4 k, eW. L. zVz is tion colour (Florio) ; also spelt incarna-
for O. E. (as in en-do) = Gk. 4 k. Per. tino. — Ital. incarnato, incarnate; also, of
itin-er, A. S. innera in-most A. S. zVz»<?- flesh colour. — L. uicamdtus, pp. of incar-
; ,

inest (i. e. inne-m-est a double superl. nare to clothe with flesh (below). ,

form). The form innermost is also a cor- incarnation. (F. -L.) F. incarna-
ruption of A S. innemest Also in-ward, tion. — L. acc. incarndtionetn embodiment
.

t here-in, where -in, with-in in-as-much, in flesh. — L. incarndtus pp. of incarnare

, ,

in- so- much, in-ter in-tro -. And see Inn. to clothe with flesh. — L. in, on ; and earn-,
In- (i), prefix. (E.) In some words, it decl. base of caro, flesh. See Carnal.
is only the prep. i>i in composition. Exx. Incendiary. (L.) L. incendiarius,
in-born , in- treathe, in-bred in-laftd &c. setting on fire. — L. incendium, a burning.
, ,

And see Im- ( i ). — L. incendere, to set on fire. — L. in,

In- (a), prefix. (L.) In some words, it upon and *candere, to burn (not found), ;

is the L. prep. *7 f in composition. Exx. : allied to Skt. chand, to shine.

inaugurate , in-carcerate , &c. Sometimes, incense (1), to inflame. (L.) From
it has passed through French as indica- ;
L. incensus, pp. of incendere, to set on
tion, c.& It becomes il- before /, *»#- fire ;
see above.
before /«, and p, ir- before r. incense (2), smell of burnt spices.
In- (3), negative prefix. (L. ; or F. — L.) (F. — L.)F. encens, incense, burnt spices.
From L. neg. prefix in-, cognate with E.
j

— L. incensum, that which is burnt; neut.

neg. prefix un - ; see Un- (1), An-, A- (9). of pp. of incendere, to set on fire (above).
It becomes i- before gn, as in i-gnoble ; Incentive. (L.) L. incenttuus, strik-
*/- before / im before b, ;
and p ir- m , ;
ing up a tune, inciting. — L. *incenlus,
before r. Der. in-ability, in- accessible, unused pp. of incinere to sound an instru- ,

&c., &c. ;
for which see able, access, &c. ment. — L. in, into ; and canere, to sound,
Inane, empty, silly, useless. (L.) L. sing. See Chant.
indnis . void, empty. Root unknown. Inceptive. (F.-L.) O. F. inceptif,
jDer. inan-i-ty. adj., beginning (Godefroy). — Late L. *in-
inanition, exhaustion from lack of ceptivus (not found). — L. incept-us, pp. of
food. (F. — L.)
F. inanition, * an empty- incipere, to begin ; see Incipient.
ing;* Cot. From the pp. of inanire , to Incessant, ceaseless. (F.-L.) F.
empty ; from indnis (above). incessant — L. incessant stem of incessans, .
 , , , , — , , ,;,

INCEST INDEMNIFY
unceasing.— L. in-, not; cessans ceasing, can, I know (how) ; ,
cf. Icel. kunnigr,
pres. pt. of cessdre, to cease, frequent, of knowing, wise.
cedere, to yield. See Cease and Cede. Incorporate. (L.) L. incorpordtus,
Incest, impurity. (F. — L.) M. E. in- pp. ofincorpordre, to furnish with a
cest.— Y. inceste, sb. m. — L. incestus (gen. body; hence to form into a body. L. in, —
-its), incest. — L. incestus, unchaste.— L. in ; corpor-, stem of corpus, a body. See
///-, not ;
cast us, chaste. See Chaste. Corporal (2).
Inch(i), the twelfvh part of a foot. (L. (F. — L.) M.E. increscn , Increase.
— Gk.) M.E. incite. A. S. ynce. —
L. encresen. — F. en (L. in) and A. F. creiss-, ;

uncia,$xi inch ; also an ounce, one-twelfth stem of pres. pt. of A. F. creistre, O. F.

of a pound. — Sicilian ovy/cia , the same. croistre (F. croft re), to grow, from L.
Gk. 07/tfoy, bulk, weight. Doublet, ounce crescet'c, to grow. See Crescent. Der.
(1). And see Uncial. increase sb. A. F. encrees. , ;

Inch (2), an island. (Gael.) Gael. increment. (L.) I,, incrementum

innis an island. +Irish inis ; W. ytiys ; an increase. L. in, in, used intensively;
Bret, enez ; Corn. enys. ere-, as in cre-tum, supine of crescere , to
Incident. (F. — L.) F. incident, ‘ an grow, with suffix - mentum . Cf. de-cre -
incident;* Cot. — L. incident-, stem of ment.
pres. pt. of incidere , to fall upon. — L. in, Incubate. (L.) From pp. of Lat.
on; and cadere to fall. See Cadence. incubdre to sit on eggs to hatch them. —
Incipient. (L.) L. incipient-, stem L. in, upon ; citbare to lie down, to sit. ,

of pres. pt. of incipere to begin. — L. in, incubus. (L.) L. incubus , a night-

,

upon ; capere, to lay hold of. See Capa- mare.— L. in- cubdre, to lie upon (above).
cious. Inculcate. (L.) From pp. ofL. in-
Incise, to cut into. (F. — L.) F. cidcdrc, lit. to tread in, hence, to enforce
inciser. — L. incTsus, pp. of in-ctdere, to by admonition. — L. hi, in ; ealedre, to
cut into. — L. in, in cadere to cut. See tread.
;
See Calk.
Caesura. Inculpate. (L.) From pp. of Late
Incite. (F. — L.) F. inciter. — L. L. inculpdre, to bring blame upon. — L.
incitdre , to urge on. — L. in, on; citdre, in, upon ; culpdre , to blame. See Culp-
to urge. See Cite. able.
Incline, to lean towards. (F. — I..) Incumbent. (L.) L. incumbent
F. incliner. — L. inclTnare. — L. in, to- stem of pres. pt. of inettmbere, to recline
wards *c/indre to lean, cognate with E. on, rest on or in (remain in)
; ,
where ;

Lean (1), q. v. Doublet, encline *cumbere is a nasalised form allied to

.

Inclose. (F. — L.) For enclose. — cubdre, to lie down. So also pro-cumbent ,
O. F. enclos, pp. of enclore, to include. — prostrate re-cumbent lying back upon
;

1 ,. inclftdere to shut in. L. in, in — ;

I
suc-cumb , to lie under, yield to.
claudere, to shut. See Clause. Incur. (L.) L. incurrere, to run
include. (L.) From L. includere into, run upon. — L. in, upon; currere to ,

(above). run. See Current.

Incognito, lit. unknown. (Ital. — L.) incursion. (F. — L.) M. F. incursion.
Ital. unknown. — L. in-cognitus, — L. huursidnem, acc. of incursio, an
incognito,
not known. — L. in-, not cognitus, known. inroad. — L. incursus, pp. of vicurrere,
;

See Cognition. to run into, attack (above).

Income, gain, revenue. (E.) Properly Incurvate, to crook. (L.) From pp.
that which comes in; from in and come. of L. incurudre, to bend into a curve. —
So also out -come, i. e. result. L. in, in; curudre, to bend. See Curve.
Incommode. (F. — L.) F. incom- Indeed, (E.) For in deed, i. e.
truly.
moder, to inconvenience. — L. incommodare, in tact ;
Deed. see
to inconvenience. — L. in, not commodus, ; Indelible. (F.-L.) For indelible.
— M. F. indelebile, indelible Cot. — L.
(
fit; see Commodious. ;
*

Incony, fine, delicate, very dear. (E.) indelebilis, indelible. — L. iw-,not; delebilis
In Shak. For in-conny ;
where in- is destructible, from delerc to destroy. ,
See
intensive, as in M. E. in-ly, very ; and Delete.
conny (also canny) is North E., meaning Indemnify, to make damage good.
skilful, gentle, pleasant, &c. From E. (L.) Ill cpined ;
from L. indemni-s, un-
259
 , , , , , , ,, , -

INDEMNITY INERT
harmed, free from loss; and F. -fier, for —
Indite. (F. L.) For endiie. M. F.
L. •fic-dre, for facere to make (as in endicter, O. F. enditer to indict, accuse;
magni-fy). L. indetnnis is from L. in-, also spelt inditer. —
Late L. indietdre, to
not; and damnum loss. See Damn. ,
point out, frequent, of indteere, to appoint,
indemnity. (F. — L.) F. indemnity. See Indioate. Doubtless confused with
L. acc. indemnitdtem. — L. in-demni-s, the closely related L. indieare, to point out.
unharmed, free from loss (damnum). Indolence. (F.~ L.) F. indolence
Indent to cut into points like
(i), L. indolent ia, freedom from pain; hence,
teeth. (Law
L.) law term. -.Law L. A ease, idleness. — L. in -, not; dolents stem
indenture, to notch. — L. in, in; dent-, of pres. pt. of dolere, to grieve. See
stem of dens, a tooth. Der. indenture Doleful.
(F.e/utenture); so called because duplicate
^
Indomitable. (L.) Coined from in-,
deeds were cut with notched edges to fit not domitare , to subdue, frequent,
; of
one another. domdre to tame. See Daunt.
,

Indent (2), to make a dint in. (E.) Indubitable. (F. — L.) M.F. indubi-
From E. in, prep.; and dent, a dint, table. — L.
indubitdbilis, not to be doubted.
See Dint. Suggested by indent (1), but — L. in-, not; dubitdbilis doubtful, from
quite a distinct word. dubildre, to doubt; see Doubt.
Index. (L.) L. index (stem indie-), a Induce. (L.) L. inducere to lead to.
discloser, something that indicates. —L. — L. in, in, to ;
dueere, to lead ; see
indiedre, to point out. — L. in, in, to; Duke.
diedre, to appoint, declare, allied to induct. (L.) From L. induct-us, pp.
dieere. to say; see Diction. of inducere, to bring in (above).
indicate. (L.) From pp. of L. in- Indue (i), to invest or clothe with,
dicare, to point at, point out (above). supply with. (L.) In Spenser, F. Q. iii.
—
indict. (F. L.) For indite (which 6. 35. —
L. induere to put into, put on,
is the French spelling), and so pronounced, clothe with. The prefix is ind-, not
See Indite. in- (for this prefix sec Indigent) ; cf.
indiction, a cycle of fifteen years, ex-uuice, spoils, itul-uuice , clothes. Sec
(L.) O. F. indiction, an appointment of Exuvias.
tributes arranged for fifteen years; the lit. Indue (2), a corruption of Endue, q.v.
sense is merely ‘ appointment.* — L. in- Indulgence. (F.— L.) F .indulgence,
dictionem, acc. of indict io, an appointment, — L. indulgentia. — I,, indulgent-, stem of
esp. of a tax. — L. indictus, pp. of indicere, pres. pt. of indulgere be courteousto to,
to appoint, impose a tax. — L. in, upon; indulge. (Of unknown origin.)
dicere. to say. Sec Diction. Indurate, to harden. (L.) From pp.
Indigenous, native. (L.) Late L. of L. indurdre, to harden. — L. in, inten-
indigen-us native with suffix - ous — L.
; . give ; diirdre, to harden, from durus hard.
indi- O. Lat. indu, within (cf. Gk. See Dure.
ivtiev ) ; and gen-, as in gen-i-tus, bom, pp. Industry. (F.~L.) F. Industrie. -
of gignere, to beget see Genus. ; L. industna. — L. industrius, diligent.
Indigent, destitute. (F. — L.) M.F. Origin uncertain.
indigent. - L.
indigent -, stem of pres. part. Inebriate. (L.) From I,, inebridtus,
of indigere, to be in want. — L. ind-, for pp. of mebriare, to make drunk. L. in, —
indu, an O. Lat extension from in, in in, very; ebridre, to make drunk, from
(cf, Gk. Mov, within) egere, to want, be ; ebrius, drunk. See Ebriety.
in need; cf. L. indigus , needy. Cf. Gk. Ineffable. (F. -L.) F. ineffi. ble .

Poor, needy (Theocritus). L . unspeakable. — L. in-, not;

ineffdbilis,
Indigo, a blue dye. (F,-Span.~ L. \ef- (for ex), out; fa-rT, to speak; with
~Gk.~Pers.~Skt.) F. indigo. — Span, suffix -bilis. See Fate.
indigo. —
\j. indicum, indigo; neut. of Inept, foolish. (F.—L.) XVII cent.
Indicus, Indian (hence Indian dye). — Gk. —M.F. inepte. — L. ineptus, improper,
Muc6 v, indigo ; neut. of 'Ivbutbs, Indian. — foolish. — L. in-, not; and aptus fit. (Also
Pers. Hind, India ; a name due to the inapt, from in-, not, and apt.) See Apt.
river Indus. - Skt. sindhu-, the river Indus ; Inert. (L.) L. inert-, stem of itters,
a large river. - Skt. syand, to flow, The unskilful, inactive. - L. in-, not j ars, skill.
Persian changes initial s into k. See Art (2).
260
 , , , -
;; , , e
, , . ,

INEXORABLE INGLE
Inexorable. (F.-L.) — L. in, in ; fare, to
F. inexorable. to blow into, puff up.
— L. inexdrdhilis , that cannot be See Flatulent. moved blow.
by intreaty. — L. in-, not; exordre to Inflect, to modulate the voice, &c.
,

gain by intreaty, from L. ex out, greatly, (L.) L. infectere lit. to bend in. — L.
, ,

and ordre, to pray. See Oration. in in fectere, to bend. See Flexible. , ;

Infamy. (F.—L.) F. infamie. — L. Inflict. (L.) From L. infictus, pp. of

infamia ill fame. — L. infdmi-s adj., of inftgere, to inflict, lit. to strike upon. — L.
, ,

ill fame. — L. *«-, not, bad; fdma, fame. in, upon; and fligere to strike. See
See Fame. Afflict.
Infant. (L.) L. infant-, stem of *«- Inflorescence, mode of flowering.
not speaking, hence, a very young (F. — L.) F. inflorescence From the .

babe. — L.
in -, not ;
pres. pt. of pres. pt. of L. inflorescere, to burst into
/drf, to speak. blossom. — L. in, into ; and florescere,
infantry. (F.-Ital.— L.) Y.infan- inceptive form of fldrere, to bloom. See
terie. — Ital. infanteria, foot-soldiers; orig. Flourish.
a band of 4
infants,’ as young men were
Influence. (F.-L.) O. F. influence,
called. — infante , an infant. — L. a flowing in, esp. used of the influence of
Ital.
infante m, acc. of infans (above). planets. — Late L. influentia — L. influent
Infatuate. (L.) From pp. of L. stem of pres. pt. ot influere to flow into. ,

infat u fire, to make a fool of. — L. in, in, — L. in, into ; fluere , to flow. See
greatly; fatuus foolish. Sec Fatuous. Fluent.
Infect, to taint. (F. — L.) M. E. influenza. (Ital. - L.) Ital. influenza,
infect, as pp. ; also infecten vb. — O. F. influence, also used of a severe catarrh. A
infect infected. — I,, infcctus, pp. of in doublet of Influence (above).
Jicere to put in, dye, stain. — L. in, in
, influx. (F. — L.) O. F. influx. — L. in-
facere to put.
,
See Fact. flux us, a flowing in. — L. in, in; fluxus,
Infer, to imply. (F.— L.) M. F. in- pp. offluere to flow. ,

ferer ; F. infirer.— L. inferre, to bring in, Inform, to impart knowledge to. (F.
introduce. — L. in, in; ferre, to bring. L.) —
F. informer. — L. inform are, to
See Fertile. put into form, mould also, to tell, inform. ;

Inferior. (F. — L.) M. F. infericur. —

— L. in, into fortna form. See Form. ; ,

L. inferiorem, acc. of inferior lower, Infraction, violation of law. (F.—

,

comp, of inferus , low, nether. Strictly, L.) F. infraction. — L. acc. infractidnem,

inferus is itself a compar. form, which a weakening, breaking into. — L. infractus
some connect with Skt. adhara, lower pp. of in- ringer (below). f
which is doubtful. See Brugm. i. § 589 infringe. (L.) L. infringere , to
(note). break into, violate law. — L. in, into;
infernal. (F.-L.) F. infernal, -L. rangere, to bieak. See Fragile. f
inferndlis, belonging to the lower regions. Infuriate. (Ital.-L.) Ital. infuriato,
— L. ittfemus lower; extended from in- pp. of infuriat e to fly into a rage. — Ital.
,

ferus (above). in fttria ‘in a fury, ragingly;’ Florio.—

—
Infest, to harass. (F. L.) F. infester. L. in, in furia, rage. See Fury, Or ;

—
— L. infestdre, to attack. L. infestus, from Late L. pp. infuridtus (Ducange).
attacking, hostile; orig. unsafe. Origin Infuse. ( F. — L. ) F. infuser. — L. in-
doubtful. fusus pp. of infunder e, to pour in. L. —
Infidel. (F.— L.) M.F. infidele, ‘in- in, in ; fmidere, to pour. See Fuse (1).
Cot. — L. infdelis, faithless. — L. Ingenious. (F. - L.) M.F . ingenieux
1
fidell;
in-, not fldflis, faithful, from fide-s, faith.
;
Cot!j,-L. ingenidsus , clever. — L. ingen -
v

See Faith. ium natural capacity ; see Engine. ,

Infinite. (F. -L.) O. F. infnit (F. ingenuous. (L.) L. ingenu-us, in

infni). — L. infinitus unended. — L. in-, born, free-born, frank; with suffix -off- —
,

not ; flnjtus, pp. of finire, to end, from L. in, in ; gen-, as in gen-i-tus , born, pp.
finis, end. See Final. oi gignere, to beget. See Genus.
Infirm. (L.) L. infirmus, not strong, Ingle (i)» fire. (C.) Lowl. Sc. ingle,
weak. — L. in-, not; firmus, firm. See fire. Perhaps from Gael and Irish aingeal,
Firm. Der. infrm-ar-y , infirm-Uty. fire. Allied to Irish ong, Russ, ogone fire. ,

Inflate. (L.) From pp. of L. infldre, See Ignition.

 , , , , \ , , ,, , ;;

INGLE INN
Ingle a darling, paramour.
(2), (Du. Inhibit, to check. (L.) From L. in-
or Fries. — L. — Gk.)
Also eng/e (Nares). hibitus, pp. of inhibere, to keep in, hold
M. Du. ingel, engel an angel (hence, a in. —
L. in, in; habere, to have, keep.
term of endearment). Koolman notes E. S~e Habit.
Fries, engel an angel, as being commonly
,
Inimical. (L.) L. inimicdlis ex-
used as a term of endearment and as a tended from inimicus, hostile. — L. in-,
female name. — L. angelus. — Gk. ayyekos. not; and amicus friendly. See Enemy ,

See Angel. and Amiable.

Ingot, a mass of un wrought metal. Iniquity, M. E. in-
vice. (F.-L.)
(K.) M. E. ingot, Chaucer, C. T. 16677, iquitee. — F. iniquitdtem,
iniquiti. — L.
&c., where it means a mould for molten acc. of iniquitds, injustice. — L. in-, not
metal. But the true sense is ‘ that which tequilas, equity. See Equity.
is poured in,* a mass of metal. — A. S. in, Initial, pertaining to the beginning.
in and got-en poured, pp. of geotan, to
; ,
(F. — L.) F. initial. — L. initidlis, adj.
pour, fuse metals. Cf. Du. ingieten Swed. from initium a beginning. — L. initum ,
,

ingjuta to pour in. Also Du. gieten , G. supine of in ire to go in, to enter into or ,

giessen, Icel. gjota (pp. got inn), Dan. gyde, upon. — L. in, in ire, to go. ;

Swed. gjuta Goth, giutan , to pour, shed, initiate, to begin. (L.) From pp.
fuse ; cognate with L ./widen ( ^ G H EU. '

of L. initidre to begin. —
L. initium
Hence F. Iingot, for V ingot. + G. ein- (;ibovc\
guss a pouring in, also an ingot; Swed.
, Inject. (L.) From iniectus, pp. of
ingote, the neck of a mould for metals. L. inicere to cast in, throw into. — L. in,
Ingrain, to dye of a fast colour. (F.— in ;
iacere , to throw. See Jet (1).
D.) M. E. engreynen. — M. F. engrainer Injunction, command. (L.) From
(Palsg. ). — F. en graine , in grain, with a L. iniunctio an order. — L. iniunctus, pp.
,

fast colour. — F. en in (L. in); Late L. ,

of iniungere, to bid. See Enjoin.
gran a, cochineal dye, from griinum, a Injure. (F.-L.) F. injurier. — Late
grain. See Grain and Cochineal. L. iniuridre for L. in id rid; 1, to harm.—
;

Ingrate, (F. — L.^ungrateful.

F. in- L. iniuria, harm. — L. inturius, wrong.—
grat. L. ingrains, not pleasing. — L. in-,
— L. in-, not 2 dr-, for ius, law, right. See
;

not ; grains, pleasing. See Grateful. Just.

Ingratiate, to commend to the favour Ink. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. enke. -
of. L.) 1 Coined from L. in, in ; gratia ,
O. F. enque (F. enere).— Late L. incaus-
favour, grace. See Grace. tum ; L. encaustum the purple-red ink ,

Ingredient, that which enters into a used by the later Roman emperors; neut.
compound. (F. — L.) F. ingredient (the of encaustus, burnt in. — Gk. iynavaros,
same — L.
ingredient-, stem of pres. pt.
. burnt in. — Gk. Iv, in; /reu'eu, I burn. (Cf.
of ingredi to cuter upon, begin hence to Ital. inchiostro ink.) See Encaustic.
enter into). —
L. in, in ; gradi to go. See , Inkle, a kind of tape. (Origin un-
Grade. Perhaps from M. Du. enckel, Du.
known.)
ingress. (L.) enkel, single, as opposed to double; but
L. ingress us, an enter-
ing. — L there is no obvious connexion.
ingressus pp. of ingredi (above).
Inguinal, relating to the groin. (L.) Inkling, a hint, intimation. (Scand.?)
L. inguindlis (the same). — 1 inguin -, M. E. inkling a whisper, murmur, low
.. ,

stem of inguen the groin. , speaking. Alexander, when in disguise,

Inhabit. (F. — L.) M. F. inhabiter.— leared he was discovered, because he ‘herd
L. inhabitdre, to dwell in. — L. in, in; habi- a nyngkiling of his name^ Allit. romance
tare, to dwell. See Habitation. of Alexander, 2968 ; where a nyngkiling
Inhale. (L.) L. inhdlare, to breathe stands for an yngkiling. ‘To incle the
in, draw in breath.— L. in, in; hdldre, to truthe = to hint at the truth, Alisaundcr
’

breathe. Cf. Exhale. (in app. to Wm. of Paleme), 616. Origin

Inherent. (L.) L. inherent-, stem unknown perhaps allied to Swed. enkel, ;

of pres. pt. of in-harere, to stick in. Hence single ; cf. et enkelt ord. a single word
inhere, as a verb. See Hesitate. M. Du. enckelinge, a falling or a dimin- ‘

Inherit. (F. — L.) O. F. enheriter — ishing of notes * Hexham. . ;

Late L. inhereditare. — L. in, in hered-em, Inn, sb. (E.) M. E. in, inn — A. S.

;
.

acc. of heres, an heir. See Heir. inn, in, sb., room, dwelling. — A. S. in,
262
 , , , ,, ; , ,, , , ,,

INNING INSTEP
inn adv., within, indoors. — A.S. in, prep., sectnm , a thing cut into,’ i. e. nearly
lit. *

in.+Icel .inni, an inn ; inni, adv., indoors. divided, from the shape. — L. insectus, pp.
See In.. of insecure , to cut into. — L. in, into;
inning. (E.) Properly the securing secure, to cut. See Secant.
or housing of grain, from inn, vb., due to Insert. (X.) From L. insertus, pp.
inn, sb. (above). Also innings, at of inserere, to introduce, put in. — L. in,
cricket, in variably used in the plural, in serere to join, put. See Series.
;

because the side which is in consists of Insidious. (F.-L.) F. insidieux

several players. deceitful. — L. insidiosus, treacherous. — L.
Innate, in-born. (L.) L. inndtus in- in suit a pi. troops of men who lie in wait,
born. — L. in, in; ndtus, born; see Natal. abo cunning wiles. — L. insidere, to lie in
Innocent. (F. — L.) F. innocent — L. wait, lit. ‘to sit in.’ — L. in, in; sedere, to
.

innocent-, stem of innocens harmless.— sit. Sec Sedentary.

,

L. in-, not nocens pres. pt. of nocere, to

; ,
Insignia. (L.) L. insignia, marks of
hurt. See Noxious. office; pi. of insigne, which is the neuter
in nOCTIOUS. (L.) L. innocu-us, harm- of insignis, remarkable. — L. in, upon;
less with suffix - ous — L. in-, not
;
nocere, signum a mark.
.
;
See Sign.
to hurt. Insinuate. (L.) From pp. of L. in-
I nn ovate, to introduce something new. sinudre, to introduce by winding or
(L.) From pp. of L. innoudre, to renew, bending. — L. in, into ; sinus (gen. siniis),
make new. — L. in, in; nouns, new. See a bend. See Sinus.
Novel. Insipid. (L.) L. insipidus. - L. in-,
Innuendo, an indirect hint. Not not; supidus, savoury. See Sapid.
(L.)
From L. innuendo Insist. F. — L. F. insistcr. — L. in-
s
to be spelt inuendo. ,
.

by intimating gerund of innucre, to nod sistere, to set foot on, persist. — L. in, in;
;

towards, intimate. — L. in, in, at; nncre, sistere to set, stand, from stare, to stand.
to nod. See Nutation. See State.
Inoculate. (L.) In old authors it Insolent. (F.-L.) M. E. insolent.
means ‘ to engraft.* — L. inoculdtus, pp. of — F. insolent, saucy. — L. insolent-, stem
inoctildre, to engraft, insert a graft.— L. of insolens insolent; of doubtful origin. ,

in, in ; oculus, an eye, also a bud of a Perhaps ‘swelling against;* from L. in-,
plant. See Ocular. against, and sol-, weak grade of vb. to swell.
Inordinate. (L.) L. inordindtus . — Inspect. (L.) L inspeetdre, to ob-
L. in-, not ordindtus ordered, controlled, serve frequent, of inspicere, to look into.
; ;

pp. of ordindre ; see Ordain. And see — L. in, into; specere to look. See
Order. Species.
Inquest. — L.)
Later spelling of
(F. Inspire. (F.—L.) O. F. enspirer
hi. E. enqueste. O. F. en quest *?. — Late L. M. F. inspirer (Cot.).— L. inspirare to ,

inquest a sb., from inquesta, fern, of Late breathe into. — L. in, into ; spirare , to
L. inquestus. — L. inquisittis, pp. of in- breathe. See Spirit.
quire re, to search into. — L. in, into Inspissate, to make thick. (L.)
quaerere to search. See Query.
,
From pp. of L. inspissare, to thicken.—
inquire, late spelling of Enquire, L. in, in spissus, thick, dense. ;

q. v. Instance. (F. - L.) F. instance , ‘ in-

inquisition. (F.-L.) F. inquisi- stance, urgency;* Cot. — L. instantia, a
tion — L. acc. inquisTtionem, a search being near, urgency. — L, instant
. stem
into. — L. inquisltus, pp. of inquirere of pres. pt. of instdre, to be at hand, to
;

see Inquest (above). urge. — L. in, upon, near ; stare, to stand.

Inscribe. (L.) L. inscribere to See State.
write in or upon ; pp. inscriptus (whence Instead. (E.) For in stead, i.e. in
inscription ). — L. in, upon; scribere to the place. See Stead. ,

write. See Scribe. Instep, the upper part of the foot,

Inscrutable, that cannot be scrutin- where it rises to the front of the leg. ^E.)
ised. (F. — L.) F. inscrutable. — L. in- Formerly instup and instop (Minsheu).
scrutdbilis — L. in-, not;
. sc rutdri, to These forms may be related to A. S. stop-,
scrutinise. See Scrutiny. as seen in stop-el, a footprint, O. Sax.
Insect. (F.—L.) F. insecte.—L, in- sidp-o, a step (cf. Du. stoep, a set of steps,
 , , , , , , , , . ,

INSTIGATE INTERCOURSE
G. stufe, a step, stai t ) ; from stop, strong a covering, skin. — L. in, upon; tegere, to
grade Of stapan, to advance (whence the cover see Tegument.
;

secondary verb steppan , to step). The Intellect. (F. — L.) M. F. intellect. -

reference seems to be to the movement of L. intellectus, perception, discernment.—
the foot in walking. See Step. L. intellectus, pp. of intelligere , to dis-
Instigate, to urge on. (L.) From cern. — L. iniel-, for inter, between ; legere,
pp. of instigdre to goad on. — L. in, on ; to choose. See Legend.
and base *stig-, to prick, allied to L. intelligence. (F.-L.) F. intelli-
stinguere to prick; see Distinguish. gence — L. intelligentia, perception. — L.
.

See Brugm. i. § 633. intelligent-, stem of pres. pt. of intelligere,

Instil. (F. — L.) F. instiller. — L. to discern, understand (above).
instilId re, to pour in by drops. — L. in, intelligible. (F.-L) F. intelli-
in ;
st illare, to drop, from stilla, a drop. gible. — L. mtelligibilis , perceptible to the
See Still (2). senses. — L. intelligere , to discern (above) >

Instinct. (F. —
L ; or L.) F. instinct, with suffix -bill’s.
sb. — L. instinct urn, acc. of insliuctiis an , Intend. (F.-L.) M. E. entenden .—
impulse. — L. instinctus pp. of in stinguere, F. entendre — L. intendere, to stretch to,
.

to goad on. —
L. in, on ; stinguere, to bend or apply the mind to, design. — L. in,
prick. See Distinguish. to ;
tendere , to stretch. See Tend (1).
Institute. (L.)
L. institufus, From —
intense. (F. L.) O. F. intense. —
pp. of instituere, to set, establish. — L. in, L. intens-us , stretched out, pp. of intendere
in statuere to place, from status, verbal
;
(above).
sb. from stare to stand. See State. intent, design. (F.— L.) M. E. en-
Instruct. (L.) From L. instructus, tente. — F.
entente , intention participial
;

pp. of instruere , to build into, instruct. — sb. from F. entendre , to intend ; see Intend.
L. in, in s true re, to pile up, build. See
;
And see below.
Structure. intent, adj. (L.) L. intentus , bent
instrument. (F.~L.' F. instru- on pp. of intendere see Intend.
; ;

ment. — L. instrumentum an implement, , Inter. (F.-L.) M.E. enterren. — F.

tool. — L. instruere (above) with suffix ;
enterrer, to bury. —
Late L. interrdie, to
-men turn. put into the ground. — L. in, in terra ; ,

Insular. (L.) L. insuldris, insular.— ground. See Terrace. Der. inter-ment

L. insula an island.
,
Cf. Isle. F. enterremoU
Insult, vb. (F. - L.) F. in suiter. - L. Inter-, prefix, amongst. (L.) L. inter,
insultare, to leap upon, scoff at, insult; among a comparative form, answering to
;

frequent, of insilire to leap upon. L. in, — Skt. antar within closely allied to In-
, ;

on ; saltre , to leap. See Salient. terior, q. v. Also Intel- (before /).

Insurgent. (L.) L. insurgent -, stem Intercalate, to insert. (L.) From
of pres. pt. of insnrgere, to rise up or on, pp. of L. intercaldre , to proclaim that
to rebel. — L. in, on ; surgere to rise. See a day has been inserted in the calendar,
Surge. to insert. — L. inter, amongst; calare , to
insurrection. (F.-L.) F. insur- proclaim. See Calends.
rection. — L. acc. insurrectioncm from nom. ,
—
Intercede. (F. L.) F. interafder. —
insurrection L. insurrectus, pp. of in- L. intercedere, lit. to go between; hence,
surge re, to rebel (above). to mediate. — L. inter, between ; cldcre, to
Intaglio, a kind of carved work. (Ital. go. See Cede. Der. intercession , from
— IO Ital. intaglio, a sculpture, carving. the pp. intercess-us .
“•Ital. intagliare , to cut into. Ital. in — Intercept. (F. — L.) F. interceptor.**
(
= L. in), in ; tagliare — Late L. talidre ,
L. intercept-iis pp. of intenifere, lit. to
taledre, to cut twigs, to cut, allied to catch between. —
L. inter, between ; tapere,
talia, talea, a slip, twig. to take. See Capacious.
Integer, a whole number. (L.) L. Intercourse. (F. - L.) Formerly
integer, whole, entire ; lit. untouched, i. e. entercourse. — F. entrecours, intercourse,
unharmed. — L. in-, not; *tag-, base of commerce. — I. ate L. intercursus , com-
tangere , to touch. See Tangent. Brugm. merce lit. a running amongst. — L. inter, ;

«• »
44 ( 3 ); ii- $ 63 2 • amongst ; cursns, a running, course, from
Integument. (L.) L.integnmentum the pp. of currere, to run. See Course. ,

264
 ,, d , - , , , , , . ,

INTERDICT INTERSPERSE
Interdict, ab. (L.) Law L. inter- L.) F. interner. — F. interne internal,
dictum , a kind of excommunication; in kept within. — L. internus inward; from
Latin, a decree. — L. interdictus pp. of inter, within, and suffix -nus. See Inter-.
,

interdicere, to pronounce a judgment internal. (L.) Cf, O. F. internet .

between two parties.— L. inter, between; From L. intern-us (above) ; with suffix
dicere to say. See Diotion. -al (L.-dlis).
Interest (i), profit, advantage. (F.— Internecine, thoroughly destructive,
L.) M. F. interest (F. intMt), an interest (L.) L. internecinus, thoroughly destruc-
in a thing, interest for money (Cot.). L. — utter slaughter. — L.
tive.— L. intcrnecio
interest, it is profitable; 3 pers. sing, of thoroughly (see Lewis) ; and needre,
inter,
interesse, to concern, lit. be among.* — L. to kill, from nec-, stem of ?iex, death.
€
Cf.
inter, among; esse, to be. See Inter- Gk. vbcyt, a corpse. Brugm. i. § 375.
and Essence. Interpellation. (F.-L.) Y. inter-
interest (2), to engage the attention pellation. — L. acc. interpelldtionem — i
of another. (F. — L.) A curious word; interpelldtus pp. of interpelldre , to drive
formed (by partial confusion with the verb between, to hinder, interrupt. — L. biter,
above) from the pp. interest of the be tween ; pellere , to drive. See Pulsate.
obsolete verb to interess, used by Massinger Interpolate. (L.) From pp. of L.
and Ben Jonson. — M. F. interessi, * in- interpolate, to furbish up, patch, interpo-
teressed, or touched in;* Cot. — L. in late.— L. interpohis, inierpolis, polished
teresse to concern (as above). Der. up. — L. inter , in, between ; poll re, to
Hence dis-intcrested, from the verb dis- polish. See Polish.
interest, orig. a pp. and spelt disinteress d. Interpose. (F.-L. and Gk.) F. in-
Interfere. (F.-L.) Formerly enter- terposer, to put between. — L. inter, be-
feir , to dash one heel against the other tween F. poser to put ; see Pose (1),
; ,

(Blount). O. F. s'entreferir to exchange

, Interposition. (F.-L.) F. inter-
blows. — F. entre , between ferir , to strike. position. — L. acc. interposition em, a putting
;

— L. inter, between; ferire, to strike. between. — L. interpositus , pp. of interpo-

See Ferule. nere, to put between. — L. inter, between ;
Interior. (F.— L.) O. F. interiort — ponere, to put. See Position.
L. interiorem, acc. of interior comp, of , Interpret, to explain. (F.— L.) M.E.
intents , within. In-terus itself was orig. interpreten. — M. F. interpreter — L. inter- .

a comparative form, answering to Skt. pretdri, to expound. — L. interpret stem of

antara interior. The positive is the L. interpret, an interpreter, properly an agent,
in; in ; see In. Brugm. i. § 466. broker. The latter part of the word is
Interjacent. (L.) From pres. J)t. of perhaps allied to L. pret-ium price ; see
L. interlace? e, to lie between. — L. inter, Price.
between iacere , to lie. See Jet (1).
; Interregnum. (L.) From L. biter,
interj ection. (F. - L. ) F. interjec- between ; regnum, a reign, rule, from
tion, an interjection, a word thrown in to regere , to rule. Sec Regent.
express emotion. — L. acc. inter iectidnem Interrogate. (L.) From pp. of L.
,

a throwing between, insertion, interjection. interrogdre, to question. — L. inter

— L. interiectus, pp. of L. in tericere, to thoroughly ; rogare, to ask. See Roga-
cast between ; (-ice re -iacere, to cast). tion.
Interloper, an intruder. (Du. — F. — L. Interruption. (F.-L.) F. interrup-
a?ui Du.) Low G. and Du. enterloper tion. — L. acc. interruptiomm , a breaking
(Brem. Wort.). Lit. f a runner between into. — L. interruptus pp. of interrumpere, ,

coined from F. entre (<L. inter), between to break into. — L. inter, amongst ; rumpere,
;

and Du. looper, a runner, from toopen to to break. See Rupture.

run, cognate with E. leap see Leap.
;
Intersect. (L.) From L. intersect us,
Intermit, to Interrupt, cease awhile. pp. of interseedre , to cut between or apart.
(L.) L. intermittere to send apart, inter-
,
— L, inter, between ; seedre, to cut. See
nipt; pp. inte rmissus. — L. inter, between; Secant.
tnittcre, to send. See Missile. Der. in- Intersperse. (L.) From L. inter-
termission, F. intermission, L. acc. in- spersus, pp, of inter spergere, to sprinkle
termissidnem ; from the pp. —
amongst. L. inter, among; sparger e, to
Intern, to confine within limits. (F. — scatter. See Sparse.
265
 , , , , , ,, , , ;, ,, ,,

INTERSTICE INURE
Interstice, (F.-L.) F. interstice. - Intricate, perplexed, obscure. (L.)
L. interstitium , an interval of space. — L. From the pp. of L. intricate to perplex.—
inter, between status, pp. of sistere, to
; L. in, in ;
truce, pi. sb., hindrances, vexa-
place, from stare , to stand. See State. tions, wiles. See Extricate.
Interval. (F.-L.) M.F .intervalle, intrigue, to form secret plots. (F.—
interval. — L. interuallum lit. the space Ital. — L.)
F. intriguer, (also M.F. in*
*
between the rampart of a camp and the triquer, intricate, perplex, insnare ;
‘ to
soldiers* tents. — L. inter, between uallum ; ,
Cot.). — Ital. intrigare (also intricate ), to ‘

rampart. See Wall. intricate, entrap;' Florio. — L. intricate

Intervene, to come between. (F. — L.) (above).
F. intervenir ; Cot. — L. inierucnire , to Intrinsic, inherent. (F. — L.) For
between. — L. inter, between uenire,
*
come ;
M.
*inirinsec. F. intrinseque , ‘ inward ;

to come. See Venture. Cot. — L. intrinsecus lit. ‘following in-

Intestate, without a will. (F. — L.) wards.* — L. Hntrim, allied to intrd,
M. F. intestat — L. intestatus, that has within (cf. interim ) sec -us, lit. following,
. ;

made no will. — L. in*, not testdtus pp. from sequi, to follow. See Sequence,
;

of testarl, to make a will. See Testa- Intro-, Prefix, within. (L.) L. intro ;

ment. an adv. closely allied to L. intrd ; from

Intestine. (F. — L.) F. in testin, adj., interns, inner. See Interior.
'intestine,inward;* Cot. — L. intestinus Introduce. (L.) L. introdiicere, to
inward. Formed from L. intus, within, bring in. — L. intro, within; dueere, to
cognate with Gk. ivros, within extended ;
bring. See Duke. Der. introduct-ion
from L. in, in. Cf. Entrails. (from the pp. introduct-us).
Intimate (I), to announce, hint. (L.) Introit, an antiphon sung as the priest
From pp. of L. intimate, to bring within, approaches the altar. (F. — L.) F. introit.
to announce. — L. intimus, inmost, superb — L. acc. introitum from introitus
corresponding to comp, interior see In- ; lit. ‘entrance.' — L. introitus pp. of ,

terior. introire to enter. — L. intrd within ire, ;

intimate (
2 ), familiar. (L.) This to go.
form is due to confusion with the word Introspection. (L.) Coined from
above. It is really founded on M. F. in- L. introspect-us, pp. of introspicere, to
time, inward, ‘secret, deer, entirely affected;’ look into (with suffix -ion). — L. intro-,
Cot. ; from L. intimus (above). within ; specere to look. See Species.
,

Intimidate. (L.) From pp. of Late Intrude, to thrust oneself into. (L.)
L. intimidate, to frighten. — L. in, inten- L. intrudere, to thrust into. L. in, in, —
sive prefix ; timidus, timid. See Timid, into trudere (pp. trusus), to thrust.
;
Al-
IntO, prep. (E.) M. E. into orig. two ; lied to Threaten. Der. intrus-ion, from
words. A. S. in to, in to, where in is the pp.
used adverbially, and to is a preposition ; Intuition. (F. — L.) F. intuition.
see In and To. Formed, by analogy with tuition, from L.
Intone, to chant. (Late L. — L. and intuitus pp. of intueri to look upon.
Gk.) Late L. intonate, to sing according — L. in, upon; tueri, to watch. See
to tone. — L. in tonum, according to tone ; Tuition.
where tonum is acc. of tonus borrowed Intumescence, a swelling. (F.—L.)
from Gk. tovos ; see Tone. F. intumescence From stem
of pres. pt.
.

Intoxicate. (Late L. — L. and Gk.) of L. intumescere, to begin to swell.—

From pp. of Late L. intoxicate, to make L. in, very tumescere, inceptive form of
;

drunk.— L. in, into; toxicum, poison, tumere, to swell. See Tumid,

borrowed from Gk. to(ik6v, poison for Inundation. (F. L.) Imitated from —
arrows. Gk. to(ikov is der. from to(ov, a F. inondation. — L. inundatidnem, acc. of
bow, of which the pi. r6£a is used to mean inunddtio, an overflowing. L. inundate, —
arrows. With Gk. r6(ou cf. Gk. to overflow. — L. in, upon, over; unda
art, or perhaps L. taxus, a yew-tree, a wave. See Undulate.
See Technical. Inure, to habituate. (F.—L.*) Also
Intrepid. (L.) L. intrepidus fear- spelt enure, i. e. en ure the word arose
less,not alarmed.— L. in-, not ;
trepidus, from the phrase in (F. en) ure, i. e. in
alarmed. See Trepidation. operation, in work, in employment, for-
266
 , , , r , , , , ,

INVADE IPECACUANHA
merly common. Here in
the E. prep. is inuestbe to clothe in or with. —
,
I,.

in ; ure is from O. Y.eure, also spelt tievre , 1.1 uestire, to clothe.

;
See Vest.
owe work, action ; from L. opera , work. Investigate. (L.) From pp. of L.
(Cf. man-ure = man-anwre.) See also imiestigdre, to track out. L. in, in, upon — ;

manure manoeuvre
, See Operate. . uestigdre , to trace, allied to uestigium,
Invade. (K. — L.) M. F. invader.— a fool -track. See Vestige.
L. inuddere (pp. inudsus), to enter, in- Inveterate. (L.) L. inueterdtus, pp.
vade.— L. in, in; udderc, to gc. Der. < inueterare , to retain for a long time.—
i

invasion, from the pp. L. in, in; ueter -, for *uetes-, stem of
Invecked, Invected, in heraldry, old. See Veteran.
indented with successive cusps, witli the Invidious. (L.) Fiom L. inuididsus,
points projecting inwards. (L.) Lit. causing odium or envy. — L. inuidia envy. ,

*
carried in.’ — L. innectus pp. of imiehere , ,
— L. inuidcre, to envy, lit. to look upon
to carry inwards. — L. in, in; nchere , to (in a bad sense). — L. in, upon ; uidere, to
carry. See Vehicle. look. See Vision.
Inveigh, to attack with words, rail. Invigorate, to give vigour to. (L.)
(F. — L.) From Y.envahir O.F. cnvair , ,
As if from pp. of Late L. % imiigordre, to
ettveir, to invade, from L. inuddere (see give \igour to. — L. in towards; uigor, ,

Invade) ;
but popularly connected with L. vigour; see Vigour. Cf. Ital. invigorire.
inuehere , to carry into or to, to introduce, Invincible. (F.-L.) F. invincible.
attack, inveigh against. L. w, against; — — L. inuincibilis. — L. in-, not; ttiihi-
uehere, to bring, p. The latter etymology bilis, easily overcome, from uince re, to
was suggested by the use of K. invective , conquer; see Vanquish.
borrowed from F. invective,* an invective;’ Invite. (F. L.) -
F. inviter. - L.
Cot. ; from L. inuectiuus adj., scolding, ,
inuitd) e, to ask, request, invite. Allied
due to inu edits, pp. of inuehere Hence . to *uilus, willing, in in-uitus unwilling.
Cot. has ‘ invectiver to inveigh.* Brugm. i. § 343. Doublet, vie, q. v.
Inveigle. (F.-L.) In Spenser, F. Q. Invocation. (F.-L.) Y . invocation.
i. 12. 32. [Indirectly from F. aveugler ,
— L.
inuoedtionem , acc. of innoedtio, a
to blind; E. aveugle, to cajole, seduce,
cf. calling upon. — L. inuoedtus pp. of in- ,

A.D. 1547, Froude’s Hist. v. 132 and

in ;
uoedre to call upon. — L. in, upon ; uoedre,
,

A. D. 1543, State Papers, ix. 287.] It to call. See Vocation.

precisely answers to Anglo-F. envcoglir invoke. (F. — L.) F. invoquer. — L.
to blind, in Will, of Wadington’s Manuel inuoedre, to call upon (above).
des Peches, 1 10639 ; spelt also enveogler
, Invoice, a particular account of goods
in N. Bozon. These are mere (ignorant) sent out. (F. — L.) A
corruption of envois ,
variants of F. aveugler to blind (like im- pi. of F. envoi, O.F. envoy, a sending;
,

post hume for apostume ), from F. aveugle see Envoy. Cf. E. voice from O. F. vois. ,

(A. F. enveogles in Bozon), blind. — Late Involve. (F.-L.) F. involver ‘to ,

L. * aboculum , acc. of *aboculus blind involve;’ Cot. — L. involucre to roll in, ,

(Ducange has avoculus , also abocitlis adj.). ,

roll up. — L. in, in; uoluertr, to roll. See
— L. ab, without ocultts eye. ^[ Baret
;
Voluble. Der. involution, involute
(1580) has; ‘ inveigle ones minde, occcecare from the pp. inuolutus also involucre , ;

animum .* from L. inuolucrum an envelope.

Invent. — L.)
F. invenfer, to de-
(F. Iodine, an elementary body. (Gk.)
vise. Foimcd, with -e (L. -are), suffix Named from the violet colour of its
from L. inuent-us pp. of inuenire to , ,
vapour. [Cf. F. iode, iodine ] — Gk. iw8-
come upon, find out. — L. in, upon uenire form of load-q s, violet-like with
; ,
rjs, contr. ;

to come. See Venture. Der. invent- — Gk. 10-v, a violet; (18-0?, suffix -ine.
ion, &e. appearance. See Violet.
Inverse, opposite. (F. — L.) M. E. Iota. (Gk. — Heb.) Gk. Iwra, a letter
invers. — M. F. in vers. — L. innersus, pp. of the Gk. alphabet. — Heb. yod, the
of inuertere (below). smallest letter of the Heb. alphabet,
invert. (L.) I,, inuertere to turn with the power of y. (Of Phoenician
,

towards or up, to invert. — L. in, towards; origin.) See Jot.

uertere to turn.
,
See Verse. Ipecacuanha, a medical root. (Port.
Invest. (F.-L.) F. invest ir. - L. — Brazilian.) Port, ipecacuanha (Span.
2f»7
 . ~ -
;;, , - -
;

IR- I SO LATE
tpecacuana). From the Brazilian name of Irrigate, to water. (L.) From pp. of
the plant ; Guarani ipl-kaa-guafia. Ipc — L. irrigdre , to flood.— L. in, upon rigdre,
;

peb, small; kaa, plant; guana , causing to wet, moisten.

sickness. Irritate. (L.) From pp. of L. irritdre,
Tiv (i), prefix. (L. ; or F.
. L.) — For to incite, excite, provoke, tease. App.
L. in, in, prep., when r follows. related to irrire, hirrire , to snarl as
Ir- (2), prefix .
(L. ; or F. — L.) For a dog ; which is prob. an imitative
in-, when r follows.
L. neg. prelix word.
Ire. (F.-L.) F. ire.~ L. ira, anger, Irruption. (F.-L.) F. irruption,
irascible. (F.-L.) F. irascible. ‘a forcible entry;' Cot. — L. acc. irrup-
L. irascibilis, choleric; from irasci, to tidnem a breaking into. — L. ir (for in),
,

become angry; with suffix -bills. L. ira , into rupt-us , pp. of rumpere , to break.
;

anger. See Bupture.

Iris, a rainbow. (L.— Gk.) L iris.— Is, A. S. is; from ^ES, to be. The
.

Gk. a rainbow. Der. irid-csc-enl general Idg. form is ES-TI, as in Skt.

tpis, ,

irid-ium ; from irid-, stem of iris. And as-ti, Gk. €<7 -rt, L. es-t, G. is-t; also
•see Orris. O. lcel. es E. is. See also Be, Was. ,

Irk, to weary. (E.) M. E. irkcn, erken, Isinglass, a glutinous substance made

to tire; also irk erk, adj. weary. A back from a hsh. (Du.) A corruption ofM. Du.
,

formation from M. K. *irkth, for *irgth huyzenblas (mod. Du. huisblad), isinglass,
later form of A. S. sb. iergp sluggishness lit. sturgeon-bladder,’ whence isinglass is
, ;
‘

trom earg, sluggish. obtained see Sewel. — M. Du. buys, stur- ;

Iron, a metal. (E.) M. E. iren, also geon blaese, bladder (Kilian) Cf. G. hau ;
.

ire . A. S. iren older forms isern, senblase , sturgeon- bladder, isinglass ; from
,

isaern, adj. and sb. 4* Du. ijzer; O. lcel. G. hausen, a sturgeon, blase , a bladder,
tsarn O. H. G. isarn, G. eisen
;
Goth. from blasen to blow. Cf. O. H. G. huso,
;

cisaj'n, sb. (whence eisarneins, adj.). And a sturgeon.

cf. W. haiam Com. ho cm, Irish iarann ,
,
Islam, the religious system of Muham-
O. Ir. iarn Bret, houam iron.
, 0 The med. (Arab.) Arab. Islam, lit. * submis-
,
.

Celtic forms answer to an O. Celt, form sion.' — Arab, root salarna, he was resigned.
*Tsarno- ( *eisarno Stokes, in Fick, ii. 25) See Moslem.
from which the Germanic forms may have Island. (E.) The s is inserted by con-
been borrowed. At any rate, lcel. jam fusion with F. isle. M.E. Hand. A. S.
and Dan. Swed.yVr/* are from O. Ir. iarn. igland. — A. S. ig, an island ; land, land
Remoter origin unknown. perhaps by confusion of A.S. ig, island,
ironmonger, a dealer in iron goods. with A.S. ea-land, island, lit. ‘water-land.*
(E.) From iron and monger see Monger, The A. S. ig is also teg, O. Merc, eg (cf.
;

iron-mould. (E.) See Mould (3). Angles-ey)\ cognate with lcel. ey, Dan.
Irony. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. ironic Swed. b, island; G. atie, meadow near
(Minsheu). — L. ironia. — Gk. fipwvtta, water. The orig. Tcut. form w as *ag7via ,
dissimulation, irony. — Gk. upav, a dis- fem. of *agwioz belonging to water, an ,

sembler, one who says less then he thinks adj. formed from *ahwa, water, represented
or means. Allied to Ionic tipopiai, Attic by A. S. ea, O. H. G. ahay Goth, ahway a
tpojxai, I ask, enquire, seek out (cf. ttpwTtw, stream, cognate with L. aqua, water.
Ion. for Ipuraw, I ask), tptvva, enquiry, Isle, an island. (F. -L.) O. F. isle
search (base *reu; Preiiwitz). (F. tie). — L. insula, an island. See
Irradiate. (L.) From pp. of L. irra- Insular.
diare to shine upon. — L. ir-, for in, on;
,
Isochronous, performed in equal
radidre , to shine, from radius a ray. See ,
times. Gk. iVo-s, equal yybvo*,
(Gk.) ;

Badius. time (see Chronicle). Brugm. i. § 345 c.

Irrefragable, not to be refuted. (F. isosceles, having two equal legs or
— L.) F. irrefragable — L. irrefrdgabilis , sides as a triangle. (L. — Gk.) L.isosceles.
not to be withstood. — L. ir- {=*in-, not) — Gk. iooafctkrjs, isosceles. — Gk* ifro-s,
refragdri, to oppose, thwart, from re-, equal okcK-os, a leg, side of a tiiangle. ;

back, and (probably) L. frag-, base of Isolate, to insulate. (Ital.-L.) Sug-

frag-or a noise. (For the long a , cf. L. gested by Ital. isolatoy detached, used as
,

suffrdgium, prob. from the same root.) a term in architecture (whence also F.
 , , , , , , , f ; ,, ) ;,, , ,, ,

ISSUE JACKET
iso l/). — Ital. on island.
isola, — L. insula in wit-an to know; see Wit. (VWEID.)
an island. See Insular. The M. E. (A. S. ge-) is
prefix
1-

ISStle, progeny, result. (F. — L.) M»E. sometimes written apart from the rest of
issue f sb. —
F. issue , O. F. issue (e issue), the word, and with a capital letter. Ilence,
i
the issue, end, event ; * Cot. Fem. of issu, by the mistake of editors, it has been
pp. of issir, to depart, go out. L. exire — printed I wis, and explained as I know/
C

to go out. — L.
ex out ; ire to go. This is the origin of the fictitious word
Isthmus, a neck of land connecting a wis, to know, given in some dictionaries.
peninsula with ihe mainland. (L. — Gk.)
L. isthmus. — Gk. laOfibs, a narrow passage
J.
allied to tOfxa a step. *° £ 0 *)
It. (E.) M. E. hit. A. S. hit neut. of Jabber, to chatter. (F. ?) Formerly
hi, he.+foel. hit, neut. of hittn Du. het, jaber and fable, of imitative origin similar ;

neut. of Aij; Goth, hita. The old gen. to gabber and gabble Godefroy gives .

case was his, afterwards it, and finally its O. F. jaber as a variant of gaber to mock.
(XVII cent.). See He. Cf. Du. gabberen, to jabber; Sewel. See
Italics, a name for letters printed Gabble.
thus — in sloping type. (L.) Named from Jacinth, a precious stone. (F. - L. —
Aldo Mannzio, an Italian ,
about A. D. Gk.) F. jacinthe. —
L. hyacinthus, a
1501. — L. Italiens. — I,. Italia , Italy. jacinth. — Gk. vaKivOos, a jacinth; Rev.
Itch. (E.) North E. yttke. M. E. xxi. 20. See Hyacinth.
iken , icchett fuller form fken, Jchen. Jack (1),a saucy fellow, sailor. (F.—
A. S. giccan, to itch, for *gyccan ; cf. A. S. L. - Gk. - Heb.) M. E. Jacke, Jakke
gyhda, an itching. +
E. Fries, joken, Du. often used as a term of reproach, as in
jeuken G. jucken to itch; O. H. G. ,
‘
Jakke fool,’ Chaucer, C. T. 3708. Gen-
jttcchan . Teut. type *jukjan-. erally used formerly (as now) as a pet
Item, a separate article or particular. substitute for John and perhaps due to
,

(L.) L. item, likewise; in common use the dimin. form Jankin. John is from
for enumerating particulars ;
closely allied A. F. Johan — L. Iohannes. — Gk. 'lojavvqs.
.

to ita, so. Cf. Skt. it tJiam, thus, iVi.thus. — Heb. Yehokhandn, Vdkhanan lit. ‘God
iterate, to repeat. (L.) From pp. of is gracious/ p. Apparently confused with
L. iterare, to repeat. — L. iterum again; F. Jacques a common name in France.
,

a compar. form (with suffix -ter) from the Jaqucs is from L. lacobus. — Gk. Td/c<uj3o$.
pronominal base I, as in Item, Ita Cf. . — Heb. Yaaqob, Jacob; lit. one who
Skt. i-tara{s), another. seizes by the heel. — Ileb. root 'aqab, to
Itinerant, travelling. (L.) From seize by the heel, supplant, The name
pres. part, of O. Lat. itinera re, to travel. was extended to denote various implements,
— L. itiner-, stem of iter , a journey. L. — such as a smoke jack, a bootjack so also ;

Hum supine of ire, to go. (^EI, to g°*)

,
Jack-o -lent, Jack o'~ lantern, Jack-pudding,
Ivory . (F. — L.) M. E. iuorie( - ivorie . Jack-an-apes ( * Jack on apes, with on =** of).
— O. F. ivurie later ivoire. — L. eboreus, jack (2), a coat of mail. (F.— L.— Gk.
adj., made of ivory. — L. ebor-, stem of — Heb.) O. F. Jaque , * James, also a Jack,
ebur , ivory. Perhaps allied to Skt. ibha-, or coat of made;* Cot* Cf. WoX.giaeo, a
an elephant. coat of mail, Span .jaco, a soldier’s jacket,
Ivy, an A.S. ijig\ also
evergreen. (E.) G. jacke, a jacket. Of obscure origin ; but
ifegn. -f*G. ebahewi (G. epkeu );
O. II. prob. due to the Jacquerie, or revolt of the
Kluge. The A. S. if-ig seems to be peasantry nicknamed Jacques Bonhommes,
a compound word. The syllable if- is A. d. 1358; and hence due to F. Jaques,
equivalent to Du. ei- in el loo ivy (where James ; see above.
loof*zY % leaf) ; and to eba{h)~ in O. H. G. Jackal, a kind of wild animal (Turk.
ebak - ; but the sense is unknown. — Pers.) Turk, chakdl. Pets, shaghal. —
Iwis, certainly. (E.) M. K.ywis, iwis. Cf. Skt. wgfila-, a jackal, a fox.
A. S.gewis, adj., certain (whence gewislice, Jackanapes. For Jack on apes, i. e.
ad v., certainly). +Du.^srwi>, adj. and adv.; Jack of apes. See Jack (1).
G. gewiss adv. Cf. Icel. viss, certain, J acket | a short coat. (F. — L. — Gk. —
sure. From Teut. type Hoissox (for *wit- Heb.) O. F. jaquetie, a jacket ; dimin. of
toz, Idg. *wid-tos), pp. from the base wit- O. Y. jaque, a jack of mail ; see jack (2).
 , ,, , ;
;
,; , , ;

JACOBIN JAR
jacobin. (F. — L. — Gk. — Heb.) M.E. prov. E. champ , to mash, crush, also to
jacobin — F Jacobin. — Late Lat .Jacobinus,
. chew ; so also champ , hard, firm, i. e.
adj., formed from lacdlms and applied to a chammed or pressed down. See Champ.
friar of the order of St. Dominick. See But Ashe (1775) has; c Jamb, to confine
Jaok (i). (3 Hence one of the Jacobin
. as between two posts; *
as if from Jamb
club in the French Revolution, which first q. v.
met in the hall of the Jacobin friars in jam (2), a conserve of fruit. (E.) A
Paris, Oct. 1789. Also the name of a soft substance, like that chewed. which is
hooded (friar-like) pigeon. *
And if we have anye stronger meate, it
jacobite, an adherent of James II. must be chammed afore by the nurse, and
(L. — Gk. — Heb.) From L. lacob-us so put into the babes mouthe Sir T. ;
*

James (above). More, Works, p. 241 h. See above.

Jade (1), a sorry nag, an old woman. Jamb, side-post of a door. (F. — L.)
(Scand.) M. The initial F .jambe, a leg, also a jamb (see Cotgrave).
E. iade (Ch.)
j is perhaps from y. Cf. Lowland Sc. — Folk-L. gamba a leg. See Gambol. ,

yaud,yawd, a jade Dunbar has yald. Of Der. (perhaps) jamb vb. see Jam (1).
; , ;

.Scand. origin ; borrowed from Icel. Jane, Jean, a twilled cloth. (F. —
jalda , a mare; prov. Svved .jdldii, a mare Ital.) Also gene fustian/ 1580; cf. M.E.
1

(Rietz). Gene, Genoa. — M. F. Genes — Ital. Genova, .

Jade (2), a hard dark-green stone. F. Genoa.

— Span. —L.) ¥.jade. The jade brought Jangle, to sound discordantly. (F. —
from America by the Spaniards was called Scand.) M, E. janglen.
F. jangler, — O.
piedra de ijada, because it was believed to to jangle, prattle. Of Scand. origin.—
cure pain in the side for a similar reason
;
Swed. dial, and Norw. jangla, to quarrel
it was called nephritis (from Gk. v((ppus, cf. Du. jangelen, to importune, frequent,

kidneys). — Span, ijada also ijar, the flank of janken, to howl, yelp. An imitative
cf. Port, ilhal ilharga the flank, side. —
, ,
word cf. L. gannire to yelp.
; ,

L. ilia, pi., the flanks. Janizary. (F. - Ital. - Turk.) F.

Jag, a notch, tooth. (Scand.) Hardly Janissaircs, the Janizaries * Cot.
‘ M. ;
—
a variant of dag. 1 Iagge or daggc of a Ital. ianizzeri the Turkes gard/ Florio.
‘

garment ; * Palsg, * I iagge, or cut a gar- Of Turk, origin ; it means * new soldiery *;
ment ; * ib. From Norw. jak, a notch from Turk. yeni, new; and cheri soldiery
jaka , to notch (Ross). (Devic). And cheri is from Pers. charik,
Jaggery, a coarse brown sugar. (Cana- auxiliary forces (Zenker).
rese — Skt.) A
corruption of Canarese January. (L.) Englished from I..
sharkare , unrefined sugar; H. II. Wilson. Idnudrius , a month named from the god
— Skt. $arkard\ see Sugar. Idnus, who was supposed to have doors
Jaguar, a beast of prey. (F. — Brazil.) under his protection; cf. L. idnua, a
‘ Jagua in the Guarani [Brazilian] lan- door.
guage the common name for tygers and
is Japan, a name given to certain kinds
dogs; the generic name for tygers is of lacquered work. (Japan.) Named from
jaquaretej Clavigero, Hist, of Mexico, the country. T>qy. japan, vb., to polish.
tr. by Cullen, ii. 318. It should be written Jape, to mock, jest, befool. (F.)
yagoar\ for there is no j in Tupi-Guarani Obsolete. M.E
.japen. Apparently from
(Cavalcanti). The spelling jaguar is F. O. F .japer ( Y.japper), to yap (as a dog).
(in Buffon). The Diet, of Trevoux has Imitative; cf. E. yap.
janouare (error for jauouare) for Brazil. Jar (1), to make a harsh noise. (E.)
;

yduara a dog. Spelt jaguara, Hist. Nat. Imitative; cf. M. E .garren, to chide, M. E.
,

Brasilise, p. 235. jirren, A. S .georran, to creak ; Du. gieren,

Jail ; see Gaol. to cry ; Bavar. garren , to jar. Parallel
Jalap, the root of a plant. (Mexican.) to prov. E. char, to chide, M. E charhcn,
Named from Jalapa or Xalapa ,
in Mexico. to creak (Prompt. Parv.) ; cf. A. S. ceorian ,

Orig. Xalapan, ‘sand by the water.* — cerian to ,

murmur; M. Du. barren, ker-
Mex. xal{li), sand a{tl), water; pan on,
; ren , i
crake [creak] like a cart/
to
near ; where -//, -// are suppressed. Hexham O. H. G. kerran to give a loud
; ,

JaUL (1), to press, squeeze. (E.) Prob. harsh sound. Cf. Jargon and Garrulous.
a variant of cnam ,
to chew, to champ Jar (2), an earthen pot. (F.— Arab.)
 , , , . , , ,; , , , , , ,

JARGON JEOPARDY
M. F .jare, a jarre/ * Cot. ; F .jarre* [Cf. Korting.) Perhaps influenced by chaw,
Span, jarret) jarro ,
Ital. giara.] — Arab. chew ; Palsgrave has chawe-bone for jaw-
jarra , a jar (Devic). bone.
Jargon, a confused talk. (F.— L. ?) Jay, a bird. (F.) O. F. jay a jay (F. ,

F. jargon, orig. the chattering of birds, geai). Cf. Span, gayo, a jay. Of doubtful
jargon ; O. F. gargon , gergon. Cf. Span. origin ; perhaps from O. H. G. wdhi, fine,
gerigonza jargon; Ital. gergone . Prob. beautiful, whence F. gai. See Gay.
from an imitative base garg (cf. garg-le ealous. (F. - L. Gk.) M. E .jalous, ,
J -
gurg-le ) cf. L. garrire to prate, croak. gelus. — O. F. ja Ions (later jaloux). — Late
; ,

Cf. M. E. charken to creak. See Jar (i). L. zelosus, full of zeal. — L. zelus zeal.—
Jargonelle, a kind of pear. (F. — Ital. Gk. (t}\os, zeal. See Zeal. Der.jealous-y,
— Pers.?) F. jargonelle, a kind of pear, F. jalousie.
very stony (Littr£) ; formed (acc. to Littre) Jeer. (Du.) Doubtful; perhaps from
from Y. jargon, a yellow diamond, small M. Du. phrase den gek scheertn, lit. to shear
stone. — Ital. giargone , a sort of yellow the fool, hence to jeer at one whence the ;

diamond. Perhaps from Pers. zargun word gehscheeren or simply scheeren, to

gold-coloured (Zend zairi-gaona -) ; from jeer. Now spelt scheren . Cf. G. scheren,
*
gold, and gun , colour (Devic).
1
to shear, fleece, cheat, plague, tease ;
Jasmine, Jessamine, a plant. (F. Fliigel E. Fries, scheren ,
the same. ;

— Arab. — Pers.) F. jasmin (So also Jehovah. (Heb.) Heb. yahovdh or,
Span, jazmin.) — Arab, ydsemin (Devic). more correctly, yahweh, a proper name,
— Pers. yds min, jasmine ; ydsatnin, jessa- rendered in the A.V. by the Lord/
1

mine. Jejune, hungry, meagre. (L.) h.ieift -

Jasper, a precious stone. (F. — L. — Gk. nits, fasting, hungry, dry.
— Arab.) O. F. jaspte (Littr^), an occa- Jelly. (F.-L.)
*
Formerly gelly.- F.
sional spelling of jaspe, a jasper. L. ias- — geUe, gelly ;
‘ Cot. Orig. fern, of pp. of
pidem , acc. of iaspis. Gk. laams. — Arab. — geler, to freeze. — L. geldre, to freeze. See
yasb, yasf, yashb, jasper; whence Pers. Gelid.
yashp, yashf, jasper. Cf. Heb . ydshpheh, Jennet, Gennet, a small Spanish
a jasper. M. F. genette horse. (F. — Span. — Arab.)
Jaundice. (F. — L.) M.K .taunis; the a genet, or Spanish horse ; ' Cot. — Span.
1

d being excrescent. — F. jaunisse yellow- ginete, a nag but orig. a horse-soldier.’ ;

1

ness hence, the jaundice. — Y.jaune (old- Of Moorish origin; traced by Dozy to
;

est spelling jalne), yellow. — L. galbinus, Arab, zendta a tribe of Barbary celebrated
greenish yellow. — L. galbus yellow (per- for its cavalry.
, ;

haps of Teut. origin cf. G. gelb yellow).; Jenneting, a kind of early apple.
,

Jaunt, a ramble. (F.) From jaunts pi., (F. — L. — Gk. — Heb.) Prob. for jeanne-
for jctunce,
1
toil/ Cf. M. F. jancer tin ton ; a dimin. from F. pomme de S. Jean,
cheval, i to stirre a horse in the stable till an eaily apple, called in Italian melo de
he swart [sweat] withall ; or (as our) to San Giovanni, i. e. St. John’s apple. So
jaunt (an old word) ; Cot. *
called because, in France and Italy, it
Jaunty, Janty, fantastical. (F.-L.) ripened about June 24, St. John’s day.
Also janty jantee, variants of jantyl, old So also, there is an early pear, called Amiri
,

spelling of gentle or genteel. Cf. Burgundy Joannet or Jeanette or petit St. Jean G. ;
’
jantais ,
1
gentil Mignard.
;
Johannisbime. F. /#zw<Lat. acc. Iohan-
Javelin. (F. — C. ?) M. Y. javelin, a nem from Gk. *la)avvr]s, John.
*
Heb. ;
—
javeling/ Cot. ; allied to javelot 'a gleave, Yokhdndn , the Lord is gracious.
,

dart/ id. Perhaps Celtic. Cf. O. Irish Jeopardy, hazard. (F.-L.) M.E.
gabul, a fork ; gablack, pointed, Irish japart ie, later jopardye, jeopardie.—O. F.
gabhla, a spear, gabhlati a fork of a tree jeti parti, lit. a divided game ; a game in
Gael, gobhlan, a prong; W. gajl, a fork, which the chances were equal, hence, a
gajlach, a dart. See Gaff. risk, hazard. — Late L. iocus partitus, the
Jaw. (F. — L.) M. E. iowe ( jowe ).— same; also an alternative. — L. iocus , a
O. F. (and F.) joue , the cheek, thejowle;* game parttlus, pp. of partirt, to part,
1
;

Cot. (Cf. Prov. gauta , Ital. gota, cheek, divide, from parti-, decl. stem of pars, &
jaw.)— Late L. gabata, gavata, a bowl; part. The diphthong eo—F. eu ; cf. %
from the rounding of the jaw. (Diez, people (=F, peuple). See Joke. !

271
 , , , , , , , ,

JERBOA JIB

Jerboa, a rodent quadruped, (Arab.) about. M. E. ietten, to strut. — O. F. jetter ,

Arab, yarin , (i) the flesh of the back or
loins, an oblique descending muscle; (2)
the jerboa, from the use it makes of the
strong muscles in its hind legs, in taking
long leaps.
Jereed, a wooden javelin used in mock
fights. (Arab.) hxBb.jarid, a palm-branch
stripped of its leaves, a lance.
geter, getter, to throw, fling, push forth. —
L. iaetdre, to fling ; frequent, of iacere, to
throw. Per. jet, sb., formerly in the sense
of guise or fashion, &c.
Jet (2), a black mineral. (F. — L. — Gk.)
O. F, jet , jaet, also jayet, gaiete , jet (F.
jais). — L. gagdtem, acc. of gagates, jet. —
Gk. yayarijs, jet so called from Tayat, a
;

Jerk. (E.) We find jerk,jert and yerk ,

town in Lycia, in the S. of Asia Minor.
all used in much the same sense, orig. to Jetsam. (F. - L.) Alsojettison. An
strike with a lash, whip or rod. Of these, old term in Law F. for things thrown over-
jert was regarded as equivalent to gird board from a wrecked vessel. — A. F. get -
(Index to Cot.) see Gird (2).
: tesan, a casting O. F. getaison. — L. acc.
;

Jerked beef. (Peruvian.) A singular iactdtionem — L. iaetdre to cast ; see

.

corruption of ccharqui the S. American

,
Jet (1).
name for ‘jerked* beef, or beef dried in jetty, a kind of pier. (F.— L.) M. F.
a particular way ;
Conquest jettde (F. jette), a cast, throw, 4 also a jetty
see Prescott,
of Peru, ch. v. From Peruv. ccharqui a or jutty Cot, Orig, fem. of pp. of
;
’

slice of dried beef. Also called jerkin M. F. jetter (F. jeter), to throw ; see
bee/; from Peruv. ccharquini vb., to make Jet ( 0 *

dried beef. Jew. (F. — L. — Gk. - Heb.) M. E.

Jerkin, a jacket, short coat. (Du.) /ewe, a Jew. — A. F. leu , Geu {¥. juif).
Dimin. of Du. jurk, a frock (Sewel), by — L. luiiceus a Jew. — Gk. ’I ovbaios,
help of the once common Du. dimin. suffix an inhabitant of ’lovbaia, Judaea. — Heb.
-ken, now supplanted by Je or -tje. Cf. Yehuddh Judah, son of Jacob, lit. illus-
,
‘

Westphal. jtirken a sort of overcoat ; E. trious.’ — Heb. root yaddk, to throw, praise,
Fries, jurken a child’s frock.
,
Cf. fir-kin, celebrate. Per. Jew ry, M. E. /ewerie ,
kilder-kin. O. F. luerie , lit a Jews’ district also ;

Jersey, fine wool, a woollen jacket. Jews' -harp, a name given in derision cf. ;

(Jersey.) From Jersey, one of the Channel

4
the harp of David.’
Islands. Jewel, a valuable ornament. (F-— L.)
Jessamine; see Jasmine. M. E. iowel, iuel. — O. F. joel, joiel, jouel,
Jesses, straps round a hawk’s legs. juel (later jayaii).~ Late L. iocdle, usually
(F.— L.) Double pi.; from M. E. ges, in pi. ioedlia , jewels (lit. trinkets). — L.
jesses. — O. F. ges, gits pi. of get, giet, a ioedri, to play (O. F. jeer, jouer). — L.
,

short thong, for throwing off the hawk iacus, play. See Joke. (Toynbee, §§ 76,
;

orig. a cast.’ Cf. M. F feet, a cast ; les Hi)

*

jects dun eyseau , ‘a hawkes Iesses,’ Cot. Jib (x), the foremost sail in a ship.
— O. F. geter, to cast. — L. iaetdre, to (Dan.) So called because easily shifted
cast ;
see Jet (1). from side to side ; see jib (2) below.
Jest, a joke. (F. — L.) Orig. a story, jib (2), to shift a sail from side to side.
merry tale. M. E. geste, a story. — O. F. (Dan.) 4 Jib, to shift the boom-sail from
geste an exploit, romance, tale of exploits. one side of the mast to another;’ Ash
— L. gesta, for res gesta a thing done, (1775). Also spelt jibe, gybe, — Dan.gibbe,
an exploit. — L. gestus, pp. of gerere, to to jibe, jib Swed. dial, gippa to jeik up. ;

carry, carry on. See Gesture, Gerund. Allied to Swed. guppa to rock; see ,

Jesnit ; see below. J ump. K

The form gibe answers to Du.
Jesus , the Saviour. (L.~ Gk. - Heb.) gijpen, E. Fries, gipen, to turn suddenly,
L. Hsus. — Gk. 'IrjfTovs. — Heb. Ylski1 a said of a sail. ,

Jeahua (Nehem. viii. 17); contr. form of jib (3), to move restively, as a horse.
Yehoshu'a, Jehoshua (Numb. xiii. 16) ( F. — Scand.) O. F. giber, to struggle with
signifying saviour, lit. ‘help of Jehovah/ the hands and feet (Roquefort) ; whence
Heb. root yashd, to be large, to save. O. F. regiber (F. regimber), to kick as a
Per. Jesu-it, one of the society of Jesus. horse. Cf. also O. F. giper, to jib, as a
•
Jet (l), to throw out, fling about, spout, horse (Godefroy). — Swed. dial. gipptty to
(F.— L.) Formerly, to jet was to strut jerk up (above).
.

371
 \,

JIBE JOURNEY
Jibe, the same as Gibe, q, v. joint, sb. - O, Y Joinct joint y y pp; ofjoindrCy
Jig, a lively tune or dance, H. to join ; see Join (above).
G.) O.F. gige, gigue, a fiddle, dance, - set of timbers to sup-
Joist, one of a
M. H.G. gige (G .geige), a fiddle. of a floor.
port the boards
(F. L.)
.
—
Jilt, a flirt. (L.) Formerly jillety dimin. Sometimes pronounced jist (with i as in
of jill, a flirt, orig. Jill or Gillian, a per- mice). M. E. giste, — O. F. giste, a bed,
sonal name. — L .Juliana. See GiU (4). couch, place to lie on, a joist ; because
Jingle, to clink. (E.) M. E. ginglm these timbers support the floor. — O. F.
;

a frequentative verb from the base jink gesir (F, g4sir) y to lie, lie on.— L, tacere,
,

allied to chink ; see Chink (a). Also to lie. Cf. Gist,

allied to Jangle, Joke, a jest. (L.) From L. iocus y a
Jinn, a demon. (Arab.) Formed from jest, game. Brugra. i. § 302.
Arab.y/««a(Oi demons, pi. ; the sing, form Jole; see Jowl.
being jinny, Englished as jinnee ox genie. Jolly. (F,-Scand.) M.E. earliest
Job (1),' to peck with the beak. (E. ?) form lolif — O.F. jolify later joliy ‘jolly,
Perhaps imitative. M. E. iobben Cf. gay, trim, fine ; Cot. Orig. sense * festive.*
.
*

Gael, and Irish goby mouth, beak. — Icel. jbly a great feast in the heathen
Job (2), a small piece of work. (F. ?) time ; cognate with A. S. geo la yule. Seo
M. E. ioby a piece, lump, 4 Gob , a lump ; Yule.
also, to work by the gob * II alii well.— ;
Jolly-boat. (Port, and E.) find We
O. F. gob t a mouthful gold, a morsel. ‘grete bote and jolywat' in 1495; but it
;

Perhaps of Celtic origin. See Job (1). was also spelt gallevat and galleywat
—
Jockey. (F. L. - Gk. - Heb.) (Yule), — Port, galeotay a galliot; see
A
North E. pron. of Jackey dimin. of Jack Galliot. Perhaps the form of the word
,

as a personal name. See Jack (1). has been influenced by F.joli. See Jolly.
Jocose, merry. (L.) L.iocdsus, sportive. Jolt, to jerk, (E.) From jolly vb., to
— L. iocusy sport. See Joke. knock the joU or head ; cf. All's Well,
jocular. L. ioculdris. - L, iocu-
(L.) i. 3. 59, Cf. jolt-heady a stupid fellow;
lusy a dimin. of iocusy a jest.
little jest, one whose head has been jolt'd or knocked
Jocund. (F.— L.) M.E, joconde. - about. See Jowl.
O. F, joconily pleasant, agreeable (Gode- Jonquil, a flower. (F.-Span.-L.)
froy).— L. iocunduiy idcundus, pleasant; F, jonqui lie. — Span. ju 7iquillo\ named
orig. helpful. — L. ittnare (supine iu- twn)y from its rush-like leaves. — Span, juncat a
to help ; see Adjutant. rush. — L. iuncusy a rush. See Juuk (2).
Jog, to push slightly, jolt. (F. — Teut. ?) Jordan, a pot. (Unknown.) M. E.
M. E. ioggen. Cf. W. ysgogi, to wag, stir, iordaily iurdaUy iordeyne\ LatcL. iurddnus
shake, E. shogf M
E. sckoggen to shake , (Prompt. Parv. and Vocab.). It was orig.
up and down ; Kentish jock t to jolt. All an alchemist’s bottle (Halliwell, Way) ;
apparently from M. E. schokken ; see perhaps once used for keeping water from
Shook. We
also find Norw. and Swed. the Jordan.
dial. jukha> to jump up and down, as in Joss, a Chinese idol. (Port,— L.) Not
riding. Chinese, but corrupted from Port. Deos,
John Dory, the name of a fish. (F. — God. Cognate with Span. Dios t God;
L.) John dory the vulgar name of the
is O. F, deus. — L. Deus, nora,, God.
fish called the dory. John appears to be Jostle, Justle, to push against. (F.-
a mere sailors prefix, like the jack in jack- L. with E. suffix.) A frequent, form,
;

ass ; it can hardly be from an alleged F. with suffix ~te, from M. E. jotcsim, to tilt,
jaune dor4e y which would be tautological push against. See J oust.
nonsense. Dory is borrowed from F. dor4e t —
Jot. (L. — Gk, Heb.) Englished from
a dory ; lit. 4 gilded/ dor<fe being the fern, L. iota Matt. v. 18 (Vulgate). — Gk. lanro t
,

of the pp. of dorer, to gild. — L, deaurdre, a letter of the Gk. alphabet. — Heb. yod,
to gild. — L. di aurdy of gold ; see Aureate. the smallest letter of th.' Heb. alphabet,
Join. (F.-L.) O. F. and F ,joign* y a with the power of . See Iota. y
stem ofjoindre. — L. iungcre (pp. iuftctus) y Journal. (F.— L.) Properly an adj.,
to join. +
Gk. (evyvtvcu 5 Skt.yuj, to join. signifying
4
daily.’ — F, journal daily. — L.
Allied to Yoke, diumdlisy daily ; see Diurnal,
joint. (F. - L.) Q. F. jointly joint , a journey. (F.~L.) M.E. ioumee. a

m
 , , , , , , , ;, , , ;

JOUST JUMP
day’s travel. — F. journle, a day, orig. a judicature. (F. — L.) ¥ .judicature.
day’s work. — Late L. *diurnata orig. , —Late L. iudicdtura office of a judge,
the fem. pp. of Late L. diurndre to ,
judgment. — L. iudicdtus pp. of indieare,
sojourn. — L. diurnus , daily. — L. a to judge. — L. indie-, stem of index, a
day. judge.
Joust, Just, to tilt. (F.-L.) O. F. judicial. (F.-L.) M. Y.judiciel. -
jouster (Y.jouter), to tilt. — LateL. iuxtdre, L. indicia lis pertaining to courts of law.
to approach (hence, to approach with — L. indicium a trial. — L. indie-, stem
,

hostile intent, as in tilting). — L. iuxtd, of iudex, a judge (above),

close to, hard by (whence O. Y.jouste, close judicious. (F. L.) F. judicieux —
to), p The form iuxtd is short for *iug- as if from a L. form *iudiciosus. — L. iudic-,
is-td fem. abl. of the superlative form of
,
stem of iudex a judge. ,

L. iugis, continual. From the base ing- Jug, a kind of pitcher. (Heb.) Drink-
of iungere, to join. (y'YEUG.) Brugm. ing- vessels were formerly called jacks, Jills,
i. § 760. 'Dev. jostle. and jugs all of which represent Christian
Jovial. (F. — L.) O.Y.jovial, sanguine, names. Jug and Judge were usual as pet
lit. born under the lucky planet Jupiter.— female names, and equivalent to Jenny or
L. louidlis, pertaining to Jupiter. — L. Joan\ see Jannette,Jehannette\\\Cotgr?L\Q.
Ioui decl. stem, of O. Lat. louts Jove, Cf. Jock for John ; fem. form Jacquetta .
whence L lii-piter ( = Jove- father). Iouis Of II eb. origin see Jenni ting, ;

represents Diouis (cf. Oscan dat. Diuv-ei), Juggernaut, the name of an Indian
allied to dies, day, and to dens, god cf. ;
idol. (Skt.) Skt .jaganndtha-, lord of the
Gk. Atos, gen. case of Ztvs. See Deity, universe, monarch of the world (Benfey,
Tuesday. Brugm. i. §§ 120, 223. p. 465). — Skt. jagat, world ndtha -, pro- ;

Jowl, Jole, the jaw or cheek. (E.) tector, lord.

M. E. jolle\ all the forms are corruptions Juggler. (F. — L.) M. E. iogelour.—
of M. E. chol, chaul which is a contraction
,
O. V .jogleor jougleor laterjongleur. — L.
,

of M. E. chattel ( chavel), the jowl. — A. S. ioculdtorem acc. of ioculator a jester. — L. ,

ceajl , the jaw pi. ceajlas the jaws, chaps,

; ,
ioculari to jest. — L. ioculus , a little jest,
Cf. O. Sax. kajlos pi., the jaws; Du.
,
dimin. of iocus, joke. See Joke.
kevels pi. the gums G. kiefer, jaw, jaw-
; Jugular, pertaining to the side of the
bone; also Icel kjaptr, Swed.
. kaft, Dan. neck. (L.) From f.iugul-ttm, or iugul-us,
kiceft , jaw. % The
successive spellings are the collar-bone, which joins the neck and
A.S. ceajl, chcejle (Layamon), chauel, chaul, shoulders dimin. of iugum, a yoke. See
;

chol, jole, jowl (all found). Yoke.

—
Joy. (F. L.) M. E. ioye. — Q. F. ioye, Juice. (F. — L.) M.K. iticc, iuse .—
joye ;
oldest form goye (Y.joie); cf. Ital. O. Y.jus, juice, broth. — L. ius, broth lit. ;

gioja, joy, also a gaud, jewel, Span .joya, 1

mixture.’ -f" Skt. yiisha soup. (VYU.)
a gaud, — L. gaudia, pi. of gaudium joy; ,
Brugm. i. §§ 91 1, 922.
afterwards turned into a fem. sing. — L. Jujube, a fruit. (F. — L. — Gk. Pers.^ —
gaudere to rejoice. See Gaud.
, M. F. jujubes, pi. (Cot.). — L. zlzyphum, a
Jubilation, a shouting for joy. (L.) jujube; fruit of the tree called zizyphus. —
From L. iubildtio, sb. — L. iubildtus, pp. Gk. (i(v<pov, fruit of the tree ftfu^os.—
of iiibildre, to shout for joy. — L. iubilum, Pers. zayzajun , zizfun, zizafun the jujube- ,

a shout of joy. Quite distinct from tree.

jubilee. Julep, a drink. (F. — Span. — Pers.) F.
Jubilee, a season of great joy. ( F. — L. julep. — Span .julepe. — Pers. juldb julep, a
— Heb.) M. E. jubilee. — M. Y.jubiU a i
sweet drink; also guldb, rose-water, also
—
jubilee;* Cot. L. iubilceus the jubilee ,
julep. — Pers. gul, a rose db, water. For ;

(Levit. xxv. 11); masc. of adj. iubilceus, Pers. gul, see Rose. Pers. db is cognate
belonging to the jubilee (Levit. xxv. 28). — with Skt. ap~, water.
Heb. yob el, a blast of a trumpet, shout of July. (F. — L.) O. Y .Julie. — L. lultus,
joy- f
Distinct from the word above. a month (formerly called Quinetins') named
—
Judge. (F. L.) Y.juge. L. iudicem , — after Julius Caesar, who was bom in July,
acc. ofindex, a judge, lit. one who points
4
Jump (l)» to ^ ea P» sp ring, skip. (Scand.)
out law.’ — L. ids, law; die- are, to point Swed. dial, gumpa, to spring, jump, gimpa,
out. See Jury and Diction. to wag about ;
allied to Swed. guppa, to
274
 . , ; ;,. ,,

JUMBLE JUSTIFY
move up and down ;
Dan ,gumpe, to jolt — L.) F ,
joncade (Cot.), Orig. a kind
Icel. goppa to ,
skip.+M. H. G. gumpen of cream-cheese, served on rushes, up
gampen , to jump, gumpdn , to play the whence name. — Ital. giuncata , a kind
its
buffoon prov. G. gampen to jump, hop,
; ,
of cream-cheese on rushes, also a junket
sport (Schmeller) ; M. Du. gumpen, to (Florio). — Ital. giunco, a rush. — L. iun-
dance, leap. From a Teut. str. vb. *gim- cum acc. of itmeus a rush.
, ,

pan- (for *gempan-); whence Dan. dial. a council. (Span. — L.)

Junta,Span.<
gimpe to swing, wag, Lowl. Sc. jimp to junta a congress; a fem. form of junto
, ,

jump. (below).
jumble, to mix together confusedly. junto, a knot of men, a faction. (Span.
(Scand.) We also find M. M.jombren, Ch. — L.) Span, junto, united, conjoined.—
Troil. ii. 1037 an(l jumper, to mix har- L. iunctus pp. of iungere, to join.
;
See ,

moniously (More). Infac t,jumb-le, jomb- Join.

ren jump-er are all frequentative forms of
,
Juridical, Jurisdiction, Jurist,
the verb to jump, used transitively. Thus Juror ; see Jury.
jumble - to make to jump, jolt together, Jury, a body of sworn men. (F. — L.)
make a discord; or, otherwise, to shake O. F. jurtte a jury, a company of sworn ,

together, make to agree. See Jump (1). men orig. the fem. pp. of jurer, to swear.
;

jump (2), exactly, pat also, as a verb.;

— L. iurare , to swear, bind by an oath. —
(Scand.) From the verb above cf. Ham- L. tier-, for ius, law.+Skt. yu, to bind.
;

let, i. 1. 65. Also used in the sense to juridical, pertaining to courts of law
agree or tally, esp. in the phr. to jump or to a judge. (L.) From L. iuridic-us,
‘ They jump not
1
with Oth. i. 3. 5 relating to the administration of justice;
;

cf. Tam. Shrew, i. 1. 195. with suffix -dlis, — L. iuri-, decl. stem of
Junction, a joining. (L.) From L. ius, law; diedre , to proclaim. See Just
iunctio , a joining. — L. in netus, pp. of (1) below.
iungere to join. See J oin.
, jurisdiction. (F.-L.) M. Y, juris-
juncture, a union, a critical moment. diction F. jiiridiction ). — L. iiirisdic -
(L.) The sense ‘ critical moment is astro- tionem, acc. of iftrisdictio administration
'
,

logical, from the ‘union’ of planets. — L. of justice. — L. turn, gen. of ins, law (see
iunctura a joining. — L. iunctus (above).
,
Just ( 1) below, and see Diction. ;

June. (F. — L.) O. F. and F. Juin. — So also juris-prudence.

L. Junius the name of the month and of
, jurist, a lawyer. (F. — L.) F. juriste
a Roman gens or clan. (Cot.). — Late L. iurista, a lawyer. — 1..
Jungle. (Hind. — Skt.) Hind .jangal, iur-, for ids, law with suffix •ista ( = Gk. ;

wasteland. — Sktjartga/a-,ad}., dry, desert; -KTTTJS).

hence jungle - waste land. The Hind, juror, one of a jury. (F. — L.) Imitated
short a sounds like u in mud from F. jureter a swearer, a juror. — L.
. ,

Junior, younger. (L.) L. iunior iuratore acc. of iurdtor, one who swears. , m ,

comp, of iuuenis , young ; short for — L. iurare to swear; see Jury (above). ,

*iuuenior. Sec Juvenile. Jury-mast, a temporary mast. (F.—

Juniper, an evergreen shrub. (L.) L. L.) Short for ajury-mast ; where ajury -

iuniperus iunipirus, a juniper.

,
Of O. F. ajuirie aid, succour (Godefroy). ,

doubtful origin. From L. adiutdre to aid ; see Aid.

Junk (1), a Chinese vessel. (Port.— Cf. M. E. iuwere assistance; Prompt.
Malay. — Chin. ?) Port, (and Span.) junco Parv. ,

a junk. — Malay jong; also ajong. Said to Just (1), upright. (F.-L.) M. E Just.
be borrowed from Chinese chwan a ship, — F. juste, — L. iustum, acc. of iustus,
,

boat, bark, junk; Williams, Chinese Diet, just, according to right with suffix - tus . ;

p. 120 ; but this is from Malay. — L. ids, right, that which is fitting cf. ;

Junk (2), pieces of old cordage. (Port. Skt yu, to join.

— L.) Poit .junco, a rush ; also junk, as a justice. (F.-L.) F. justice, — L.
nautical term i. e. rush-made ropes. — L
;
iustitia, justice Late L. iustitia, a tri- ;

iuncum acc. of iuncus, a rush,

, Junk bunal, a judge. — L. iusti-, for iustus,)^ ;
also means salt meat, tough as old ropes. see Just (1) above.
(But junk a lump, is for chunk,)
, justify. (F.-L.) F. justijier. — L.
junket, a kind of sweetmeat. (F. — Ital iustifiedre to shew to be just. — L. iusti-
275
 . ; ;

JUST KEN
for iustus y just; -jicdre, for faccre , to kydge* Cf. prov. E. cadgy, cheerful ; and
make. perhaps Dan. kaad frolicsome; M. Dan* %

Just (a), to joust ;

see Joust. kcede, joy Swed. keitja, to be wanton.
;

Justle \
see Jostle. Keel (i), the bottom of a ship. (Scand.)
Jut* to project. (F — L.) Merely a cor-
. Icel. kjofry Dan. kidl, Swed. kol, the keel

ruption of jet ; in the same way a jetty or of a ship (whence G. Du. kiel, a keel).
pier was formerly called a jutty sec Teut. type *kiltts Cf. A. S. celae, the
.
;

Jetty. beak of a ship (O. E. T.). Distinct from

jutty, a projection. (F. — L.) For A. S. ceol, O. H. G. kiol M. II. G. kiel9 y

jetty ; see above. Der. jutty y vb., to pro- a ship,

ject beyond. keelhaul. (Scand. andE.)
Also keeU
4
Jute, a substance resembling hemp. hale ,
way, by
to punish in the seaman’s
(Bengali.) Bengali jut the fibres of the ,
dragging the criminal under water on one
bark of the Corchorus o It torms (Wilson). side of the ship and up again on the
From jhotOy vulgarly jhuto } the native other * Johnson. From keel and haul or
;

name in Orissa (Yule). hale, Cf. Du. kiel-kalen, G. kielholen .

Juvenile, young. (F.-L.) M. F. keelson, kelson, a set of timbers

juvenile ; F.juvenil. — L. iuuemlis youth- ,
next a ship’s keel. (Scand.) Formerly
ful.— L. iuuenis young. See Young.
,
kelsine (Chapman). — Swed. kblsvin Dan. ,

Juxtaposition. (L. and F. L.) - kiolsviin (Norweg. kj'olsvill ), a keelson;

Coined from L. iuxtd near , ;
and position . E. Fries. kolswin.+ G. kielschwein. Lit.
See Joust and Position.
*
keel-swine but this can hardly have
;
*

been the orig. sense. A better sense is

given by Norw. kjolsvill where svill ,

X. answers to G. schivelle E. sill see Sill. , ;

This suffix, not being understood, may

Kail, Kale, cabbage. (L.) Northern easily have been corrupted to swine and ,

E. form of see Cole.

cole ; afterwards, in English, to -son.
Kails, ninepins. (Du.) Formerly also Keel (2), to cool. (E.) To keel a pot
keyles ; See quille in Cotgrave. These kails is to keep it from boiling over, lit. to cool
were cone-shaped. — Du. kegel, a pin, kail it. — A. S. cdlatiy to cool; for *coljan .—
met kegels spelen , to play at ninepins. + A. S. col cool. See Cool.
,

Dan. keglty a cone, kegler, nine-pins; Swed. Keelson; see Keel (i).
kcigldy a pin, cone; G. kegel (whence F. Keen, sharp. (E.) M. E. kene A. S. .

quille ). Apparently a dimin. of Du. keg> cene y

where e is due to an older d; O.
a wedge. Merc. come. The orig. sense is ‘ skilful,
Kaleidoscope, an optical toy. (Gk.) >
experienced.* + Du.
koen, bold, daring;
From Gk. teaA.-os, beautiful €t 5o-s, form; ; Icel. kcenn (for keenn), wise, also able
OKoir-iiVy to behold because it enables one
; G. ktihn, bold, O. II. G. chuotii. Tent,
to behold beautiful forms. type *kdnjoz able ; from Teut. root *ken
,

Kalendar see Calends.

; (y'GEN), see Can (i).
to know ;

Kangaroo, a quadruped. (Australian.) Keep. (E.)

kepen. M. E.
A. S. cepan y
Said to be not the native Australian name, to observe, notice, attend to,keep.+M.Du.
but to have arisen from some mistake ; but kepen to keep, retain (Hexham). Teut.
,

even this is doubtful (see Morris) type *kopjan - ;

cf. A. S. ge-cop, fit, suit-
Kayles ; see Kails. able.
KOCksies, hemlocks. (C.) For kecks- Keg, a small cask. (Scand.) Formerly
es ; and kecks is also written kex. See also cag. — Icel. kaggi
a keg ; Swed. kagge y y

Kex. Norweg. kagge, a keg, a round mass of

Kedge (i), to warp a ship. (F. L. ?) — heap. Der. kails.
To kedge is to drag a ship slowly forward, Kelp, calcined ashes of sea- weed. Origin
by help of a kedge-anchor, against tide. unknown. Also spelt kilp.
A kedge-anchor was formerly called a Ken, to know. (Scand.) M. E. hennen.
catch-anchor or catch (N. E. D.). Hence — Icel. kenna y Swed. kdnna, Dan. kiende y

kedge may represent ketch ;

for catch . to know ;
so also G. kennen A. S. ctnnan j

Kedge (a), Kidge, brisk, lively. (E.) (to declare), Goth, kannjan. Teut. type
An East-Anglian word. M. E. kygge. *kannjan Causal form of cunptan, to
376
 y ; , ;, ;

KENNEL KIDDLE
know, derived from Teut. base *kann (cf. Ketchup, a sauce. (Malay.) Malay
can) by vowel-change of a to e See . kechapy kichap, a sauce ; soy. (In Dutch
Can (i). spelling, keljap.) —
C. P. G. Scott.
Kennel (i), a house for dogs. (F.— L.) Kettle. (Scand.— L.) M, E. ketel .

M. E. kenel. A Norman form of O. F. Icel. ketill\ borrowed from L. caiilluSy a

chenily a kennel. — Late L. 1 canile, domus small bowl (whence also Goth, katils ,
cams' Wrt. Vocab. 198. 29. — L. can-is,
in A. S. cetely Du. ketel, G. kessel, &c.).
a dog, with suffix •thy as in ou-Tle, a sheep- Dimin. of catinus, a bowl, deep vessel
fold. Cf. Norman F. ken, O. F. chen (F. for cooking food. Perhaps allied to Gk.
chien), a dog, from L. acc. canem a dog. ,
k 6 tv\o$, a cup (Prellwitz) ; see Coty-
Kennel (2), a gutter. (F. L.) — A cor- ledon.
ruption of M. E. canely a channel. — A. F. KeX, hemlock, a hollow stem. (W. — L.)
canely Charlemagne, ed. Michel, 1. 556; M. E. kex W. cecys pi., hollow stalks.
O. F. chattel see Channel. ;
Of Celtic origin cf. \Y. ccgid, hemlock
;

Kerbstone. (F.-L. ;
and E.) Here Corn .cegasy hemlock; piob. borrowed from
herb is for curb ; so called because the L. ciciita hemlock,,
Kex— kecks, and
stone was sometimes placed, as round a is properly a plural form.
well, on a curved edge. See Curb. Key. (E.) M.E. keye. A. S. cleg, a
Kerchief. (F.-L.) M. E. curchiefy key ; O. Fries, kai, kei, a key.
cotterchef {coverchef). — O. F. cov rechef Khan, a prince. (Pers. — Tatar.) Pers.
lit. a head-covering. — O. F. covriry to khdn, lord, prince of Tatar origin. Cf.
;

cover chefy the head ; see Cover and

;
Chingis Khan i. e. great lord, a Tatar
,

Chief. title (Chaucer’s Cambuscari).

Kermes,the dried bodies of insects used Khedive, a piince. (F. — Pers.) F.

in dyeing crimson. (Arab. — Skt.) Sec kJMivc. — Pers. khadiw khidiw, a great ,

Crimson. prince, sovereign ; khidewi, the khedive,

Kern (1), Kerne,
an Irish soldier. viceroy of Egypt (Palmer). Cf. Pers.
(Irish.) ceathartiach, a soldier.—
Irish khoda, God.
O. Irish cethertiy a troop. See Cateran. Kibe, a chilblain. (C.?) \V. cilwst, chil-
Kern (2) ; see Quern. blains explained by Pugh as standing for
;

Kernel. (E.) A. S. cymel, a grain :
dimin. of A. S. corn, a grain (with the
usual change from Teut. u (A. S. 0 ) to^y).
Teut. stem % kumilo~. See Corn.
Kersey, coarse woollen cloth. (E.)
Named from Kersey (of A. S. origin), a
village three miles from Iladleigh, in
Suffolk, where a woollen trade was once
carried on. Not from Jersey which
is also used as the name of a material.
Kerseymere, a twilled cloth of fine
wool. (Cashmere.) A corruption of Cash-
mere or Cassimere by confusion with
kersey above.
cib-givst. — \V. cib, a cup ; gwsi, a humour,
malady, disease ; hence ‘a cup-like malady,’
fiom the rounded form. The E. word has
preserved only the syllable cib, rejecting
the latter syllable. (Doubtful.)
Kick. (Scand.) M. E. kiken (whence
W. ciciOy to kick, colloquially). Cf. prov.
E. kink % to kick. — Norw. kikk, a straining
,
of a sinew ; kikla, to jerk. Cf. Kink.
Kickshaws, a dainty dish. (F.-L.)
A sing. sb. ; the pi. is kitkshaivses (Shak.).
A cuiious corruption of F. quelqut chose
,
something, hence, a trifle, a delicacy. Spelt
quelqttechose by Dryden. — F. quelque chose .

Kestrel, a base kind of hawk. ;F. — L.) — L. qual-is, of what sort, with suffix
For kesrel ;
the t is excrescent, as in - quatn caussa , a cause, a thing.
; Moisy %
whils-t, See. — M V .qucrcereHe
.
y
1
a kastrell gives Norman F. quiquechose .
Cotgrave; F. cricerelle . Extended from Kid, a young goat. (Scand.) M. E. hid.
O. F. crecele ,
cerce//e f M. F. quercelle, a — Dan. kidy Swed* kid, Icel. kid , a kid.+
kestrel. Of imitative origin ;O. F.
cf. G. kitze.
F. sarcelle } a teal,
cercelle , from L. quer- kidnap, to steal young children.
quedula, a kind of teal. (Scand.) Kid, in Tudor K. slang, means a
Ketch, a small yacht or hoy. (E.) child nap is our itab — Dan. kid, a kid
; .

M. E. Prob. from the verb to

cache . nappe to nab ; see Nab.
,

catch ;
see N. E. I). ; s. v. Catoh. The Kiddle, a kind of weir formed of basket-
l)u. kitSy F. quaichCy a ketch, are borrowed work placed in a river to catch fish. (A.F.)
from E. Distinct from caique q. v. Anglo- F. kidel, pi. kid&ux O. F. cuidel ;

2 77
 ,

KIDNEY KIPPER
(Godefroy); later form quideati ‘ a wicker ,
natural, in-born ;
allied to Goth, -kunds,
engine whereby fish is caught Cotgrave. ;
*
of such a nature. Allied to Kin.
Late L. kidellus Breton hidel. ;
kindle (i), to bring forth young. (E.)
Kidney. (E.) M. E. kiden-ei, pi. M. E. kindlen, kundlen ; from M. E. kindcl,
kiden-eiren\ confused with M. E. neris , kundel sb., a progeny; from the A.S.
,

kidneys (Icel. ityra). 1. Here kid answers ryW, nature, or from the adj. cynde ,

to A. S. *cyd-, perhaps related to A. S. natural.

codd a bag, pod, husk, M. E. cod belly.
, ,
Kindle( M. E.
2 ), to inflame. (Scand.)
2. M. E. «, pi. eireit, answers to A. S. kindlen kundlen resembling Kindle ( 1 );
, ,

ceg, an egg, pi. dgru. See Egg. 3. see Anc. Riwle. But it can hardly be
M. E. nere is a Scand. word. — Icel. nyra ,
separated from Icel. kynda to inflame, ,

Dan. nyre, Swed. njurc, Du. nier, G. kindle, Swed. dial, kynda kinda, a sense ,

nitre, a kidney. which seems to have been suggested by

Kilderkin. (Du.) corruption of M. A Icel. kyndill, a torch. And Icel. kyndill
Du. kindeken, also kinneken the eighth ,
is a mere borrowing from A. S. candcl ;

part of a vat. Apparently a little child/ ‘ from L. candela, a candle. See Candle.
.because the measure is a small one as Kindred. (E.) The former d is ex-
compared with a tun, vat, or barrel. crescent. M. E. kinrede. — A. S. cyn kin ; ,

But it has been ascertained to be a de- -

rceden , signifying law, state, condition (so
rivative, with the same suffix -ken. from also hat -red from hate). Rieden is allied
a Du. spelling of O. F. quintal , * a quintal to the adj. ready ;
cf. Goth, ga-raideins
or hundredweight/ See further under an ordinance.
Quintal. Kine, cows see Cow. ;

Kill. (E.) M. E. killen, more com- King, a chief ruler. (E.) A.S. cy fling,
monly cullen. The M. E. mllen prob. a king lit. a man of good birth (cf. ;
‘
;
’

answers to an A. S. type *cyllan from , A. S. eyne-, royal, Icel. hour, one of gentle
the weak grade c(w)ul- of cwel-an to die. ,
birth) — A. S. cyn a tribe, kin, race
; with , ;

Cf. E. Fries, kiillcn to vex, strike, beat,

,
suffix -ing, as in . Elfted yEJ>elwtil/ing --

a parallel form O. II. G chollen , by-form

;
yElfred the son of /Ethehvulf. -f O. Sax.
of quellan , to vex, kill, martyr. Thus kilning, from kuni, tribe; O. Fries, killing ;

kill is closely related to Quell, q. v. For Icel. konungr ;

Swed. konung; Dan.
the loss of w
cf. dull, which is related to
,
konge\ Du. honing G. konig, O. H. G. \

dwell . chiming (from O. H. G. chunni, a kin,

Kiln. (L.) A. S. cyln, also cylen ;
race). Teut. type *kuningoz m. ,

merely borrowed from L. cttlina a kitchen , kingdom. (E.) Late M. E. kingdom ;

(hence, a drying-house) whence also \V. ;

not really a compound of king and suffix
cylyn a kiln, a furnace.
,
See Culinary. -dom, but a substitution for early M. E.
Kilt. (Scand.) The sb. is derived from kinedom A. S. cynedom a kingdom. The
, ,

the verb kilt to tuck up. — Dan. kilte to

, ,
A. S. eyne- signifies royal/ very common ‘

truss, tuck up ; Swed. dial, kilta, to in composition, and is allied to A. S. cyn,

swaddle. Cf. Icel. kilting a skirt. Per- ,
a tribe.
haps related to Swed. dial, kilta the lap, , Kink, a twist in a rope. (Scand.) A
Icel. kjalta , lap. Northern word. — Swed. kink ,
Norweg.
Kimbo ;
see Akimbo. kink, a twist in a rope. (So also Du.
Kin, genus, M. E. kin
race. 'Th) kink.) Allied to Norweg. kika kinka to , ,

A. S. orig. a tribe. + Icel. hyn kin writhe, Icel. kikna to sink at the knees , ; ,

O. Sax. kunni O. H. G. chunni

,
Goth. under a burden, Icel. keikr, bent back;
;

£*/;**, tribe. Teut. type *kunjom neut. Norw. keika, to bend aside, to twist. ,

From the weak grade of Teut. root (Teut. base *keik-, to bend.)
*&«-, Idg. £wi-. Allied to Genus. Kiosk, a small pavilion. (Turk. — Pcrs.)
(VGEN.) F. kiosque. — Turk, kushk. koshk (pro-
kind (0 ,
sb., nature, sort. (E.) M. E. nounced with k as ki), a kiosk. — Pers.
kund, kind. A. S. ryW, ge-cynd nature ; ,
kushk a palace,
,
villa, portico.
whence the adj. below. Der. kind-ly , Kipper, to cure salmon. (E.) This
natural. meaning an accidental one, arising from
is

kind ( 2 ), adj., natural, loving. (E) a habit of curin % kipper- salmon, i e. salmon
M. E. kttnde, kinde. A. S. cynde, ge-cynde during the spawning season, which were
278
 ; ' - ; +
;,,

KIRK KNEE
cured because of inferior quality. A salmon, Cf. Du. knakken
Imitative, like Knap.
after spawning, was called a kipper (Pen- G. knacken , to crack. [The Gael, cnac,
nant). A.S. cypera , a kipper-salmon. Irish cnag, a crack, W. cnec, a snap, are
Kirk, a church. (Scand.— E.— Gk.) borrowed from E. crack.'] It meant (1) a
M. E. kirke. — Icel. kirkja borrowed from snap, (2) a snap with the finger or nail,
A. S. cirice, circe , a church. See Church. (3) a jester’s trick, piece of dexterity, (4)
Kirtle, a soit of gown or petticoat. a joke, trifle, toy, &c. Cf. Knock.
(L. ;
with E. suffix.) M. E. kirtel. A. S. Knacker, a dealer in old horses.
cyrtel, a tunic ; Icel. kyrtill Dan. kiortel
,
(Scand.) It formerly meant a saddler and
,

Swcd. kjortel ; evidently dimin. forms. All harness-maker (Ray). — Icel. hnakkr , a
from L. curtus , short, which appears also saddle.
in Du. kort , G. kurz , short. See Curt. Knag, a knot in wood, peg. (E.) M.E.
Kiss, a salute with the lips. (E.) The knagge, a peg, a knot in wood. Not in
vowel i is due to the verb , which is formed A.S. Low G. knagge, a kind of peg ; Swed.
from the sb by vowel-change. M. E. coss knagg, a knag, knot ; Dan. knag a peg,
. , ,

sb., a kiss whence kissen , verb. A. S. row, cog.

;
We find also Irish cnag, a knob,
sb. ; whence cyssait , verb.+Du. Icel. peg, cnaig, a knot in wood, Gael, cnag,
/Cwj, Dan. Swed. G. kuss a kiss. knob, pin, peg (all from E.).
,

Teut. type *kussuz, sb. Cf. Goth, kukjan , Knap, to snap. (Du.) Du. knappen to ,

to kiss E. h ries.
;
a kiss. snap, crack, crush, eat (whence knapper
Kit (i), a milk-pail, tub; also, an outfit. hard gingerbread, a lie). Cf. Dan. kneppe ,
(O. Low G.) M. E. kit. — M. Du. kitte, a to snap ; Swed. kntipp , a snap, knep, a
wooden bowl, a tub; Du. kit. Cf. trick. A parallel word to knacky and of
Norweg. kitte, a corn-bin. imitative origin. Cf. Gael, cnap to strike, ,

Kit (2), a small violin. (F. — L. — Gk.) beat, thump, Irish cnapaim t I strike ; from
Shortened from Norman F. quiterne E. See Knop.
(Moisy); answering to O. F. guitemc knapsack. (Du.) Du. knapzak , a
(Godefroy). FromL. cithara. — Gk.ra$apa , knapsack, lit. a provision-bag. — Du. knap,
a kind of lyre. See Cithern. eating, knappen to crush, eat ; zak, a sack
,

Kit (3), a brood, family, quantity. (E.) (a word of Hebrew origin) see Sack. ;

A variant of kith 4 The whole kit = the Knapweed, Knopweed, a weed

.

whole kith. See Kith. with a hard head or knop ; see Knop.
Kit-cat, Kit-kat, the name given to ; Knar
see Gnarled.
portraits of a paiticular size. (Personal Knave, a boy, servant, sly fellow. (E.)
name.) The size adopted by Sir G. Kncller M. K. ktiaue {knave), a boy, servant. A. S.
for painting members of the Kit*Kat club, cnafa , older form cnapa a boy. So also , +
which used to meet at a house kept by Du. kttaap, a lad, servant ; Icel. knapi ,

Christopher Kat (Haydn). Kit is for servant- boy G. knabe a boy. ;

It is ,

Christopher (Gk. XpioTo-<pbpos, lit Christ- probable that the initial kn represents
.
1

bearing ’). the weak grade of Tcut. *ken- (Idg. *gen - ),

Kitchen. (L.) M.E. kichene A. S. to produce ; cf. Knight. But the rest of
.

cycene , f. — L. coquina , a kitchen. — L. the word remains unexplained.

coquere to cook
, ; see Cook. Knead, to mould by pressure. (E.)
Kite, a bird, a toy for flying. (E.) M.E. M.E. kneden. A. S. cnedan (pt. t. *cn<?d,
kite. A. S. cyta, a kite. pp. cneden ), a strong verb, to knead.
Kith, kindred, acquaintance. (E.) M.E. Du. kneden Icel. knoba, Swed. ktiSda, G.
,

cutftSe, kith. A. S. cyS , native land, relation- kneten ; (all from Teut. base*£tt£fl-). Allied
ship. — A. S. ciid, known, pp. of kunnan , to Russ, gnetate , guest i, to press, squeeze
to know. See Can (1). from the corresponding Idg. root *gnet .

Kitten. (F.— L.) M. E. kitoun from , Knee. (E.) M.E. kne, pi. knees also
an A. F. *kitoun ; cf. O. F. (Central F.) cneo, pi. cneon. A.S. cneo.+D u. knie,
chitoun, a kitten (Gower). Variant of North Icel. kney Dan. knee Swed. kna, G. knie
, ,

F. caton, O. F. chatton, a kitten. Cf. M. F. O. H. G. chniu, Goth, kniu Teut. type .

chatton , 1 a kitling or young cat;* Cot. ; aug- Hneworn, n. Cf. L. genu Gk. y6 vv ; ;

mentative of F. chat a cat. — Late L .caitum,

,
Skt. jdnu. The Idg. related bases are
acc. of cattus, L. cdtus, a cat. See Cat. *genu - (as in L.), *gonu - (as in Gk ),
Knack, a snap, dexterity, trick. (E.) *gneu - (whence Teut. *kneu~). Cf. Gk.
279
 , l
, ,, ;;,; , ,; , \

KNEEL KNURR
yvv‘ir€ruv t to fall on the knees. See Com. cnoucye to knock. An knock ; ,

Genuflection, Pentagon, &c. imitative word, from Teut. *knuk* t weak

kneel, to fall on the knees. (E) grade of Knaok.
M, E. cneolien , krielen ; A. S. cneowlian .+ Knoll (1), a hillock. (E.) M. E. knot.
Du. knielen Low G. kneten (Liibben)
;
A. S. wfl/.+Du. knot a turnip, from its ,

Dan. kncele (formed from knee, knee). roundness, Dan. knold, a knoll, Swed.
Knell, Knoll, to sound as a bell, toll. knot, a bump, G, knollen, a knoll, clod,
(EO M.E. knillen knollen. A. S. cnyllan lump.
,
Cf. W. cnol, a knoll, hillock;
to knock, beat noisily. Cf. Du, knallen to Swed. dial, knall, a knoll. ,

give a loud report, Dan. knaldc to explode Knoll (2) see Knell.
Swed. knalla , to resound, G. knallen to Knop, Knob, a bump, protuberance,
make a loud noise; Icel. gnella, to scream boss. (E.) M. E. knop a rose-bud. ; ,

M. H. G. knullen, to beat. Perhaps of O. Fries, ersknop the rump-bone. Du. , +

imitative origin, to denote a loud noise; and Dan, a knob, bud; Swed. knopp ,
cf. Du. knal, Dan. knald, Swed. knall, a bud, a knot, G. knopf knob,
G. kttally a loud noise. From Teut. base button, knot. Apparently allied to M. E.
*knel- (*knal-, *k?iul-). knap, a knob A. S* cncePy a hill-top,
;
'

Knickerbockers, loose knee-breeches. Icel. knappr a knob ; whence Gael, cnap,

(Du.) Named from Diedrich Knicker- a knob, button, boss, stud, hillock, also
bocker, the pretended author of W. Irving’s a slight blow ; also the verb etiapy to
New York; taken as the type of
Hist, of thump, beat (hence, to raise a bump) ; W.
a New York Dutchman. cnafy a knob Irish cnap , knob, bunch,
;

Knick-knack, a trick, trifle, toy. (E.) hillock, cnapainiy I strike. See Knap.
A reduplication of knack ,
in the sense of Knot, (E.) M. E. knotte. A. S.
trifle, toy.Du. knikken to snap,
Cf. ,
cnotta ,
a knot. Du. knot. Cf. also +
weakened form of hiakken , to crack. O. H. G. chnodoy G. knoten a knot (with a ,

See Knack. different dental sound). Also (with a long

Knife- (E.) M.E. knif
pi. kniues vowel) Icel. knutr a knot, Dan. kmtde } ,

(with u-v). A.
cnTf a knife. Du.
S. + Swed. knut. And (with orig. a) Icel.
ktiijf Icel. knifr, Dan. kniv, Swed. knif
\
knottr (Teut. *knattuz)y a ball.
prov. G. kneif\ Low G. knif kntp a knife , knout, a scourge. (Russ. Scand.) —
(Liibben). (Cf. F. can if from G.) Russ, knute a whip, scourge. — Swed.
,

Possibly related to Nip and Nibble. knut , Icel. knutr a knot. ,

Knight, a youth, servant, man-at-arms. Know, to be assured of. (E.) M. E.

(E.) M. E. knight A. S. cniht O. Merc. . knowen . A. S. endwan (pt. t. cneow pp.
,

cneht, a boy, servant. Du. knecht a + endruen). + Icel.

kndy O. PI. G. chndan .
servant ; Dan. knegt, man-servant, knave Further allied to Russ. znate to know; y

(at cards) Swed. knckt, soldier, knave (at

;
L. noscere (for gttoscere ')
;
Gk. yi-yvourtcciv ;
cards); G. knecht, (
3 Perhaps cneht = . Pers .far-zdn, knowledge O. Irish gnat It, ;

*cn-eht belonging to the kin or tribe ; cf.

,
known, accustomed, W.gnazvd, a custom ;

Gk. yv-rjaios legitimate, from yiv-os, kin

,
Skt. jnfiy to know. All from a base *gnJ,
(where yv - is the weak grade of 76?-) ;
a secondary form of <^GEN, to know.
see Kin. The suffix -eht, - iht is adjectival knowledge. (E.) M. E. know/ege,
as in Porn-iht, thorny, from Porn, a thorn. knauleche ; from know lecken, vb., to ac-
Knit. (E.) A. S. cnyttan , to form into knowledge. Here -lechen** A. S. - Idcan
a knot, to knot formed (by vowel-change)
;
(as in M. E. n?hl?chen A. S. neahllScany to x

from Teut. *knut -, the base of cnotta a ,

approach). And -llican is from the A. S.
knot (Teut. type *knut-ton -). Allied to - l&c the same word as A. S. l&c, a game,
Icel. knyta, Dan. knytte Swed. knyta, to ,
sport, play. Sec Wedlock.
knit; and to Icel. knutr Dan, knude, , Knuckle, the projecting joint of the
Swed. a knot. See Knot, fingers. (E.) M. P'. knokil\ O. Fries.
Knob, a form of knop. M. E. knobbe. knokele M. Du. knokel, Du. kneukel . +
Cf. Low G. knobbe Du. knobbe a knob. Dan. knokkel, G. kndchel a knuckle.
, A ,

See Knop. dimin. form; the shorter form appears

Knock, to strike, rap. (E.) M. E. in M. Du. knoke, a bone, knuckle, G.
kneeken. A. S. cnucian Icel. kmka. Cf. knoehetty a bone, Swed. knoge, a knuckle.
;

Irish cnagaim, I knock W. cnocio, to Knurr, Knur, a knot in wood,

;
 , , , , , ,; , ,, \ ;

KORAN LACQUER
wooden ball. ( 0 Low G.) M. E. knor. Skt.) Pers. lak gum-lac. whence crimson
, ,

Not in A. S. — M. Du. kncrre a hard lake is obtained for dyeing.— Skt. Idkshd
, ,

swelling, knot in wood. Dan. knort + ,

lac; also laktaka, raklaka , lac; raw/, to
a knot ; G. knotren a lump. Allied to ,
dye. Der. gum-lac , shel-lac.
M. E. knarre a knot. See Gnarled. Lac a hundred thousand. (Hind.—
(2),
Koran, sacred book of the Mohamme- Skt.) A — 100,000 rupees. -
lac of rupees
dans. (Arab.) Arab qurdn, reading aloud, Hindustani Az£ (also lakh ), a lac. — Skt.
recitation; also, the Koran. — Arab, root lafaha a hundred thousand; originally,
,

qam-a, he read. (The a is long.) ‘

a mark.’
alcoran ; the same word, with the Lace, a cord, tie. (F.— L.) M.E* lait
Arab. def. art. al (the) prefixed. laas.— Q. F. Aw, (F. lacs), a snare,
Kraal, an enclosure, a collection of huts, noose. — L. laqueus ,
a noose, snare, knot.
an African village. (Du.— Port. — L.) Du. Allied to L. lacere, to allure ; cf. E. t licit,
kraal an African village. — Port, ciirral
, ,
delight. See Lasso, Latchet.
an enclosure; the same word as Span. Lacerate, to tear. (L.) From pp. of
corral. See Corral. L. lacera re, to tear. — L. lacer, mangled,
Kythe, to make known. (E.) A.S. torn.+Gk. Xa Kfpus, tom ;
Xaicts, a rent.
cyban, to make known. — A. S. cub, known, Lachrymal, Lacrimal, pertaining
pp. of cunnan , to know. See Can (i), to tears. (L.) The spelling lachrymal is
and Uncouth. bad. — L. Idcryma better lacruma, lacrimd ,
,

a tear O. L. dacrima a tear. Cognate

;

with Gk. ba/cpv, a tear, and E. tear see

Tear (1). Der. (from L .lacrimd) lachry-
L. mose, tearful ; lachrymatory a tear-bottle. ,

Lack (1), want. (E.) The old sense is

Label, a small slip of paper, &c. (F.) often ‘failure’ Or fault.’ E. lak, lac.
‘
M
M. E. label. —
O. F. label, lambel, a label Not in A. S., but cf. O. Fries, lek damage, ,

(in heraldry), a shred mod. F. lambeau. ;

harm, lakia, to attack. Du. lak blemish, + ,

Of uncertain origin; cf. O. Lat. lamberare, stain, lahen, to blame ; Low G. lak , defect,
to tear in pieces (Ascoli). blame ; Icel. lakr, defective, lacking.
Labial. (L.) Late L. labidlis pertain- , lack (2), to be destitute of. (E.) M. E.
ing to the lips. — L. labium the lip. See ,
lakken weak veib ;
from lak sb. See
Lip. above.
labellum, a pendulous petal. (L.) Lacker; sec Lacquer.
L. lake Hum dimin. of labium a lip.
, , Lackey, Lacquey, a footman, menial
labiate. botanical term. — L.
(L.) A attendant. (F. —
Span. ? Arab.?) From —
labi-um a ,
lip ;
with
- ate (L. -dtus). suffix M. F. laquay , ‘ a lackey, footboy ; ’ Cot.
Laboratory. (L.) Formerly elabora- (F. laquais). There was also an O. F.
toiy (Blount). — M. F. elaboratoire (Cot.). form alacay Littre shews that, in the
;

Formed from L, clabordtus pp. of clabo- 15th cent., a certain class of soldiers (esp.
rdre to elaborate, work out. — L. e, out;
,
crossbow-men), were called alagues, ala-
labordre to work, from labor, labour.
,
cays, or lacays (The prefix a- is prob.
.

laborious. (F.-L.) M. E. labo- due to Arab, al, the def. article.) Prob.
rious. — F. laborieux. — L. laboriosus toil- ,
from Span, lacayo Port, lacaio a lackey ,

some. — L. labor- for labor, labour ; with Port, lacaia, a woman-servant in dramatic
suffix -osus. performances. — Arab, lukd worthless, .

labour, toil. E. labour(F.-L.) M. . servile ;

as a sb., a slave; iak'd, fem., mean,
— O. F. labour (later labour). - L. labortm servile. Cf. laka , laki\ servile, lakdi,
acc. of labor Ar/w, toil. slovenly, This is a guess ; it is much
Laburnum, a tree. (L.) L. laburnum, disputed ; Diez connects it with Ital.
in Pliny, xvi. 18. leccare G. lecken , to lick.
Labyrinth, a maze. (F. - L. - Gk. -
Laconic, brief and pithy. (L. — Gk.)
Egypt.) labyrinthus. L. Lacdnicus Laconian. — Gk. Aa*<wcir<fc,
F. labyrinthe. — L. ,

— Gk. XaflypivOof, a maze, a place full of Laconian. — Gk. Aa/fwy, a Laconian, Spar*
lanes or alleys. Of Egyptian origin tan. These men were celebrated for theif
(Maspero). brief and pithy locution.
Lac (i), a resinous substance. (Pers. — Lacquer, Lacker, a sort of varnish*
 , , , , , , . , , ,;

LACTEAL LAMMAS
(F. — Port. — Pers. — Skt.) M. F. lacre also, to be driven (Vigf.). Cf. also O.F.
(Cot.). — Port, lacre sealing-wax. — Port, alagane (Godefroy).
laca, gum-lac. — Pers. lak, gum-lac; see Lagoon. (Ital.— L.) Ital. lagone, a
Lao (i). pool; also laguna [Or from Span.
Lacteal, relating to milk. (L.) From laguna .] The former is an augmentative
L. lacte-us milky. — L. lact-, stem of lac of L. lams ; the latter
,
is from L. lacuna
milk.+Gk. yakatcT-, stem of 7 a\a, milk, extended from lacus. See Lake (1).
Allied to lettuce. Laic. (L.— Gk.) L. laicus, belonging
Lad, a youth. (E.) M. E. ladde Prob. to the laity. — Gk. \auc 6 s (the same). See
.

the sense was one led/ i. e. a follower, Lay (3).

4

dependant. From M. E. lad, led, pp. of Lair, den or retreat of a wild beast.
leden, to lead. See Lead (i\ (H. Brad- (E.) M. E. leir. A. S. leger a lair,
ley, in Afhenteum June 1, 1894.) couch, bed. — A.S. stem *leg-, as in A. S.
Ladannm; see Laudanum. leg-, base of licgan, to lie down, rest.
Ladder. (E.) M. E. laddre. A. S. See Lie (i).+Du. leger a bed, lair, from
hinder, hiUdder, a ladder. +
Du. ladder, liggen ; G. lager, O. II. G. legar, a couch,
ladder, rails of a cart ; O. H. G. hleitra from O. II. G. liggan, to lie; Goth, ligrs,
G. letter, a ladder. Cognate with Gk. a couch. Doublet, leaguer.
u\i-fia£, a ladder; see Climax. Named Laity, the lay people. (F. — L. — Gk.
from sloping ; see Lean ( 1 ). (y^KLEI.) with F. suffix.) coined woul; from A
Lade (1), to load. (E.) Formerly a lay, adj. ; cf. gaie-ty from gay, &c. See
strong verb; we still use the pp. laden. Lay (3).
M. E. laden. A.S. hladatt (pt. t. hldd, Lake (1), a pool. (L.) A. F. lac, — L.
pp. hladeti), meaning (1) to load, heap lacus, a lake. Gk. Xclkkos, a hollow, +
up, heap together, (2) to draw out water, hole, pit, pond O. Irish loch, A.S. lagu. ;

lade out, drain.+Du. laden, Icel. hlatia, Lake (2), a crimson colour. (F.— Pers.
Dan. lade, Swed. ladda, Goth, -h lath an —Skt.) K. laque (Cot.). — Pers. lak, lake,
(in afhlathan), G. laden, to lade. Teut. — Pers. lak, gum-lac ; see Lac (1).
base *hlad (not *hlath), to lade (Kluge). Lakh; the same as Lac (2).
Allied to Russ, klade, a lading. Lama
(1), a high priest. (Thibetan.)
lade (2), to draw out water, drain. We speak of the grand lama of Thibet,
(E.) The same word as Lade (1). i. e. chief or high priest (Webster).

ladle, a large spoon. (E.) M. E. Lama

(2) ; see Llama.
ladel\ A. S. h Icedel ; so named from being Lamb. (E.) M. E. lamb, lo?nb. A. S.
used for dipping out or lading water from lamb, pi. lambru.+ Du. lam, Icel. lamb,
a vessel ; from M. E. laden A. S. hladatt, Dan. lam, Swed. and G. latum, Goth,
to lade out see above.
;
lamb, a young sheep. Teut. type Varnboz,
Lady. (E.) Ptrhaps ‘ loaf-kneader.’ neut.
A. S. hldfdige, a lady. — A.S. hlaf a loaf ; Lambent, flickering. (L.) 1 A lambent
and (perhaps) A.S .*dtge, a kneader, from flame.’- L. lambent -, stem of pres. pt. of
the root seen in Goth. deigan, to knead see ;
lambere to lick, sometimes applied to
,

Dike, and see Dairy. ^[ Lady was spe- flames. Allied to Lap (1).
dally used to mean the Virgin Mary; Lame, disabled, esp. in the legs. (E.)
hence lady-bird, lady' s -slipper, &c. M.E. lame . A. S. lama.+ Du. lam, Icel.
Lag, late, sluggish. (C.) W. Hag, land, Dan. lam, Swed. lam, G. lahm.
slack, loose, sluggish; Corn, lac, loose, The or ig. sense is bruised, maimed from ;

remiss; Gael, and Ir. lag, weak, feeble, a base *lam-, to break. Cf. Russ, lorn ate,
faint; O. Irish lac , weak.+L. laxus lax ;
to break ; Icel. lama, to biuise prov. E. ;

see Lax, Languid, Slack. lam, to bruise.

Lagan, goods cast out in a shipwreck. Lament, vb. (F. — L.) F. lamenter.—
(F.) A law-term; usually explained so L . Idmentdri, to wail. — L. Idmentum, a
as to force a false connexion with L. mournful cry ;
from the base Id-, to utter
ligdre, to tie. — O. F. lagan, lagand, a cry ; cf. Id-trdre, to bark. Cf. also
wreckage cast ashore (Godefroy). Low Russ, laiate, to bark, scold.
L. laganum. Origin unknown. Perhaps Lamina. (L.) L. lamina, a thin plate
from O. Icel. laginn, * positus/ old pp. of metal. Cf. Omelette.
pass, of leggja, to lay, place (Egilsson , Lammas, a name for Aug. 1. (E.)
282
 , , , , , , \ ,

LAMP LANTERN
1 f
A.S. hldfmcesse, lit. loaf-mass a kind of coach. (G.) Said
;
later landau,
spellings hlamnuesse lammasse. A loaf to be named from Landau , a town in
,

was on this day offered as a first-fruits of Bavaria. Land is cognate with E. land ;
harvest. See Mass (2). G. att is allied to i- in M. E. idand see ;

Lamp. (F.—L.— Gk.) O. F. lampe.— Island.

L. lampas.— Gk. kapirds, a torch, light.— landgrave, a count of a province.
Gk. \an 7rav, to shine. Cf. Lantern. (Du.) I)u. landgraaf — Du. land land; ,

Lampoon. (F.— Teut.) F. tampon, graaf a count. Der. landgravine, from

orig. a drinking-song; from the exclama- Du. landgravin f fem. of landgraaf\ see
tion tampons l let us drink (Littre). — F.
•
Margrave.
tamper, nasalised form of O. F. tapper to landrail, a bird ; see Bail (3).
lap up; of Teut origin. — M. Du. lappen, landscape. (Du.) Formerly land-
to lap or licke like a dogge;’ Hexham, skip
1
borrowed from Dutch painters.— ;

See Lap (1). Du. landschap t a landscape, a province.—

Lamprey, an eel-like fish. (F. — L.) Du. land, land; and - schap a suffix cor- ,

A. F. lampreie O. F. lamproie (Ital. responding to E. - ship m friendship,

lampreda). — Late L. lampreda\ once allied to the E. verb shape, The Du.
spelt lampetra , as if licker of rocks,* be- sch sounds to us more like sk than sh
i
;

cause the fish cleaves to them, from L. lienee our spelling with sc.
lambere to lick ,pelra, a rock; but this is
,
Lane. (E.) M. E. lane, lone A.S. .

doubtful. Cf. Limpet. lane, lone, a lane; O. Frits lana, lona.+

Lance. (F. — L.) F. lance. — L. lancea. Du. laan, a lane, narrow passage.
+ Gk. koyxh a lance. Der. lance, vb., Language. (F. — L.) M. E Iangage. .

to pierce lanc-er
; . — F. language (Cot.), now langage. — F.M .

lancegay, a kind of spear. (F. — L. ; langue, the tongue. — E lingua, tongue. .

and F. — Span. — M oorish.) Obsolete. A See Lingual.

corruption of lance-zagaye, compounded of Languish. (F.— L.) M.E. languishen.
lance (as above), and F. zagaye a kind of — 1«. languiss-, stem of pres part, of lan-
M oorish pike. The latter word answers gnir, to languish. — L. language, to be
to Span, azagaya ( — al zagaya), where al weak. Allied to Gk. A a-yapos, slack;
is the Arab. def. article, and zagaya is an Icel. lakra to lag and_ to Lag. See , ;
1
O. Span, word for ‘dart, of Moorish Brugm. ii. § 632. (y'SLEG.)
origin. So Poit. azagaia, whence E. languid. (E.) L. languidus, feeble.
assegai. — L. langue re, to be languid or weak.
lanceolate, lancc-shaped. (L.) L. languor, dullness. (F. — L.) M.E.
lanceoldtus furnished with a spike. — E. languor. — F
, longueur. — E. languorem, .

lanceola, a spike; dimin. of lancea above), acc. of languor. — E. languere (above).

v

lancet. (F. — L.) M.E. launcet — Laniard; see Lanyard. .

F. lancette dimin. of lance, a lance Laniferous, wool-bearing. (L.) From

(above). E. lana, wool ferre, to bear. L. lana is ;

lanch, another spelling of lame, vb., allied to Wool,

to pierce also of launch (below).
; Lank, slender, thin. (E.) M. E. lank.
launch, lanch, to hurl a spear, send A. S hlanc, slender.
(a ship) into the water. (F. — E.) M. E. Lanner, Lanneret, a kind of falcon.
iaunchen launcen, to hurl. — O. F .lanchier, ( F — E.) F. lanier , ‘ a lanner
,
Cotg. —
.
;
*

lander Picard laneher, F. lancer, to hurl, E. lanidrius a butcher, one that tears and
ihng, dait, also to prick, pierce. — E. rends. — L. laniare, to rend. (So Diez.)
lancedre , to wield a lance. — L. lancea a Der. Hence perhaps lanyard.
lance. Lansquenet, a German foot-soldier,
Land. (E.) M.E. land, loud. A.S. a game at cards. (F. — G.) Y lansquenet, .

land. + Du. Icel. Dan. Swed. Goth. G. ‘a lance-knight [a mistaken lorm] or

land. Teut. type *landom, neut. Allied German footman Cot — G. landsknecht,
to Celtic type *landd, fem., whence Ir. a foot^-soldier. — O. lands for landes, gen. of .

lann, land, W. llati, a yard, churchyard, land, country; knecht, a soldier {E. knight).
Corn. Ian , Bret, lann (whence F. lande, a Thus lansquenet - land's- knight orig. a ;

plain). See Lawn. Der. updand out - soldier from Germany. ,

land-ish. Lantern. (F. — L. — Gk.) M.E. Ian-

283
 , . , , , , , , , ) , , ,

LANYARD LASH
teme. — F. lanterne. — L. latiierna, Id tern a, form resembles Swed. ladda, to lade ; see
a lantern (not a true L. word). Lanterna Lade (1). (The word still remains un-
<*lamterna<,*lampterna borrowed from explained.)
Gk. \afiitrrip, a light, torch. — Gk. \dpiruv, Larceny, robbery. (F.-L.) The-j/
to shine, Sometimes spelt latithorn is an E. addition. — O. F. larrecin (F. ,

because horn was used for the sides of larcin), larceny. — L. latrocinium , robbery;
lanterns. formed with suffix -ciniurn (as in tiro-
Lanyard, Laniard, a certain small ciniuvi) from latro, a robber. Allied to
rope in a ship. (F. - L.) Formerly spelt Gk. \drpi?, a hireling, used in a bad
lannier, M.E. lainere\ the final d being sense and to \drpov, hire. ;

excrescent, or due to yard. — M. F. laniere Larch, a tree. (G. — F.) From G. .

‘a long and narrow band or thong of larche, a larch (N. E. D.). Cf. O. F. larite
(Godefroy). — L. laricem, acc. of larix a
*
leather ; also lanieres pi. * hawks* lunes
*
, ;

Cot. Perhaps from F. lanier, a kind of larch. For *darix , and allied to E. tree .
hawk. See Lanner. Lard. (F.-L.) O. F. lard. — L. lardutn ,
Lap (i), to lick up with the tongue. also larida , lard, fat of bacon. Cf. Gk.
(E.) M. E. lappen. A. S. lapian to lap. \ap 6 s, nice, KtipTvos, fat. Der. lard-er,
+ M. Du. lappen (Hexham) Icel. lepja, from O. F. tardier, a tub to keep bacon in
;

Dan. lube ; O. H. G. laffan to lap up.+ (Cot.\ hence a room in which to keep
L. lambere, to lap with the tongue. bacon and meat. Also inter-lard.
(VLAB Brug. ii. § 632.) Allied to Large. (F.-L.) F. large. - L. larga,
;

lambent. fern, of largus, great. Cf. O. F. larc, m.

Lap (a\ the loose part of a coat, an largess, a liberal gift. (F. — L.) F.
apron, part of the body covered by an largesse, bounty. — Late L. *larg?tia, not
apron, a fold. (E.) M. E. lappe. A. S. found, for L. largltio, a bestowing. — L.
Iceppa a loosely hanging portion.
,
,
Du. largltus, pp. of largiri, to bestow. — L.
+
lap, Dan. lap, Swed. lapp, G. lappen a largus large, liberal. ,

patch, shred, rag. Cf. Icel. lapa to hang (1), a bird, (E.) Lark
Another form
down Lith. Idpas , a patch, rag.
;
Hence is lavrock (Bums). M. K. larke, also
lap-el a flap of a coat, dimin. of E. lap
,
laverock. — A.S. lawerce, later latterce,
;

lappet, also dimin. of E. lap\ also the laferce. Icel. hevirki a lark ; Low G. + ,

verb to lap over Cf. Limp (1). lewerke O. II. G. lerehha, G. lerche Du. ,

Lap (3), to wrap. (E.) M. E. lappen leemvrik, K. Fries. ITverke Swed. Idrka,
also w lappen, another form of wrappen Dan. larke. compound word, of un-
;
A
see Wrap. Quite distinct from lap (2). known origin.
Lapidary, one who sets precious Lark
(2), a game, fun. (E.) The same
stones. (L.) Englished from L. lapidd- word as the above ; from the cheerful note
rius, a stonemason. — L. lapid-, stem of of the bird. The fuller form lavrock
lapis , a stone. Allied to Gk. \(iras, a (whence larrick produced the form lar-
a Hake, Xeireiv, to peel rikin for larking now used as a slang
}
bare rock, ,

(Prellwitz). See Leper. adj., in the sense of rollicking or rowdy.

Lapse, vb. (L.) From L. lafsdre to See N. and Q. 7 S. vii. 345.
slip, frequent, of labl (pp. lapsus ), to glide, ;
short for Alarum. Larum
slip, trip. Der. col-, e-, il re-lapse. Larva. (E.) L. lama, a ghost, a
Lapwing, a bird. (E.) M.E. lappe - mask ;
used as a scientific name for a cater-
winke A. S. hleapewince, as if * one who
. pillar or grub.
turns about in running * ; from A.S. hleap- Larynx. ( L. — Gk.) L . larynx. — Gk.
an to run; *wince, one who turns; see \apvy£ (gen. Ad/u/77-os), throat, gullet,
Winch, But the older form is laepae- larynx. Der. laryng itis.

uincee (O. E. T., p. 504); the sense of Lascar, a native E. Indian soldier.
which is unknown. (Pers.) Pers. lashkari, a soldier; from
Larboard. has
(E.?) Cotgrave
lashkar, an army. :

1
Babort, the larboard
of a ship.* Lascivious. (L.) Corruptly formed
side
Hakluyt (Voyages, i. 4) has the spelling from L. lascJttus, lustful. Cf. Skt. lash ,
leereboord where leere answers to prov. E. to desire.
;

leer, empty. But the M. E. form is ( a thong, stripe. (F.-L.) Lash 0 ,

laddebord, of uncertain meaning. This M. E. Iasshe, the flexible part of a whip;

284
 , , , , , , . , , , , \
, ,
;

LASH LATHER
of. O. F. a snare, a noose
lace , O. F.
lac he, a lace (Godefroy ). — F oik L. * lac turn,
;
and G. a burden. See Lade.
last, A.S.
h/ccst is for *hlad-sto - (> *hlas/o~) ; from
5
for L. laqueum acc. of laqueus a snare ;
hlad-, with suffix -sto-, Cf. Icel. klass
«
,

see Lace. The relationship of this to Du. * hlad- to-), a cart-load.

lasschen, to join, to scarf together, is very Latch (1), a catch, fastening. (E.)
obscure. Lash in the sense of thong is M. K. lacche, a latch, from lacchen , to
from use in lashing or binding things
its catch. — A. S. Iceccan, to seize, catch hold
together. The verb lash to scourge, is to of.

use a lash. See below. Latch (2), vb., to moisten. (E.) In

Lash (2), to bind firmly together. (F.
— Shak. M. N. D. iii. 2. 36. Cf. M. Du.
L. ) O, F. lachier variant of lacer to lacc.
, ,
taken, to flow (Oitdemans); Swed. taka,
We also find the (perhaps unrelated) Du. to distil, fall by drops, taka pi, to pour
lasschen to join, scarf together; lasch, a
,
on to from lak, 2nd grade of Icel. leka,
;

piece, joint, seam. So also Swed laska Dan . to drip see Leak.; Also prov. E. letch
laske , to scarf; Swed. Dan. task, a scarf, a vessel for making lye; A. S. leccan ,
joint. The verb is from the sb. ; see above. to moisten ; Low G. lake brine.
LaSS, a girl* (Scand. ?) M. E. lasse , Latchet, a little lace, thong. (F. — L.)
lasce (Matzner). Cf. Icel. loskr, weak; M.E. lache t. — O. F. lachet Norman and
M. Swed. losk, a person having no fixed Picard foim of O. F. lacet a lace; dimin.
abode. Vigfusson cites O. Swed. to ska of O. F, lags, F. lacs see Laoe. ;

kona, a spinster. (H. Bradley; in Ath. Late. (E.) M.E.

comp, later, lat;
June 16, 1894.) Cf. Bavarian lasck, a latter superl. (Ormulum,
latest , latst
woman (a term of contempt) Schmeller. ; 4168), last A. S. lat, slow, late.
. Du. +
Lassitude, weariness. (F.-L.) F. laat Icel. lair, Dan. lad, Swed. lat
,

lassitude. — L. lassitikdo weariness. — L. ,

Goth, lais, slothful, G. lass, weary. Allied
lassus, wearied ; for * lad-ins , and allied to L. lass us (for *lad-tus), weary. From
to E. Late. the weak grade of the verb to let, i. e. let

Lasso, a rope with a noose. (Span. — go ;

late orig. meant slothful, slow. See
L.) From Mexican Span, laso; O. Span. Let (1). Brugm. i. § 197.
laso, Minsheu. — L. laqueus (Folk L. latter, another form of later (above),
laceus), a noose, snare, knot. See Lace. last (1), latest; contracted form of
% The mod. Span. has lazo (with z sounded latest.
as E. voiceless ih). Lateen ;
see Latin.
Last (1), latest; see Late. Latent, hidden. (L.) L. latent -, stem
Last (2), a wooden mould of the foot of pres. pt. of latere, to lie hid.
for a shoemaker. (E.) M. E. last, lest. Lateral. (L.) L. lateralis belonging
A. S. last, last, a foot- track, path, trace to the side. -L. later-, for *lates~, stem of
of feet (whence the mod. sense follows). •+ lat us, side.
Du. leest, a last, form Icel. leistr, the
; Lath. (E.) North E. lat. M. E. latte .
foot below the ankle; Swed. last, Dan. A. S. loctt, a lath ;
pi. Icetta. + Du. lat ;

last G. leisten, a shoemaker’s last; Goth. G. latte (whence F. latte) ;

allied to G.
laists, a foot-track. The Teut. base laden, a board, plank, shutter. The mod.
appears in Goth, laist-, with orig. sense form lath seems to have been influenced
‘foot-track’; from lais 2nd grade of by W, Hath, a rod, staff, Ir. slat, a rod;
Teut. * leisan - cf. Goth, lais, I know
;
which is cognate.
(find or trace out). Cf. L. lira a track ; Lathe (l), a machine for turning wood,
sec Delirious. Akin to Learn. &c. (Scand.) Cf. Dan. dreie-lad a turning-
last (3), to endure. (E.) M. E. lasten, lathe; vaverdad, a loom, lit, a weaving-
''
lesten; A. S. liestan, to observe, perform, lathe.
’
last ;
orig, to follow in the track of
‘
; Lathe (2), a division of a county. (E.)
from last, a foot-track (above). Goth. + A.S. Iced, M. E. led, a lathe, province;
laistjan to follow after; G. leisten to
,
Thorpe, Ancient Laws, i. 184, 455. Per-
follow out. Cf. Goth, laists, G. leisten, sb. haps allied to Icel. lad, land*
Last (4), a load, large weight, ships Lather. (E.) M.E. lather. A.S.
cargo. (E.) M. E. last. A. S. blast, a leador, lather ; whence lydran, to anoint.
burden. Formed from A. S. hladan to , + Icel. laudr, froth, foam, soap; Swed.
lade, load. +
Dan. last, cargo; Swed. Du. Idder, lather. For the form, cf. Gk.
285
 , , ,; . , , , ,

LATIN LAW
kovTpSv, a bath. Allied to Lye and L. ) Formed by adding F. suffix -ess to
Lave. M. E. launder or lavander a washer- ,

Latin. (F.-L.) F. Latut. — L.

Lati- woman.— O. F. lavandiere *a launderesse
mts, belonging to Lattum. Der. Iatim-er, or washing-woman;* Cot —Late L. lauan-
an interpreter Latiner ;
for . ddria,- deria, (same). L. lauand gerun- —
lateen, triangular, applied to sails. dial stem of laudre to wash. See Lave.
(F. —
L.) F. /a tine, as in voile latine a ,
Der. laundr-y = launder-y.
lateen sail; A?/*//* is the fem. of Latin, Laurel. (F. — L.) M. E. lorel, torer,
Latin (i. e. Roman). lamer. — O. F. lorier (F. laurier), a laurel-
Latitude, breadth. (F.-L.) M K. tree.— O. F. lor (the same); with suffix
latitude . — F. latitude. — L. Iat it ft do (stem -ier (L. -dr ins — L. laurum, acc. of
)

latitudin -), breadth. — L. Idtus, broad ;

laurus, a laurel-tree.
short for . 0
L. stldtus. Brugm. i. § 529. laureate. (L.) L. lauredtus, crowned
Latten, a mixed metal, like pinch- with laurel. — L. laurea a laurel; orig.
beck. (F.) M. E. latoun. — O.F. laton fem. of laureus, adj. from laurus (above).
(F. laitoii). latten. Origin unknown. Cf. Lava. (Ital. — L.) Ital. lava, a stream
Low L. la to, latonus; Span, laton ;
Port. ^esp. of molten rock). — L. laudre, to wash,
latao ;
Ital. ottone latten. lave. See Lave.
Latter ;
see Late. Lave, to wash. (F. L.) F. lover.— — .

Lattice. (F. — G.) Formerly lattis. L. laudre. -f- Gk. koveiv, to wash. Der.
M. E. latis. — F. lattis, lath- work, lattice- lav-er, M.F. lavoir, a washing-pool (Cot.);
work. — F. latte, a lath. — G. latte ,
a lath ; lav-at-or-y, F. lavatoire, L. laudtorium,
see Lath. neut. of lauatorius, adj., belonging to a
Laud, to praise. (L.) M. E. lauden — . washer. And cf. Lather.
L. lauddre , to praise. — L. laud-, stem of Laveer, to tack. (Du. — F. — Du.)
Ians, praise. In Dryden. — Du. laveeren\ M.Du. laveren,
Laudanum. (L. — Gk. — PersO Now loeveren, 1
to saile up and downe,’ Hex-
a preparation of opium, but formerly ap- ham. — M. F. loveer (Littre) ; F. louvoyer.
plied to a different drug. Thus Minshcn’s — F. lof, luff, weather-side. — Du. loef.
Span. Diet. (1623) has: 1 J.audano, the See Luff.
gum labdanum vsed in pomanders.* Lavender, a plant. (F. -Late L)
*
Laudanum , Ladanum Labdanum a ,
.
M. E. lavendre. A. F. lavendre\ Voc. 557.
sweet-smelling transparent gum gathered 9. — Late L. lavendula id. also lavandula, , ;

from the leaves of Cistus Ledon a shrub, ,

livendula see N. E. D.
;
The form liven-
of which they make pomander, it smells dula points to L. liuere to be livid ; from
;
like wine mingled with spices Blount, * its blueish colour. See Livid.
1674. (Laudanum has a like strong Lavish, profuse, prodigal. (E ) For-
smell.) — 1,. ladanum, ledanum, resin from merly spelt lavish, laves ; also lavy.
the shrub lada (Pliny). — Gk. k-qbavov, Formed with suffix -ish (A.S . -isc) from
kadavov (same). — Gk. kqbov, a certain the obsolete verb lave, to pour out, lade
shrub. — Pers. ladan the gum-herb lada out water; M. E. lauen ,
to bale out
(Richardson). water, whence the metaphorical use of
Laugh. (K.) M. E. laughen lehghen. ,
lauen, to give bountifully.
1
He lauez
O. Merc, hlahhan A.S. hlihatt fpt. t. hldh)
, hys gyftez’ — God lavishes His gifts;
to laugh. +Du. lagehen, Icel. hlceja Dan. ,
Allit.Poems, A. 607. It answers to
lee, Swed. le, G. lachen, Goth, hlahjan A. S. lafian to lave, wash, pour. Cf.
,

(pt. t. hiok). (Base *hlak-\&g. *k/ak\ Du. laven G. laben, to refresh. IT The
,

cf. Lith. klegeti, to laugh, Gk. tckwaauv, Teut. verb was perhaps early borrowed
to cluck.) Of imitative origin. Der. from L. laudre see Lave. Cf. Norman
;

laughter A. S. hleahtor.
, dial, laver, to spend lavishly. Der.
Launch (1); see Lanch. lavish, vb.
Launch (2), a large ship’s boat. Law, a rule of action, edict. (Scand.)
(Span.) Span, lancha, the pinnace of*
M.E. lawl. A.S. lagu (not common;
a ship Pineda (1740). Port, lancha, the the usual A. S. word is He) ; borrowed from
same. Cf. Port, lanchara a kind of ship , Scancl. Cf. O. Sax. lag, law. — Icel. log,
perhaps of Malay origin (Yule). pi., but in sing, sense, a law, from lag,
Laundress, a washerwoman. (F. - a stratum, order; Swed. lag; Dan. lov.
286
 , , , . , , \ ; ; ;;;

LAWN LEAGUE
From 2nd stem of *ligjan to
Teut. lag, Lay (4), as in Lay-figure. (Du.) ,

lie ;
see Lie (i). The sense is * that which The old word was lay-man (Richardson).
lies,’ or is fixed (cf. Gk. kutcli v 6pos the Lit. ‘joint-man,’ i. e. man made with
,

law is fixed, from Kcipai, I lie). Der. joints. — Du. leeman a lay-man. Here y

law-y-er (cf. saw-y-cr). See Lie (i). Ice- is for lede- in compounds (Sewel ) y

Lawn (I), a space of grass-covered and Du. leden is the pi. of lid, a joint,
ground, a glade. (P\ — C.) M
.E.laund cognate with A. S. lid, Goth, lithus G. ,

(the d has been dropped). — O. F. laruie, g-lied, a joint. Prob. allied to Limb
‘a land or laund, a wild, untillcd, shrubby, (Kluge).
or grassy plain ; * Cot. Cf. Ital. and Span. Layer see Lay (1).
;
lamia , a heath, p. Of disputed origin; Lazar, a leper. (F. L.—Gk. Ileb.) — —
referred by G. land (-E. land),
Littrc to M E. lazar. —
F. lazare.— L. Lazarus .—
open country; but by Diez (rightly) Gk. Adfapos, the name of the beggar in
to Bret. lann a bushy shrub, of which
y
Luke, xvi. 20; contracted from Heb.
the pi. lannou, like F. landes , means name Eleazar.— Ileb. ET dzdr, he whom
‘waste lands.’ It comes to the same God helps. Der. lazar-etto a plague- ,

thing for E. and G. land are cognate

;
with Irish lann, a piece of land. Cf.
llan Gael, lann an enclosure, piece of
y ,
land. See Land.
hospital, Ital. lazzaretto.
W Lazy. (Low G.) Laezie (Spenser).—
Low G. lasich variant of losich languid,
idle (Lubben) laosig lazy (Danneil) ; ,

Lawn (2), fine linen. Pomeran. hisig, cf. laassam,\&zy (Bremen)

(F. place-name.)
Palsgrave has Laune lynen prob. for l,an Du. leuzig lazy. Allied to Loose.
y ,

lynen where Lan is the 16th cent, spell- Lea, Lay, Ley, a meadow. (E.)
ing of Laon to the N. W. of Rheims. M PL lay, ley untilled land. A. S. leak,
y .
,

Lawn was also called ‘ cloth of Remes,’ lea (gen. leage ), a lea cf. Ilced-leah, i. e. ;

i. e. Rheims see Barct’s Alvearie.

;
Hadleigh. Cognate with prov. G. loh, a
Lax, slack. (L.) L. laxus slack, morass, low plain, Low G. logc, Flem. loo
loose. Allied to Slack. Brugm. i. § 193. as in l Tatcr-loo; also with Lithuan. lau-
laxative, loosening. (F. — L.) F. lax- kas an open field, L. Incus, a glade, open ,

atif — L. laxdtTuus loosening. — L. laxd- space in a wood.

y
Orig. ‘a clearing/
tus pp. of laxdrey to loosen. — L. laxus , Allied to Lucid.
y Brugm. i. § 221.
lax. Lead (1), to conduct. (E.) M. E.
Lay (1), to cause to lie down, set. (E.) leden, pt. t. ladde, pp. lad. — A.S. liedan,
M. E. hid.
leien, leggen y pt. t. lcidc y pp. to lead, -f-;
Swed. leda
lcel. G. leitia
A. S.lecgan pt. t. legde, pp. gelegd;
y
leiten ; Du. Teut. type *laidjan- ;
leiden.
causal of liegan to lie. Du. leggen lcel.
, + from *laith (by Vcrner’s Law), 2nd grade
hggfa, Dan. Icegge, Swed. ldgga G. hgen, y
of * leithan- (A. S. lidan), to travel. See
Goth, lagjan. Teut. type *lag-jan- y causal Lode.
verb ; from *lag, 2nd grade of * Jig/an to Lead (2), a metal. (E.) M. E. lecd.
lie; see Lie (1). For the modern forms, A. S. AW.+Du. lood, Swed. lod, Dan. lod,
see Sweet, E. Gr. § 1293. Teut. type *laudom, G. loth, M. H. G. lot.

layer, a stratum, tier, bed. (E.) neut. Cf. O. Irish luaidhe, lead.
The same as lay-er he who lays see Leaf. vlL)
,
M. E. leef, pi. hues
;

N. E. D. Not M. E. leir, a lair, couch, {sieves'). A. S. leaf, neut., pi. leaf+ Du.
place for lying down in; hence a bed, loof, foliage; lcel. lauf, Swed. lof Dan.
stratum, &c. lov, Goth, laufs, G. laub. Teut. stem
Lay (2), a song, poem. (F.-G.) M. E. *Iaubo
lai. — O. F. lai, said to be a Breton word. League (I), a bond, alliance. (Ital. —
But only an O. F. name for a Breton L.) Ital. lega, a league ; P'lorio. — Late
1 *

poem; and prob. from O. H. G. leih y L. liga, a league. — L. ligdre , to bind. See
letch, a game, sport, song (see Schade). Li gament.
Cf. A. S. Idc, sport. League (2), about three miles. (Prov.
Lay (3), pertaining to the laity. (F. — - L. C.) O. F. legue (Roquefort) ; Prov. —
L. — Gk.) M. E. lay.— O. F. lai, secular legua (Gascon lega). — Late L. lega, leuca ;

— L. laicus. — k. \auc6 s. belonging to th** L. leuga leuca a Gallic miD; a word ot

G ,

people. — Gk. Aaos (Attic Aca/r), the people. eltic origin. Cf. Bret. led. lev. a league
See L&io, Laity. also leu (in Vannes).
?8
 , , , , , \, ,,,

LEAGUE* LECTERN
uer, a camp. (Du.) In All’s Leasing, falsehood. (E.) M. E. Using ,

Well, Hi. 6. 27, — Du. leger, a lair, a camp. A. S. liasung, falsehood ;

from lias false.
See Lait, Lie (1). Der. bedeaguer. Cf. Icel. lausung falsehood; Du. loos,

Leak. (Scand.) M. E. leken. — Icel. false. .See Loose.

to drip, dribble, leak as a ship, str. vb. Least ;
see Less.
(pt. lak ) ; cf. the causal forms seen in
t. Leat, a conduit for water. (E.) A. S.
Swed. Idcka, Dan. fakke, Du. lekken C. gedcbte, a course, direction. From l&tan
Ucken, to leak, drop ; A. S. hecan, to wet. to let, permit. Cf. in-let, out -let. See
The mod. E. word is Scand. ;
not from Let (1).
A. S. leccan. [We also find A. S. hlec , Leather. A. S.
(E.) M. E. lether.
leaky.] Del*, leak, sb., from Uki,
Icel. leder. + Du. USr, Dan. fader,
leder, Icel.
a leak. Prob. allied to Lack (Franck). Swed. Idder G. leder, leather. Teut. type
Leal, loyal, true. (F. — L.) M. E. lei. *lethrom, neut. Idg. type *letrom, as in
;

— A.F. leal, 0 F. leial, . legal, hence just, O. Irish lethar W. lledr. Der. leather-n
,
.

loyal. — L. ligdlis, legal. Doublets, /<£•<*/, Leave (1), to forsake, quit. (E.) M. E.
loyal. See Legal. leuen (leveri). A. S. fa/an, to leave a
Lean (1), to incline, stoop. (E.'« M. E. heritage, leave behind one.-f*Icel. leifa, to
lenen. A. S. hlienan, to make to lean, leave. Teut. type *laibjan-, to leave;
weak verb; (cf. A. S. hlinian to lean, from *taib-, as seen in A. S. Idf a remainder,
weak verb). + Dan. fane, Swed. Idna, Icel. leif, a heritage. And *laib is the
causal forms ;
G. lehnen, intrans. Allied 2nd stem of Teut. *leiban -, to remain, as in
to L. 1dtndre in inclindre , to incline
, ;
A. S. be- 1[fan, O. H. G. bi-liban (whence
Gk. k\ivuv, to cause to lean, make to G. bleiben ). Idg. root *leip, as in Gk.
bend. (^KLEI.) \Inapljs, persistent the weak grade *lip ;

lean (2), slender, frail. (E.) M. E. appears in Skt. lip to smear, Gk. Abror, ,

lene. A. S. hliene, lean orig. bending, ;

grease, Russ, lipkii, sticky, Lith. lipti, to
stooping, hence thin ; cf. L. dediuis ,
adhere to. See Live. i. § 87. Bmgm.
declining. Teut. type *hlainjoz. Cf. O. Leave (2), permission, farewell. (E.)
Irish doen, sloping, bad. Allied to A.S. ‘To take leave' —
to take permission to
hlienan to lean (above).
,
go. *
By your leave ’
= by your permission.
Leap. (E.) M. E. lepen, pt. t. leep, pp. M. E. leue (Uve). A. S. leaf, permission.
lopen. A. S. hleapan, pt. t. hlcop, to run, From the same root as A. S. leof dear,
jump. + Du. loopen, Icel. hlaupa Dan. ,
pleasing. The
was pleasure;
orig. sense
lobe, Swed. lopa, Goth, hlaupan G. ,
hence a grant, permission. 4 Du. dof, as *

lattfen, chiefly in the sense ‘to run.’ Teut. in oordof permission, verdof, leave;
,
Icel.
type * hlaupan - . leyfi, leave,permission, lob (1)
lofan ,

Learn. (E.) M. E. lenten. A. S. praise, (2) permission ; Dan. lav, Swed.

leornian. + G. lernen, to learn. Teut. lof, praise, leave G. urdaub , verdaub ;

type *lhndn ;
from *liz(a)noz, pp. of leave, erdauben to permit, lob, praise.
,

*lei$an-, to trace out, of which the pt. t. From Teut. base *lcub - (whence A. S.
lais occurs in Goth, with the sense ‘I leof), 2nd grade *laub - (>A. S. liaf),
know,’ i.e. have found out. Hence also weak grade *lub - (>A.S. lufu love) ,

Teut. *laizjan-, to teach, as in A. S. lieran See Lief, Love, Furlough. (y'LEUBH.)

(G. lehren), to teach. Bfugm. i. § 903 (ch Leaven, ferment. (K. — L.) M. E.
And see Last (a), Lore. leuain (levain).** F. levain. — L. leudtnen
Lease a tenement. (F. — L.)
(l)> to let an alleviation here used in the orig. sense
;

F. laisser to let go. — L. laxdre to slacken, of that which raises.’ — L. leudre, to raise,
L
, ,

let go. — L. laxus loose. See Lax. — L. leuis, light. See Levity.
Lease (2), to glean. (E.) M. E. lesen. Lecher. (F. G.) M. E. lechur,—
A. S. Us an, to gather. Du. lezen to + ,
lechour. — O. F. lecheor, lecheur lit. one ,

gather, to read ; G. lesen ; Goth, lisan, who licks up, a man addicted to gluttony
pt. t. las, to gather Lith. Usti, to snap up.
; and lewdness. — O. F. lecher (F. Ucher), to
Leash, a. thong to hold in a dog. (F. lick. — O. H. G. letchon (G. Ucken), to
— L.) M, E. lees. — O. F, lesse (F. laisse), lick. See Lick.
a leash. —
Late L. laxa, a thong, a loose Leotern, Lectum,
a reading-desk,
rope. —
L. laxus, slack. See Lax. The (F. — Late L.) M. E. leterone, lec -
number usually leashed together was three, tome ledrone, lectrun (Prompt. Parv.).
,

288
 , ,, -
, , , , ; , , ;

LECTION LEGAL
— O. F. letrun (Godcfroy) ; lectrun, letrin Swed. Idkare Also A. S. Idcnian, to heal,
,

(Littre, s.v. lutrin).— Late L. lectrhium ,

Dan. Iage, Swed. liika, Goth.
Icel. Icekna ,
a reading-desk, pulpit. — Late L. focirum, lekinon to heal. Also O. Irish Haig a
, ,

a pulpit. Not from Gk. Uterpov, a couch, leech.

support ; akin to Gk. A^xos, a couch, bed leech (2) a blood-sucking worm. (E.)
,

cf. L. foetus, a couch. For other forms, A.S. litre, lit. ‘the healer;’ the same
like Late L. lectdrinum , foctormm shew word as the above.
that it was popularly connected with L. Leech (3), Leach, the border or edge
lectio (below). of a sail at the sides. (E.) Cf. Icel. lik,
Lection, a reading, portion to be read. a leech-line ; Swed. lig, a bolt-
lik, Dan.
(L.) F rora L, lectio, a eading. — L. /edits, i rope. +M. Du. lyken, a bolt-rope (Sewel)
pp. of legere to read. See Legend.
,
Du. lijk (see Franck).
lecture, a discourse. (F, — L.) F. lec- Leek. (E.) M . E. leek, O. Merc, lec
ture a reading. — Late L. foctura a com- A. S. leac. + Du. look, Iccl. laukr, Dan.
mentary. — L. foetus pp. of legere to read. log,Swed. lok G. lauch . Teut. type
Ledge, a slight shelf, ridge. (E.) Vauko- cf. A. S. lucan
; str. vb. (pt. t.

Palsgrave has ledge (i. e. support) of a leac = Teut.

*lauk), to weed. Der.gar- lie,
shelf. Cf. Norfolk ledge a bar of a gate, char-lock, Item-lock (latter syllable).
rail of a chair; M. E. legge. [Put not Leer, a sly look. (E.) The verb is a
Swed. lagg, the rim of a cask, Icel. logg, development from the sb., which is an old
the ledge or rim at the bottom of a cask ;
word. M. K. fore, the cheek, face, com-
Norweg. logg (pi. logger ), the lowest part ]
plexion, mien ; usually in a good sense,
of a vessel; M.II.G. fokke."\ Cf. also but Skelton has it in a bad sense. A- S.
Norw. lega, a couch, lair, bed, support on hleor,the cheek hence, the face, look,
;

which anything rests lege, a ledge, as of ; mien.+Icel. hlyr, pi., the cheeks.
rock. All from Teut. Veg, the base of Lees, dregs of wine. (F.) PI. of a sing,
*ligjan-, to lie. Cf. A.S. liegan, Icel. form lee, not used. — F. lie, ‘ the lees ; ’

l/ggju, Swed. ligga, Dan. ligge, to lie. Cot. (Gascon ho, ‘lie de vin/) — Late L.
The sense is ‘
support.’ See Lie (i). Ha, pi. Ha, lees (10th cent.). Origin
Ledger, a flat slab also, a book in
;
unknown.
which a summary of accounts is preserved. Leet,an assembly of a township. (Scand.)
(E.) (We also find leger ambassadors perhaps adapted
,
M. K. lete. A. F. foie;
i. e. such as remained for some time at a from Icel, foil5 , ‘ a leet Vigfusson. *
;

foreign court .) A ledger-book is one that Left, the weaker hand. (E.) M. E.
lies always ready. Similarly, in Middlc- left, lift, luff. A.S. left Dr. Sweet ;

English, a large book was called a liggar points out that ‘ inanis, /(/?,’ occurs in a
(that which lies), because not portable- gloss (Mone, Quellen, i. 443), and that the
Prom M. E. liggen A. S. !began, to lie same MS. has senne for synne (sin) ; so;

see Lie (i). Cf. I)u. logger , one that lies that left is for lyft, with the sense ‘ worth-
down (the nether mill-stone is also so less or ‘ weak * ; cf. A. S. lyft-ddl, palsy. ’

called) ; from Du. foggen , to lie, a common 4. Noith Fries, leeft foefter bond, left ,

corruption of liggen to lie (like lay for lie hand; M. Du. Heft, lucht, left; E. Fries.
in English). Howell uses leger-l>ook for luckier left, luf, weak. (3 The form of ,
.

‘ portable book/ which is from O. F. legier, the base is *lub; cf. Du. lubben (Franck).
light. See ledger in Richardson. See Lib,
Lee, a sheltered place ; part of a ship Leg. (Scand.) M- E. leg (pi. fogges).-
away from the wind. (Scand.) M. E. lee Iccl. foggr, a leg ; Dan. lag, the calf of the ,

shelter, — Icel. hit, lee (of a ship) Dan. leg Swed, lagg (the same). Brugm. i.
; ;

he, Swed. /fi.+Du. lif; A. S. hleo, hleow § 647(5). ,

j .

a covering, a shelter (distinct from prov, Legacy. (L.) M. E. legacie ; a corned

K. lew, warm ; see Lew). ^
The peculiar word (as if^L. * legal ia, not found) from
use is Scand. ; the pronunciation lew-ard L. legatum, a bequest, neut. of pp. of
is due to the w
cf. steward for sty-ward.
;
legdre to appoint, bequeath ; allied to lex ,

The Teut. type is *hlewo (Franck).
Leech (i), a physician. (E.) M. E.
leche . A. S. lace, one who heals. Goth.
lekeis, a leech cf. Icel. leehnir, Dan. Iage,
;
(stem leg-), the law (below).
legaJ, pertaining to the law. (F.— L.)
M
.F. legal. — L. legdlis , legal. — L. leg-, stem
+
of fox, law, Allied to L, legere ; Gk.
289
 , , , , . , +—
.;
.
;
. ; , ,
;

LEGATE LENIENT
Kiyav, to collect. Brugm. i. § 134. pulse, a pod. — L. legiimen (stem legumin
(VLEG.) pulse, bean-plant. Brugm. i. § 667. Der.
legate, a commissioner. (F. —
L.) legumin-ous .

M. K. legate. — O. F. legal (F. IggcU), a Leisure, freedom from employment.

pope’s ambassador. — L. legalns a deputy (F. — L.) ,
M. E. leyser — A. F. leisir (F. .

pp. of legdre to appoint. — L.

,
stem of loisir), leisure ; orig. an in fin. mood,
lex, law. See legal. meaning ‘to be permitted.* — L. licere, to
legatee. (L. ; with F. suffix.) A be permitted. The form is bad; it
law term; coined from L. legdt-us, ap- should be leiser or leisir pleasure is in ;

pointed, with F. suffix -l (~L. -at us) the same case. The suffix has been
See above. changed from -er or -ir to - ure (as in
legend, a marvellous story. (F. — L.) measure ).
M. E. legende. — O. F. legende ;F. ligendes , Leman, a sweetheart. Lemman,
a legend, story. — Late L. legenda a legend (E.) I. e. lief man. M. E. lemman also ,

fem. sing, from L. legenda neut. pi., things leofman. — A. S. leof, dear; mann, a man
,

to be read. — L. legendus, fut. pass. part, of or woman. See Lief.

legere, to read, orig. to gather, collect. an assumption. (L. Gk.)Lemma, —
Gk. Ac^fiv, to tell, speak. (y'LEG.') L. lemma — Gk. \rjnixa, a thing taken in . ;

Legerdemain, sleight of hand. (F. — logic, a premiss taken for granted allied ;

L ) O. F. de main , lit. light of to Gk. < l-Xrjfifiai perfi pass, of Xan&avttv, ,

hand. (Cf. Ital. leggiere , leggiero , light./ to take (base Aa/3 -). Brugm. i. § 852.
The O. F. answers to a Late L. Leming, a kind of Nor- Lemming,
type *leuidrius made by adding -drius to wegian rat. (Norweg.) Norweg. lemende ;

L. leui*s, light F. de — L. of. F. also occurring as lemming, limende lomcl- ,

main=- L. manum acc. of matins a hand. dre , lomund, lomhund. Cf. Swed. lemcl
,

See Levity. a lemming Icel. lomundr Origin ob- ;

.

leger-line, ledger-line, in music, scure Aasen derives it from Norweg. ;

a short line added above or below the lemja to strike, beat, maim, lit. ‘ lame/ ,

staff. (E. F.) As if for leger-line ; and explains it to mean ‘ destroying *

where --= F. llger (formerly legier), from the destruction committed by them ;
light; because these lines are small and see Lame. But this is popular etymo- *

short. But wrongly ; ledger means a hori- logy.* The word may be Lapp ; the
‘

zontal bar/ and is allied to ledge (N.E.D.). Lapp name is tuoviek.

Cf. mod. F. lignes additionnelles . Lemniscate, a curve like the figure 8.
—
Legible, readable. (F. L.) O. F. (L. — Gk. ) From L. lemnisedt-us adorned ,

legible. — L. legibilis legible. — L. legere to

,
with a ribbon. — L. lemniscus, a pendent
,

read. See legend. ribbon. — Gk. A tjuv'htkos, a fillet. Said to

legion, a large body of soldiers. be from Gk. Arjvos, wool; which is allied
(F. — L.) M. E. legioun — O. F. legion to Wool.
— L. legidnem acc. of ##70, a Roman Lemon. (F. — Pers.) Formerly#///*?//.
,

legion, body of from 4200 to 6000 men. — F. Union — Pers. li/nun, Urn find, a .

— L. to gather, select a band. lemon, citron. Of Malay origin.

Legislator. (L.) L. legislator, a pro- Lemur, a nocturnal animal. (I,.) L.
poser of a law. — L. leg is, gen. of lex a lemur, a ghost ; so nicknamed by natural-
,

law; lator, a proposer, lit. bringer, from ists from its nocturnal habits.
latum (for tldtum), to bear, bring, from Lend. (E.) The final d is excrescent.
VTEL see Tolerate.
; Brugm. i.
§ 585 M. E. lenen. A. S. llenan, to lend. — A. S.
(2). Der. legislate &c. ,
See legal. lien, a loan. + Icel. Idna, Dan. laane, Swed.
legist. (F.-L.) O. F. legiste (F. Iana, G. Ichnen , derivatives from the sb.
Ugiste). — Late L. legista, one skilled in See Loan.
the laws. — L. leg-, stem of lex ,
law (with Length. (E.) M. E. lengthe. A. S.
Gk. suffix -ista — -nrrrjs). lengd, iem. ; for *langiSd, with mutation
legitimate. (L.) Late L. legiti- of a to e. — A. S. laug, long.+Du. lengle ;
mdtus pp. of legitimate ,
to declare to be Dan. Icengde Swed. langd ;
Icel. lengd.
lawful. — L. legitimus,
according to law. See Long. Der. length-en.
L. legi-, for lex, law ; with suffix - ti-mus Lenient, mild. (L.) From pres. part,
Legume, a pod. (F.-L.) F. Ugume , of L. lenire , to soothe. —
L. Ignis soft, mild.
290
 , , , ,, , ,, , ; , , , s ;;

LENITY LETHE
lenity. (F.-L.) O. F. lenity mild- word, from the adj. leprous ; which is
ness ^obsolete). — L. lenitdtem acc. ,
of from M. F. lepreux -= L. leprosus , afflicted
Iinifas , mildness. — L. lenis (above). with lefra i.e. leprosy. See Leper.
Lens, a piece of glass used in optics. Lesion, an injury. (F.-L.) M. F.
(L.) So
called from the resemblance of a lesion hurt; Cot. — L. Icesionem , acc. of
,

double-convex lens to the shape of the seed lasio an injury. — L. Icesus, pp. of Icedere,
of a lentil. — L. lens a lentil. ,
to hurt. Der. (from Icedere) col-lide, e-lis -
Lent, a fast of 40 days, beginning with ion.
Ash- Wednesday, (E.) The fast is in Less, smaller. (E.) Used as comp, of
spring-time; the old sense is simply spring. little, but from a different root. M. E.
M.E. lent, Unicn. A S. lencten the spring; lessl, lasse, adj., les, adv. A. S. liessa, less,
supposed to be derived from lang long, adj. , ; lies, adv. +
O. Fries, lessa, less,
because in spring the days lengthen; Kluge p. The form lies-sa is for *les-ra, by
suggests that it represents a Teut. form assimilation. The Teut. type is *lats-izon 9
*langi-tino-, ‘long day/ where -ttno- is from a base *lais-; cf. Lith. lesas, thin,
allied to Skt. dina-, Lith. dena, a day.-f* small. The Teut. type of the adv. is
J )u. lente, spring G. lenz, O. H. G. lenzo, *laisiz. Der. less-er , a double comp.
;

lenzin lengizen.
, Dor. lenten adj., from less-en vb. ,

A. S. lencten sb. , least. (E.) M. E. lest}, adj., lest, adv.

Lentil, a plant. (F. — L.) M. E. lentil. A. S. llesest, whence lest by contraction
— O. F. (and F.) lentille. — L. lenticula a a superlative form from the same base
little lentil ; double dimin. of lent-, stem *lais-.
of lens, a lentil. See Lens. lest, for fear that, that not. (E.) Not
Lentisk, the mastic-tree. (F. — L.) for least, but due to A. S. phrase dy Ids fie
F. lentisqne — L. lentiscum, lentiscus, — for the reason less that wherein fiy (for
.
;

named from the clamminess of its resin. — the reason) was soon dropped, and las fie
L. lentus, sticky, pliant. coalesced into lest. Here lies = less, adv.
Leo, a lion. (L. — Gk. — Egypt. ?) L. and fie is the indeclinable relative.
ho. — Gk. \k<av , a lion. also find Du. We -less, suffix see Loose. ;

leemv G. lowe Russ, lev , Lithuan. Lessee. (F.-L.) O.F. lesse (lesstf),
lavas a lion ; all borrowed forms.
, Cf. pp. of lesser, later laisser, to let go (lease).
lleb. lavV a lion. Probably of Egyptian See Lease (1).
origin ;
see Lion. Lesson. (F. — I..) M. E. lesson. — F.
leopard. (F. - L. - Gk.)
O.F. leopard. le$on. — L. led ion em acc. of ,
lectio a read-
,

—L. leopardus. — Gk. AcowapSoy, a leopard ing ;

see Lection. Doublet, lection.
supposed to be a mongrel between a pard Lest ; sec Less.
(panther) and a lioness. — Gk. A €t>-, for Let (1),to permit. (E.) M. E. leten,
AcW, a lion ; irapfios a pard. , strong verb, pt. t. lat leet, pp. laten, leten. ,

Leper. (F. — L. — Gk.) The sense has A. S. Irian, letan, pt. t. let , leort, pp. heten.
changed ; lepre formerly meant the disease 4- Du. laten ( liet , gelaten) ; Icel. lata (Jet,
itself; and what we now call a leper was latinn ) Dan. lade, Swed. Ihta, Goth.
;

called a leprous man ‘

The lepre of him
. letan (
laildt , letan ) ; G. lassen (Hess,
was clensid ; Wyclif, Matt. viii. 3. — M. F.
*
gelassen). Teut. type * Idtan, pt. t.

lepre ‘ a leprosie ; ’ Cot. — I.. lepra. — Gk. *lelot, pp. *hetanoz. Idg. -%/LED; weak
\tirpa, leprosy; so called because the skin grade LAD, whence E. Late. Brugm. i.
scales off. — Gk. \tirpos, scaly, scabby.— § 478 -

Gk. Atiroy, a scale ; kktruv, to peel. Cf. Let (2), to hinder. (E.) M. E. letten ;

Russ, lupite Lithuan. litpii, to peel.

,
A S. lettan, to hinder, make late. — A. S.
.

lepidoptera, a term applied to

insects whose wings are covered with
led, late, slow. +
Du. letten, Icel. letja ,
Goth, latjan to tarry from the adj. Late. ;

scales. (Gk.) Gk. \tm80-, for Acirts, a Teut. type *lat-jan - ; from *lat-, slow.
scale rrrepa, pi. of itT€p6v a wing (allied
; k
,

to \i. feather). Lethal, deadly. (F.-L.; orL.) M.F.

Leporine, belonging to a hare. (L.) lethal, ‘ deadly ;
*
Cot. — L. lethalis, for
L. leportnus adj., from lepor for * lepos ,
letdlis , mortal. letum death. — L. ,
stem of lepus a hare. Lethe, oblivion. (L. — Gk.) L.lith!.
Leprosy. (F.-L.-Gk.) coined A — Gk. A 1J077, a forgetting; the river of
 : , ;; , ;

LETHARGY LIBATION
oblivion ; allied to Aa 0 -, base of XavOcivtiv, -igdre, for agere, to make. Cf. Gk. \tios,
to lie hid. smooth.
lethargy, a heavy sleep. (F. L. — — Levin, lightning. (Scand.) M. E.
Gk.) M. lethargic , a lethargy ; Cot.—
I
4
. leyfnyng, lightning; Wrt. Voc. 735.42.
L. lethargia.*»G\z. XrjOapyla, drowsiness. Prob. Scand. ; not found in A. S. Cf.
— Gk. kr) 0 apyoSy forgetful. •» Gk. A^6ty, Icel. leiptr (pronounced leiftr), lightning.
oblivion (above). Levite, one of the tribe of Levi. (L.—
Letter, a character. (F. L.) M. E. — (_ik. — lleb.) L. Lcuita. — Gk. A cvtrrjs,
lettre. —
F. lettre. —
L. litiera for older ,
Lu. x. 32. — Heb. Levi, one of the sons of
litera (also leitera ), a letter. See Brugm. Jacob.
h $ 93°- Levity, lightness, frivolity. (L.) From
Lettuce, a succulent plant. (F. — L.) L. leuitas, lightness. — L. leuis, light,
M. E. letuce — O. F. *letuce, only found in
. levy, the act of raising men for an
the form lectus (Palsgrave, s. v. Lettes ) army; the force raised. (F. — L.) F.
and in the Latinised form letnsa Wrt. ,
levde, ‘ a levy, or levying of an army;’
Vocab. 7S7. 15. — L. *lactucca fem. adj , Cot. Fem. of pp. of lever to raise. — L. ,

from L. lactuca a lettuce (whence F. ,

leudre to raise. — L. leuis (above).
,

laitue, Ital. lattuga ) — L. stem of . Lew, Lew-warm,

tepid. (E.) M. E.
milk, succulent juice. See Lacteal. lew Wyclif, Rev. in. 16. A. S. hleowe
, ,

Levant, the E. of the Mediterranean warm (found once).«4» l)u. lauw warm , ;

Sea. (Ital. — L.) Ital. levante, E. wind, Icel. hl/er, hlyr\ G. lau, O. II. G. Ido
eastern countiy or part (where the sun {law-). Tcut.base (perhaps) * hleiv •, hl&w-.
rises). — L. tenant-, stem of pres. part, of Lewd, ignorant, base. (L. — Gk. ?)
leudre to raise ; whence se leudre to rise.
, M. E. lewed ignorant. A. S. lieivede adj.,
, ,

— L. leuis, light. ignorant, also lay, belonging to the laity.

levee, a morning assembly. (F. — L.) [It may have been confused with the pp.
For F. le lever (Littre). — F. lever to raise. ,
of hewan to betray ; cf. Goth. ISwjan,
,

— L. leudre (above). to betray, from lew , occasion, oppor-

Level, an instrument for determining tunity.] But it is supposed to be of
that a thing is horizontal. (F. — L.) M. E. Latin origin answering to L. type *ldi-
;

liuely lend {live l, level). — O. F. lively later cdtus belonging to the laity, parallel to
,

spelling liveau ;
mod. F. niveau a level. ,
Late L. clericalus (whence E. clergy). If
— L. libella, a level; dimin. of libra , a so, it is formed from L. Idicus a word of
balance. See Librate. Hence the Gk. origin. See Laio. (Sievers, § 173;
adj. level. Pogatscher, § 340.)
Lever. (F. — L.) M. E. levour. - F. Lexicon. (Gk.) Gk. A t£ittbv, a dic-
leveur, a raiser, lifter. — L. leudtdrem, acc. tionary; neut. of A (£ik 6 s, adj., belonging
of leudtor , a lifter. — L. leudre to lift. — L. ,
to words. — Gk. A^fi-s, a saying. — Gk.
/Vwz>, light. Xeyuv, to speak see legend. ;

Leveret. (F.-L.) A. F. leveret (pi. Ley, a meadow see Lea. ;

lever es, Gaimar, Chron. 1 6239) O. F. Liable, responsible. (F. — L.) Formed,
. ;

levrault a leveret, or young hare

,
4
Cot. with suffix -able, from F. li-er, to tie. — L.
;
*

with change of suffix. [The suffix - ault * Iigdre, to ti'-. See Ligament.
Late L. -aldus, from O. II. G. power, Liane, Liana, a climbing tropical
common as a suffix.] The base lever- is plant. (F. — L.) F. liane (the same); from
from L. lepor- for *lepos, stem of leptis, a Norman and Guernsey lian, a band. — L.
hare. ligdmen see Lien, Limehound. ;

Leviathan. (L.-Heb.) Late L. /<?- Lias, a formation of limestone. (F.)

viathan Job xl. 20 (Vulgate). — Heb. F. lias Lais, O. F. Hois, a hard freestone.
, ,

livydthdn, an aquatic animal, dragon, Lib, to castrate. (E.) Answers to an

serpent named from its twisting itself in A. S. type *lybban
;
only found in the ;

curves. — lleb. root lav ah Arab, root cognate Du. lubben with the same sense ,

lawa\ to bend, whence lawa, the twisting E. Fries, and Westphal. lilbben Dei*. .

or coiling of a serpent. g-lib, vb., the same (obsolete) cf. O. Du. ;

Levigate, to make smooth. (L.) Out gelubt * gelt/ Hexham. Also lef-t q.v. ,
,

of use. — L. llnigdtus, pp. of letiigdre Libation, the pouring forth of wine in ,

to make smooth. — L. lends, smooth ; honour of a deity. (F. — L.) F. libation.

292
 , , , , , , . \ e ;,

LIBEL LIEF
mmL. acc. libdtionem.— L. tibatus , pp. of — Gk. k(ixh v > lichen, tree-moss ; also, an
libdre to taste, sip, pour out.+Gk. kffaetv, eruption on the skin. Generally connected
to pour out, shed, offer a libation. Brugm. with Gk. \cixfty, to lick up ; from its en-
i. § 553; >
croachment. Cf. Russ, lishai, a lichen, a
.

Libel, a written accusation. (F.— L.) tetter.

M.E. libel, a brief piece of writing ;
A. F. Lichgate, a churchyard gate. (E.) So
libel. — L.
libellum , acc. of libellus a little called because a corpse (in a bier) may be
book, a notice (Matt. v. 31) ; dimin. of rested under it. The former syllable is
liber, a book. See Library. M. E. lick, a corpse, but orig. the living
Liberal. (F.-L.) M.E. liberal . — body ;
from A. S. lie, a body ; see Like
0. F. — I,, liberdlis, befitting
liberal. a free (!)•
man, generous. — L. liber, free. Lick, to lap. (E.) M. E. /Hiea. A. S.
liberate. (L.) From pp. of L. liccian + Du. likken, G. lecken. A
liberarey to set free. — L. liber, free ;
Brugm. secondary verb allied to the primary forms
1. § 102. seen in "Goth, bilaigon (be-lick); Russ.
libertine. (L.) Cf. Acts vi. 9. L. - lizate , O. Irish ligim, T lick, L. linger ,
libertinus , adj., belonging to a freed man, Gk. krfxav, Pers. lishtan, Skt. li/t,
also sb., a freed man later applied to ;
rih to lick. (y'LEIGII.) Brugm. i.

denote the licentious liberty of a certain § 604.

sect (Acts vi. 9^. — L. liber/us , a freed Licorice, Liquorice. (F.-L.-Gk.)
man. — L. liber free. M. E. licoris. — A. F. lycorys Liber Albus, ,

liberty. (F. — L.) M.E. libertee. — p. 224; M. F. liquerice Mickorice;’ Cot. ,

F. liberty. — L. libertlitem , acc. of libertds — L. liquiritia, liquorice; a corrupted

freedom. — L. //far, free. form of glycyrrhiza (Pliny, Nat. Hist,
Libidinous, lustful. (F. - L.) F. xxii, 9. 11). — Gk. y\vKvpf>i£a, liquorice,
libidineux. — L. Hindinos us, lustful. — L. lit. ‘sweet root.’ — Gk. 7 kv/cv-s, sweet;
libidin stem of libido, htbido lust, pi£a, root. See Wort. ,

pleasure.— L. //fa/, ///fa/, it pleases. Cf. Lictor, an officer in Rome. (L.) L.

Skt. lubh, to desire. Allied to Love. lidor, peihaps 1 binder’ from the fasces ;

Library. (F.-L.) F. librairie.— I.. or bound rods which he bore, or from ‘ ’

librdria a book-shop; fern, of librdritts, binding culprits. Allied to ligdre , to bind.

,

belonging to books. — L. //fa'-, stem of See Ligament. (Doubtful.)

liber a book, orig. the bark of a tree (one Lid, a cover. (E.) M. E. lid. A. S.
of the earliest writing materials). Allied hiid, a lid. — A.S. hlid weak grade of
to Gk. Afareii', to peel Brugm. i. § 499. h Udan, to cover. Du. lid, a lid
;
Icel. + ;

Librate, to balance, be poised, move Jili6 a gate, gateway, gap, breach ,

slightly when balanced. (L.) The verb is M. H. G. lit, lid, a cover ^obsolete).
rare, and due to the sb. Itbration (Kersey). Lie (1), to rest, abide. (E.) strong A
— L. acc. librdtionem a poising. — L. Ifbrd- verb. M.E. lyen, also liggen pt. t. lay ,
, ,

tus pp. of librdre to balance. — L. libra, a ley pp. leien, lent.

, , A. S. liegan , pt. t. ,

balance, a level also a pound of 1 2 oz.+ lag) pp. Icgen.+Viw. liggen Icel. liggja
; ,

Gk. kirpa, a pound of 12 oz. Brugm. i. Dan. Hgge, Swed. ligga, G. liegen, Goth.
§ 589 - ligan. Related to Russ, lejate Lat. base ;

Licence, License, leave, abuse of leg- (in lectus y bed) Gk. base Acx- (in ;

freedom. (F. — I..) M.E. lycence. — F. bed). (VLEGH.) On the f

licence. — L. licentia freedom to act. — I,. mod. E. form see Sweet, E. Gr. § 1 293.
,

licent from licere, to be allowable. See Lie (2), to tell a falsehood. (E.) M. E.
Brugm. ii. § 587. Der. licence , more lijcn, Icjen, pt. t. leJi, pp. lowen. O. Merc.
usually license vb. ,
began A.S. leogan pt. t. Icag, pp. login. ; ,

licentiate, one who has a grant to +Du. liegen Icel. Ijiiga, Dan. lyve, Swed. ,

exercise a profession. (L.) Englished from ljuga, Goth, liugan G. Higen. 'lent, type ,

Late L. licentia tus, pp. of licentidre, to *leugan-, pt. t. *laug, pp. *Jttganoz. Cf.
licence. — L. licentia licence (above), Russ. Igate, litigate, to lie; loje, a lie,
,

licentious. (F. — L.) F . licencieux. (VLEUGII.)

— L. licentids us, full of licence. — L. Lief, dear. (E.) M. E. leef. A.S .leaf.
licentia , licence (above). + Du. lief Icel. ljufr, Swed. ljuf Goth.
Lichen, a moss. (L. — Gk.) L. lichen. Hubs, G. lieb. Teut. type *leuboz. Cf.

293
 y , , , , .

LIEGE LIGHTS
Russ, lioboi, agreeable, liobite, to love; away. The same as Lift (1). *([ Not
L. lubety libet, it pleases; Skt. lubh % to allied to Goth, hlifius a thief. ,

desire. (^LEUBH.) Allied to Love. Ligament, a band, band of tissue

faithful, subject. (F. O. H. G.) — connecting the moveable bones. (F. - L.)
[The sense has been altered by confusion F. ligament — L. ligdmentum a tie, band.
.
,

with L. ligdtus, bound. In old use, we — L. liga-re, to tie with suffix - mentum
;

could speak of 4 a liege lord * as meaning a ligature, a bandage. (F. — L.) F. liga-
free lord, in exact opposition to the im- ture, a tie, bandage. — L. ligdtura a bind- ,

ported notion.] M. E. lige, lege ; lege ing. — I., ligdtus, pp. of ligdre to tie. ,

poustee = free sovereignty, Bruce, v. 165. — Light (1), illumination. (E.) M. E.

O. F. UgCy liege liege, leal ; also, free a
, ;
— O. Merc, leht A. S. leoht, light. 4*
light. ;

liege lord was a lord of a free band, and Du. and G. licht cf. Goth, liuh-ath,
;

his lieges were privileged free men, faithful light, shewing that the / is a suffix. Teut.
to him, but free from other service.— type *leuhto»iy neut. sb. ; related to the
M. H. G. (G. ledig)> free, esp.
ledic, lidic adj. *leuht0Zy as seen in E. light , i. e. bright,

from all obligations of service. Cf. Icel. adj.,G. and Du. licht. Co-radicate with L.
litfugr, free, M. Du. ledig, free. (Disputed ;
lux (stem luc-), light, Gk. \cvtc- 6 $, white,
see Korting, § 4736.) Skt. ruck, to shine. (^LEUQ.) See
Lieger, Leiger, an ambassador see ;
Lucid.
Ledger. lighten (1), to illuminate, flash. (E.)
4
Lien, a legal claim, charge on property. 1. Intrans., to shine as lightning; it

(F. — L.) F. lien, a band, or tie, anything tightens.' M. E. lighteneiiy more correctly
that fastens or fetters. — L. ligdmen , a tie. — light-n-en, where the -//- is formative,
L. ligdre , to tie. See Ligament. and gives the sense to become light.’ 2.
4

Lieu, place, stead. (F. — L.) F. lien. Trans. This is only the intrans. form
— L. locum , acc. of locus , a place. See incorrectly used with a trans. sense. The
Locus. correct trans. form is simply to lights
lieutenant, a ‘locum tenens,’ deputy, O. Merc Uhlan , from leoht sb. ,

&c. (F. — L.) F. lieu tenant* — L. locum- lightning, an illuminating flash.

tenent-y stem of locum tenens one who (E.) Formed with suffix -ing from M. E.
,

holds another’s place. — L. locum acc. lightnen to lighten (above).

of locus, a place tenens pres pt. of tenere
;
Light (2), not heavy. (E.) M. E. light.
,

to hold. See Tenable. A. S. leoht (for *liht). -f» Du. licht, ligt ;

Life. (E.) M. E. Iif lyf\ gen. lyues Icel. leitr 7 Dan. let} Swed. tatty Goth.
(lives) dat. lyue (live). A.S. lif, gen. leihts G. leichty O. II. G. liht. lihti. ,

lifes , dat. life. From
*leiban - (pt. t. *laib, pp. *libanoz), to
remain; as seen in Goth, bi-leiban A.S.
be -lifan, G. bleiben Du. blijven to remain.
, ,
+Icel lif, lifit Dan. liv, Swed. lif, O. H. G.
lip life (whence G. leib, the body).
,
The
weak grade appears in Live, q. v. And
see Leave (1). (yLEIP?)
lifeguard. (E.) From life and guard.
Cf. G. leibgarde a body-guard, which
,
is a cognate word, with the orig. sense of
4
life-guard,’ from O. II. G. lip , life,
lifelong ; better livelong, q. v.
the base of Teut. Teut. type *Iihtoz. for *lin\toZy *lenxtoz.
Allied to Lith. lengwas light ; and to
,
Lung. See Brugm. i. § 684; Sievers,
§ 84-
light (3), to alight, settle, descend.
(E.) M.E. lihten. A.S. lihtan, vb., to
alight from. lit. to make light, relieve
a horse of his burden. — A.S. leoht (liht)
(above). The sense 4 to descend upon ’
(the earth) is secondary, due to the com-
pleted action of descending from a horse.
lighten (2), to alleviate. (E.) The-en
is merely formative, as in strength-en .—

Lift (07 to elevate. (Scand.) M. E. A.S. lihtan, to make light (above).

liften. —
Icel. lypta (pron. lyfta), to lift, lighten (3)> to alight on. (E.) Ex-
exalt in air, from lopty air ; Dan. lofte ,
tended from light (3) above.
Swed. from luft, air.
lyfta , The Icel. lighter, a boat for unlading ships.
y results, by mutation, from Teut. u ; see (Du.) Borrowed from Du. Ugter, a
Loft. Der. up-lift. lighter, i. e. unloader. — Du. ligt, light.
Lift (a), to steal. (E.) We speak of lights, lungs. (E.) So named from
a shop-lifter, a thief see Shak. Troil. i. their lightness. So also Russ. legkiiay
;

a. 129. To take up; hence, to take lights ; from legkii, light.

294
 ,, , , ,, , , , , ;
,
;;
,

LIGHTEN LIMN
Lighten ( 0 ,
to flash, Lightning; Limb (i), a member, branch of a tree,
see Light (i). (E.) M. E. lim. A.S. lim.+l cel. limr.
Ligneous, woody. (L.) L. ligne-us ,
Dan. Swed. lent. Allied to A. S. li- 9 ,

wooden with suffix -oils. — L. lignum Goth, li-thus G. g-lie-d, a joint. Cf.
; ,

wood. Lith. /<?)««, stature, growth. See Lay (4).

lign-aloes, a kind of tree. (F.-L. Limb (2), the edge or border of a
and Gk.) O. F. lignaloes (Godef.). — L. sextant, &c. (L.) L. limbus a border, ,

lignum aloi's, lit. wood of aloes.*

‘ edging, edge.
is gen. of aloe from Gk., aloe. See limbo» limbus, the borders of hell.
Aloe. (L.) The orig. phrase is in limbo where
Ligule, a strap-shaped petal. (L.) In limbo is the abl. case of limbus a border
botany. — L. ligula a little tongue, also the limbus patrum was a supposed place
spelt lingula dimin. of lingua tongue,
,
on the border of hell, where the patriarchs
See Lingual. abode till Christ’s descent into hell.
Ligore, a precious stone. (L. — Gk.) Limbeck, the same as Alembic.
I,. ligurius. — G k. \iyvpiov, a sort of gem Limber ( 0 , In
active, flexible. (E.)
(amber or jacinth) ;
Exod. xxviii. 19. Baret(i 580). Apparently allied toLimp(i).
Like ( 0 ,
similar. (E.) M. E. lyk , lik. Limber (2), part of a gun-carriage, a
A.S. ge-lic; as suffix, -lie. + Du. ge-lijk frame with two wheels and a pole. (F. ?)
Icel. likr,g-likr, Dan. big, Swed. lik , Goth. Cf. prov. E. limmtrs thills, shafts (the b
ga-leiks , G. g-leich O. II. G. ka-lih . p. being excrescent). G. Douglas has lym-
Lit. ‘having the same form,’ and derived naris, shafts. Probably from O. Y .limonier,
from the sb. meaning ‘ form, shape,’ viz. adj., belonging to the shafts; from limon ,
A. S. lie , form, body, Icel. lik Goth, leik, a shaft. Cf. F. limoniftx , pait of a car-
the body, Du. /(/£, a corpse, Dan. riage including the two shafts. Etym.
Swed. lik, a corpse, G. leiche, O. H. G. unknown perhaps allied to
;
Icel. lim (pi.
lih. See Lichgate. Cf. Lith. lygus , like Umar), branches of a tree.
like (2), to be pleased with. (E.) The Limbo, Limbus ;
see Limb (2).
construction has altered; M. E. liketh it , Lime mortar. (E.) M.E.
(1), bird-lime,
pleases, is impersonal, as in mod. E. ifyou lym, liim viscous substance. A. S. lim ,
like = if it may please you. — A. S. Ifcian, bitumen, cement. -f Du. lijm , Icel. lim,
to please, orig. to be like or suitable for. — Dan. liim , Swed. lim, glue ; G. leim, glue
A. S. -lie, ge-lic, like see Like (i).+Du.
;
L. limns, slime. Idg. type *leimo-. See
lijken , to suit ;
Icel. lika, to like ;
Goth. Loam.
leikan , to please (similarly derived). Lime (2), the linden-tree. (E.) Lime is
liken, to compare. (E.) M. E. liknen ,
a corruption of line , as in Shak. Temp. v.
to liken; but the true sense is intransitive, 10; and line is a corruption of lind,
viz. to be like. Cf. Swed. likna, (1) to the lengthening of i having occasioned
resemble, (2) to liken, from lik, like Dan. ;
the loss of d. (Sweet, E. Gr. § 1607.)
ligne , the same, from lig, like. See Lind.
Lilac, a shrub. (Span. — Arab. — Pers.) Lime (3), a kind of citron. (F. Fers.) —
Span, lilac . — Arab, lilak, a lilac. — Pers. F. lime. — Pers. Until, (also litnuti), a lemon
lilaj, lilanj, Itlatig, of which the proper citron. — Malay limau, a lime, a citron,
sense is indigo-plant. The initial / stands Limehound, a doginaleash. (Hybrid
for n, and the above forms are from nil, F. — L„ and E.) Short for liam- hound,
blue, whence nilak (> Arab. lilak), bluish, used by Turberville. The M.E. liam or
The plant is named from the ‘bluish’ lyam means ‘a leash.’ O. F. Hem, now —
tinge on the flowers in some varieties, spelt lien, a band ; Guernsey liam, Han.
iDevic). Cf. Skt. nila - dark blue. ,
— L. Hgdtnen , a tie. See Lien, Liane.
Lilt, to sing, dance. (Scand.) M.E. —
Limit. (F. L.) F. limite, a limit.—
lilting-horn , horn to dance to ; cf. M. E. L. limitem , acc. of limes, a boundary
lit Hen, to resound. Formed (with added -/) akin to It men, a threshold. Cf. L. limits,
from Norweg. lilla , to sing in a high tone, transverse.
Cf. O. Swed. lylla, to lull to sleep (Rietz). Limn, to illuminate, paint. (F. — L.)
Allied to Lull. M. form of luminen ,
E. limnen, contracted
„ , a plant. (L. — Gk.) A. S. lilie. — to illuminate (Prompt. Parv.). Again
L. lilium. —
Gk. \tlpiov, a lily. luminen is for enluminen. — O. F. enlu-
395
 , , , ; , ;

LIMP LINNET
miner to illuminate, burnish, limn. — L. ing, delineation. —
L. lineare, to draw a
illuminate ; see Illuminate. line. — L.
llnea t a line (above).
Limp (i), flaccid, pliant. (E.) Not linear. (L.) L. linearis, belonging to
in early use. Apparently related, by gra- a line.— L. tinea, a line (above).
dation, to Bavarian lampecht flaccid, down- ,
linen, cloth made of flax. (L.) Used
hanging, from the verb lampen, to hang as a sb., but really an old adj,, A. S.
loosely down cf. Skt. lamba depending,
; ,
lin-eti ; the old sb. being M. E. Iin, A. S-
lamb ,
to hang down. lin, flax. — L. linum , flax. (Cf. gold-en
Limp (2), to walk lamely. (E.) In from gold.) See linseed.
Shak. Mer. Ven. iii. 2. 130. We find Ling (1), .1 fish. (E.) M. E. tenge
A. S. lemp-kealt , earlier laempi-halt (Ep. (Ilavelok). Named from its long slender
Gl.), adj., halting and a cognate form ;
shape. Cf. A. S. lengu , length. Du. +
in M. H. G. limphiHy to limp. Cf. I.ow Ieng, a ling, from lang long; Icel. langa ,

G. lumpen, to limp. Norw. langa, tonga, a ling Swed. langa ; ;

Limpet, a small shell-fish. (L.) G. Hinge , a ling, also called Uing-fisch,

Formerly lempet (Phillips, 1706). A.S. long fish. See Long.
lempedu orig. a lamprey, which also
,
Ling (Scand.) M. E. lyng.
(2), heath.
sticks to rocks. — Late L. lemprida for ,
— Icel. lyng, ling, heather; Dan. ling,
L. lampedra a lamprey. See Lamprey.
,
Swed. ljung.
Cf. * Lemprida
,
lempedu ’ Wright’s ; Ling er, to tarry. (E.) Frequent, form
Vocab. ^38. 17. of M. K. leu gen, to tarry. A. S. lengan, to—
Limpid, pure, bright. (F. — L.) F. Urn- prolong, put off. —
A.S. lang, long. C f. Iccl.
pide. — L. limpidus, clear. Allied to lengja, to lengthen, Du. lengen , to lengthen,
Lymph. Brugm. § 102. i. G. verhitigern, to prolong. See Long.
Linch-pin, a pin to fasten a wheel on Lingo, a language. (Prov. — L.) Prov.
an axle. Formerly lins-pin, lit. lingo (at Marseilles), a language. — L.
(E.)
axle-pin.’ — A. S. lynis lingua a tongue, language (below). +
4
an axle-tree. , ,

Du. lutis a linch-pin, O. Low G. lunisa

,
lingual, pertaining to the tongue. ,

Low G. lunse G. lunse, a linch-pin. Teut. (L.) Coined from L. lingua, the tongue,
,

base *lunis - (cf. Goth, akw-izi an ax) O. Lat. dingua, cognate with E. tongue.
from *lun as in O. H. G. lun, a bolt, linguist, one skilled in languages.
peg, pin. Perhaps from Idg. root. */eu (L.) Prom L. lingua a tongue, language ,

(cf. Gk. Xv-uv), to loosen. with suffix - ista ( — Gk. -tarrjs).

Lind, Linden, the lime-tree. (E ) The Liniment, salve, ointment. (F. — L.)
true form of the sb. is lhid, and lind-en V. liniment. — L. linimentum, ointment.—
is the adj. from it. Hence lind-en tree =* L. linere, to smear ; cf. Skt. /f, to melt.
lind the same thing.
;
M. E. lind. A.S. Brugm. i. § 476 (5) ii. § 608. ;

lind, the tree; also a shield, commonly Lining. (L.) Formed, with suffix -ing,
+
of this wood. Dm Unde, Icel. Dan. from the verb to line i.e. to cover the in- ,

Swed. lind, G. Unde. Cf. Lith. lent a, a side of a garment with line , i.e. linen; see
board. Doublet, lime (2). linen.
Line, a thread, thin cord also a stroke, Link(i), a ring of a chain. (Scand.)
;

row, rank, verse (L. or F.— L.). In the O. Icel. *hlenkr whence Teel, hlekkr (by
; ,

sense ‘ cord,* we find A. S. line directly assimilation) Dan. Henke, Swed. lank ;
, ;

from L. tinea. In the other senses, it is G. gelenk, a joint, link, ring. Cf. A. S.
from F. ligne, also from L. llnea. p. The hlence, or hlenca (which would have given
L. tinea meant orig. a string made of flax, lincli). Also M. H. G. lenken , to bend,
being fem. of adj. lineus, made of flax. — O. H. G. hlanca , hip, loin (whence
L. linum flax. Cf. Gk. Xivov, flax whence perhaps Flank).
, ;

perhaps the L. word. Der. out-line Link (2), a torch see Linstock. .
;

lineage. (F.-L.) F. lignage a line- Linnet, a bird. (F. — L.) M. E. linet.

age. — F. ligne, a line, rank. — L. llnea, a [A. S. linecel] O.F. linette cf. F. linotte ; ,

line (above),
*
a linnet/ Cot. Named from feeding on
lineal. (L.) I,, linealis, belonging to flax-seed and hemp- seed (cf. G. hdnfling,
a line. — L. tinea, a line (above). a linnet, from hanf, hemp). — L. linum ,

lineament, a feature. (P\ — L.) M.F. flax. We also find A. S. linetwige t a

lineament Cot. — L. lineamentum, a draw- linnet (whence Lowl. Sc. lintwhite ).
,

296
 , , ; , , ; , , , , , ,, ; ,;,

LINSEED LITANY
linseed, flax-seed. (L. and E.) From liqueur moisture. — L. liquSrem, acc. of f

M. E. lin * A. S. lin, flax, borrowed from liquor moisture. — L. liquere, to be moist.

L. linum, flax and E. seed ; Now accommodated to L. spelling we
.
;

linsey-woolsey, made of linen and also use mod. F. liqueur .

woollen mixed. (L. and E.) Made up Liquorice ; see Licorice.

from M. E. lin, linen, and E. zuooL See Lisp. (E.) M. E. lispen, lipsen. A. S.
linen, under Line. *wlispian to lisp, as in a-wlispian,
Linstock, Lintstock, a stick to formed from A. S. wlisp also wlips, adj.,
hold a lighted match. (L)u.) Formerly lisping, imperfect in utterance. +Du. lispen
lintstock (Coles, 1684) but properly lunt-
;
Dan. liLspe, Swed. laspa, G. lispeln . (Imi-
stock from hint, ‘a match to
fire guns tative.)
with,’ Phillips. — Du. lontstok a lint- ,
‘
Lissom Lithe. ;
see
stock/ Sewel. — Du. lont a match; stok, ,
List a border of cloth, selvage.
(1),
a stick (see Stock') ; cf. Dan. luntc-stok ; (E.) M. E. list. A. S. list -f- Du. lijst, .

from lunte, a match, siok, a stick. Du. Icel. lista, Dan. liste, Swed. list, G. leiste,
lont seems to have been formed from O. H. G. lista. (The i was orig. long.)
M. D11. lompe , ‘ a bundle of linnen/ list (2), a catalogue. (F.-G.) F.
Hexham lit. a lump. See Lump.
;
liste a list, roll
, also, a list or selvage. ;

link (2), a torch. (Scand.) T rob. It meant (1) a border, strip, (2) a roll or
ion) used with lint-stock (above). Bui list of names.— O. H. G. lista, G. leiste, a
I

leally a use of link (1), q. v., meaning a border; see List (1).
diort length of rope. List (3) see Lists.
Lint, scraped linen. (L.) Cf. Late I . List (4), to please. (E.)
E. luden, M.
Uni a, from L. linteum a linen cloth ,
listen ;
‘
if thee
please thee, list ’ if it
neut. of lin- tens, linen. — L. linum flax. Ch. C. T. 1183. A. S. lystcm, to desire,
Lintel, the headpiece of a door. (F. — used impersonally. — A. S. lust , pleasure.
L. ) M. E. lintel — O. F. lintel (F. linteaii).
. +Du. lusten Icel. lysta, Dan. lyste, Swed.
— Late L. lin telIns a lintel, for * limi- ,
lysta,Goth, luston, G. gelitsten ;
all from
tedus, dimin. of L. limes (stem limit-), a the sb. See Lust.
boundary, border ; see Limit. List (5), to listen see below. ;

Lion. (F. — L. — Gk.~ Egypt. ) F. lion . Listen. (E.) We also find list also
— L. lednem acc. of leo , a lion, — Gk. \4ow.
,
M. E. and lust-en the former
lust-n-en ,

Cf. Heb. UwV, a lion. Prob. of Egypt, being deduced from the latter by a forma-
origin ; from Egypt, labai, lawai a lioness tive n as in Goth .full-n-au, to become ,

(whence Gk. A ttuva) Leo. full. A. S. lilystan to listen to. — A. S.

see
Lip. (E.) M. E. lippe. A. S. lippa, hlyst, hearing Teut. type *hlus-ti-, from ;

lippe the lip.

, +
Du. lip, Dan. Icebe Swed. a base *klus weak grade of Teut. base , j ,

lapp, G. lippe lefze. Also L. lab-rum lab- *hlcu-s.

,
Cf. A. S. lilos-nian, to hearken , ;

ium, lip Pers. lab lip. But the relations Icel. hlusta to listen, from hlust the ear
; , ,

are not clear. Brugm. i. § 563. W. dust, the ear; also L. clu-ere Gk. ,

Liquefy, Liquescent; see Liquid. k\v-uv, to hear, Skt. fru, to hear.

Liquid, moist. (F. L.) F. liquide. — (VKLEU.) See Loud.
— L. liquidus liquid. — L. liquere to be Listless, careless. (E.) The same as
clear. Gower has lustles C. A. ii. lust- less ; ,

liquefy, to become liquid. (F.— L.) hi. From htsl, q.v. And see List (4).
M. F. liquefier (see Cot.). As if from Late Lists, ground enclosed for a tourna-
L. *liqueficare to make liquid; but we only ment. (E.) M. E. listes sb. pi., the lists.
,

find L. liqueficri to become liquid. PI. of border, boundary.

list (i), Mixed
liquescent, melting. (L.) I,, liques- with M.
F. Iisse (F. lice), * a list or
cent-, stem of pres. part, of liquescere, in- tiltyard;’ Cot. Cf. Ital. lizza, Span.
ceptive form of liquere, to be wet. liza, Port. li$a, a list for tilting Late L. ;

liquidate, to make clear hence, to ;

lie tee, sb. pi., barriers; licice the dtielli ,
clear off an account. (L.) From pp. of lists. Origin disputed. Cf. Late L. licia,
Late L. liquiddre, to clarify, make clear. — a stake perhaps from Late L. /ictus
;

L. liqutdus, liquid, clear. oaken <L. iliceus (from ilex, holm-oak).

liquor, moisture, strong drink. (F.— Litany, a form of prayer. (F.— L.—
L.) M. E. Hcour, Hour, — A. F. Hear F. ;
Gk.) M. E. letaniej afterwards altered to
 , . , . —; ,; ;

LITERAL LIVER
litanie . — O. F. Utanie — L. litania — Gk.
on, confused mass of things straw to lie
kiravtia, a prayer. — Gk. kiralvttv to pray.
(F.—L.) The same word ap- ,
scattered.
— Gk. Ai'ro/xcu, I beg, pray, Axr^, prayer, plied to a straw bed for animals, &c.
entreaty. litter, a brood. (F.— L.) The same
Literal. (F.— L.) O. F. literal, — L. word see the various senses of M.E. ;

liter dlis, according to the letter. — L. /fitera lytere in the Prompt. Parv. and cf. F. ;

see Letter. accoucher, E. ‘

to be in the straw.*
literature. (F.~ L.) VIS .literature. Little. (E.) M. E. litel, Intel. A.S.
— L. literdtura, scholarship. — L. literatus lytel (or lytel), little ; we also find lyt (or
learned, skilled in letters. — L. litera, a lyt). + Du. hittel, little, lutje, a little;
letter ; see Letter. O. Sax. luttil ; O. H. G. luzil, luzzil,
Litharge, protoxide of lead. (F. — L. liuzil. Compare also A. S. lytig, deceit-
Gk.) M. eT litarge. — F. litharge ‘ litargie, ful, lot, deceit; Goth, lints, deceitful,
white lead;' Cot. — L. lithargyrns. — Gk. luton to betray.
,
All from Teut. base
ktShpyvpos, lit. ‘
stone-silver.* — Gk. Al 0 -oy, *leut, orig. to stoop; see Lout, Not
a stone ;
apyvpos , silver ; see Argent. allied to less. The Icel. litill, Swed.
Lithe, pliant, flexible, active. (E.) liten, Goth, leitils little, seem to be from a
,

M. E. A. S. tide , //"tf, gentle, soft

lithe. different Teut. base *leit. It is difficult
(for *linbe , the lengthened * causing loss to see how they can be related.
of «).+G. gelinde O. II. G. soft, ,
/M, Littoral, belonging to the sea-shore.
tender. Allied to Icel. #«r, L. (L.) L. littoralis, adj., from littor- (for
soft L. lentus pliant.
; Der. lissom, i. e.
,
*littos-), stem of litt us or lit us, sea-shore.
lithe- some. Liturgy, public prayer. (F. — L. — Gk.)
Lither, pestilent, stagnant, dull. (E.) O. F. liturgie lyturgie. — Late L. liturgia.
,

In i Hen. VI. iv. 7. 21, ‘ lither sky * means — Gk. kurovpyia, public service. — Gk.
pestilent or dull lower air ;
cf. luther* Aefro-y, public ; tpyov, work, cognate with
3
eir, pestilent air, P. PL, C. xvi. 220. E. woj'k.
M. E. luther ,
lither. — A. S. Iy6 re, evil, Live (1), to exist. (E.) M.E. liitien
base, poor (hence, sickly, dull). Not to {livieri). O. Merc, lifgan , A. S. libban, to
be confused with lithe, pliant. live, dwell orig. to remain, be left
;

Lithography, writing on stone. (Gk.) behind.+Du. levett, to live; Icel. Ufa, to

Coined from Gk. kiOo-s, a stone; ypatpuv, be left, to live ; Dan. Ieve, Swed. lefva,
to write. Goth, liban, to live G. leben, to live, ;

lithotomy, cutting for stone. (L.- O. H. G. leben. From Teut. *lib-, weak
Gk.) L. lithotomia. Gk. kiBoropia — . grade of *leiban- to remain. Sec Life.
,

Gk. ktBo-s, stone ; to/*-, 2nd grade of re/*-, live (2), adj., alive. (E.) Short for
as in rtiivuv, to cut ; see Tome. alive, which is not a true orig. adj., but
Litigation, a contest in law. (L.) due to the phrase a Hue ( a live) - A. S. on
From L. litigatio , a disputing. — L. liti- life, in life, hence, alive. Life is the dat.
gdtus pp. of litigdre to dispute. — L. lit-,
,
case of lif, life; hence the i in live is
stem of Us, strife - igdre for agere, to carry ; ,
long-
on. I,. lis — O. Lat. stlis, strife. livelihood. (E.) Corruption of M.E.
litigious, contentious. (F. — L.) It liuelode ( livelode), i.e. life-leading, means
also once meant debateable. — F. litigieux of living older spelling liflodey liflade. , ;

* debatelhll Cot. — L. litigiosus adj.

;
*
,
From A.S. lif life; lad, a leading, way,
from litigium , contention. — L. litigdre , to provisions to live by, a course, a lode
dispute (above). see Life and Lode.
Litmus, a kind of dye. (Du.) Cor- livelong, long-lasting. (E.) The
rupted from Du. lakmoes , a blue dye-stuff. same as life-long, i.e. long as life is ; but
— Du. lak, lac moes, pulp (whence G. ; ;
livelong is the older spelling,
laekmusy litmus). See Lao (1). lively. (E.) M. E. lifly , i.e. life-like.
Litter, a portable bed. (F. - L.) M.E. Liver. (E.) M. E. liuer (= liver).
litere. — O. F. litiere — Late L. *lecticdria , . A. S. lifer. + Du. lever, Icel. lifr , Dan.
formed from lectica, a litter. — L. lectus, a lever , Swed. lefver, G. leber. Cf. Russ.
bed; see Lectern. Allied to Gk. live^, the pluck of animals (from Teut.).
a bed ; and to Lie (1). Allied to Armen, hard, liver ; but not to
litter, materials for a bed, heap of L. iecur. Brugm. i. §5 280, 557 (2).
298
 , e , , - -

LIVERY
Livery, a delivery, a thing delivered,
uniform allowed to servants. (F. — L.)
M. E. liner ( =*
A. F. liveree ; F. livrie ‘a delivery of
a thing that is given, the thing so given,
a livery * Cot. Orig. fem. of pp. of livrer
;
to deliver, give freely. L. liberarc, to set
free, give freely ; see Liberate.
Livid, discoloured. (F.—L.) F livide.
LOCK
Gk. X€iir€tv, Skt. rich, to leave, O. Irish
lecim , I leave. (VLEIQ ; Brugm. i. § 463.)
livert, three syllables).— Hence the Teut. verb *leihwan (as in
,
Gothic) ; and the sb. *laihwniz , *lailnv
noz, a loan, from the second grade *laihiu
with suffix -niz or -noz.
— Loath. (E.) M. E. loth. A.S. lad,
hateful, hostile. -f’Icck leidr, Dan. Swed.
odious; O. II G. leit, odious, orig.
. led, .

— L. liuidus , bluish. — L. liuZre to be mournful. Teut. type *laithoz , where

,

bluish. Cf. W. lliw, O. Irish //", colour, -thoz is prob. a suffix. Allied to G.
hue. Brugm. i. § 94. leiden to suffer ; but prob. not allied to ,

Lizard, a four-footed reptile. (F. — L.) A. S. (pt. t. lad), to travel, sail ; as Man
M. K. lesai'de. — O. F. lesarde — L. lacerta, usually said (Kluge). . Der. loath-ly\
a lizard. Cf. Alligator. -some, suggested by M. E. wlatsom, detest-
Llama, a quadruped. (Peruvian.) able ; also loathe vb. ,

Llama is a Peruvian word, meaning Lobby, a small hall, passage. (Low L.

But the Peruv. Diet, — G.) Probably from the monkish Latin
1
*
flock Prescott.
;

gives * llama carnero de la tierra,’ sheep of lobia, laubia\ the Ital. form is loggia
,

the country. (see Lodge). See Late L. lobia, laubia,

Llano, a level steppe or plain. (Span. lobiurn a portico, gallery, covered way , ;

— L.) Commoner in the pi. llanos. — as if from a Germ, form *iaubjd. —

Span, llano, pi. llanos , a plain from M. H.G. loube, an arbour, bower, open ;

llano adj., plain, flat. — L. planus flat. way along the upper story of a house (as
,

See Plain. in a Swiss chalet ) ; mod. G. laube a ,

Lo, behold! (E.) M.E. lo. A.S. Id, bower. Orig. made with foliage. M. H.G. —
an interjection. loub (G. laub), a leaf; see Leaf.
Loach, Loche. a small fish. (F.) F. Lobe, flap of the ear, &c. (F. — Low L.
loche ,
the loach.
‘
Cot. whence also ~Gk.) F. lobe. — Late L. lobus. — Gk.
;

Span, loja locha. Cf. Norman loque a \oPus, a lobe of the ear or liver. Brugm.
, ,

loach, a slug (Le H^richer). Origin un- i. § 667.

known. Lobster, a kind of shell-fish. (L.)
Load, a burden. (E.) The sense of A. S. loppestre, a corrupter form of A. S.
1
* burden seems to be due to confusion lopust, a corruption of L. locusta (1) a ,

with the verb Lade (1) but cf. prov. E. lobster, (2) a locust. It was perhaps con-
;

4
lead, in the sense to carry.’ M. E. lade fused with A. S. lopf>e, a flea. ,

a course, way, lode also, a load. A. S. Local, Locate ; see Locus.

;

lady a lode also, carriage.

;
See Lode. Loch, a lake. (Gaelic.) Gael, loch, a lake,
Load-star, Load-stone; see Lode. -f O. Irish loch, Corn, and Bret, lagen ;
Loaf. (E.) M. E. lop loop A. S. klaf. L. lacus Stokes, p. 237. See Lake (1). ;

+ Iccl. hleipr, Goth, hlaips, hlaibs G. laib. Lock (1), a fastening. (E.) M. E.
,

Cf. Lithuan. kUpas , bread (from Teut.). fake. A. S. hic, a fastening. Icel. Ioka, +
Loam, clay. (E.) M. E. lam A. S. a lock ; Swed. lock, a lid ; G. loch, a .

lam. +Du. leem G. lehrn, O. H. G. him, dungeon. From Teut. base *luk, weak
,

leimo. Teut. type *laimoz . Cf. Icel. leir grade of Teut. root *leuk to fasten, whence ,

(Teut. type *laizom ), loam. Akin to also A. S. liican, Du. luiken, Icel. liika,
Lime (i\ to shut, Goth, galitkan, to shut up.
Loan, a lending, money lent. (Scand.) locket, a little hinged case worn as an
M. E. lone (=*ldne). This corresponds to ornament. (F.— Scand.) Orig. a fastening
the rare A. S. Ian, borrowed from Norse. (Hudibras, pt. ii. c. i. 808). — F. loquet,
[The true A. S. form is lien, a loan.] — Icel. the latch of a door, dimin. of O. F. loc, a
fan a loan Dan. laan, Swed. fan, a loan. lock, borrowed from Icel. faka, a lock.
;

+ A. S. Hen, a loan Du. leen, a grant, a Lock (2), a tuft of hair or wool. (E.)
;

fief; G. lehn, lehen a fief. p. All from M. E. lok.

,
A. S. face. Du. lok, Icel. +
the verb seen in A. S. leott (pt. t. Idh), to fakkr, Dan. lok, Swed. lock G. loche. ,
;
grant. Icel. Ijd, G. Icihen to lend, Goth. Orig. * a curl ,
cf. Icel. lykkr, a loop, '

leihwan ; akin to L. littquerc (pt. t. liqui). bend, crook ; also Lith. lugnas % pliable.
299
 , , - , , , ,

LOCKET LOLL
Locket; see Lock (1). down. So called from its lying on the
Lockram, a kind of cheap linen. (F. ground, as distinguished from the living
— Bret.) F. a sort of unbleached tree. From the 3rd (pt. pi.) grade, viz.
linen; named from the place where it was tag-, of Icel. liggia, to lie; see Lie (1)
made, viz. Loc-Renan , or S. Renan, near and Low\ Der. logg-ats logg-ets, a game ,

Quimper, in Brittany. — Bret. Lok-Ronan, with bits of wood; log-wood so called ,

cell of St. Ronan; from Bret, Iok (L. locus), because imported in logs, and also called
a cell. blockwood (Kersey).
Locomotion f See Loous. log (2), a piece of wood with a line,
Loons, a place. (L.) L. locus, a place, for measuring the rate of a ship. (Scand.)
O. Lat. a place.
stlocusy The same word. The Swed. logg, as a sea*
local. (F.-L.) F. local. — L. locdlis , term, whence log-lina, a log-line, log-bok9
belonging to a place. — L. locus a place. ,
a log-book, logga, to heave the log, Dan.
locate, to place. (L.) From pp. of log, log-line, log-bog logge, vb., seem to
,

L. locdre, to place. — L. locus, a place. have been all borrowed back from K.
locomotion, motion from place to logger-head, a dunce, a piece of
place. (L.) Coined from loco-, for locus, timber (in a whale-boat) over which a line
.a place and motion
; . is passed to make it run more slowly.

Looust, a winged insect. (L.) M. E. (Scand. and E.) A similar formation to

locuste. — L. locusta, a shell-fish, also a blockhead. Cf. Icel. Icigar, gen. of lag.
locust. Log (3), a liquid measure. (Heb.) In
Lode, a vein of ore, a water-course. Lev. xiv. 10. — lleb. log, a liquid measure,
(E.) The
true sense is ‘course/ A.S. 12th part of a kin orig. ‘ a basin/
;

lad, a way, course, journey cf. A. S. ; Logarithm. (Gk.) Coined from Gk.
ladan to lead, conduct. +Icel. leid, lode, A07-, stem ot A070?, a word, a proportion,
way, course ; Swed. led, a course. Teut. ratio ; and &pi 9 p 6 s, a number the sense ;

type *laidd, fern. From the 2nd grade being ‘ ratio-number/ See Arithmetic,
of Teut. *leithan (A. S. IfSan), to travel. Loggerhead ;
see Log (1).
See Lead (1). Der. lode-star, And see Logic, the science of reasoning cor-
Load. rectly. (F. L.— ~
Gk.) O. F. logique. —
lodestar, loadstar, the polar star. L. logica for ars logica logic art. —
(E.) Lit. ‘way-star,* star that leads or Gk. \oyucrj, for \oyiKrj r€x v *h logic art;
guides; see Lode above. where KoyiKrj is fern, of \0yuc6s, reason-
lodestone, loadstone, a magnet, able. — Gk. \6yos, a speech. — Gk. Xiytiv,
(E.) Compounded of lode and stone, in tosay.+ L. legere, to speak; see Legend,
imitation of lodestar ; it means a stone Hence all words in - logy the chief being
that leads or draws. astro- logy, bio-, chrono -, coneho- 9 doxo -,
Lodge, a small house, cot, resting-place, entorno-, etymo -
,
genea-, geo-, meteoro
(F. — G.) M. E. loge, logge. — O. F. loge ; minera mytho -, necro-, noso ornitho-,
cf. Ital. loggia Late L. lobia, a gallery. —
,
osteo-, patho-, philo-, phrasco-, phreno *,
O. H. G. *laubjd allied to loubd, M. H. G. physio-, psycho-, tauto -, theo-, zoo-logy ; see
loube, an arbour, mod, G. laube, a bower, these in their due place*.
— D. H. G. loub, G. laub, a leaf ; see Leaf. Loin. (F. L.) —M, E. loine. — O. F.
Doublet, lobby. logne , also longe. — Late L. *lumbca, fem.
Loft, an upper room. (Scand.) M. E. of an adj. *lumbeus (not foundj, from L.
properly ‘ air ; the peculiar sense is
loft, ’ Ittmbus, loin. See Lumbar.
Scand. — Icel. lopt (pron. loft), (1) air, sky, Loiter, to delay. (Du.) M. E. loitren,
(2) an upper room; Dan. Swed. loft, a Pr. Parv. — M. Du. and Du. leuieren, to
garret. Allied to A, S. lyft air, sky, Goth, linger, loiter, trifle, M. Du. loteren to ,

luftus, Du. lucht (for luft), G. luft, the delay, deceive, vacillate cf. E. Fries, ;

air. Der. a-loft ; also lofty, i. e. 4 in the loteren, Ibtern, to loiter. Allied to M. Du.
air ; lift, vb.
*
lutsen, with the same sense (Hexham).
Log (1), a block, piece of wood. Perhaps allied to Lout.
(Scand.) The vowel has been shortened. Loll, to lounge about. (E.) M. E.
Cf. Norw. laag, a fallen trunk; Icel. lag, lollen, fallen, Cf. Icel. lolla, ‘segniter
a felled tree, log ; Swed. dial. Ibga, a agere,’ Hailddrsson ;
M. Du. lollen , to sit
felled tree, a tree that has been blown over the fire ;
the orig. sense was prob. to
300
 ; , , , ;

LOLLARD LOOSE
cloze ;
M. Du, lolle-banck a sleeping ,
4
Loom (2), to appear faintly or at a dis-
seate,’ Hexham. Allied to Lull. tance. (E. V) Orig. sense doubtful. (Not
Lollard, a name given to the followei s ^ M, E. lumen to shine, as that has a
of Wyclif. (M. Du.) It was confused different vowel.) If it meant orig. 4 to
with M. E. toiler, i. e. one who lolls, a come slowly towards/ it answers exactly
lounger, lazy fellow ; see Loll above but ;
to E. Fries, lomen , Swed- dial, lorn a, to
the words are prob, related. Latinised as move slowly ; cf. M. H. G. luomen , to be
Lollardus from M. Du, lollaerd, (i) a weary, from the adj. luomi, slack. Kilian
mumbler of prayers and hymns, (2) has M. Du. tome, slow, inactive. The
a Lollard, lit. God-praiser * or singer ’
‘
4
Teut. base of the adj. is *l5m- y connected
first applied to a sect in Brabant. Formed by gradation with E, Lame. See Loon
with suffix - aerd (same as E. - ard in (2). Cf. Fowl. Sc. loamy , dull, slow; E.
drunk-ard) from M. Du. fallen, fallen, Fries. Wmig .

to sing see Lull. ; Loon (1), Lown, a base fellow. (O.

Lone, short for alone ; see Alone. Low G.) M.E. lown (spelt lowen ,
but
Long (1), to desire, yearn. (E.) rhyming on -otm), St. Cuthbert, 7957.
M.E. Iongen. A. S. langian . impers. vb. Cf. M. Du. loen, ‘homo stupidus/ Kilian.
with to long alter, crave, desire
acc., ; Loon (2), a water-bird, diver. (Scand.)
(distinctfrom langian, to grow long).+ A corruption of the Shetland name loom %

O. Sax. langon, impers. Icel. langa ; ,

impers. and pers. ; O. II. G. langoti,
impers. Perhaps allied to G. ge tinge n, to
succeed. Cf. G. ver-langen to wish for.
Der. be-long.
Long (2), extended. (E.') M. E. long.
A. S. tang, long -f Du. tang. Icel. langr,
Dan. tang, Sued, l&ng, Goth, laggrs
— Icel. lomr, Swed, Dan. lorn, a loon.
Prob. from the lame or awkward motion
of diving-birds on land; cf. Swed. dial.
,
loma. E. Fries, lomen to move slowly;
see Loom (2) above.
Loop, a noose. (Celtic). G. Douglas
has loivp-knot (/En. xii. 603) ; also lowpis ,
4
and lowpit looped/ Apparently Northern,
,

- langrs), G. tang; L. longns, Brugm. i. and borrowed from Gael, tub, a bend, loop,
(

§ 64 2. noose, winding, meander (whence Lowl.

longevity, length of life. (L.) From Sc. loops , the windings of a river). So also
L. I07igeniias, long life, — L. long-us, long Irish lub. — Gael, and Irish fab, to bend;
ieuitas usually illas, age
,
from <cui-, a ; d. O. Iribh lubtha bent. ,

stem formed from itnum life. See Age. , Loop-hole, a small aperture in a wall.
longitude. (F.-L.) F. longitude. - (F.— Low G.) M. E. loupe , P. PL — O. F.
L. longitudd length; in late Lat., the
,
* loupe (not found) Languedoc loup , a ;

longitude ofa place. — L. longi- , stem small window in a roof (Wedgwood).—

formed from longns , long; with suffix M. Du. lupen , Du. luipen, to lurk (see
-tu-do. Der. longitudinal, from stem Franck') ; Low G. lupen, in the same
longitudm -. sense as Low G. glupen , to peep (Liibben).
Loo, a game at cards. (F.) Formerly Hence, the sense was 4 peep-hole/ Or
called lanterloo. — Y lanturefa, lan farht,
. else from loop (above).
interj., nonsense fudge also a game at
! ! Loose, slack. (Scand.) M. E. Ions,
cards. The expression was orig. the los ;
Prof. Zupitza shews (in Anglia, vii,
refrain of a famous vaudeville (ab. 1630), 152) that it is due to the .Scand. form.
afterwards used to give an evasive answer. [The true M. E. form is lees answering to ,

Being purposely nonsensical, it admits of A. S. leas, (1) loose, (2) false.] — Icel.
no further etymology, lauss Swed. Dan. fas. loose; O. Sax. los, ,

Loof ; see Luff. M. Du. loos, (1) loose, (2) false (where
Look, to see. (E.) M. E. token. A. S. mod. Du. has los, loose, loos, false) G. ;

locian to look.
, +
O. Sax. lohon, to look los, loose Goth, laus, empty, vain. Teut.
; ;

cf. M. II. G. faogen to mark, behold, G. type *lausoz from *laus~, 2nd grade of ;
,

lugen, to look out. Brugm. i. § 421(7). Teut. Veusan -, to lose. See Lose.
Loom (1), a machine for weaving cloth. -less, sufifix. (E.) M. E. -lees, - les
(E.) M. E. fame, a tool, implement. A. S. A. S. - leas the same as leas, loose, free
ge-loma a tool, implement, instrument. from (above).
,

Der. heir-loom where loom meant any

, loose, loosen, vb. (E.) The true
implement, hence a piece of furniture. form is loose, later loosen by analogy with
 , , , , , , ; , ; . , , , ),
;

LOOT LOUD
strengthen , &c. late derivative fromA fused with M. E. losien , to be lost.] The
the adj. above. Other languages derive M. E. lesen is from A. S. - leosan strong
the verb directly from the adj. ; thus Du. verb, to lose (pt. t. - leas, pp. -loren). This
lossen, Icel. leysa Swed. losa, Dan. lose, is cognate with Du. -liezen (only in comp.

G. Ibsen, Goth, lausjan, to loosen, are ver-liezen ), G. -lieren (only in comp, ver-
derived (respectively) from Du. los, Icel. lieren), Goth, -liusan (only in fra-liusan ,
lauss, Swed. and Dan. lbs, G. los, Goth. to loose). Teut. type *leusan-. Cf. L.
laus loose, vain. lu-ere Gk. kv-uv, to set free. Der. lorn,
Loot, plunder. (Hindi. — Skt.) Hindi lost, A. S. pp. -loren; also forlorn, q. v.
jut (with cerebral /), loot, plunder. The loss, sb. (E.) M.E. los. A.S. los,
cerebral t shews that r is elided. -Skt. destruction. Allied to Lose; being
lotra, shorter form of loptra, booty, spoil. derived from Teut. *lus, weak grade of
— Skt. lup to break, spoil ; allied to L. *letisan-, to lose (above).
rtimpere to break. See Rupture, Rob. losel, lorel, a worthless fellow, re-
Loot = that which is robbed (Cf. Horn, .
probate. (E.) One devoted to perdition;
Pers. Diet. § 608.) cf. A.S. los, destruction, los-ian, to be
LoOYer ;
see Louver. lost, to perish. From lus- (A.S. los-),
Lop. (M. Du.) M. Du. luppen ,
to weak grade of the strong verb leosan, to
maim, castrate, mod. Du. lubben . Cf. lose, pp. lor-en (for older Vos-en), Lor-el
Lithuan. lilfti, to peel. See Lib. is formed from the base lor- of the pp. in

Loquacious, talkative. (L.) Coined use, and los- el from the older form of the
from L. loqudei-, decl. stem of loquax , same. For the suffix, cf. A.S. zvac-ol
talkative. — L. loqui, to speak. watchful.
Lord, a master. (EA Lit. loaf-keeper/ ‘
Lot, a portion, share. (E.) M. E. lot .
A. S. hlaford a lord early form hlafard
, ; ,
A.S hlot (<.*/ilutom), lot, share. — A.S.
.

for hlafweard a loaf- ward see Loaf and ;

hint-, weak grade of hleotan (pt. t. bleat),
Ward, For the loss of zo, cf. A. S. to obtain by lot. + Du. lot ;
Icel. hluti,
fulluht, from fuhviht , baptism. allied to str. vb. hljbta , to obtain by lot
Lore, learning. (E.) M. 1C lore ; A.S. Dan. lod, Swed.All from the weak
lott.

lure , gen., dat., and acc. of lar, lore.+Hu. grade of Teut. *Jileutan-, to obtain by lot
leer, G. lehre, O. H. G. lera doctrine. cf. A. S. hliet, hlyt , G. loos, Goth, hlauts,

Teut. type *laiza, fern. cf. Teut. *laizjan ;

a lot, from *hlaut, 2nd grade of the same
(A.S. lie ran, G. lehren), to teach; from verb.
*lais-, 2nd grade of *lelsan-, to trace out Loth; see Loath.
see Learn, Last (2). Lotion, a washing, external medicinal
Lorel ; see losel. application. (L.)
L. lotion-em acc. of
Lorimer, a maker of horses’ bits, spurs, lotio, a washing. — L. lotus, pp. of laudre,
&c. (F. — L.)
Also lorincr. — O. F. lori- to wash. See Lave. Brugm. i. § 352(3^.
nier, loreinier M. F. lorimier, later Loto, Lotto, a game. (Ital. — Teut.) F.
larmier, *
a spurrier ’ Cotgrave. — O. F. ;
loto a F. form of the Ital. lotto, a lottery,
;

lorein , lorain, rein, bridle, bit. —Late L. a word of Teut. origin see Lot. ;

lorentim, lordnum, a rein, bit. L. lorum , — lottery. (E. with F. suffix.) In ;

a thong. Levins, ed. 1570. Formed by adding -cry

Loriot, the golden oriole. (F. L.) — to E. lot cf. brew-ery fish-cry. The F. ,

F. corruptly written for joriot ,

loriot ,
loterie is borrowed from English or from
where oriot is another form of oriol see ;
Ital. lotteria (Torriano).
Oriole. Lotus, the Egyptian water-lily. (L.—
Lorn, lost. (E.) M. E. loren , pp. of Gk.) L. lotus, lotos — (»k. \wt 6 s, (i) the
Ibsen, to lose ;
see Lose. Gk. lotus, (
2) the Cyrenean lotus, the
Lory, a bird of the parrot kind. eaters of which were called lotophagt (3
(Malay.) Also called lury\ and (formerly) the lily of the Nile.
nory, nury.— Malay lurl, nuri, a lury or Loud. (E.) A.S .hind.
M. E. loud,
lory. + Du. luid, G.
Teut. type *Jilndoz,
taut.
Lose. (E.) The form formerly in use for earlier Jiluthds (with the accent on 0) ;
was Use ;
M. E. lesen. [The mod. form allied to the Idg. type *klutds (with weak
lose has got its sound of (uu) from the grade *klu) as seen in L. -c lulus, in
influence of M. E. losen, to loose, con- inelutus , renowned, Gk. kKvtos, renowned,
302
 ; , ,, , , ,

LOUGH LUBRICATE
Skt. fruta heard, from
fru, to hear. Low (1), humble, inferior. (Scand.)
(y'KLEU.) Brugm. i. §§ ioo, 113. M. E. louh, also lah. Icel.. Idgr, low; —
Lough, a lake. (Irish.) Ir. lock ; see N. Fries, leeg; Swed. lag, Dan. lav. The
Loch. orig. sense is that which lies down, or lies
Lounge, to loll about. (F. — L.) From low we say) ; from Icel. lag-, stem of
(as
lungis , an idle fellow or lounger, not an pt. pi.of liggja , to lie. See Lie (1). Der.
uncommon word in the 16th and 17th be-lozv ( * by low) ; also lower , vb., i. e.
centuries. — F. longis, an idle, drowsy, and to let down, from low-er, comparative of
stupid fellow (Cot.). Littre supposes that low, adj.
this sense of bngis was due to a pun, Low (2), to bellow. (E.) M. E. lowen .

having reference to L. lottgus long, hence A. S. hlowan to bellow, resound. Do. +

a long and lazy man ; for, strictly speaking, loeijen , O. II. G. hlojan. Cf. L. cld-mare.
Longis is a proper name, being the O. F. Low (3), a hill. (E.) In place-names.
form of L. Longius or Longinus, the A. S. hldw, hldw, a hill ; properly a slope.
name (in the old mysteries) of the cen- + Goth, hlaiw, a grave; hlains, a hill;
turion who pierced the body of Christ. Lat. cliuus a hill. From a Teut. base
,

This name first appears in the apocryphal *h/ai- t 2nd grade of the Teut. root *hlei-
gospel of Nicodemus, and was doubtless (Idg. VKLEI), to lean, incline. Allied
suggested by Gk. \ 6 yxVy a lance, in John toLean(i).
xix. 34. Low (4), flame. (Scand.) Icel. logi,
Louse, an insect. (E.) M. E. lous, pi. flame ; cf. L. liix . Allied to Lucid.
lys. A. S. lus, pi. lys (lice). + Du. litis Lower (1), to let down. (E.) From
Dan. luus, Swed. lus , Ieel. lus, G. laus. low-er comparative of adj. low.
Teut. type *lus, fem. Lower (2), to frown. (E.) M. E.
Lout, a clown. (E.) The lit. sense is louren, htren , to lower, frown. Cf. M.
*
stooping,* from M. E. loti ten, to stoop, Du. loeren , 1 to leere, to frowne,' Hexham ;

bow. — A.S. liitan to stoop.+Icel. lulr,

,
Low G. and E. Fries, luren, to lower,
stooping, bent (which prob. suggested our frown, peer ; M. II. G. luren, G. lauern.
use of the word), from luta, to stoop ; cf. Cf. Icel. lura, to doze.
Swed. luta Dan. hide , to stoop, lean.
,
Lown; see Loon (1).
Louver, Loover, an opening in the Loyal, faithful. (F. —
L.) F. loyal
roofs of ancient houses. (F.) M. E. lover (Cot.). — L. legalis, legal (hence, just,
(used to translate O. F. louvert in the loyal) ;
see Legal.
Romance of Partenay, 1175), but really Lozenge, a rhombus ; a small cake of
from O. F. lovier lover used as a gloss to
, ,
flavoured sugar, c., orig. of a diamond&
Late L. lodiurn, a word also explained by shape. (F.) Formerly losenge , esp. a
M. E. lover. — Romanic type *ldddrium , shield of a diamond shape (in heraldry).—
adj. form due to Late L. lodiurn a loover. ,
O. F. losenge lozenge (F. losa?ige),a lozenge.
,

(For the intercalated v , cf. F. pouvoir ,

Origin disputed ; prob. from O. F. lauze,
from O. F. pooir ~ Span, poder.) Prob. borrowed from Prov. lauza, a square flat
an opening over a fireplace from Icel. ; stone, tombstone ; allied to Span. laude,\hz
hlo 5 n. pi., a hearth. (Academy, Dec. *94.)
,
same. — L. lapidem, acc. of lapis, a stone.
Lovage, an umbelliferous plant. (F.— See lausa lauza a flat stone for buildings
, ,

L. 1 M. E. louache (Alphita).— O. F. (Ducange).

levesc he, luvesche (Wright’s Voc. i. 139). Lubber, a dolt. (E.) M. E. lobre,
Cf. Ital. levistico lovage. — L. ligusticum Cf. M. Du. lobben, a lubbard, a
1
, . lobur.
lovage, a plant of Liguria — L. Ligusticus
. clowne,’ Hexham; Low G. lobbes (the
belonging to Liguria, a country of Cis- same); Norw. lubb, lubba , one of round
alpine Gaul. thick figure;lubben, short and thick.
Love, affection. (E.) M. E. loue {love). Also W.Hob, a dolt, lubber, llabi, a
A. S. lufu, love. From the weak grade stripling, looby. Cf. lob in Shakespeare,
{luh) of Teut. base *leub. +
Goth, lubo ;
M.N. D. ii. 1. 16. Allied to Lump; cf.
O. H. G. luba ; cf. also G. Hebe Russ. ;
E. Fries, lobbe, lob a flabby lump. ,

liobov' Skt. lob ha, covetousness, lubh, to Lubricate, to make slippery. (L.)
desire. Closely allied toLief. (^LEUBH.) From pp. of L. lubricare to make slippery.
Der. love, vb. ; belove, first appearing in — L. litbrictts, slippery. Allied to Goth*
M. E. bilufien, to love greatly. sliupan, to slip. See Slip.
 : , , , , , ; ,, ! ,

LUCE LUMBER
Luc*, the pike; a fish* (F.— Late L. to pull, by the hair; A. S* lucan
pull ,

— Gk.) Lit. 1
wolf-fish.’ — M. F. lucs, lus, a to pull up weeds; Dan. luge, to weed,
pike ; Cot. — Late L. htcius a pike. — Gk. p. The A. S. lucan is a strong verb,
Xvkos , a wolf ; also a (ravenous) fish. Cf. allied to a Teut. type * leuk-an to pull
4
Pyke, fysche, dentrix Indus, lupus
9
, ;
(pt. t. *lauk, pp. *litkanoz)*, Lug is from
Prompt. Parv. ‘ Luce, fysche, Indus ;* id. the weak grade *ltik. Der. lugg-age, with
Lucid, bright. (L.) L. litcidus, bright. F. suffix as in bagg*age.
— L. lucere to shine; cf. lux, light. +C)k. Lugsail, a sort of square sail. (Scand.
Afv«c$s, bright ; Skt. ruck, to shine. Allied and E.)Prob. from the verb to lug ; the
to Light (i). (y'LEUK.) Der. lucifer ,
sail is easilyhoisted by a pull at the rope
i. e. light-bringer, morning-star, from ferre, attached to the yard. Or named from
to bring. lugger, its apparent derivative, as if a ship
Luck, fortune. (Du. — M. H. G.) M. E. furnished with lugsails ; but cf. Du. logger
lukke (15th Not found in A. S. and
c.). ;
which seems to mean ‘slow ship,’ from
Fries, ltd is late. — Du. Ink From M. H .G. . Du. log, slow, E. Fries, lug. (Doubtful.)
ge-litcke, good fortune; G. gliick (for Lugubrious, mournful. (L.) From
ge-lilck). The Fries, luk, Swed. lycka, L. higubri-s, mournful; with suffix - ous
Dan. lykke (like Du. luk) are borrowed L. lugere, to mourn. Cf. Gk. \vypbs, sad.
from G. (Kluge). Perhaps akin to G. Lukewarm, partially warm. (E.)
locken, to entice, allure. M. E. luke, leuk, (Luke- warm *=
tepid.
Lucre, gain, profit. (F. — L.) F. lucre. tepidly warm.) Cf. Du. leuk, luke-warm;
— L. lucrum, gain. Allied to Irish Ittach, E. Fries, luk, luke, tepid, weak, slack.
price, wages, G. John, reward, Gk. Ae/a Distinct from lew-warm.
vfor *A afla), booty, Russ, lovite, to take Lull, to sing
to rest. (E.?) M. E.
as booty. Der. lucr-at-ive , F. lucralif, lu lien. NotA.S.+Swed. lulla, Dan.
in
L. lucrdtiuus from pp. of lucrdri, to gain, lulle, to hum, lull M. Du. lullcn, to sing
;

from lucrum gain. ,

Brugm. i. § 490. in a humming voice; E. Fries, fallen, to
Lucubration, a production composed sing badly, howl, cry. From the repetition
in retirement. Properly, a working(L.) of lu lu, in lulling children to sleep. This
by lamp-light; from L. lucubrdtio , the is a drowsier form of la l la used in
same. —
L. lucubrdtus pp. of liicubrdre, to cheerful singing; cf. lilt ; and sec Lol-
bring in lamps, to work by lamp-light. — lard. Cf. Gk. AaAriV, to speak.
L. liicubrum , prob. a faint light ; at any Lumbar, relating to the loins. 00
rate, obviously formed from luc-, stem of L. lumbaris. aelj. ; whence htmbdre, an
lux light cf. lucere to shine. See Light
, ;
apron (Jerem. xiii. 1). — L. liimbus the ,

(1), Lucid. loin. +

A. S. Undents, pi., the loins, Du.
Ludicrous, laughable. (L.) L. ludi- lendenen pi. ; Swed. land, Dan. lend,
crous, done in sport; with suffix -mis. —
L. loin ; G. lende, haunch. Brugm. i. § 360.
ludi», for Indus, sport. — L. Ifulcre, to play. lumbago, pain in the loins. (L.) L.
Luff, Loof, to turn a ship towards the lumbago pain in the loins. — L. lumbiis ,
wind. (E.) From M. E. lof, a contrivance loin.
for alteringa ship’s course see Layamon, ; Lumber Cl), useless furniture. (F.—
iii. 476. It seems to have been a sort of G. l Formerly lornbor (1487); lumbar
large paddle, used to assist the helm in (Blount). Perhaps the lumber-room was
keeping the ship right. Prob. named from orig. Lombard-room, where the Lombard
the resemblance of a paddle to the palm of broker bestowed his pledges. Cf. Lorn-
the hand; cf. Lowl. Sc. loof, Icel. lofi, bardeer, a broker, Lombard, a bank for
Goth, lofa palm of the hand. Cf. also
,
usury or pawns; Blount. — F. Lombard, a
Du. loef Dan. luv, Swed. lof weather* Lombard (who acted as pawnbroker in
gage ; Dan. luve, to luff ; and perhaps the 14th century). — L. Longobardtis,
Bavarian laffen, blade of an oar, flat part also Langobardus . — G. Langbart, a
of a rudder. See E. Fries, lof liif in name given to the men of this tribe.
Koolman. Dor. latter. Cf. A. S. Langbeardas, the Lombards*
Lug, to drag. (Scand.) Swed. lugga, See Ducange. (Etym. disputed.)
to pull by the hair ; cf. lugg, the forelock Lumber (a), to make a great noise.
Norw. lugga, to pull by the hair; cf. lugg, (Scand.) In Palsgrave. frequent, verb A
hair of the head. Also cf. Low G. luken, of Scand. origin. — Swed. dial lomra, to
304
 , ; , , , ;;

LUMINARY LURK
resound ; cf. Swed. ljumm , a great noise, Lunge, a thrust, In fencing. (F.-L.)
Icel*hlj5mr, a sound, a tune. From Tent, Formerly huge. The E. a longe is a mis-
base *hleu to hear, whence also Goth. taken substitute for F. allonge (formerly
hlinma hearing. See Loud.
,
alonge ), a lengthening; i.e. an extension
Luminary, a bright light. (F.-L.) of the body in delivering the thrust. — F.
O. F. lumitiarie, later luminaire a light, ,
allonger, to lengthen (formerly alonger).—
lamp. — L. lumindre , a light; neut. of F. a (from L. ad), to; and L. *longare only
lumindris, light-giving. — L. lumin for used in comp, e-lortgdre, to lengthen, from
lumen, light. Lumen = *luc~men ;
from longus, long. See Long. *

lucere , to shine. See Lucid, Lupine, a kind of pulse. (F.^L.) F.

luminous, bright. (F. - L.) F. lupin . — L. lupinum ,
a kind of pulse
lumineux. — L. Itlminosus , bright ;
from orig. neut. of luphius wolfish, though the
,

lumin - ,
for lumen ,
light (above). reason is not clear. — L. lupus , a wolf see ;

Lump. (Scant!.) M. E. lompe ,

lumpe . Wolf.
— Swed. dial, and Norw. lump, a block, Lurch (1), to lurk, dodge, pilfer. (E.)
stump, piece hewn off a log ; Swed. luinpor Allied to Lurk. Cf. birch, birk . The
pi., rags Swed. Dan. lumpen paltry. Cf.
; ,
senses are (1) to lie in wait, lurk, (2) to
Du. (whence G. lumpen ), a rag, lump, pilfer, steal. Der. lurch-er, 1 one that
/<?////>, clumsy; E. Fries. lump, clumsy, lies upon the lurch, or upon the catch,
9
thick, vile, lumpy. also a kind of hunting-dog ; Phillips.
Lunar. (L.) L. lunaris, adj. from ; Lurch (2), the name of a game. (F.)
moon. L. luna~*loucsnd, giver of ‘
To 9
leave in the lurch is due to an old
light. — L. lucere to shine. Ihugm. i. —
game. M. F. lourche , ‘the game called
§ 218. Der. lun ette, inter-lunar and lurche, or lurch in a game; il demon ra
;
see below. lourche, he was left in the lurch ' Cot.
lunatic. (F. — L.) F. lunatiquc .— Cot also gives ourche , ‘ the game at tables
L. lundlicus, mad ; lit. affected by the called lurch/— Bavarian lurz, beaten at
moon. — L. /////<*, moon. draughts. Cf. Ital. lutcio, ‘the game
Lunch, a large piece of bread, &c. lurch/ Torriano. Cf. Low L. In rcuius,
(E. ?) Lunch 4 a gobbet, or peece;’ ,
‘ parvus lusus
;
’
Ducange.
Minsheu. Connected with lump like ,
Lurch (3), to devour; obsolete. (F. ?
hunch with hump, bunch with bump* See — L.) ‘
To lurch
devour, or cate greedily ;
*

Lump. Baret. — O. F. * lurcher (?) ; cf. Ital. lur-

luncheon, lunch, a slight meal. care, to lurch or devour greedily/ Tor-
*

(E. ?) Lunch used as short foris now riano. — Late L. luredri, lureare, to devour
luncheon , though luncheon itself is an ex- greedily.
tension from lunch, a lump. Cot. gives .F. M Lurch (4), a sudden roll sideways.
caribot a lunchion , or big piece of bread/
,
‘
(E. ?) A Ice lurch a sudden
‘
,
a
roll (of
&c. also horion a cuff, thump, also a
;
‘
ship) to the leeward ;
*
Webster. Obscure;
luncheon or big piece/ Lunchion appears perhaps merely lurch (1) in the sense to
to be for lunshin as in ‘ a huge lunshin ,
stoop or dodge see Lurch (1). ;

of bread/ Thoresby to Ray (1703), which Lure, a bait. (F. — G.) M. E. lure
is prob* merely short for lunchin(g). At O. F. loerre, loirre, later leurre, ‘ a faul-
Cot. — Teut. *lothrom, neut.
9
any rate, luncheon is clearly from lunch, a coner’s lure ;

large piece (above), Quite distinct aS seen in M. H. G. luoder (G. luder), a

from nuncheon . bait, decoy, lure. Perhaps from Teut.
Lung. (E.) M. E. lunge, pi. lunges, *loth, 2nd grade of *latk~, to invite? Cf.
longes, A.S /«//£*«, pi. A. S. lab inn, Icel. latfa, Goth, latkdn, G.
Icel. lungH, pi., Dan. lunge, Swed. lunga, laden, to invite, weak verbs.
G. lungen, pi. Allied to A, S. Ittngre, Lurid, wan, gloomy. (L.) L. Inridus ,
quickly (orig. lightly), also to Gk. eAaxtk, pale yellow, wan.
Skt. laghu light* The lungs are named Lurk, to lie in wait. (Scand. ?) M. E.
from their lightness; cf* E. lights i.e. ,
lurken, lorken. —Norw. lurk*, to sneak
lungs Russ, legkoe lung, as compared
; ,
away, go slowly; Swed* dial, turka, to do
with Russ. tegkii, light Port, /eves, lungs, ;
anything slowly; E. Fries, lurken , to
from Port, levt^ light ; see Light (2). shuffle along. Perhaps extended from
Brugm. i. § 691. lur-, as in Norw. lura , Dan. lure, to lie in

305
 , , , , , , , ;
'

LURY MACARONI
wait, Dan. lure , (also) to Swed. listen, Luxury. (F.— L.) M. E. luxuiie .—
lura, to lie in wait; G. lauern , to lurk. 0 F. luxurie (Hatzfeld), F. luxure. —
.

See Lower (2). L. luxuria, luxury. — L. luxus pomp, ex- ,

Lury ;
see Lory. cess, luxury.
Luscious, delicious. (F. — L.) Of -ly, a common suffix. (E.) A. S. -//V,
doubtful origin. Still, we find in The adj. suffix; -lice, adv. suffix; from lie,
Anturs of Arthur, ed. Robson, st. 36, like ; see Like (1).
‘
with lueius drinkes and in Sir Ama- ;
*
Lye, a mixture of ashes and water, for
dace, st. 27, with licius drinke.’ The
* washing. (E.) M. E. ley. A. S. leah.+
latter form is short for delicious so that ;
Du. loog, G. lauge, O. H. G. louga, lye.
luscious may be the same, but confused Perhaps allied to Icel. laug, a bath ; and
with lusty. Also lushious (Spenser) ; to L. laudre, to wash. Cf. Lather.
lussyouse (Palsgrave). Lym, a lime-hound: K. Lear, iii. 6. 72.
Lust. (E.) The usual old meaning is Short for Limehound.
pleasure. A. S. lust, pleasure. Du. lust, + Lymph, a colourless fluid. (L.) I..
Icel. lyst, lostij Dan. lyst, Swed. and G. lympha O. L. lumpa (Brugm. i. § 102),
,

lust y Goth, lust us ,

pleasure. Allied to water, lymph, also a water-nymph. The
Skt. lash, to desire ;
Gk. ki\aiopai. spelling with y is prob. due to a sup-
Brugm. i.
§ 518 (2). Der. lust-y, formerly posed connexion with Gk. vvu<prj, a
‘ pleasant.* nymph (prob. false). It is rather allied
Lustration; see Lustre (2). to Limpid.
Lustr© ( 1 ), splendour. (F. Ital.—L.) — Lynch, to punish by mob-law. (E.)
F. lustre. — Ital. lustro, ‘ a lustre, a glasse, From Charles Lynch a Virginian planter
a shining,’ Florio cf. Late L. lustrum (1736-96); Cent. Diet. The name is
;

a window. — L. lustrdre, to shine. Prob. from A.S. hli?ic, a ridge of land. See
from a lost adj. * lust rus (for *lucstrus ), Link (1).
shining; from lucere to shine. Lynx, a keen-sighted quadruped. L.—
Lustre (2), Lustrum, a period of Gk.) M. E. lynx. - L. lynx. — Gk. kvy£,
five years. (L.) L. lustrum, an expiatory a lynx allied to \tvx6 s bright, and named ;

sacrifice; also a period of five years, from its bright eyes. Cf. Skt. ruck, to
because every five years a lustrum was shine, loch, to see. Cognate forms are
performed. The orig. sense is * a purifi- A. S. lox Swed. lo G. lucks, Lith. luszis , ,

cation from luere, to wash, purify. a lynx; and (probably) Russ, ruise, Pers.
lustration, a purification by sacri- ?dis, Zend raozha ; Student’s Pastime,
fice. (L.) From L. lustratio, an expia- p. 393.
tion. — L. lustratus, pp. of lustrare, to Lyre. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. lyre. — L.
purify. — L. lustrum, an expiatory sacrifice lyra. Gk. \vpa, a lyre, lute. Der. —
(above). lyr-ic.
Lute (1), a musical instrument. (F.—
Arab.) M. E. lute — M. F. hit (Cotgrave),
mod. F. luth. We also find Prov. taut TUT ,

Span, laud, Port, alaude , Ital. liuto, Du.

luil, Dan. lut, G. laute. The Port, form Macadamise, to pave a road with
shews the Arab, origin ; since at- in al- small broken stones. (Gael, and Heb.
aitde is for al, the Arab. def. art. — Arab, with F. suffix.) Named after Mr. John
aly the; *wr/, wood, timber, a staff, stick, Macadam, a.d. 1819. Macadam =son of
wood of aloes, lute, or harp. Adam. — Gael, mac, son; Heb. adatn, a
Lute (2), a kind of loam. (F. — L.) man, from root adam, to be red.
O. F. lut, clay, loam. — L. lutum, mud, Macaroni, Maccaroni. (Ital.—L.) ;
that which is washed down. — L. luere, to Ital. maccarmi, a kinde of paste meate
1

wash. Allied to Lave. Florio. Prob. from Ital. tnaccare , ‘ to

Lutestring, a lustrous silk. (F.~ bruise, batter, to pester,* Florio; i.e. to
Ital.—L.) curious corruption of lustring, reduce to pulp. — L. mac-
A base of
a sort of shiningsilk (Kersey). — Y .lustritie, macerare, to macerate. See Macerate,
lutestring, lustring. — Ital. lustring, Der. macaronic, i.e. in a confused or
tinsel; from its gloss. —L. lust rare, to mixed state (applied to a jumble of
shine ; see Lustre (1). languages).
306
 , ,, , , . , -

MACAROON MAGGOT
macaroon. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y.maca- Madam, my lady. (F. - L.) F.
ron, pi. macarons, ‘macarons, little fritter- madame , i.e. ina dame , my lady. — E.
like buns, . also the same as macaroni
.
’
mea domina my lady see Dame.
; , ;

Cot. — ltal. maccaroni (above), Now Madder, a plant. (E.) M. E. tnader ,

applied to a kind of biscuit. madir. A. S. mceddre ; also mcedere. +

Macaw, a kind of parrot. (Caribbean.) Icel. madra Du. mede, tuee.
Said to be the native name in the Antilles Madeira, a sort of wine. (Port.— L.)
(Webster). Brazilian macao (Cent. Diet.). Named from the isle of Madeira i.e. * the ,

Mace (i), a kind of club. (F — L.) well-wooded.’ — Port, wood, lim-

O. F. mace (F. masse). — Folk-L. *mattea, ber. — L. materia , stuff, wood, timber,
a beetle, only preserved in dimin. mateola See Matter (i).
a little beetle. See Korting. But see Mademoiselle, miss. (F. — L.) F.
Franck (s. v. metselen). ma my demoiselle damsel see Damsel.
, ;
, ;

Mace (2), a kind of spice. (F.— L.— madonna, my lady. (Ital. — L.) Ital.
Gk. — Skt.?) F. mac is , mace (O. F. ma my; donna lady, from L. domina ;
)

rnaceis wads Godefroy).

, , It seems to see Dame.
have been confused with M. F. macer Madrepore, coral. (F. — Ital. — L.
which 4 is not mace, as many imagine, and Gk.) F. madrepore — Ital. madre
but a reddish, aromaticall, and astringent pora The lit. sense is mother-stone/ a
.
4

rind of a certain Indian root * Cot. Both fanciful name, due to the existence of such
;
4
prob. from L. macer, rnacir, i. e. the rind terms as madrc-selva, honeysuckle (lit.
of a great root, which beareth the name of mother-wood), madre-bosco woodbine (lit. ,

the tree itself/ Holland, tr. of Pliny, xii. 8. mother-bush), rnadrc-perla , mother-of-
— Gk. paxcp; doubtless of Eastern origin, pearl. Here madre is from L. matrem %

Macerate, to soften by steeping. (L.) acc. of mater , mother; see Mother.

From pp. of L. macerare, to steep fre- Pora is from Gk. rrutpos, a light friable
;

quent. from a base mac-. stone, also a stalactite, But the word
Machine. (F. — L.— Gk.) F. machine, has certainly been understood (prob. mis-
— L. mdchina. — Gk. prjxaurj, a device, understood) as connected with /ore, whence
machine; cf. /djxo*, means. (V^AGH.) numerous scientific terms such as eaten i-
Allied to May (1). pora, tubi-pora dent i- pora, gemmi-pora . ,

Mackerel, a fish. (F. — L.) O. F. ‘Scientific’ etymology is usually clumsy,

makerel (F. maquereau ). From Late L. and frequently wrong. We may conclude
maquerellus. Of unknown origin. that F. and E. pore have been understood
mackintosh, a waterproof overcoat, in the place of Gk. irwpos, by confusion of
(Gael.) Gael. Mackintosh , the name of ideas. See Pore.
the inventor. Madrigal, a pastoral song. (Ital.—
Macrocosm, the whole universe. L. — Gk.) Ital. madrigale a short song, ,

(Gk.) Gk. paicpb-s, long, great ; Koaposj pastoral ditty for *mandrigale Florio
; .

the world. Cf. microcosm. also gives mandriale , mandriano , a herds-

Maculate, to defile. (L.) Frompp. man, also a madrigal. Ital. man dra, —
of L. macula re , to spot. — L. macula a ,
a herd, flock. — L. mandra , a stall,
spot, dimin. of a form *maca } not used, stable. — Gk. pardpa, a fold.+Skt. man-
Der. immaculate orig. a pp. ,
dura, stable. (The suffix -ig-ale = L. suffix
Mad. (E.) [The vowel was formerly -ic-dtis.)
sometimes long. M.E .maadd] But the Magazine. (F. — Ital. — Arab.) O.F.
M. E. mild is from A. S. {ge)- maided, mad- magazin (F. magasin ). — Ital. magazzino,
dened, shortened to (ge-)mddd (cf. fat ) ; a storehouse. — Arab, makkazin pi. of ,

pp. of ge-mledan to drive mad. [The

,
makhzan a ,
storehouse. — Arab, khasn , a
M.E. rnaad answers to A, S. mad ; cf. laying up in store.
A. S. ge-maad, Corp. Gloss. 2105; hence Maggot, a grub. (E.) M. E. rnagot,
mad-mod, madness (Grein)] +
O. Sax. ge- magat Cf. W. maceiad, macai a maggot;
..
,

med, foolish ; O. H. G. girneit vain Icel., ;

magi aid, grubs. But maggot appears to
meiddr pp. of meida, to maim, hurt; be an A. F. perversion of M. E. maddok,
Goth, ga-maids , maimed. The orig. sense the usual word for maggot. Also M. E.
seems to be * severely injured ’ ; the prefix madek dimin, of A. S. mapa, tnafu a worm.
,

is unessential. +Du. made G. made Goth, matha. ; ;

307
 y , e, , , ,

MAGI MAIL (BLACK)

Cf. also Dan, maddik Norw. makk, , Icel. magnds ,
a prince (Judith v. 26). — L.
madkr; see Mawkish. magnus ,
great. Magnate is due to the
Magi, priests of the Persians. (I,. — Gk. use of L. magnds in Hungary and Poland.
—Pers.) L. magi, pi. — Gk. payoi, pi. of Magnolia. (F.) A genus of plants
H&yos, a Magian, one of a Median tribe; nameaafter Pierre Magtiol, of Montpellier,
also an enchanter, properly a wise man in France; died A. D. 1715.
who interpreted dreams. — O. Pers. magu-, Magpie, a bird. (F.— L.— Gk. and ;

Pers. mtigh tnugh one of the Magi, a

, ,
F. — L) Also called mcigot-pie, maggoty-
fire-worshipper (Horn, § 984). Per. pie. Mag is short for Magot = F. Margot,
magic, short for magic art ; mag-ic-i-an. a familiar form of F. Marguerite also ,

magistrate. (F. — L.) F. magistrate used to denote a magpie. This is from I..
a magistrate, ruler. — L. magistrut us, ^i) a Margarita, Gk. ^apyapirijs, a pearl; cf.
magistracy, (2) a magistrate. — L. magister, Pers. murwdrid a pearl, from Skt. man *
a master. L. mag-is-ter is a double jari, a pearl. Pie — F, pie, from L. pica,
compar. form; cf. mag-tins great. a magpie; see Pie (i).
Magnanimity, Magnate ;
see Maguey, the American aloe. (Cuba),
under Magnificent. Of Cuban origin (Oviedo). Not Mexican,
Magnesia see Magnet. ;
which has no g the Mex. name is met/.
;

Magnet, the lodestone, (F.— L.-Gk.) Maharajah, great king. (Hind.—

M. E. magnete. — O. F. magnet , also Skt.) From Skt. mahd-raja great king.
manete (13th cent.). — L. magnetem, acc. Cf. L. magnus rex. So also mahd-uuii ',

of magnls, for Magnes lapis Magnesian - great queen ;

from Hind, rani, Skt. rajhi,
stone, the lodestone. — Gk. Mdyvtji (stem queen.
MayvTjr-), also Mayt'rjrrjs, Mayvrjaios, be- Mahdi, a spiritual director. (Arab.)
longing to Magnesia, in Thessaly; whence Arab, mahdi the guided one; from
,

\i$os M
ayvqcLos (or MayvrjTrjs), Magnesian prefix, and hady to guide. Cf. hddi y a
,

stone, lodestone, or a metal like silver, guide. (Rich. Digt. pp. 1661, 1670.)
Der. magnesia, an old name in Chaucer, Mahogany, a tree. (Hayti.) From
C. T. 16923, or G. 1455), for a mineral mahagoni ,
the old Carib dialect of
in
brought from Magnesia now differently ;
Hayti. (Garden and Forest, no. 438,
applied. See Schade, p. 1395. July 15, 1896.)
Magnificent. i,L.) I , magnificent- . Mahometan; see Mohammedan,
stem of magnificenSy lit. doing great Mahout, an elephant-driver. (Hind.)
things, hence, grand. — L. tnagni for Hind .mahdwat.
magnus great -ficcns, for faciens, doing,
, ; Maid, Maiden. (E.) M. E. mayde,
from facere, to do. See magnitude. merely short for earlier maiden , meiden.
magnify. (F. — L.) M.E. tnagnijien. A. S. tncegden a maiden, cognate with
— F. magnifier. — L. magnified re, lit. to O. H. G. magatin a maiden (with fern, ,

make large. — L. magni-, for magnus , suffix -in). The form without this suffix
great -fiedre, for facere to do.
; ,
is A. S. mceged, a maiden, cognate with

magniloquence. (L.) L. magni- Goth, magath^, a virgin, G. magd. Related

loqueutia, elevated language. — L. magni- , to A. S. magu, a son or kinsman, cognate
for magnus great ; loquen!-, stem of pres, with Goth, magus, Icel. mogr y and per-
pt. of loquiy to speak ; see Loquacious. haps with Corn. maw, a boy. See Stokes
magnitude, greatness. (L.) I,, mag- (in Fick, ii. 198). Kluge compares O.
nitudoy size. — L. magnus , great. Gk. + Irish mace, \Y. mab son. Der. maiden • ,

pi yasy great ; Skt. mahant- t great A. S. ;

hood, also spelt maiden head,
tnicel . See Mickle. Mail (i), steel network for armour.
magnanimity, greatness of mind. (F.— L.) O. F, maille, mail, also a mesh
(F.-L.) F magnanimity. L. acc. magn-
. — of a net. —
L. macula , a spot, speck, hole,
animitdtem. — L. magnus , great; animus , mesh of a net; see Maculate,
mind. Mail (2), a let ter* bag. (F. — O. H. G.)
magnanimous, high-minded. (L.) — M. E. male. O, F. male (F. tnalle)y a bag,
L. magnanim-us with suffix - ous (L.
;
— wallet. O, Ii. G. malaha , a leathern
•dsus). — L. magnus, great; animus mind, wallet. Cf. Gael, and Irish mala , a bag
magnate* a great man, noble. (F,— Jrom E.) Gk. po\yUy hide, skin. ;

L.) F. magnat. — L. magndtem , acc. of Mail (Black) y a forced tribute.

308
 e >, , - , , , , , , , ;
,.

MAIM MALINGER
(Scand.) Mail is a Scottish term for ciany pt. t. macode to make. Du. waken ; , +
rent. Blackmail or black rent is the rent G. mac/ien. Allied to Matoh (1), q. v.
paid in cattle, as distinct from white Mai-, prefix, bad. (F.—L.) F. mal.—
money or silver. — Jccl. mali, agreement, L. maltiSy bad ; sea Malice.
payment; cf. mal, speech, law-suit, agree- Malachite, a green stone. (Gk.)
ment. Allied to A. S. nuB}el nice l, a Named from its colour, which resembles ,

speech. that of mallow-leaves. Formed with

Maim, a bruise, hurt. (F. — G.?) Also suffix -lies (Gk. -itt] s) from a
spelt inahitn in Law-books (Blount). M.E. mallow. See Mallow.
maim. — A. F. mahaym Liber Albus, p. Malady. F. maladie.(F.-L.)
F. —
2S1 ;M. F. mehaing a maime, or abate- ,
f
malade oldest sj elling malahde.
sick ;

ment of strength by hurts received Cot. ; ’ Cl. O. Prov. malaptes, malaudes, sick. L. —
Cf. Ital. magagna a defect, blemish. Orig. ,
male habitus out of condition (hence sick,
,

uncertain; cf. Bret, machail , mutilation, illi; cf. male habens sick, Matt. iv. 24
maihafla to mutilate. Some derive Ital.
,
(Vulgate). — L. male, badly, fiom malus
magagnai e, to maim, from G. man, man, bad habitus, pp. of habere, to have
;

and 0 11 G. *hamjan, to mutilate,

. . see Habit, So Schwan. Not from
from the O. II. G. adj. ham maimed ,
male apius (Diez) this would mean
;

(Korting). ‘
foolish.’
Main (T), sb., strength. (K.) M.K. malapert, saucy. (F.-L.) O.F.
main A. S. ttnegen stiength. 4- Icel.
.
,
mal appert. — O. F. mal, ill ;
appert,
megin, O. Sax. megin strength. Allied ,
asperty expert, leady, skilful. The sense
to May (0 and Might (1). is ‘badly expert,* 1. e. mischievous. L. —
Main (2), adj., chief, principal. (Scand.) male badly;
experius, skilful, confused
M.K. mayn, adj. — Icel. vicgn, strong. with apertus, pp. ot aperire , to open ;
% Distinct from main, sb., which is of see Expert and Aperient.
A. S. origin ;
see above. malaria, noisome exhalation. (Ital. —
Mainour. (F. —
L.) In the phr. *
taken L. and Gk.) mal'aria, for mala aria
Ital. ,

w ith the mainour ’

or *
taken in the man- bad air. — L. mala, fern of malus bad;
ner ;
’i. e. caught in the act. Anglo-F. and Ital. aria, air, which Represents Late
meinourc, mainour , 0 F. tnaineuvre, lit. . L. *dria, for dcria, fern, of derius, adj.
manoeuvre hence, act. See Manoeuvre.
;
from der , air. See Air.
We find also ‘to be taken with the Male. (F. — L.) O.F. mash (later
manner,* i.e. with the stolen chattel in male ) ; F. male. — L. masculus, male.
band ; A. F. eve mainoure. See Masculine.
Maintain, to keep in a fixed state, Malediction, a curse. (F.-L.) M. F.
support. (K — L.) E. maintenen. — F. M . malediction. — L. acc. malediciidnetn , a
maintenir. — L. manu tenere , to hold in curse. — L. maledictus , pp. of malcdicere,
the hand ;
or more likely (in late L.) to to speak evil of. — L. male , adv., evilly;
hold by the hand, to abet. — L. manu ,
dicere to speak. ,
So also male-factor, an
abl. of mantis, hand tenere to hold see ; ;
ill-doer, from factor a doer; from facere ,

Manual and Tenable. to do. So also malevolent lit. wishing ,

Maize, Indian corn. (Span. — W. ill ;

from uolent stem of nolens, pres. pt.
Indian.) Span. maiz. — W. Indian mahiz , of t.elhy to will, to wish.
ina his, in the old Carib dialect of the isle Malice, ill — L.) M.E. malice
will. (F.
of Ilayti. F. malice. — L. malitia badness. — L. ma-
Majesty. (F.-L.) M. E. magestee. lus, bad.
— O.F. majestet (F. majestJ). — L. males malign, unfavourable. (F. L.) O.F. —
tdtem, acc. of maiestds dignity, honour. Dialing fern, maligne (F. matin). ~ L. ma-
,

Here md-ies - is related by gradation to lignusy ill-disposed, for * mali-genus, ill-

md-ior comparative of mag-nus , great.
,
born ^like benignus for ^beni-genus). —
See Magnitude. Brugm. ii. § 135. L. mali-y for malus, bad; gen-, base of
major, of rank. (L.) L. a title mdior ,
gignerc to produce ; see Genus.
,

greater comparative of magnus,

;
great. malinger, to feign sickness. (F.— L.
Der. major-domo, imitated from Span. and G.) Prom F. malingre adj., diseased,
mayor-domo , a house-steward. formerly ugly, loathsome (Cot.). — F. mal,
Make, (E.) M. E. maken, A. S. ma - badly ; O, F. haingre, heingre, thin, ema-
309
 , ; ,, , ;

MALISON MAMMOTH
dated. — L. male, adv., badly; G. hager, a mallow. + Gk. fxaXbxv (
= *nakpdxrj),a
thin, lean (Korting). mallow ;
named from its emollient pro-
malison, a curse. (F. — L.) A. F. perties cf. Gk. paXacauv, to make soft, ;

maleison O. F. malison, popular form of ya\ax 6 s, soft, mild. Cf. Malachite.

;

malediction ; see Malediction above. (So Malmsey, a Strong sweet wine. (F.—
also benison for benediction .) Gk.) A corruption of M. E. malvesie ,

Malkin, a kitchen- wench. (F. — malmsey. — A. F. malvesy (Ducange) ; F.

Cot. From Mai-
4
O.H.G.) Malkin is for Maid-kin the malvoisie malmesie ,
’
;

dimin. of Maid, Mold or Maud i.e. vasia, now called Napoli di Malvasia or
',
,

Matilda . See Grimalkin, Not the Monemvasia (fjLov-€fi^aaia), a town on the

dimin. of Mary cf. ‘ Malkyne, or Mawt, K. coast of Lacedsemonia in Greece.
;

Molt,M avvde, Matihlis , Matilda ; Prompt. Malt, grain steeped in water. (E.)
*

Parv. M.E. and O. Merc, malt A.S. meal/, .

Mall (i\ a large wooden hammer. (F. malt. — Tent. *malt-, 2nd grade of * Ind-
— L.) M E. tnalle. — O. F. in a!, mail ian-, to melt, hence to steep, soften. +
F. mail, 4 a mall
9
Cot. — L. m
a Ileum, acc. Du. motit Icel. Dan.Swed. malt\ O.II.G.
; ;

of malleus, a hammer. malz, malt, also soft, allied to Skt. tnrdu -,

mall (2), the name of a public walk. L. mollis, soft. See Melt.
(F. - Ital. - G. and L.) In Pall Mall and Maltreat. (F. — L.) F. maltraiter to ,

the Mall in St. James’s Paik. Named from treat ill. — L. male, ill ; traetdre, to handle,
E. pall-mall M. E. pale-maille, because treat see Treat. ;

the game so called was played there this malversation. (F.-LA F. mal- ;

game of pall-mall was like the modern versation, ( misdemeanor ; 9 Cot. (Hence
croquet, which is imitated from it. — M. fraudulent behaviour.) — F. malverser, to
Ital . palamaglio, ‘a stick with a mallet at behave ill. — L. male, ill; uersdri, to be
one end,’ for playing the game of pall- engaged in, from tiersure, frequent, form
mall ; Florio. Also spelt pallamaglio of uertere, to turn see Verse. ; ;

lit. ‘mallet-ball.’ — Ital. palla, a ball; Mamaluke, Mameluke, an Kgyp-

maglio, a mall. A
hybrid word. — O. II. G. tian light horse-soldier. (E. — Arab.)
palla, M. II. G. balle, G. ball, a ball ; L. M. F. Mamaluc ; Cot. — Arab, mamlftk. a
ma Ileum, acc. of malleus , a hammer. See purchased slave or captive, lit. ‘possessed.'
Ball. — Arab, root malaka, he possessed.
malleable. (E. — L.) M.F .malleable, Mamma. (E.) Also mama ;
for ma
‘
malleable, hammerable, pliant to the ma, a mere of ma , an in-
repetition
hammer Cot. From obs. L. *malledre,
;
’
fantine syllable. Many other languages
to hammer, of which the pp. malledtus have something like it; cf. F. maman,
occurs. — L. malleus, a hammer. Span. Du. and G. mama, Ital. and E.
mallet, a small mall. (F. — L.) mamma, a child's word for mother.
M.E. maillet. F. maillet,
4
—
a mallet*; Mammalia, the class of animals that
Cot. Dimin. of F. mail ; see Mall (1) suckle their young. (I.A From L. mam-
above. mdlis (neut. pi. mammalia), belonging to
Mallard, a wild drake. (F. — L.) M.E. the breasts. — L. mamma, the breast.
malard. — O. F. malard formed, with ;
Brugm. i. § 587 (3).
suffix - ard (of G. origin, from G. hart), mammillary, pertaining to the
0
from . F. male, male. See Male. The breasts. L. mammilldris,
(L.) From
suffix - ard was particularly applied to adj. ; formed from L. mamma, the breast.
males, so that the idea of ‘ male * appears Mammon. (L. Gk. - Syriac.) L. -
twice. mammona, — Gk. fuayuvas, Matt. vi. 24.—
Malleable, Mallet; see Mall. Syr. mamdnd, which occurs in Chaldee
Mallecho, malefaction, mischief. Targums, and in the Syriac version of
(Span.-L.) Hamlet, iii. 2. 147. — Span. St. Matthew, and means ‘riches/ Cf.
*
malhecho misdone ‘
; an euill deed ; Heb. matmo 11, a hidden treasure, from
Minsheu. — Span, mal, ill; hecko, done, tdman ,
to hide.
pp. of hacer, to do. — L. male, ill actus, ; f Mammoth. (Russ. —
Tatar.) Ru*s.
pp. o ffacere, to do. See Fact. marnant', a mammoth, species of elephant.
Mallow, a plant. (L.) M. E. tnalwe . An older form is mammot see N. E. D. '
;

— A. S. malwe ; borrowed from L. maltia, Said to be from Tatar mamma , the earth
3io
 , , , , , , , , , , ; -;
;

MAN MANGE
because the Siberian peasants thought the Mandat6 f command. (F. — L.) M.F. a
animal burrowed in the earth like the mandat — L. mandatum, a charge. — L. .

mole. But no such Tatar word has been mandatus, pp. of mandate to enjoin ,

iound. lit. to put into one's hand. — L. man-us,

Man. M. E. man
(E.) A. S. mann hand . .
;
dare, to give ; see Manual and
4- Du. man mann-, madr, Swed. man, Date. Brugm. i. § 589 (2, b).
Icel.
Dan. mand, Goth, manna, G. mann Mandible, a jaw. (L.) L. mandibnla, ;

allied to Skt. mann-, a man. jaw. — L. tnandere, to chew.

manikin, manakin, a dwarf, small Mandilion, a soldier’s cloak. (Ital. —
man. (F. M. F. manequin * a Span. — Arab. — L.) See Nares. Ital.
— Du.) ,

puppet.* — M. Du. manneken (Hexham); mandiglione a mandillion, souldier’s ‘

double dimin. of Du. man, a man. jacket; Florio. — Span, rnandil, a coarse *

mankind, the race of men. (E.) A. S. apron. — Arab, rnandil a table-cloth, ,

money nnmankind. — A. S. man, man ;

towel, mantle. — L. mantile, a napkin.
cynn, kind, race see Kin. ; Mandolin, a guitar. (F. — Ital.-Gk.)
Manacle, a handcuff. (F.- L.) M. E. F. mandoline. — Ital. mandolino, dimin.
manacle also many cle. — F. manicle. — L. of mandola mandora, a kind of guitar.
,

manicula, dimin. of manica, a long sleeve, Variants of Ital. pandora. See further
gauntlet, handcuff. — L. mantis, the hand. under Banjo.
See Manual. Mandrake, a narcotic plant. (F.— L.
manage, government of a horse, con- — Gk.) M. E. mandrake, mandrage
trol, administration. (F. — Ital.— L.) Orig. fuller form mandragores cf. man dragora, ;

a sb., but now superseded by management. Othello, iii. 3. — O. F. mandragore (Ital.

See Rich. II. iii. 3. 179. — M.F. manege the ,
1
and Span, mandragora:). — L. mandra
manage, or managing of a horse * Cot. — ;
goras. — Gk. pavt pampas, the mandrake.
Ital. maneggio,
i
a managing, a handling ;* Mandrel, the revolving axis to which
Florio. — ltal. matio the hand. — L. manus turners fix their work in a lathe. (F.—
the hand. Dor. manage vb. Gk. ?) From mandrin a punch, a
F. ,

Manatee, a sea-cow. (Span. — W. mandrel. Perhaps from Gk. fiavSpa, an

Indian.) Span, manat i a sea-cow. From enclosed space, sheepfold, also used to
its name in the language of Hayti. mean ‘ the bed in which the stone of a
Manchineel, a tree. (F. - Span. - ring is set,’ much like E. mandrel. See
E. ) So called from its apple-like fruit.— Madrigal. But cf. Oscan mamphur, part
F. mancenille the fruit of the manchineel of a lathe Brugm. i. §§ 571, 757.
;

tree. — Span, manzanilla, the same; also Mane. (E.) A. S. matiu cf. Icel.
manzanillo, a little apple-tree, the man- mbit (gen, man-ar), a mane; Swed. and
chineel tree dimin. of Span, manzana,
;
Dan. man. 4- Du. maan, M. Du. mane ;

an apple; O. Span, viazana (Diez). — L. G. mdhne, O. H. G. mana. Cf. \V.

Matidna, fem. of Matidnus adj., the ,
rnyngen mane, from mwn, neck
,
Irish ;

epithet of a kind of apple lit. * Matian.*

;
muince collar, from muin, neck Skt.
, ;

— L. Matius, the name of a Roman gens. manyd, the tendon forming the nape of
Manciple, a purveyor, esp. for a the neck; L. monile, neck- lace. Orig. sense
college. ( F. — L.) M. E. manciple — O.F. .
‘
neck ; hence ‘ hair on the neck.’
*

mancipe , manciple, a slave, servant; cf. Manege, the same as Manage.

M. Ital. mancipio a slave, farmer, manciple.
, Manganese, a metal. (F.— Ital.-
— L. mancipium, a slave; orig. ‘posses- Gk.) An old term, newly applied.
sion.* — L. mane ip-, for manceps a taker in ‘
Manganese, so called from its likeness in
hand. — L. man-us, hand; cap-ere, to take. colour and weight to the rnagnes or load-
Mandarin, a Chinese governor of a stone, is the most universal material used
province. (Port. — Malay.— Skt.) Not a in making glass ; ’ Blount, ed. 1674. —
Chinese, but Skt. word (through the M.F. manganese (Cot.). — Ital. manganese,
Portuguese). — Port, mandarim, a man-
£
a stuffe or stone to make glasses with
darin. — Malay (and Hindu) mantri, a also, a kind of minerall stone;’ Florio.
counsellor, minister of state. — Skt. man- A perverted fonn of magnesia, as shewn
triti a counsellor; mahdmantrin -, the in the Cent. Diet. ; cf. mangnet for magnet
prime minister. — Skt. mantra advice, in Palsgrave ; see Magnet.
counsel. — Skt. man, to think. Mange, scab or itch in dogs. (F.— L.)
3 “
 , , , , ;. ,

MANGER MANSE
Made mangy a mistaken form, Mania, frenzy. (L.— Gk.) L. mania.
ont of adj. ,

clue to M. E. manUwe sb. the mange. — — Gk. jMvla, frenzy, orig. mental excite-
,

O. F. manjue mange. — O. F. manjuer{ F. ment

,
cf. /*«W, mind, Der. mania c ; ,

manger), to eat. — L. mandficdre to eat; F. tnaniaque ,

viandficus, a glutton wandere, to chew. Manifest, apparent. (F. - L.) F.

;

manger, a feeding-trough. (F. — L.) manifeste. — L. manifestos evident. The

M. E. mattngeur Cath. Angl. — 0 F. lit. sense is doubtful. — L. mani-, for
,
.

mangeure F. mattgeoire. — F. manger to mantis hand festus apparently the same

;
, , ; ,

eat (aboveL as in in festus , hostile. It has been doubt-

Mangel-wurzel, a kind (properly) fully connected with -fendert to strike, as ,

of beet. (G.) Corrupted from G. av<7;/- in offendere.

gold-wurzel lit. beet-root.’ — G. mangold
,
*
manifesto, written declaration. a
(M. H. G. mangolt), beet, derived by (Ital. — L.) Ital. manifesto , sb. — Ital.
Schade from the personal name Manegold ; manifesto adj., manifest. — L. manifestus
wurzel, root, allied to E. Wort (i). (above).
Mangle ( 0 , to mutilate. (Perhaps Manifold see Many.
;
F.-G.) In Sir T. More, Works, p. 538. Manikin ;
see Man.
We Anglo-F. mangier to mangle
find Manioc, the cassava-plant. (Brazil.)
(Godefroy) and mahangler , to maim, in
;
Brazil, manioc ;
whence Port, mandioca.
Langtoft’s Chron. i. 254. Frequent, form Maniple, a handful, small band of
of O. F. mahaigner to maim. — O. F. ,
men, priest’s scarf.
(L.) L. tnanipulus a ,

mahaing, a maim, hurt. See Maim. handful, a wisp of straw used as an ensign,
Mangle (2), a roller for smoothing a band of men round such an ensign.—
linen ; to smooth linen. (Du. — Late L. — L. mani for mantis, hand ; -pulus, lit.

Gk.) Borrowed from Du. mangelen , to filling, from the weak grade {pul) of the
mangle, roll with a rolling-pin; mangel- root *ple, to fdl ; cf. L. ple-ntis, full. Cf.
stok , a rolling-pin, cylinder for smoothing L. disci-pulus, a disciple,
linen.The corresponding Ital. word is manipulate, to handle. (L.) A
mangano a kind of presse to presse
,
‘ coined word, and ill coined. Cf. L.
buckrom ; Florio. Both Du. and Ital.
’
manipulation , adv., by troops ; but it was
words are from Late L. manganum man- ,
rather made directly out of the sb. mani-
gona a military instrument for throwing pulus (above).
stones, worked with an axis and winch. Manito, a spirit, fetish. (Algonkin.)
Indeed, the Ital. mangano also means a Algonkin manito manito, a spirit, demon. ,

mangonel. — Gk. payyavov, a machine for (Cuoq.)

defending forts, also the axis of a pulley. Mankind ;
see Man.
maugOHel, a war-engine. (F.— Late Manna. (L. — Gk. — Heb.) L. manna.
L. — Gk.) O, F. mangonel (later man- — Gk. ixavvo. — Heb. man manna, p. ,
gonneau), a mangonel. — Late L. man- Hardly from Heb. man hu, what is this?
gonellus ,
dimm. of mangona (above). Exod. J 5 but from man, (it is) a
xvi. ;

Mango, a fruit. (Port. — Malay. — gift ; Arab, rnann favour, also manna.
cf. ,

Tamil.) Port, manga. — Malay manggd , Manner, way. (F. — L.) M.E .matiere.
formerly tnangkd the mango-fruit. The — A. F. manere M. F. maniere, manner, ,

Malay word is of Tamil origin. — Tamil habit (Cot.) Late L. manena. — L.

;

mdnkay i. e.
,
‘
fruit,* the tree being manus, the hand.
mdmarum, i.e. man-tree* (Yule). manoeuvre. (F. — L.) F. manoeuvre,
Mangonel; see Mangle (2). properly, handiwork. — Late L. manuopera,
Mangosteen, For- a fruit. (Malay.) also manopera a working with the hand.
,

merly mangostan. — Malay manggustan — L. manu, abi. of manus, hand ; opera ,

(Scott); manggJsta (Marsden). work see Operate. ;

Mangrove. (Hybrid; Malay andlL\ Manor, (formerly) a residence for a

i
A sort of trees called mangroves ’ Eng. nobleman. (F. — L.) O. F. manoir, a ;

Gamer, vii. 371 A. P. 1689. Meant, as I mansion. — O. F. manoir, mandr, to dwell.

;

suppose, for mang-groves, from the pecu- — L. manere see Mansion,

liar growth in groves or thickets. — Malay manse, a clergyman's house, in Scot-
manggi-manggi the name for the tree land. (L.) Late L. mama a farm, dwell-
, ,

(Crawford). ing. -L. mansus , pp. oi manert (below).

 , ; , — ;
, . , ,,

MANSION MARAVEDI
mansion. (F. — L.)
O. F .mansion, § 1608. Du. menig Dan. mange , Swed. |

+ ;

a dwelling-place. — L. mansion cm, acc. of mhnge, (perhaps) Icel. margr (Noreen,

mansio, an abiding, abode. — L. mansus, 359), Goth, manags G. manch O. H. G. , ,

pp. of manere to remain, dwell. ,

Gk. manac. +
Teut. type *managoz. Allied
fi€V€iv, to stay, remain. (y^MEN.) to Irish minic, Gael, minig, W. mynych,
Mantel, a shelf over a fire-place. frequent, Russ, mnogie pi. many. Der. ,

(F. — L.) The same word as mantle below manifold see Fold. ; ;

in old fire-places, it projects like a hood, Map. (F.-L.) The oldest maps repre-
to catch the smoke. Der. mantelshelf, sented the world, and weie called mappe -
mantel-piece. inounde. This is an O. F. form of L. mappa
mantilla, a long head-dress. (Span. mundi, map of the world. L. mappa
— L.) Span, mantilla dimin. of manto meant a napkin, hence a painted cloth.
a cloak, veil (below). See Mop. Der. apron, napery napkin ,
.

mantle, a cloak, covering. (F.— L.) Maple, a tree. (E.) M. E. maple t

M. E. mantel. — O. E. mantel, later man- mapul. A. S. mapel-, mapul- whence ;

1
teau, a cloke, also the mantle-tree of a mapttl-treo, mapulder a maple-tree.
chimney;’ Cot. — L. mantellum a napkin, Mar, to injure. (E.) M.E. merren.
also a cloak cf. L. mantlle,
;
a towel. O. Merc. - tnerran , in comp. dmeiTan to .

We also find Late L. mantum, a short hinder; A. S. dviyrran, to obstruct, waste,

cloak, whence Ital. and Span, manto, F. hinder cf. gemearr, an impediment. ; +
mante , a mantle. Der. mantle vb., to M. Du. merren, Du. marren to retard;
, ,

form a covering upon, to gather a scum O. H. G. marrjan, to hinder, vex Goth. ;

on a surface. Brugrn. i. § § 134(1), 483 (7'. marzjan, to cause to stumble. Teut.

Mantua, a lady’s gown. (Ital.) Man- base *marz~. Brugm. i. § 903 b. ‘

toe or Mantua gown, a loose upper gar- marline, a small cord used for bind-
ment,’ &c. Phillips (1706).
;
Manto is ing ropes. (Du.) Du. marlijn also ,

from Ital. manto, a mantle (see mantle) marling, a marline. — Du marren, to

but Mantua gown must refer to Mantua bind, tie ; and lijn, - ling from F. ligne, ;

in Italy, though this connexion arose from a line. See Moor (2) and Dine. Der. ;

mere confusion. Der. mantua -maker. marline-spike.

Manual, done by the hand. (F.— L.) Marabou, Marabout, a kind of
Formeily inanuel. — L. vianuftlis,_ adj., A lrican stork also, its downy feathers. ;

from it 1 anus, the hand. (VME, to ( F — Port — Span — A 1 ab.) F marabout . . . . .

measure; Brugm. ii. § 106.) — Port, marabuto. — Span, morabito. a

manufacture. (F. - L.) F. manu- Mahommedan sage. — Arab, murabit
facture, M. F, manifact tire lit. a making quiet, still ; a hermit, sage
,
a religious ;

by the hand. — L. manu abl. of man us, sage among the Berbers (whence the bird’s
,

hand ; factum, a making, from facere to name came\ Cf. Maravedi. ,

make. Maranatha, our Lord cometh.

manumit, to release a slave. (L.) (Syriac.) Syriac mdran atha, our Lord
L. manumittere (pp. manu missies), to re- cometh cf. Arab, mdr, lord (from Syriac). ;

lease, lit. to send away from one’s hand. — Maraschino, a cordial. (Ital.-L.)
L. manu, abl. of mantis hand mittere to Ital. maraschino. — Ital .mat asca,amarasca,
, ; ,

send sec Mission. Der. manumission, a black and sour cherry. — L. amdrus
;

from the pp. bitter.

manure, vb. (F. - L.) Formerly Maraud, to wander in quest of plunder.

simply to till,’ or to work with the (F.) M. F. marauder, i to play the rogue,
‘

hand Othello, i. 3. 328. A contracted beg;’ Cot. — F. maraud, a rogue, vaga-

;

form of manoeuvre which see. ;

bond. Etym. disputed. Bugge connects
manuscript, written by the hand. 1 with F. mat, evil ; as if for *malaud 1

(L.) Properly an adj., but also as a sb. (Late L. *ma/a/dus)

Late L. manuscriptum a thing written by , Maravedi, a veiy small coin. (Span.
the hand. — L. manu, abl. of manus, hand — Arab.) Span, maravedi, the smallest
;

scriptum, neut. of pp. of scrib ere, to write Spanish coin ; orig. a gold coin first
;

see Scribe. struck during the dynasty' of the Almora -

Many. (E.) M. E. many, mom. A. S. vides at Cordova, A. D. 1094-1144. Cf.
manig, monig many see Sweet, N. E. Gr. Port, maravedim , marabitino , a maravedi.
;

3*3
 ,,, ,, , , : ,. , , . \, ;,

MARBLE MARK
— Arab.Murabitin the Arab, name of the margo, a border, brink ; cognate with
above-mentioned dynasty pi. of murdbit ; ;
Mark (2).
see Marabou. Margrave, a lord of the marches.
Marble. (F. -L.) Du. markgraaf a margrave. — Du.
M. E. marbel ; (D11.)
also tnarbre — . — O. F. marbre . L. mar-
mark, a boundary, march graaf, a count. ;

morem, acc. of martnor marble, con- So also G. markgraf. (That the word is
sidered as a masc. sb. but it is com- Du. appears from the fern, form margra -
;

monly neuter. +
Gk. papfiapos explained vine, which answers to Du. markgravin
,

as a glistening white stone, as if from not to G. markgrdfini)

pLCLpuatpuv, to sparkle ;
cf. paipa, dog-star, Marigold, and E.)a plant, (lleb.
lit.
4
See Marmoset.
sparkler.* Compounded of Mary (from the Virgin
Marcasite, a kind of iron pyrites. Mary) and gold (from its colour).
(F. — Span. — Pers.) F. marcassite. — Span. Marine. (F.— L.) F. marin — L. .

marque5 ita. — Pers. inarqashishd (Devic, martnus belonging to the sea.— L. mare,
Vullers). sea; cognate with Mere (1). Der.
Marcescent, withering. (L.) L. tnarin-er
marcescent stem, of pres. pt. o { marce- Marish, a marsh. (F.— L.) M. E.
score, inceptive form of marce re, to wither, mart's ,marais. — A. F. mareis. — O. F.
lit. to grow soft. Crugm. i. § 413 (8). mareis of which the oldest form was
,

March. (1), a border, frontier. (F.— rnaresc (Hatzfeld). — Late L. mariscus,

O. H. G.) M. E. marche. A. F. marc he. from Low G. marsch a marsh. See
— O. H. G. marcha , a boundary. Cf. Goth. Marsh.
tnarka, a confine, coast. See Mark ',2 . Marital, belonging to a husband. (F.
March (2), to walk with regular steps. — L.) — L. marltdlis , adj.
F. marital.
(F. — L.? or G.?) Y .marcher, to march, formed from maritus , a husband. This
Of disputed origin perhaps from a Late is a masc. sb. made to accompany L.
;

L. * marcare, to beat (hence to tramp), martta, a woman provided with a hus-

from marcus, a hammer (Scheler). band. — L. man-, for mas , a man, husband
March (3), the name of a month, see Masculine.
(F. — L.) A. F. Marz (pron. marts).— Maritime, pertaining to the sea. (F.
L. Martins, the month dedicated to — L.) F. maritime — L. maritimus,
Mars. formed with suffix -timus from mart'-,
Marchioness. (LowL- G.) The for mare, sea.
proper F. form is marquise ; the E. Maijoram, a plant. (F. — L. — Gk.)
marchioness answers to Low L. marchid- M. E. majoran (without r). — O. F. majo-
nissa formed with fem. suffix -issa (Gk. rare (Godefroy) ;
F. marjolaine. Cf.
) from Low L.
- laaa marchidnem , acc. of Ital.majorana Span, mayorana Port. ,

marchio, a prefect of the marches. — Low maiorana, marjoram, Late L. majorana ,

L. marcha, a boundary. — O. II. G. marcha, majoraca variously corrupted drom L.

;

a boundary. See Mark (2). a mdracu s. — Gk. dpapaKos, marjoram.

Marchpane, a sweet cake, made with Mark (1), a stroke, sign. (E.) M. E.
almonds and sugar. (F. — Ital.) O. F. merke . A. S. mearc fem., mark, sign.+
,

marcepain\ now massepain. — Ital. mar - Du. merk, I cel. mark Swed. mdrke, Dan.
ciapane, marzapane, a marchpane Florio. ;
nicerke, G. marke, M. II. G. marc, a
Origin of tnarcia unexplained, but prob. mark. Cf. also Lith. margas, marked,
from a proper name (such as L. Martia) variegated. Perhaps related to Mark (2),
pane is from Lat. acc .pattern, bread. which seems to be an older word.
Mare. (E.) m.e. mere A. S. mere, . Hark (2), a march, limit, boundary,
fem. form of mearh , a horse. +Icel. nierr, (K.) A.S. mearc fem.+O. Sax. tnarka , ;

fem. of marr, a steed; Dan. nicer, Swed. Du. mark G. mark, fem. ; marcha;
mdrr, E. Fries, mare, Du. merrie G. ; Goth, marka, confine, coast. So also Icel.
mdhre O. H. G. rneriha fem. of O. H. G. ,
mark , f., a forest (orig. a boundary). Teut.
tnarah, a battle-horse. Cf. Irish and Gael, type, * marka, fem. Allied to L. margo ,

marc W. and Com. march, a horse, a a margin, Zend tnerezu , Pers. marz, a
stallion. Idg. masc. type *markos, a horse, border ; O. Irish tnruig.
Cf. Marshal. Mark a coin. (E.) M. E. mark
(3), ,

Margin. (L.) L. margin stem of A.S. mearc, marc, a coin ; a weight equal
 , ,

MARKET MARROW
to half a pound; O. Fries. merk.+ Du. MarOOU (1), brownish crimson. (F.'
mark ;
G. mark ,
a weight of silver, a F. marron, a chestnut (hence, chestnut-
coin; Icel. m'ork . p. Orig. a particular colour. Cf. Ital. marroney M. Ital. marone,
weight. There is nothing to connect it a chestnut (of unknown origin).
with Mark (i). MarOOU (2), to put ashore on a deso-
Market. (F.-L.) Late A. S. market late island. (F.— Span.) From F. marroiiy
from Picard F. market [Cf. Du. G. .
adj., fugitive, applied to a fugitive slave
markt F. march1 O. Prov. mercatz Ital.
; ,
who takes refuge in woods. [Hence F.
mercatOy a market.] — !,, mercatus , traffic, marooiiy to treat as a fugitive, cause to
also a market (whence G. markt, &c.).— be fugitive.] A
clipped form of Span.
L. mercatus pp. of meredriy to trade see
, ;
cimarroiiy wild, unruly; hence, savage.
Mercantile. (Pogatscher.) Of unknown origin, Negro cimarron
Marl, a rich earth. (F.—L.— C.) or cimarron was an everyday phrase for
O. F. marie (F. marne) Picard marie. ;
a fugitive slave hidden in the mountains,
— Late L. margila y dimin. of Late L. in Cuba, about A. D. 1846.
marga, marl of Celtic origin (Pliny).
;
Marque, letters of. (F. - G.) A
Marline see Mar. letter oj marque was a permission by a
;

Marmalade. (F. - Port. - L. - Gk.) ruler to make reprisals on the country of

F. marmelade, Cot. — Port, marmelada ,
another ruler; it had particular reference
orig. a conserve of quinces. — Port, mar- to passing beyond the march or limit of
ine lo, a quince. — L. me Urn elurn, lit. honey- one s own country. —
O. F. marque , a
apple also a quince. — Gk. fJi(\tfirj\oVy a
;
boundary. — M. G. markey a boundary;
II.
sweet apple, apple grafted on a quince. — see Mark (2) above. See marc ha (1) m
Gk. honey; iat)\ov, an apple; see
,
Ducange.
Melon. marquee, a large tent. (F. — Low L.
Marmoset, a small American monkey. — G.) h or marquees the s being dropped ;

(F. — L.) Much older than the discovery because it was thought to be a plural
of America M. K. marmosette a kind of
; ,
form. An E. spelling of F. marquise, a
ape (Maundeville, p. 210). — M.F. mar - large tent; orig. a tent for a marchioness
mosety F. marmouset, i the cock of a cistern or lady of rank. — F. marquise a mar- ,

or fountain, any antick image from whose chioness, fem. of marquis , a marquis see ;

teats water trilleth, any puppet or antick marquis below.

Cot. Thus it meant a grotesque creature, marquess. (Span. - Low L. - G.)
orig. a grotesque ornament on a fountain. Span, marques, a marquis ;
see marquis.
Formed, by a Parisian change of r to s as }
marquis. (F. — Low L. — G.) M. E.
in chaise for chaire (a chaii), from Late L. markis. — O. F. markts, later marquis a t
‘

*
marmoretum a thing made in marble, ap-.
marquesse, governour of a frontire town ;
plied to fountains. [Thus the rue des mar - Cot. — Low L. marchen sis, a prefect of the
mousets in Paris was called in Late Latin marches. — O. II. G. marc ha, a march or
virus marmoretdrum Littrc.] — L. ar- ;
m boundary. See Mark (2). <([ The true
mor marble sec Marble. *j[ This Latin
y ; O. F. form v as marc his altered to ;

lorm is incorrect . It appears that the markis by the influence of Ital. tnarchese.
transference in sense from *
image to *
Marquetry, inlaid work. (F. -
1
*
ape was certainly helped on by confu- M.H.G.) F. marqueteriey inlaid voik.
sion with F. marmot — F. marqueter to inlay, diversify, 01 ig.
,
*
a marmoset, or ,

monkey which is a different word to mark slightly with spots

little
;
* iterative ;

from E. marmot (see below). form of marquer, to mark. — F. marque ,

Marmot, a mountain-rat. (F. — Ital. a mark. — M. H. G. mark G. marke a , ,

— L.) F. marmotie. — Ital. marmottay an mark. See Mark (1).

ape, substituted for marmotana the Marrow, pith. (E.) M. E. tnaiow f
‘ ,

mountain-rat, a marmotan* (Torriano), a maty. O. Merc, merg, A. S rnearh (dat.

marmot. From the Romansch (Grisons) mearge) *+* Du. merg, Icel. mergi Swed.
name murmont O. II. G. murmunti, merg, Dan. marv, G. mark, O. H. G.
;

muremuntOy a marmot. — L. inter-, stem marag [not \V. mer. Corn, martel] Further ;

of mus, mouse and mont-, stem of mons allied to Russ. mozg\ Zend mazga mar-
; ) ,

mountain. Thus the sense is mountain- row Skt. majjatiy marrow of bones, pith of 1
;

mouse.* (See Diez.) trees, ldg. type mazgho • ;

Brugm. i. § 642.
315
 , , , , ,. , — .

MARRY MASCULINE
Marry* (F.-L.)
E. marten M. (temp. Louis XIV) ;
dimin. form of
F. marie r. — L. maritdre, to marry. — L. Martin.
maritus a husband ,; see Marital. martinmas, martlemas, the feast
* Marsh, a swamp. (E.) M. E. mersch of St. Martin; Nov. 11. (F. and L.)
A. S. mersc, a marsh ; early form merise<. Martlemass is a corrupt form of Martin-
*mar-isc, lit. mere-ish, i. e. full of meres or mass, suggested by Bartle for Bartholomew.
pools, — A. S. mere (for *mari), a mere, See Mass (2).
lake. See Mere (i). martlet (1), a kind of bird, martin.
Marshal, master of the horse. (F. - (F. — L.) Variant of M. E. mart net, short
O. H. G.) Lit. ‘horse-servant,’ a groom ;
for martinet. — F. martinet ‘a martlet or ,

it rose to be a title of honour. — M. F. martin,* Cot. dimin. of F. Martin. Cf.

;

maresckal (F. marshal), ‘a marshall, a Picard martinet, called martelot in the

farrier,* Cot. — O. H. G. marascalh, lit. dep. of the Meuse (Corblet).
horse-servant, a groom. — O. IT. G. marah Martingale, a strap fastened to a
a horse scalh a servant ; cf. Goth, skulks
; , ,
horse’s girth to hold his head down. (F. —
a servant. See Mare. Span. — Arab. ?) Also applied to a short
Marsupial. (L. - Gk.) Applied to spar, in ships, under the bowsprit but ;

.animals that carry their young in a sort this is only due to a supposed resemblance
of pouch. — L. mars dpittm, a pouch — Gk. to a horse’s martingale. — F. martingale,
papavmov, a little pouch, dimin. of ‘a martingale for a horse;* Cot. [Re-
fxapcrvTros , a bag. ferred by Littrd to the wearing of breeches,
Mart, a shortened form of market . called chausses h la martingale (Rabe-
(F. — L.) in Hamlet, i. i. 74. Prob. in- lais) ; but this is quite another word.]
fluenced by Du markt , market (of Latin — Span, al-martaga, *a kinde of headstall
*
origin). See Market. for a horse, trimmed, gilt, and embroidered ;

Martello tower, a watch-tower. Minsheu (1623) where al is merely the

;

(Ital. — L.— Gk» — Pers.)

[Not so called be- Arab. clef, article. The sb. may be derived
cause the watchmen gave the alarm by from Arab, rataka , in the sense * to cause
striking a bell with a hammer ; see to go with a short step see Yule. I find
’
;

Ariosto, Orlando, x. 51 ; xiv. 100. From Arab, rataka given by Richardson as a

Ital. martello a hammer Late L. mar- ;
verbal root, whence ratak, going with a
telIns. ] But named from Mortella bay, short quick step.
Corsica (Davies). — Ital. mortella a myrtle. Martinmas, Martlet (1) ;
sec
See Myrtle. Martin.
Marten, a kind of weasel. (F. — Low Martlet (2), the bird called the swifl,
L. — Tent.) Short for martern (16th cent.); as depicted in heraldry. An E. (F. — L.)
M. E. martrin (Lydg.), adj. made of mar- substitution for F. inerletle a martlet, in ,
‘

ten’s fur ; from O. F. martrin the same. blazon/ Cot. Lit. ‘a little blackbird’;
The M. E. sb. was marter viartre — F. ,
. dimin. of merle, a blackbird. — L. merula ;

martre. — Low L. pi. martures. OfTeut. see Merle. We find O. F. merlos mart-
origin cf. Du
;
marter G. marder a , ,
lets Roll of Caerlaverock, p. 7.
;

marten A. S. meard , Icel. mbrtSr, Swed.

; Martyr. (L. — Gk ) A S. martyr. — L. .

mhrd, Dan. tnaar (for *?naard ), a marten. martyr. — Gk. phpivp, /xaprus, a witness, lit.
Martial, brave. (F. - L.) F. martial . one who remembers, records, or declares.
— L. Martialis dedicated to Mars, god of
, Cf. Skt. smr, to remember.
war. Marvel. (F. — L.)
M. E. mervaile .

Martin, a bird. (F. — L.) F. martin (1) F. merveille. —

a proper name, Martin, (2) the same name
applied to various birds and animals. Thus
martin-peche ur is a kingfisher ; oiseau de
S. Martin is the ring-tail, and martinet
is a martin (Cot.). A nickname, like our
robin, jenny-wren,, &c. so that the bird
is named after Martin as a proper name.
From L. Mart-, stem of Mars
martinet, a Strict disciplinarian. (F.)
So called from a F. officer named Martinet
L. mirdbilia, neut. pi.,
wonderful things. — L. mirdbilis , wonderful
— L. mirart, to wonder. See Miracle.
Mascle, in heraldry, a perforated
lozenge. (F. — L.) M.E. mascule, mascle.
— O. F. ?nascle, erroneous spelling of
; made, a mesh of a net (hence, a lozenge
perforated). — L. macula, a mesh ; perhaps
. confused with O. H. G. masca, a mesh.
Doublet, mail (1), q. v.
Masculine. (F.-L.) F. masculin. -
 ,; , , , , . , ) , , , , , ;

MASH MASTIFF
L. masculinus, extended from masculus, — Gk. fidofftiv, to knead. Der. mass-ive ,
male. — L. mas- stem of mas, a male ; with mass-y also a- mass.
;

double dimin. suffix -cu-lus. Mass (2), the celebration of the Eucha-
Hash, to beat into a mixed mass. (E.) rist. (L.) M.E. messe. O. Merc, messe *
A mash is properly a mixture and to ;
(Matt. viii. 4) ; A. S. masse (1) the mass,
mash was, formerly, to mix, the M. E. form (2) a church-festival. —
Folk-L. rnessa (Ital.
of the verb being meshen, as if from A. S. messd) ; Late L. missa , (1) dismissal, (2)
* nice scan from a sb. * mdse
, (The vowel .
the mass. Usually said to be from the
has been shortened.) We find A. S. max- phr. ite missa est go, the congregation is
, (

wyrt (for *m<lsc-wyrt ), mash-wort, new dismissed) used at the end of the service;
beer ; so that the word is English but it ;
in any case, the deiivation is from L.
is commoner in Scandinavian, whence missus pp. of mittere, to send away. Cf.
,

Lowl. Sc. mask. Cf. Svved. dial, mask, Du. mis, mass, For the change of
Swed. mask, brewer’s grains, whence vowel from i to e, cf. Icel. messa, Swed.
viaska to mash Dan. and North Fries. ;
rnessa Dan. messe O. H. G. messa (as well
,

mask, grains, mash, Dan. vntske, to mash, as missa), all in the sense of mass’ also 4
;

fatten pigs with grains Norw. ineisk, sb., ;

0. F. messe, Ital. messa. And see Missal.
meiska vb. -f G. meisch a mash, meischen,
,
Der. Candle-mas, Christ-, Hallow Lam
to mash. The sb. form appears to be the Martin Michael-mas, which see.
oiiginal. Cf. also Lithuan. maisz-yti to Massacre. (F.-O. Low G.?) F.
stir things in a pot, from misz-ti, to mix. massacre, a massacre massacrer, to mas-
;

The form of the Tout, base is *maisk-, so sacre. Of disputed origin it may perhaps ;

that it may be connected by gradation be referred to Low G. matsken to cut,

with mix See Mix.
. hew, D11. matsen to maul, kill. Cf. G.
Mask, Masque, a disguise for the metzclei, a massacre ; from metzeln fre- ,

face; masked.entertainment. (F. — Span. —

see quent. of i?ietzen, to cut, kill. And
Arab.) sense of 'entertainment’ is Mason.
The
the true one the sense of ‘ disguise * is
; (1), a pole, to hold the sails of a Mast
secondary. ‘ A
jolly company in maner of ship. (E.) M. K. mast. A. S mast, stem
a masked F. Q. iii. 12. 5. 'Some hauc of a tree, bough, mast. Du. mast , Swed. +
I sene daunce in a jnaske * Sir T. More, and Dan. mast, G. mast. Probably cognate
;

Works, p. 1 039. More uses maskers in the with L. /;/<?///* ^<*/;ws^),amast; Brugm.
sense of visors ’ (correctly, according to 1. § 5«7-
‘

the Spanish use). — F. masque , a mask, (2), fruit of beech -trees. (E.) The Mast
visor; aclipped form,duetoF. vh. masquer, orig. sense is ' edible fruit,’ used for feeding
really short lor *masqtierer\ the fuller form swine. A. S. mast, mast.+G. mast, mast
comes out in M. F. masquarizt, masked, masten , to fatten. Prob. allied to Skt.
masquerie masquerade, a mask or mum- meda{sS fat ; Brugm. i. § 6q8.
,
‘

mery;’ Col. — Span, mascara , a masker, Master. (F.-L.) M.' K. maister. —

a masquerader also a mask. — Arab, mask - O. F. mat stre. — L. magistrum acc. of
; ,

harat, a buffoon, jester, man in masquerade, magister, a master ; see Magistrate.

a pleasantry, anything ridiculous. — Arab, Der. master-y, O. F. maistrie .

root sakhira Der.he ridiculed (Dozy). Mastic, Mastich, a kind of gum

masquerade M. F. masquerade F. masca-
,
resin. (F. — L.— Gk.) F. mastic , * mastich,
tade. Span, mascarada. a sweet gum’; Cot. — I,. mastichS. — Gk.
Mason. (F.-G.?) O. F. massen F. ; ftaorixrj, the gum of the tree oxwos, called
mafou Low L. macio a mason we also ;
in Latin lentiscus. So called because used
find the forms machio macho maco, madia, , , for chewing in the East. — Gk. paor-, base
mattio, matio From Teut. stem *mai-
. of fidora(, mouth, y-aard^iv, to chew cf. ;

jon i. e. cutter; from abase *mat- to cut or , Gk. fiaodofiai, I chew.

hack, whence also E. mattock Cf. O.IL G. masticate. (L. — Gk.) From pp. of
mezzo a mason, whence G. steinmetz , a
,
L. mastiedre , to chew, quite a late word ;
stonemason. properly, to chew mastic. — L. mastiche,
Masque see Mask. ;
mastic (above), The true L. word for
Mass (i), a lump. (F.— L.— Gk.) F. to chew is mandere.
masse.— L. massa. — Gk. fid (a, a barley Mastiff. (F.-L.) The A. F. form was
cake ; allied to ftay/ia, any kneaded mass. mastin, as in O. F. ; hence F. mdtin , a
3i7
 , , , , , — ;, ,, , , , ,, , ;,

MASTODON MATRIMONY
mastiff. mastin also meant a — Pers. Sc Arab.) From the game of chess.
The O. F. 4

9
domestic see Godefroy. Hence the Late Check-mate means the king is dead
; cf. * *
;

1 mastlnus, a mastiff, has been conjectured M. F. esc hec et mat £ check-mate Cot. *
;

to stand for *masndtinus house-dog as ;

[Here et is not wanted.] Godefroy has
if from LateL. masndta a household (see 4
mat du roi/ i. e. death of the king. — Pers.
Menagerie). The Late L. mastlnus seems shah mat the king is dead, check-mate.
to have been mistaken for mastiuus — Pers. shcih, king (see Check) mat, he ;
(I)ucange) and confusion set in botli with
; is dead, from Arab, root mdta, he died.
M. E. masty fat, large (adj. formed from Cf. Heb. math,
to die. ^[Hence Turk, and
mast (2)), and with (). F. mestif. mongrel, Pers. mat, astonished, confounded, amazed,
Late L. *mixtivus from L. miscere (pp. , receiving check-mate; F. mat, ‘mated,
mixt-us), to mix. See Mix. quelled, subdued/ Cot. ; M. E. mate, con-
Mastodon, an extinct elephant. (Gk.) founded.
Named from the nipple-like pi ejections on Material, substantial. (F. — L.) O. F.
its molar teeth. —Gk. /laor-oy, the female materiel, — L.
mdtcridlis adj., formed from
breast obov-, short for bhovr
; stem of materia , matter. See Matter.
bbots, a tooth ; see Tooth. Maternal. (F. — L.) F. maternel.—
.
Mat. (L.) M. E. matte. A. S. meatte. Late L. mdtcrndlis. — L. matemus, belong-
— L. matta (Late L. natta ), a mat whence ;
ing to a mother. — L. mater, mother ; cog-
Du. mat G. matte F. natte, &c.
, nate with Mother.
Matador, the slayer of the bull in a Mathematic, pertaining to the science
bull-fight. (Span. — L.) Span, matador, lit. of number. (F.-L. — Gk.) O.Y. mathe -

slayer. — Span, matar to kill. — L. mactare, matique. — L. mathematic us, — Gk. /xa0r/-
to kill. Imtikos, disposed to learn, belonging to
Match (1), an equal, a contest, mar- the sciences, esp. to mathematics. Gk. —
riage. (E.) M.
E. mace he mac he, orig. a ,
fMdrjfMT stem of fidOrjfia, a lesson. — Gk.
comrade. — A. S. - nnccca , whence gemacca fmOrj-aopai future of fMvOavtiv, to learn.
a comrade, companion, spouse; from the Matins, Mattins, morning pra)ers.
more original form - maca Durh. Kit. 165 ,
(F.—L.) F. matins, a pi. sb. from F.
(whence M. E. make, Ch.), gemaca. Icei. + matin morning, orig. an adj. — L. mat li-
inaki, Swed. make Dan. mage, O. Sax. ,
thium, acc. of mdtuthius adj., belonging
gimako, a mate, comrade. (3 All closely . to the morning. Cf. Ital. mattino, morning.
related to the adj. seen in Icel. makr, — L. Mat ata, the goddess of dawn, as if
suitable, M. H. G. gemach , suitable ;
and from a masc. * mdtutus with the sense of
further to A. S. macian, to make, or fit ‘ 4
early,’ or ‘
timely.’
together.’ Mate as used by sailors,
, Matrass, a long-necked glass bottle
is prob. Dutch ;
see Mate (i). in chemistry. (F.) F. matras ; also (in
Match (2), a prepared rope for firing a Cot.) matrac , matraz, matelas ; Span.
cannon. (F.— L. — Gk.) M. E. macche matraz. Perhaps Arabic see IX* vie. .
;

O. F. mesche , tneiche (F. meche), wick of a Matricide, murderer of a mother. (F.

candle, match to fire a gun, match of — L.) F. matricide adj., mother-killing
*

,
4
’

a lamp ; * Cot. — Late L. myxa ( — Gk. Cot. — L. matJidda, a matricide. — L.

pv(a ) ; Late L. myxns the nozzle of a mdtri-, deck stein of mater, mother ;
}

lamp, through which the wick protrudes cade re to slay; see Mother, Caesura.
also, a wick. — Gk. We also use matricide to represent L.
the nozzle of a %
lamp older senses being (1) mucus (2) mdtriddinm, the slaying of a mother.
;

nostril. Allied to Mucus. Der. match- matriculate, to enrol in a college.

lock, the lock of a gun holding a match (L.) From pp. of Late L. mdtriculdre
hence, the gun itself. to enrol ; a coined word. — L. mdtricula, a
Mate (1), a companion. (O. Low G.) register dimin. of matrix (stem mdtricA, ;

M. K. mate, a fellow (Prompt. Parv.) ; Low meaning (1) a breeding animal, (2) womb,
G. mate, mate (Liibben) ; maat (Bremen) matrix, (3) a public register, roll, list, lit.
M. Du. maet, 4 a mate,’ Hexham ; Du. parent-stock. See matrix (below).
maat. +
O. H. G. gi-mazzo, a meat-com- matrimony. (F. - L.) O. F. matri-
panion, mess-mate. Cf. Goth, matjan , to monie. — L. mdtrimdnium , marriage, lit.
eat, mats, food. See Meat. motherhood. — L. mdtri-, deck stem of
Mate (a)» to check-mate, confound. (F. mater, mother; with suffix • tnondo-.
 , , ,, , ; , ;; , , ;;

MATRIX MAXILLAR
matrix, the womb, cavity or mould. Maund (1), a basket. (K.-Low G.)
(L.) L. matrix a breeding animal, the ,
[A.S .mand.] Later, Picard and O.F .mande.
womb. — L. matri for mater mother. — Du. mand prov. G. mand, mande mamte
; ,

matron, a married woman. (F. —L.) (whence F. manne ) ; E. Fries, mande.

F. mat rone. — L. matron a ; extended from Maund (2), a (veiy variable) weight.
mdtr-, stem of mater, a mother. (Aiab.) Arab. mann\ Pers. man. Cf.
Matter (i), substance. (F. — L.) M. E. Heb. maneh , Gk. pva. See Yule.
mat ere , materie.— O. F. matere, matiere Maundy Thursday, the day before
(F. mat itre). — L. materia stuff, materials, Gocd Friday. (F. — L. andE.) Maundy ;

useful for building, &c. Brugm. i. § 407. is M. E. maundee a command, used with ,

matter (2), pus, a fluid in abscesses. esp. reference to the text Mandaturn *

(F.— L.) The same word as matter (1) nouum,’ John xiii. 34. The new com- 4

9
see Littre, s. v. mat tire, § 8. mandment is that ye love one another
’ *
;

Mattins Matins. ;
see but in old times the it was applied to
Mattock. (E.) A.S. matt nc. Cf. W. particular form of devotion to others ex-
matog a mattock, hoe Gael, madag a ;
emplified by Christ, when washing His
pickaxe Russ, motuika Lithuan. matikkas
; , ,
disciples’ feet (on the first Maundy
mattock (from Teutonic) see Mason. ;
Thursday ). See my note to P. Plowman,
Mattress. (F.-Arab.) ().F. wu/r- B. xvi. 140. This M.E. maundee — O.F.
;yw Picard and Walloon mat? as
;
F. mandef ,
which is commanded from L.
that ;

mate/as. Cf. Span, al-madraque , a mat- manddium , a mandate, command. Not ^

tress where at is the Arab. def. art. —
;
connected with maund. Cf. O. II. G.
Arab, ma trail, a situation, place, a place mandat, the washing of feet (Otfrid) from ;

where anything is thrown this word came ;

L. mandat urn.
to mean also anything hastily thrown down, Mausole um ,
a magnificent tomb. 1
L.
hence, something to lie upon, a bed (Devic). — Gk.) mausoleum a splendid tomb,
L. ,

— Arab, root taraha he ,

threw prostrate. orig. the tomb of Mausolus.— Gk. Mavcrcv-
Mature, ripe. (L.) L. mat firus, ripe. \ftuv ; from Mau'fxoAoj, Mausolus, a king
Matutinal, pertaining to the morning. of Caria.
(L.) L. matutinus adj., belonging to the Mauve, mallow colour. (F. — L.) F.
morning. See Matins. mauve a mallow. — L. main a, mallow.
,

Maudlin, sickly sentimental. (F.— See Mallow.

L. Gk. — Heb.) Orig. ‘ shedding tears of
— Mavis, the song-thrush. (F. ~C. ?)
penitence,’ like MaryMagdalen. From M.E. M. E. mavis. — F. maiivis, a throstle; cf.
Maudelein, the same as Magdelainc. — O. F. Span, malvis, a thrush. Perhaps Celtic
Mattdeleine,Magdeleine. — 1 ..Magdalene. — cf. Biet. milfid, miivid a mavis, also mil-

Gk. MaySaKrjvr], i.e. belonging to Magdala ; chouid (at Vannes) Corn, melhues , O. ;

Luke viii. 2. — Heb. tnigdol, a tower ; Corn, me IJi uet, a lark.

whence Magdala as a proper name. Mavourneeu, my darling. (Irish.)
Maugre, in spite of. (F. - L.) The From Irish mo. my; and mhuirnin, mu-
pioper sense is
4
ill will,’ as in P. Plowman, tated form of muirnin , darling, from
B. 242.
vi. —
O.F. malgre maugre, lit. ill ,
rnuirn, alfcction. {Mh ~v.)
will ; but also with sense ‘in spite of.’ — Maw, stomach. (E.) M. E. mawe. A.S.
O. F. mal, ill ; gre, gret , a pleasant thing. maga.+ Du. maag, Icel. magi Swed. mage
, ,

— L. malus, bad ; grdtum neut. of grains , Dan. /nave. G. magen.

pleasing. Mawkish, squeamish. (Scand. with ;

Maul, to beat grievously. (F. — L.) E. suffix.) '1 he older sense is loathsome,
M. E. mallen, to strike with a mall, or lit. maggoty.’ Formed, with E. suffix -ish, 4

mace from M. K. malle, sb., a mall, mace from M. E. mawk, mauk, a maggot, a
;

see Mall {1). contracted form of M. E. rnadek, a maggot.

Maulstick, a stick used by painters to — Icel. madkr, Dan. maddik, a maggot
steady the hand. (Du.) Du. maalstok (whence Noi w. makk = K. mawk). Deri veil ,

lit. painting stick.’ - Du. malen, to paint

‘ from the form w'hich appears as A. S. mada ,
and stok, a stick. The cognate G. malen Du. G. made, maggot. See Moth.
signified orig. to mark, lrom G. vuxhl, Maxillar, Maxillary, belonging
O. H. G. mal. a mark, point of time; see to the jawbone. (L.) L. m axillaris, adj.
Meal (2) and Stock. from maxilla jaw-bone.
 , , , , ; , , ,,,
;
\

MAXIM MEAL
Maxim, a proverb. (F. - L.) F. other languages, as in M. H. G, mase
maxime. — L. maxima ,
for maxima a spot, and in E. Measles, q. v.
sententiarnm an opinion of the greatest Mazurka, a dance. (Pol.) From Pol.
importance, chief of opinions, hence a Mazurka lit. a woman of Massovia or
,

maxim (Due.). Orig. fem. of maximus ,

Mazovia, a province of Poland containing
greatest, superlative of magnus , great. Warsaw. Similarly, polka means * a Polish
maximum. (L.) Neut. of maximus , woman’ and secondly, a dance.
;

greatest (above). Mazzard, the head. (F.-O. H. G.)

May (i), I am able, I am free to do. From mazer, a bowl see Mazer. ;

E.) Pres. t. may, pt. t. might ;

the infin. Me. (E.) A.S. me (also vtec in the ,

not in use) should take the form mow . accusative only).+Du. mij Icel. mery dat., ;

M. E. mowen, infin.
;
pres. t. may ;
pt. t. mik, acc.; Swed. Dan. tnig ; Goth, mis
mighte. A. S. mngan, to be able pres. t. dat., mik acc. ; G. inir, dat., mich, acc. ;

tmrg pt. t. mihte. (Here mag is the old For the stem, cf. Corn, and Bret, me;
;

perfect of a strong verb.)+ 0 Sax. mugan Irish, Gael. W. mi L. mihi, dat., m2, acc.
.
,
;

pres, mag, pt. mahta Icel. mega, pres, md, Gk. /zot, kfjLoi, dat., ju€,
;
acc. Skt. mail' ;

pt. mdtti Du. mogen pres, mag, pt. mogt yam me, dat., mam, md, acc.
; ; ,

Dan. pres, maa, pt. maatte Swed. pres. (0, a drink made from honey.
; Mead
mi, pt. mhtte G. mogen, pres, mag, pt. (E.
;
M. E. mede. A. S. medu, meodu. ) +
mochte Goth, magan pres, mag, pt. mahta
;
Du. mede, Icel. mjodr, Dan. mibd, Swed.
,
;

Russ, moche to be able, pres, mogu cf. m'jod, G. meth also Irish mid, \V. medd, ; ;

Gk. fiijxavij, means. Lith. middus, Russ. mcd\ Gk. ptOv Skt. ;

May (2), the fifth month. (F. — L.) madhu, sweet, also as sb., honey, sugar.
0 F. Mai. — L. Mains May.
.
Idg. type * medhu , Brugm. ii. § 104.
,
Cf.
Mayor. (F. — L.) M. E. maire.— F. Lith. viedus, honey.
maire. — L. maior, nom. greater; see Mead (2), a meadow. (K.) So called
Major (above), Mayor is a late because mown.’ M. E. mede
‘ A. S. .

spelling, introduced in the middle of m&d, a mead. [‘Allied to prov. E. math a y

the 1 6th century; answers to O. F. it mowing, as in aftermath, and A. S. tnawan ,

maior ,
from L. maiorcm, acc. ; cf. Span. to mow G. mahd, a mowing, M. H. G. mat,
;

mayor. a mowing, a mead.] Cf. M. U.G. mate

Mayweed, Anthemis cotula. (E.) For- a meadow, Swiss matt, a meadow (as in
merly mathe-weed from A. S. mcegpa. Zermatt, Andermatt). Also Gk. d-prjTos,
Maze. (E.)
;

M. E. mase we also a harvest, dfiaeiv, to mow. See (1). Mow

find M. E. masen to A. S. confuse. The meadow. This fuller form is (E.)
*masian appears in the comp. pp. d-masod. due to the inflected form (dat. m&dive) of
Cf. Norweg. masa-st (where -st is reflexive), A. S. m&d, a mead.
to lose one’s senses and begin to dream, Meagre, thin. (F. — L.) M. K. megrc.
tuasa, to pore over a thing, als-o to prate, — F. maigre. — L. macrum, acc. of macer,
chatter; Icel. masa, to prate, chatter; thin, lean whence A S. ;
merger, Icel.
Swed. dial, masa, to bask in the sun, to be magr, Dan. Swed. G. mager thin, were y

lazy, lounge about. Cf. E. in a maze** perhaps borrowed at an early period

in a dreamy perplexity. The orig. sense (unless cognate). Cf. Gk. paKpos, long.
seems to have been 1 to be lost in thought,’ Meal (1), ground grain. (E.) M. E.
dream or pore over a thing, whence the mete. A. S. medu, meolo.+Vvt, meet, Icel.
1
idea of perplexity for the sb. ’ injoty Dan. meet, Swed. mjol, G. me hi.
Mazer, a large drinking-bowl. (F. — Teut. type * me/worn, neut. All from Idg.
O. H. G.) M. E. maser. — A. F. mazer root MEL, to grind, as in O. Irish rnel-im,
(Bozon) ; 0
F. mas ere, a bowl of maple-
. Ch. Slav, melfy, I grind the 2nd grade ;

wood, also of metal. — 0 II. G. viasar .

,
is Teut. *mal, to grind, as in Icel. mala,

mark in wood, also maple. +Icel. vtosurr ,

Goth, malan O. H. G. malan to grind, ,

a maple-tree, spotted wood ; whence cognate with Lith. malti, L. molere.

m'osur-bolli, a mazer-bowl, so called Meal (2), a repast. (E.) M. E. rnele.
because made of maple- wood the maple- ;
A. S. mdl, (1) a time, portion of time,
stated time ; (hence a common meal at a
’
wood was called m'osurr or * spot-wood
from its being covered with spots. But stated time, not a hastily snatched repast).
the word for spot is only preserved in + Du. maal , (1) time, (2) meal ;
Icel. mat
320
 , ; . . y

MEAN MEDLEY
measure, time, meal ;
Dan. maat > Swed. mechanical.— L. michanica.~Gk, pr)xav ~
rnhl, measure, meal ; Goth, mel a time
,
tK^y science of machines. Gk. ^rjx av V > a —
G. niahl, a meal, rnaly time. From Idg. device, machine. See Machine.
y'ME(ME) ;
cf. Mete and Moon. See Medal. (F. -Ital.-L.-Gk.) O. F.
Prellwitz, s.v. pi dofiat . —
medaille. Ital. medaglia (Low L. medalia ,

Kean (i), to have in the mind, intend. medalla, a small coin). —

Late L. * met atlea,
(E.) M. E. menen. A. S. manan , to in- adj. fern. — L. metallum ,
metal. See
tend. + Du. meenen Dan. mene, Swed. Metal.
mena, G. meirnn. Cf. the sb. seen in Meddle. (F.-L.) M. E. medleny
().H. G. meina , thought, allied to mitini , simply in the sense ‘ to mix/ A. F. —
memory. See Mind. medler\ O. F. metier, mesler, to mix
Kean (2), common. (E.) M. E. mene . (F. miler) —
Late L. misculare , to mix;
.

A. S. mane ,
usually ge-nnene, common ; cf. L. miscelltiSy mixed. — L. miscere y to

O. Fries, mine common. See Common. mix. See Miscellaneous.

,

The peculiar sense of base, vile, may Mediate, adj., acting by or as a means.
be due to confusion with Mean (3), which (L.) From L. medial us pp. of mediare, y

sometimes meant ‘middling/ It does not to be in the middle (Palladius). — L.

appear that it was confused with A. S. mediuSy middle. See Medium. Der.
mane wicked, or with the Icel. meinn , mediat-iony mediat-or.
,

hurtful. Medic, a kind of clover. (L.— Gk.)

Kean (3), intermediate. (F. — L.) A. F. L. medica.
— Gk. Median grass;
meien (F. moyen). — L. medidnuSy extended fern, of MrjdiKoSy belonging to Media.
form from medius middle see Mid. ,
Medicine, a remedy. (F. — L.) O. F.
;

Der. mean y sb., common in pi. means. 7tiedecine. — L. mediclna. — L. mediciiSy a

Kean (4), to lament. (E.) In M.N. D. physician. — L. mederT, to heal. Cf.
v * *• 33° (cd. *623). A. S. mienan to Zend madhy to treat medically.
,
Der.
bemoan ;
see Moan. So also, probably, medical. Late L. medicalis from medicus ,

in Merch. Ven. iii. 5. 82. (above) ;

medicate .
Keander, a winding course. (L. — Gk.) Medieval, relating to the Middle Ages.
L. Maunder, — Gk. Maiavtyos, a winding (L.) Also written mediaval Coined .

stream Pliny, v. 29.

;
from L. medi-us middle; ceu-um age; , ,

Measles, a contagious fever accom- see Medium and Age.

panied by small red spots on the skin. Mediocre, middling. (F. - L.) F.
(E.) ‘Rougeolle, the meazles;’ Cot. midiocre — L. mcdiocrem, acc. of mediocrisy
M. E. maseles (14th cent.). From A. S. middling formed from medi-us middle.
;

mcesle-y a spot (Toller). Cf. Du. maze ten, See Medium.

measles ; also called masel-sucht, measell- 6
Meditate. (L.) From pp. of L.
sicknesse/ Plexham. The lit. sense is meditariy to ponder. Cf. Gk. /icSo/un,
‘
small spots ’ ; cf. M. Du. maesche , ?nasche , I attend to. Brugm. i. § 591.
maschely ‘a spot, blot/ Hexham. The Mediterranean, inland, said of a
orig. word occurs in M. H. G. mase y sea. (L.) L. mediterrane-us , situate in
O. PI. G. mas ay a spot. See Mazer. the middle of the land. — L. medi-us,
% Wholly unconnected with M. E. mesel, middle; terra , land; see Medium and
a leper, which merely meant orig. a ‘
Terrace.
wretch/ from O. F. mesel, L. miselluSy Medium. (L.) L. fnediutn, the midst,
from E. miser wretched. ,
also a means; neut. of mediuSy middle.
Measure. (F.~L.) M. E. mesure, — Allied to Mid.
(). F, mesure. — E. mensura, measure. — L. Medlar. (F.— L.— Gk.) The name
mensusy pp. of metiriy to measure. See of a tree, bearing fruit formerly called
lirugm. ii. § 771. medles. M. E. ?nedlery the tree, also
Meat. (E.) M. E. mete A. S. mete . called medle-tree (A. F. medic = O. F.
(for matVy Dan. mady Swed.
Icel. mesle'). — O. F. meshy a medlar (whence
mat, Goth, mats O. H. G. maz, food. Cf.,
meslier, the tree); Gascon mtsplo, —
Mate (1). L. mespilum, —
Gk. piamKov, a medlar
Mechanic, pertaining to machines. (whence also F. nifle).
(F.— L. — Gk.) M.E. mechanike in the , Medley, confusion, mixture. (F. L.) —
sense 'mechanic art.* — O. F. mechaniqtiCy M. E. mealee — A. F. medlee O. F. med/e, ;

321
 ,,
; , , , ;
,
\

MEDULLAR MEMENTO
tnelle ) (fem. medlee , mellee, meslee),
mesh from the honey in it. — Gk. fie Xi, honey
pp. of the verb medler , to mix, confuse. Xqjt 6 s, lotus, clover.
See Meddle. The fem. form medlee = F. Meliorate, to make better. (L.)
mUh. From pp. of Late L. meliorare to make ,

Medullar, belonging to the marrow. better. — L.

melior, better. Gk. fiaXXov, +
(L.) L. medullaris, adj. — L. medulla rather, comp, of fidAa, adv., very much.
marrow. Mellifluous, sweet. (L.) Lit. ‘ flow-
Meed. (E.) M. E. mede, meed. — A. S. ing sweetly/ ‘flowing like honey/ — L.
med, beside meord (with r for older z). melli-, decl. stem of mel, honey; -Jluus,
+ G. miethe hire ; Goth, mizdo Russ. ;
flowing, from jluere , to flow ; see Fluent.
nizda Gk. puoOos, pay, Pers. muzd, wages.
,
Cf. Gk. ficAi, Goth, milith, Irish mil
Idg. types *meizdhd, *mizdhd , *misdhos. W. mel, honey.
Brngm. i. § 226. Mellow, fully ripe. (E.) M. E. melwe
Meek. (Scand.) M. E. meke, meek ;
orig. pulpy. Pegge notes that, in
soft,
spelt tneoc, Ormulum, 667. — Icel. mjukr, Derbyshire, a mellow apple or pear is
meek, mild N. Fries, mjock
soft, agile, ; ,
called a mealy one; and melloiu maybe
Swed. mjuk Dan. myg, soft. Cf. Du. an adjectival use of meat. The M. E.
muik Goth. *muks in comp, muka -
; ,
melwe may represent A. S. melw -, as in
mddei gentleness. Teut. types *mcukoz,
,
melwe , dat. of melu, meal. Cf. Du.
* mukoz malsch Low G. mals, soft, mellow; from
.
,

Meerschaum, a substance used for Teut. *malan - to grind see Meal (1). , ;

making G. meerschaum lit.

pipes. (G.) y Note also Du. molmen to moulder, mul, ,

sea-foam (because it is white and light). soft ; Goth, gamalwiths crushed Du. , ;

— G. meer lake, sea; schaum foam, lit.

y mollig See Franck, s. v. mollig.
,
soft.
scum see Mere (1) and Scum.
;
Perhaps confused with O. Merc, merwe,
Meet (1), tit. M. E. mete, A. S. mate, tender (Mat. xxiv. 32) ; A. S. meant G.
small, orig. measured. — A. S. meet-, 3rd miirbe mellow. ,

grade of metan to mete. Cf. G. massig ,

,
Melocoton, a quince, a peach grafted
frugal, from messen to mete. See Mete. , on a quince. (Span.— L. — Gk.) InNares.
teet (2), to encounter, find, assemble. Span, melocoton (Pineda). — Late L. melum
(E.) M. E. meten. O. Merc, moetan ; A. S. cotoneum (Ducangc). — Gk. fiijXov Kv5w-
nietan , to find, meet (for *motian ). Formed viov a quince.
,
See Quince.
by mutation from A.S. mot, a meeting, Melodrama. (F.-Gk.) Formerly
assembly. -f- Icel. mceta y mceta, from mot ; melodrame. — F. mtlodrame, acting, with
Goth, gamot-jan Swed. mota, Dan. mode, ,
songs. — Gk. cXo-s, a song; dpapa, an ft

to meet. See Moot. action, drama ; see Drama,

Megatherium, a fossil quadruped, melody. F. — L. — Gk.) M.F. melodie
( .

(Gk.) Lit. great wild beast/ — Gk. fjitya-s.

‘ — L. melddia. — GY. peXq/tiia, a singing.—
great Brjpiov dimin. of 07}/>, a wild beast.
; ,
Gk. /ifAySds, adj., musical. Gk. fUA-os, a —
megalosaurus. (Gk.) Lit. ‘great song <pty, a song, ode see Ode.
; ;

lizard/ — Gk. peyaXo-, decl. stem allied to Melon, a fruit. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F.

piya-s, great cavpos, a lizard. ;
melon — L. melonem y acc. of meld, an
.

Megrim, a pain affecting one side of apple-shaped melon. — Gk. p.rjXov, an

the head. (F.— L.— Gk.) F. migraine ,
apple, also applied to other fruits. Cf. L.
Cot. — Late L. hemigranea
1
* the megrim
y malum apple, prob. borrowed from Gk.
,

megrim. — Gk. of the ijpuKpd viov, half Melt. (E.) M.E. melten , pt. t. malt ,
skull. — Gk. half; lepaviov, cranium. pp. molten, A.S. meltan , pt. t. mealt, •+•
Melancholy, sadness. (F.-L.-Gk.) Gk. fitXduv, to melt. Allied to Skt.
Supposed to be due to an excess of * black mrdit, O. Slavonic mladu, soft; Brugm.
bile/ M. E. melancolie. — O. F. melan- i.§ 580, ii. § 690. (VMEL.) See Mild.
colie. — L. melancholia. — Gk. fit Acryx^Aia, Member. (F. — L.) F. me mb re. — L.
melancholy. — Gk. peXayxoXos, jaundiced. membrum, a member. Brugm. i. § 875.
— Gk. piXav-, stem of f**'Aaj, black x 0 * ^ ;
1 m
embrane. (F. — L.) F. membrane.
bile, gall, cognate with E. gall, — L. membrana, a skin covering a member
Melilot, a plant. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F. of the body, a membrane. — L. membrum .
melilot (Cot.). — L. melilotos. — Gk. n*Xl- Memento, a memorial. (L.) L. me-
|

Autos, utXiXwTov, a kind of clover, named mento (Luke xxiii. 42), remember me;
322
 , , ,, , , , ; ., , , , , a

MEMORY MERE
imperative of memini I remember: Brugm. menstrnous. (L.) From L. men-
ii.§ 846. (VMfiN.) — L. mensis a month.
stru-us, monthly.
Memory. (F.~ L.) M.E. memorie
menstruum. (L.) Late L. men- .

— A.F memorie\ F. mimoire. — L memoria,

. struum, a solvent; a word in alchemy;
memory. — L. memor mindful, remember- from the notion of some solvent agency of
,

ing. This L. memor appears to be a re- menstrual blood.

duplicated form cf. Gk. fA€p-n€p-os, anxious,
; Mensuration, measuring. (L.) From
fiep-ifwa, care, thought. Allied to Skt. L. mensitratio a measuring.— L. tnensu- ,

smr, to remember. (^SMER.) rdtus, pp. of mensurdre, to measure. — L.

memoir, a record. (F.-L.) Com- mensura, measure see Measure. ;

moner in the pi. memoirs. — O. F. tnemoires Mental. (F.— L.) F. mental. — Late ,

notes for remembrance, records; pi. of L. mentdlis mental. — L. menu, stem of

memoir e, memory (above). mens , mind. Brugm. i. § 431 (2).
Menace. (I\ — L.) O. F. menace.- mention, a notice. (F. — L.) F. men-
L. pi. miliaria, threats. — L. mindc-, tion. — L. acc. mentidnem. — L. rnenti
stem of minax full of threatenings, also, deck stem of mens, mind (above).
,

projecting forward. — L. mince, things Mentor, an adviser. (Gk.) Gk. MA'-

projecting forwaid, hanging over and rwp, Mentor (Homer, Od. ii) explained ;

ready to fall, hence threats. — L. - minere , as ‘adviser’; cf. L. monitor (Vanicek).

as in e-minere, to project, jut out. See Monition.
Menagerie, a place for keeping wild Mephitis, a pestilential exhalation.
animals. ;F.~L.) F. mriiagerie orig. a (L.) L. mephitis (Vergil).
place for keeping household animals (Bra- Mercantile, commercial. (F.— L.)
chet).— F. manager, to keep house. — F. M. F. mercantile merchantly Cot. — Late
vrfnage, O. F. mesnage , a household.— L. mercantile. — L. mercant-, stem of pres. I

O. F. mcsnee meisnce maisnee a family

, pt. of meredri, to trade. — L. mere-, stem
, , ;

the same word as Late L. mansnada of merx merchandise. Cf. Gk. fidpitrtiv, , ,

maisnada ,
masnata Ital. masnada , a to seize (Prellwitz).
family (answering to a Lat. type *mansidn- mercenary. (F.-L.) F .mereenaire.
dta).— L. mansion -, stem of matisio , an — L. mercendrius older form mercennd-
abiding, abode ;
see Mansion. rius, a hireling. For *merced-ndmus ;

Mend. (F.-L.) M. E. tncnden , short fiom merced stem of in trees, pay. — L.

for M. E. amenden to amend, by loss of a ;
mere-, stem of merx merchandise.,

see Amend. mercer. (F.-L.) F. merrier, lit. *

Mendacity. (L.) FromL. mendd- trader.’ — Late
L. merccrius, a trader. L. —
eitds falsehood. — L. mendac -, stein of mere-, stem of merx, merchandise.
mendax , false. merchandise. (F. - L.) M. E. mar-
Mendicant, a beggar. (L.) L. mendi- ehandise — F. marchandise , merchant’s
cant stem of pres. pt. of mendiedre , to wares. — F. marchand a merchant
beg. — L mendicus beggarly, poor. (below).
Menial, one of a household, servile. merchant. (F.-L.) M.E. mar-
(F. — L.) Properly an adj. M.E. wry- ; chant. — M. F. marchant (F. marchand).—
as her meyneal chirche = the church
‘ ’
L. mercant-, stem of pres. pt. of meredri,
of their household, Wyclif, Rom. xvi. 5. — to trade see Mercantile.
;

O. F. mesne c, meisnee , a household mercury, quicksilver. (F.-L.) M.E.

whence M. E. meinee, mainee, a house- mercuric quicksilver, named after the
hold, troop, retinue, once a common planet Mercury. — A. F. Mercuric ; F.
word ; with suffix -al. See Menagerie. mercure — L. Mercurium, acc. of Mereur-
Meniver, Miniver, a kind of fur. ius, Mercury, god of traffic. — L. mere-,
(F. — L.) M. E. meniuer {meniver). — stem of merx, merchandise.
O. F. menu ver, menu vair miniver ;
lit. mercy. (F.-L.) F. merci O.F. ;
‘
little vair.’ — O. F. menu, small, from L. mere it. — L. mercedem, acc. of metres see ;

minutus, small; vair a fur, from L. ,

mercenary.
uarius variegated. See Minute and Vair. Mere (1), a lake. (E.) M. E. mere .
Menses. (L.) L. menses monthly ,
A. S. mere, sea, lake, m. orig. type *mari,
;

discharges; pi. of mensis, a month. n.+Du. rneer ; Icel. marr, sea; G. rneer,
Allied to Month. sea; Goth, marci, Russ, more, Lithuan.
323
 , , , , , , , , -

MERE METAL
mares, pi* W. mSr, Gael. Irish muir, L.middle, cognate with L. medius ; (vrtpov,
mare sea.
,
entrail. See Mid and Entrail.
Mere (2), pure, simple. (L.) L. merits , Mesh, the opening between the threads
pure, unmixed (as wine). of a net. (E.) M. maske. A. S. max K
MerelleS, a game. (F.) From F. ( = *masc by the common interchange of
mirelle a counter Low L. merellus . Of sc and cs-x)
;
cf. A. S. tnascre , a mesh, ;

unknown origin. dimin. form. Du. ///aatf, Icel. moskvi , +

Meretricious, alluring by false show. Dan. maske, Swed. inaska, G. masche, \V.
(L.) L. meretrici-us pertaining to a cour- Orig. sense * a knot/ from the
tesan; with suffix -ous. — L.mcretric-, stem knots in a net; cf. Lithuan. mazgas, a
of meretrix a courtesan. — L. merere to knot, magstas a knitting-needle, allied to
, ,

gain, receive hire. tnegsti, verb fpres. t. mezg-u), to knot,

Merge, to sink, plunge under water, weave nets. Prom an Idg. root *tnezg, to
(L.) L. mtrgere , to dip. Skt. +
to weave. Brugm. i. § 816 (2).
dip, bathe. Brugm. i. § 816. Mesmerise, to operate on the nervous
Meridian, pertaining to mid-day. (F. system of a patient. (G.) Named from
— L.) O. F. meridien. — L. meridianus. — Mesmer, a German physician (about 1 766).
L. meruiies, mid-day; formed from the Mess
(1), a dish of meat, portion of
old locative meri-die as if meaning c in the food. (F. — L.) M. E. messe. — O. F. mes ,
,

clear day/ from L. merits clear, ,

day ; a dish, course at table (now spelt mets,
but really for *tnedi-die, from medius , mid. badly). Cf. Ital. messo, a course at table.
Brugm. i. 587 (7). — O. F. mes that which is sent, pp. of ,

Merino, a variety of sheep. (Span. — mettre to send. — L. missum acc. (or neut.), ,

L. ) Span, merino, roving from pasture to of missus, pp. of mittere to send ; in late ,

pasture. — Span, merino an inspector of Lat., to place. See Missile,

sheep-walks. — Late L. mdjorlnus, a major- Mess
(2), a mixture, disorder. (F. —
domo, steward of a household ; cf. Late L. L.) The same word as above food badly ;

mdjordlis a head-shepherd.
, From L. cooked. Perhaps confused with mash si). ,
1
vtdior, greater; see Major.
‘
Mescolare, to mixe, to mash, to mesh ;

Merit, excellence, worth. (F. — L.) Florio. ‘ Mescolanza, a medlie, a mesh, a

M. E. merite. — O. F. merite. — L. meritum mixture ’ id. ;

a thing deserved; orig. neut. of meriltis, Message. (F. — L.) F. message — .

pp. of merere, to deserve; orig. to receive Late L. missdticum ,

‘ a message. — L.
as a share/ if it is allied to Gk. ptpos, missus pp. of mittere to send. Der. , ,

a share, pcipopai, I receive a share. messenger, with inserted n, for M. K.

Merle, a blackbird. (F. — L.) O. F. Imessager, formed from message with
merle. — L. merula, a blackbird. Cf. W. suffix -cr.
mivyalch, a blackbird. See Titmouse. Messiah, the anointed one. (Ileb.)
merlin, a kind of hawk. (F. — L.?) Heb mdshiakh, anointed. — Heb. mashakh,
M. E. merlion. — lA, F. esmerillon emeril- to anoint. ,

Ion, ‘the hawk termed a marlin;’ Cot. Messuage, a dwelling-house with

Cf. Ital. smerlo, a kind of hawk. Prob. offices. (F. — L.) M. E. mesuage. — A. F.
from L. merula, a blackbird the initial s mesuage, a manor-house Low L. messud -
; ;

being unoriginal (Diez). giitm, mansudgium. — Late L. mansiond-

Mermaid. (E.) M. E. mermaid — ticum a mansion; prob. shortened by
.

A. S. mere, sea, lake tmrgden, mniden.

;
confusion with mansdticum acc. of mans ,

Merry. (E.) M. E. merie, mirie . dticus a mansion. — L. mansionem, acc. ,

A. S. myrge myrige { mirige ), merry. Cf. of mansio, a mansion ; confused with

,

O. H. G. murgfari, fragile, transitory ; Late L. mansa, with a like sense and

Gk. (Spaxvs short; so that A. S. rnyrg-e origin. See Mansion and Manse.
(for *murgjoz) means 'lasting a short time/ Meta-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. ptra, prep.,
and so ‘ making the time short.’ Cf. Goth, among, with, after; as a prefix, it com-
gamaurgjan, to shorten. Brugm. ii. § 104. monly signifies * change.’ Goth, with, +
Der. mirth . A. S. mid, G. mit, with ; Icel. mefi.
—
Mesentery. (L Gk.) L.mesenter- Metal. (F. - L. — Gk.) M. E. metal. -
turn. — Gk. fita tpr ipiov, a membrane in 0 F. metal. — L. metalluw, a mine, metal,
.

the midst of the intestines. — Gk. pda-os, — Gk. pibaWov a cave, mine, mineral,

3*4
 ;; v

METALLURGY MEW
metal. Allied to ptra Maw, I search Pyncan ,
to secm.+O. Sax. thunkian ,
Icel.
after, explore. Pykkja , Goth, thugkjan ,
i. e. *thunkjan G. }

metallurgy, a working in metals. dunken ,

Allied (by gradation)
to seem.
(F. — L. — Gk.)O. F. metallurgies — Late to A. S. Pane a thought, and pencan , to ,

— Gk. ptTa\\ovp* 6s adj.,

L. * metallurgy a. I f
think. See Thank, Think.
working in metals. — Gk. pirakXo-v, metal Method. (F.— L. — Gk.) M.F. methods,
« = Gk. Cot. — L. methodus. — Gk.
4
tpyov, work; see Work, L. a method ;
’

OV<0€. piOotios, an enquiry into, method, system.—

Metamorphosis, transformation. (L. Gk. p( 0 for /ifr-d, among, after ; 55 os, a

-
}
<

— Gk.) L metamorphosis — Gk. perapop- . way the lit. sense is 1 a way after,’ a fol-
;

ipwais, a change of form. — Gk. p(ra here y

lowing after. (y'SED.)
1
denoting change’; and poptpooj I form, ,
Methylated, used of spirits of wine
from p<>p<pr) f sb., shape. when mixed with methyl to make it un-
Metaphor. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F. meta- drinkable. (L. — Gk.) Formed with suffix
phors y 4
metaphor metaphora.
;
*
Cot. — L. ated from methy meaning a gas procured
— Gk. a word
ptrcKpoph., a transferring of by the destructive distillation of wood.
from its literal signification. — Gk. ptra- Methyl is a Latinised spelling coined from
(pipeiv, to transfer. —Gk. ptra y signifying Gk. pie mead, wine (see N. E. D.), and
y

4
change’ <pipuv, to bear see Bear (i).
;
v\rj, wood.
;

Metaphrase. (Gk.) From Gk./^ra- Metonymy, the putting of one word

<ppa<ns a paraphrasing ; lit. change of
,
for another. (L. — Gk.) L .metonymia* —
phrase. — Gk. ptra, signifying * change ’ Gk. peTouvvpta, change of name. — Gk.
4
and <f>paais a phrase sec Phrase.
y ;
ptra, implying change ovopa name. *
; ,

Metaphysics, the science of mind. Metre, Meter, rhythm, verse. (F.--

(L. — Gk.) Formerly also metaphysic.— L.— Gk.) M. E. metre. — M. F. metre ,

L. metaphysica^ neut. pi. metaphysics.— meeter ; Cot. — L. met rum. — Gk. pirpov,
4 ’

Gk. pi ra ra <pv<w<a , after physics because ;

that by which anything is measured, a rule,
the study was supposed to follow that of metre. Lit. measure cf. Skt. wd, to ‘
;
*

physics or natural science. measure. See Brugm. ii. § 6 2. Der.

Metathesis. (L.-Gk.) metathe- baro-metcr chrono-mcter geo-metry hexa-
, , ,

sis.— pfraOfGiSj transposition. — Gk. meter hydro-meter hygro-metcr penta-

, ,
,

ptra, implying change ’ Otois, a placing

4
;
meter thermo-meter; trigono-ynetry tri-
, ,

see Thesis. meter, &c.

Mete, to measure. (E.) M. E. meten. Metropolis, a mother-city. (L.-Gk.)
A. metan to measure. +Du. meten Icel.
S. y ,
L. metropolis. — Gk. prjTp 6 no\i? y a mother-
Dieta (to value), Swed. mdta Goth, mitan y ,
state ; the city of a primate. Gk. prjTpo-, —
G. messen. Cf. L. modus measure, Gk. ,
for prjTTjp , a mother ; ir^Ais, a city. See
pib-opai, I provide for. (^MED.) Mother and Police.
Metempsychosis, transmigration of Mettle, spirit, ardour. (F.-L.-Gk.)
souls. (Gk.) — Gk. pir-
Gk. piTipif/vxwis. Another spelling of metal ; in Shakespeare,
ipipvxooj, I make the soul pass from one no distinction is made between the two
body to another. — Gk. p€r-a, denoting words in old editions, either in spelling or
‘
change (for kv) in, into
*
;
ipvx-ij, the in use (Schmidt). With special allusion to
t ;

soul. See Psychical. the metal (or ?nettle) of a sword-blade.

Meteor. (F. - Gk.) M. F. meteors, a (i). to cry as a cat; a word of * Mew
meteor;’ Cot. — Gk. ptriwpov, a meteor; imitative origin. (E.) M. E. rnaiven. +
neut. of adj. ptriojpo 9 y raised above the Pers. maw , Arab. mua mewing of a cat. y

earth, soaring in air. — Gk. ptra among Der. mewl from F. miauler, to mew. y ; ,

*afopos, prob. from aupuv, to lift (see (2), a sea gull. (E.) M. E. mawe. Mew
Prellwitz). A. S. nufcv, meawj meu a mew. N. y +
Metheglin, mead. (W.) W. medd- Fries, mewe, E. Fries, meve, Du. meeuw ,

yglyn,mta.a, lit. healing liquor. - W. meddyg Icel. mar Dan. maage Swed. mMe G. ,
y y

(from L. medicus\ healing ; llyn f liquor. mows. Cf. O. H. G. meh y a mew.

Methiiiks. (E.) Lit. it seems to me; (3), a cage for hawks, &c. (F.-
*
Mew
here me is the dat. case, and thinks is an L.) The pi. mews now means a range of
impers. verb, from M. E. pinken to seem. stabling, because the royal stables were ,

A. S. me Pynced, it seems to me; from jebuiit (a. d. 1534) * n a place where the
 , , , , , , ,,

MEWL MIGHT
royal falcons had been kept (Stow). midding. — Dan. modding (for *mogdynge).
M. E. mewe, mtte a cage where hawks — Dan. mbg (Icel. myki), muck; Dan.
,

were kept when moulting. — O. F. mue, a dynge a heap; lit. muck-heap ). Dan. 4 ,
,

moulting, also a mew for hawks Guernsey dynge=z Swed. dynga, dung; allied to E. ;

nine, a mew. — F. inner, to change, moult. dung. And see Muck.

— L. mutarc, to change. Der. view-s as Middle, adj., intervening also as sb. , ;

above. See Mutable. (E.) M.

E. middel, adj. ; middel, sb.
Mewl ;
see Mew (i). A.S , middel, adj. and sb. — A. S. midd,
Mews ;
see Mew (3). adj., middle. +
Du. middel, adj. adv. and
Mezzotinto, a mode of engraving. sb. ; G. mittel, sb., means ; O. H. G.
(Ital. — L.) Ital. mezzo tinto, half tinted. mittil adj. among.
Cf. Icel. medal, prep.,
— Ital. mezzo, mid tinto, pp. of tingere, to ;
Der. middl-ing middle-most an ill-coined
;

tint. — L. medius mid tingere to dip, dye. , ; ,

superlative, on the model of after-most
Miasma, pollution, infectious matter. foremost .

(Gk.) Gk. plaapa, a stain. — Gk. piaivuv, the diaphragm separating the
midriff,
to stain. heart from the stomach, &c. (E.) M. E.
Mica, a glittering mineral. (L.) 4
Mica midrif A. S. inidrif, also midhrif. —
a crum, little quantity of anything that A. S. mid, middle ; hrif the belly. +
breaks off also, a glimmer, or cat-silver, O. Fries, midref, from mid middle, ref,
;

a metallick body like silver, which shines rif the belly Du. middel-rif With A.S. ;

in marble,* &c. Phillips (1706). — L. mica , hrif cf. L. coi'p-us, body.

;

a crumb cf. F. and Span, mica , mica.

; midship, short for amid-ship hence ;

But it seems to have been applied to the midship-man .

mineral from the notion that this sb. is midst, the middle. (E.) In middest,
related to L. micare, to shine, which is Spenser, F. Q. vi. 3. 25 formed, with ;

probably not the case. added t, from M. E. in middes, equivalent

Mich, to skulk, play truant. (E.) M. E. to amiddes see Amid. ;

mucheii to pilfer. A. S. *myccan

,
not midwife. (E.) M. E. midwif rarely ; ;

found, but allied to G. meuchlings insidi- mcdewif [ Wyclif), from a false etymology ,

ously. Der. mich-er mich-ing (Shak.). which connected it with M. E. tnede or

,

Michaelmas, the feast of St. Michael. meed, reward. —A. S. mid, prep., together
(F. — Heb. and L.) M. E. michelmesse with wif, a woman. Thus the lit. sense is
; ; ;

where Michel = F. Michel from Ileb. a woman who is with another/ a helper.
4

Mikhdel lit. ‘who is like unto God?* Cf. A.S. mid-wyrcan to work with. So
,

The suffix - mas = M. E. messe ~ A.S. masse also Span, co-madre, lit. co-mother,' a ;
4

from L missa see Mass (2). ;

midwife. Cf. Du. medehelpen, to assist
Mickle, great. (E.) M. E. mike!, (from mede, with, helpen to help) G. , ;

viukel michel, muchel. — A.S. micel [mycel).

,
mit-helfer, a helper with, assistant.
+ Icel. mikill [mykill), Goth, mikils Gk. ; Midge. (E.) M. E. rnigge, mygge .

ptyaKrj, great. Cf. also Gk. peyas, great, A.S. mieg, better myeg, a midge, gnat.
L. magniis. See Much. + Du. mug, Low G. mugge, Swed. mygg,
Microcosm, a little world. (F.— L.— Dan. myg, CL miicke Teut. type *mugjd .
}

Gk.) F. microcosme. — E. microcosmus. — f.,or *mugjoz, m.; prob. buzzer;’ cf. Gk. 4

Gk. putpoKoapos, a little world. — Gk. pvfciv, to mutter, pv 7a, a fly (Prellwitz) ;

piKpSs, little, for cpucpos, little tcoapos, ;

also Icel. my, a midge.
world ; see Coamic. Midriff, Midship, Midst, Mid-
microscope, an instrument for view- wife ;
see Mid.
ing small objects. (Gk.) Gk. pucpos, Mien, look. (F. - C.) F. mine. the *

little ;
(jKoirsiv , to see ;
see Scope. look;’ Cot. (Whence Ital. tnina Ilatz- ;

Mid, middle. (E.) M. E. mid. A. S. fekl.) Prob. from Bret, min, muzzle,
mid, midd, Dan. Swed. mid-
adj. + Du. beak (also used of men). Cf. W. min
(in compounds) Icel. midr, Goth, midjis, ;
lip Ir. men, mouth ; Com. mein, men,
;

O. H. G. mitti, L. medius Gk. ptaos, ,

lip, mouth (Thumeysen). Celtic type
/Eolic piaaos, Skt. madhya-, adj., middle. *vtaknd ifmekno-'), open mouth (Stokes).
Cf. Ir. mid-, as in mid-nogt ,
midnight. Might (1), strength. (E.) M.E. mi}t.
See Medium, Middle. A. S. miht O. Merc, mesht.
;
Du. magt, +
Midden, a dunghill. (Scand.) M. E. Icel. mdttr, Dan. Swed. magt, Goth.
 , , , , , , , ,;, , , , , ,;.

MIGHT MINCE
mahts G. macht,
Tent, type *mah-tiz,
. Lit. bread sopped in milk ; ’ hence, a soft
*

f. ;
fi om the verb * mag-aft-. See May ( i ). fellow. — M.E. milk, milk; soppe, a sop;
Might (2), pt. t. of may. (E.) See see Sop.
May (1). Mill. (L.) M. E. milti, my In mulne
, ;

Mignonette, a plant. (F.) F. mulle by assimilation of n. whence mille, ,

mignonette, A. S. ;;///«, mylen.— Late L. multna, for

dimin. of mignon darling;
see Minion. molina , a mill extended from mo la, a ;

Migrate. (L.) Frompp.ofL.mtgrdre, mill. See Molar.

to wander. Cf. Gk. ajxu&tiv, to change. Millennium, a thousand years. (L.)
Milch ; see Milk. L. millennium. — L. mille thousand ,

Mild. (E.) M. E. mild milde A. S. annus, jear see Annual. ,

.
;

#zzA/<?.+Du. mild I cel. mildr Dan. Swed. Millet, a plant. (F.-L.) F. millet \

G. i»z7</; O. Sax. mildi, O II. G. milti. dimin. of wzY, millet. — 1.. milium, millet
Goth, -rnilds, in un-milds, without natural (whence A.S. w*7, millet;. Gk. fieAivrj, +
affection. Perhaps allied to Gk. fxaXOaKus, millet.
soft, mild, O. Irish meld pleasant. Brugm. Milliner. (Ital.) Formerly also
i. § 591- millaner (Ben Jonson). Disputed; but
Mildew. (E.) M. E. meldew. A. S. certainly for Milauer a dealer in goods
meledeaw mildeaw lit. honey-dew. — A. S. brought from Milan, in Italy.
, ,

mele, mil allied to L. met, honey deaw, Million, a thousand thousand. (F. — L.) ;

dew. So also Irish milceog mildew from F. million Late L. millio, lit. great
, ; ;
‘

wi7, honey. And cf. Gk. honey. thousand,’ an augmentative foim. — L.

Mile. (L.) M. E. z//z7<?. A. S ./«//.— mille, thousand. Der. Hence b-illion,
L. pi milia, commonly ?nillia a Roman tr- illion. quadr-illion are formed, by a ,

mile. — L. mille, sing., a thousand whence sort of analogy, in 01 der to express shortly ;

mille (pi. millia') passuum, a thousand the ideas of bi-million, tri-million, &c.
paces, a Roman mile. Cf. Du. mijl G. where bi- means Ho the second power/ ,

tneile, Swed. /;/z7, Dan. ///*‘/7 all from L. not ‘twice.’ ;

milfoil, yarrow. (F. — L.) Lit. thou- Milt (0, the spleen. (E.) M. E. milte. ‘

sand-leaf.’ — F. vz/7/i, thousand A. F. A. S. milte. Du. milt, Icel. milti, Dan. ;

+
foille, Y.feuille leaf. — Late L. millefolium, milt, Swed. mjalte, the spleen; G. milz,
,

milfoil. — L. mille thousand folium leaf ,

O. H. G. milzi, milt. From the verb to
;

see Foil (2). melt in the sense to digest cf. Icel. melta ;

Militate, to contend. (L.) From pp. (1) to malt, (2) to digest. See Melt.
of L. milit a re, to serve as a soldier. — L. Milt (2), soft roe. (Scand.) A corrup-
mi lit-, stem of miles, a soldier. tion of 7nilk,<\we to confusion with milt (1).
militia, troops. (L.) L. militia, (1) M. E. mylke of fyshe; Vocab. 591. 16.—
warfaie, (2) troops. — L. milit stem of Swed. mjolkc milt, from mjolk, milk
miles, a soldier. Dan. fskemelk, soft roe of fishes, lit. fish- ‘

Milk. (E.) M. E. wzTL O. Merc, mile milk;’ G .fischmilch, milt. Cf. M. Du.
(Sweet, O. E. T.) A. S. meolc meoluc.+ ftielcker van ten visck ‘ the milt of a fish,’
; , ,

Du. O. Sax. iniluk; Icel. mjolk Hexham.

Dan. Swed. mjolk; Goth, miluks Mimic . (L — Gk .) L. mltnicus farcical , .

G. milch. Teut. stem *meltik -, fern. Allied — Gk. fUfJUKos, imitative. — Gk. fujjtos, an
to the old strong Teut. vb. *melk-an~, as imitator, actor, mime.
seen in A. S. metcan Du. and G. melken Minaret, a turret on a mosque. (Span.
,

to stroke a cow, milk allied to Gk. — Arab.) Span, minarete, a high slender
;

a^lKyuv, L. mulgere to milk, Lith. milsz- turret. — Arab, mandrat, a lamp, light-
,

to stroke, to milk O. Irish blig-im I house, minaret. — Arab, man dr, candle-
; ,

milk. C/MELG.) stick, lamp, lighthouse. Allied to Arab.

milch, milk-giving. (E.) M.E milche ndr, fire.+Heb. mandrdh a candlestick; , ,

melche adj.; cf. A. S. milc-en, adj., from nur. to shine.

milky. + Icel. Mince, to cut up small. (F. — L.)
milkr, tnjolkr , adj., milk-
giving, from mjolk, milk. M.E. mincen.~ M.F. mincer, O.F. mincier, So also G.
melk, adj., milch. to mince cf. mince adj., small. — Late L. ;

milksop, an effeminate man. (E.) *minutiare, to mince (Schwan, § 199) ;

M. E. milksoppe , Ch. C. T. 13916 (B 3100). from Late L. minutia a small piece. — L. ,
 , ,, , , , ;,. , ,, ,

MIND MINUS
viinutus , small. Cf. A.S. minsian , to small. — L. min-ima, very small; superl.
diminish. SeeMinish. Der. minee-pie., for- fern, allied to min-or less. See Minor.
merly minced-pie, i.e. pie of minced meat. Minion, a favourite. (F.) F. migtion
Mind. (E.) M. E. mind. A. S .gemynd, sb., a favourite. — F. mignon, adj.,minion,
—
memory. A.S. viunan to think gemun- , ;
dainty, also pleasing, kind. Of doubtful
an, to remember (whence gemynd for *ga- origin . C f. . minne G
love ; see Minikin.
mundi-y by mutation). Goth. ga-munds + Or from Celt, min-, small (Korting).
t\, remembrance. Teut. type *mundi -, Minish, to lessen. (F. — L.) M. E.
for *munth{-, by Vemer's law Idg. type menusen — F. menuiser to minish (answer-
;
.
,

vi?nt(- (cf. L. ment-is, gen. of mens, mind ; ing to Late L. *minutidre) — I,, minnlus , .

Skt. math, mind). From the weak grade small see Minute. Doublet, mince ; .

of VMEN, to think. Brugm. i. § 431. minister. (F.— L.) M. E. ministre.

Mine (1), belonging to me. (E.) M. E. — F. minisire. — L. acc. ministrum ; nom.
min, pi. mine ; often shortened to my. minister, a servant. L. min-is-ter is
A.S. min, poss. pron. (declinable), from formed with suffix -ter from *min-es,
min, gen. of 1st pers. pronoun. +
Goth. allied to min-or, smaller; from the base |

meins , poss. pron. allied to meina gen. min-, small see Minor.
; |
;

case of 1st pers. pronoun ; so in other Teut Miniver ; see Meniver.

tongues. Cf. L. mens. See Me. Minnow, a small fish. (E.) M.E.
my. (E.) M. E. mi, my short for menow. A.S. ?nyne, a minnow; cf. O.H.G,
;

min (above), by loss of final n. Der. muniwa , a minnow (Kluge). We

my -self, M. E. mi-self formerly me-self find another word, viz. M.JE. menuse,
Mine (2), to excavate. (F. — C.) F. a small fish from O. F. menuise, a small ;

miner . Of Celtic oiigin. Cf. Bret, men- fish. —Late L. type *minutia. — L. viinutus,
glens, a mine
(cf. clens, hollow) ; \V. minute, small ;
see Minute.
mwn, mine, vnvn-glazvdd a mine
ore, a , Minor, less. (L.) L. min-or, less ;
the
(cf. clawddy a pit), O. W. mwyn, ore positive form occurs in A. S. min (V), Irish
(Davies) Irish mein, ore
;
Gael, mein, ;
min, small. +Icel. minnr, adv., less; Goth.
meinn, ore, a mine (Thurneysen) Celtic . minniza , less. Brugm. i. § 84.
type *meini, ore (Stokes). Minster. (L. - Gk.)
mynstcr A. S. ;

mineral. (F.-C.) M.F. mineral, 'a cf. 0 . II. G. munistri. From L. monaster-
minerall;’ Cot. — F.wf«er,tomine ^above). ium ; see Monastery.
Cf. Span, mittera a mine. Minstrel. (F. — L.) M.E , ministral,
Minever ;
see Meniver. or menestral. menestral. — O. F. menestrel,
Mingle, to mix. (E.) frequentative A — LateL. ministrdlis, a servant, retainer,
form of ffling, to mix (Surrey) ; M. E. hence one who pla)ed instruments or
mengen , mingen, to mix. A. S mengan, acted as jester. — L. minister, a servant;
to mix, to become mixed ; a causal verb. see Minister. Der. minstrel-cy, M. E.
— A. S. mang a mixture, usually ge/nang, min siraide.
gemong a mixture, crowd, assembly.+Du.
, Mint (1 ) a place where money is coined. ,

mengelen to mingle, from mengen, to mix (L.) M. E. mint, mynt. A. S. mynet ; ;

Ieel. menga G. mengen, to mingle.

,
See cf. O. H. G. munissa (G. miinse). From
Among, Monger. L. moneta, (1) a mint, (2) money (Pogat-
Miniature, a small painting. (Ital.— scher). Moneta was a surname of Juno,
L.) Ital. miniatura a miniature. — Ital. in whose temple at Rome money was
,

miniato pp. of miniare, to dye, paint, coined. — L. monere, to warn; Brugm. ii.
‘
to colour or limne with vermilion or red § 79. See Money.
lead ;
Florio. — L. minium cinnabar, red
*
Mint (2), a plant. (L.-Gk.) A.S.
,

lead said to be of Iberian origin.

; minte. — L. menta, mentha. — Gk. iiivOa,
Minikin, a little darling. (Du.) Used mint.
by Florio, to translate Ital. mignone.— Du. Minuet, a dance. (F. ~L.) So called
minnekyn a cupid (Scwel) , M. Du. from the small steps taken in it. — M.F.
;

minneken my darling, dimin. of minne menuet smallish, little, pretty Cot. ,

*
;
’

love (Hexham). Cf. O. II. G. minna love Dimin. of M F. menu, small. — L. viinutus,
,

allied to Mind. (yMEN.) small see Minute. ;

Minim, a note in music; ^th of a minus, less. (L.) Neut. of minor,

drachm. (F.~ L.) 0 . F. minime ,
lit. very less ;
see Minor.
328
 ; , , . — ,, ;
, - , ;,

MINUTE MISPRISE
minute, sb. (L.) M. E. minute menos-, from L. minus, less; with the ,
sb.
•-L. minutay a small part; orig. fem. of sense of * bad.’ Frequently confused with
minutus, small, pp. of minuere , to make the prefix above. Der. mis-adventure
small. — L. min-, small; base of min-or (q. v.), -alliance, -chance (q. v.), -chief
,

less. See Minor. (q. v.), -count (q. v.), -creant (q. v.), -nomer
Minx, a pert wanton woman. (Low G.) (q. v.), -prise (q. v.).
Low G. tninsk (i) masc. a man, (2) neut. Misadventure. (F. L.) O. F. -
a pert female. Cf. G. mensch neut., a mesaventure see Mis- (2) and Adven-
,

wench. The G. mensch was orig. an adj., ture.

from mann, a man. Cf. A. S. mennisc , Misanthrope. (Gk.) Gk. nioavQpw-
human ; from mann, a man. See Man. ttos, adj., hating mankind. —Gk. fua-uv,

Miocene, less recent. (Gk.) Gk. to hate, from pio-os, hatred ; avOpamos, a
for fidojVy less ; tcaiv-6 s , new, recent. man. Der. misanthrop-ic , -ist, -y (Gk.
Miracle. (F. — L.) F. miracle - L. fiKTavOpamia)
mini cuturn, a wonder. — L. mirari to Miscellaneous, various. (I..) L. ,

wonder at. — L. minis, wonderful. Cf. Skt. miscellanc-us ; with suffix - ous — L. mis- .

smaya -, wonder, from j»#f, to smile. Allied ccllus , mixed. — L. miscere, to mix; see
to Smile. Brugm. i. § 389. Mix.
mirage. (K.-L.) F. mirage, an Mischance. (F.-L.) M. E. and
optical illusion. —
F. tnirer, to look at. O. F. mcschance\ see Mis- (2) and
L. mirari (above). Chance.
Mire, deep mud. (Scand.) M. E. mire, Mischief. (F. — L.) M. E. mes chief.
my re. — I cel. myrr mod. myri, a bog; — O. F. meschicf, a bad result. Cf. Span.
Swed. myra, Dan. my re, myr, a bog. + mcnos-caho, diminution, loss. See Mis-
O. H. G. tnioSy M. II. G. mies, moss, (2) and Chief.
swamp. Teut. base *meus- *meuz-. > Miscount. (F.-L.) O.F .mesconler;
Allied to Moss. see Mis- (2) and Count.
Mirror. (F.— L.) M. E. mirotir Miscreant, a wretch. (F.-L.) Orig.
O. F. mireor later miroir, a looking-glass,
,
an unbeliever, infidel. — M. F. mescreant ,

mirror (answering to Late L. mirdtdrium ). ‘ misbelieving ;

*
Cot. L. Here mes <
— Late L. mirare to behold L. mirari. , ;
minus see Mis- (2). Creant is from L.
;

See Miracle. credent-, stem of pres. pt. of credere to

Mirth. (E.) M. E. mirthe. A. S. believe. Cf. Ital. miscredentc misbelieving ,

myrgd, mirhfi, mirigti, mirth. — A.S. myrge , and E. re-creant. See Creed.
merry. See Merry. Miser, a niggard. (L.) Also ‘a wretch’;
MlS- (1), prefix. (E.) The A. S. ///&- Spenser, F. Q. ii. 1.8. — L. miser, wretched.
occurs in mis -died, a misdeed, and in Cf. Ital. and Span, misero (1 ) wretched, (2)
other compounds. It answers to Du. avaricious.
Dan. Icel. »/«“•, Swed. G. miss-, Goth. miserable. (F. —
L.) M.F .miserable.
missa -, with the sense of ‘ wrong.’ Tcut. — L. miserabilis , pitiable. — L. miserdri, to
type * mis so- Idg. type * mil-to - allied ;
pity. — L. miser, wretched.
to O. IT. G. tnidan (G. mciden), to avoid ; Mishap, i Scand.) M. E. mishappen
Lat. mittere to send away, pp. missus.
,
verb, to fall out ill; see Mis- (i) and
Brugm. i. § 794. Der. mis-bccome - behave ,
Hap.
-believe, - deed - deem -«&>,
,
-lay, -lead, , \
Mishna, a digest of Jewish traditions.
-like, -name, -shape, -time, -understand. (Ileb.) Ileb. mishnah , a repetition, a
Also prefixed to words of F. and L. origin, second part. — Heb. root shdndh, to
as in mis-apply, -calculate, -cany, - conceive repeat.
-conduct, - construe -date, - demeanour - em-
,
, misnomer, a misnaming. (F.— L.)
ploy , -fortune - govern -guide, -inform,
, , It answers to an O. French mesnommer,
-interpret, -judge, -place, -print, -pronounce, to misname used as a sb. with the sense
;

-quote, -represent, -rule, -spend, -term, -use, ‘

a misnaming.’ — O. F. mes-, badly nom- ;

&c. Also to Scand. words, as in mis-call mer, to name. See Mis- (2) and Nominal.
-hap, -take. See Miss (1). Misprise, Misprise, to slight. (F.
Mis- (2), prefix. (F.~ L.) The proper — L.) In As You Like It, i. 1. 17 7.—
*
spelling is M. E. mes-, as in mes-chief M. F. mespriser, to disesteem, contemn 1
;

mischief. The same as 0 F. mes-, Span. Cot. — O. F. mes-, badly Late L. pretidre,
.
;

329
 , - , , , ; — '
;

MISPRISION MITRE
to prize, esteem, from L. pretium , price. taka, to take by error, make a slip. ••Icel.
See Mia- (2) and Price. mis-, wrongly ; taka , to take. See Mis-
Mis prision, a mistake, neglect. (F. — (1) and Take.
L.) M. F. tnesprison , ‘misprision, error, Mister, Mr., a title of address. (F.—
offence ;* Cot. Cf. F. mtprise, a mistake. L. ) corruption of master, due to the A
— O. F. mes-, badly, ill Late L. prensid- influence of mistress, which is an older
;

new, acc. of prensio (short for 'L.prehensio ), word than mister ; see below.
a seizing, taking, apprehending, from L. mistress, a lady of a household. (F.
prehendere ; to take, Quite distinct —
L. ) O. F. maistresse, a mistress, dame
;
‘

from misprise. Cot. (F. mail vessel) Fem. of O. F. maistre,

Miss (1), to fail to hit. (E.) M.E. a master see Master. ;

missen . A. S. missan, to miss; also, to Mistery, Mystery, a trade, handi-

escape one’s notice (tare). From a base craft. (F. L.) The mystery plays (better —
*mith~, weak grade of *meith -, as in A. S. spelt mistery plays') were so called because
and O. S. vridan to conceal, avoid, escape acted by craftsmen ; from M. E. mistere a
, ,

notice (as well as in G. meiden O. H. G. trade, craft, Ch. C. T. 615. — O. F. mestier,

,

tnldan to avoid). See Mis- (i). 4-Du. a trade, occupation (F. metier). Late L.
, —
missen I cel. inissa Dan. w/rfi (with ex- misterium (also written mysterium by con-
, ,

crescent/), Swed. inissa, O

H.G. missan to fusion with that word in the sense of
,

miss also Du. w/j, Icel. w«, adv., amiss

;
mystery ’), short form of 1 .. ministerium ,
;
‘

also Du. »/«-, Icel. /«/>-, Dan. #/&-, Swed. employment. — L. minister a servant ; see ,

G. miss-, wrongly. Allied to L. mittere, Minister.

to send ; see Missile. (^/MEIT.) Der. Mis
tie-thrush. (E.) So called from
miss, sb., a fault, M.E. missc, Will, of feeding on the berries of the mistletoe
Paleme, 532 miss-ing. ; from A.S. mistel, mistletoe (below). G. +
Miss (2), an unmarried woman. (F.~ misteldrossel mistle- thrush. ,

L.) A contraction of mistress Evelyn’s ; mistletoe. (E.) final n has been A

Diary, Jan. 9, 1662. See Mistress. lost. A.S. misteltan. A.S. mistel, also —
Missal, a mass-book. (L.) Late L. (like G. mistel with the sense of mistletoe ; )

missdle a mass-book. — Late L. inissa tart a twig, cognate with Icel. teinn Du. ,

mass see Mass (2).

;
teen Goth, tains, Dan. teen, Swed. ten, ,

Missel-thrush; seeMistle-thrush. twig, spindle. -f Icel. mistcltcinn, mistletoe.

Missile, a weapon that may be thrown. Perhaps mistel is related to G. mist, dung.
(L.) Properly an adj., ‘ that may be Cf. M. Du. mistel, bird-lime (Kilian),
thrown/— L. missilis, that may be thrown. 1 glew * (Hexham).
— L. missus, pp. of mittere, (perhaps for Mistress ; see Mister.
*mitere ), to throw, send pt. t. mfsi.+
;
Misty
(1), adj. formed from Mist.
O. H. G. mtdan , to avoid; see Miss (1). Misty
(2), doubtful, ambiguous, as ap-
Brugm. i. § 930. plied to language. (F. — L. — Gk.) In the
mission. (L.) O. F. and F. mission. phrases 4 misty language * and mistiness ‘

— L. missionem, acc. of missio a send- of language,’ misty is not from E. mist,

,

ing.— L. miss-us, pp. of mittere, to send. but is short for mystic see Palmer, Folk-
missive. (F.-L.) F. missive ‘a Etymology. See Mystic.
letter sent Cot. Coined from L. miss-us ,
;
’
(1), an insect. (E.) Mite
M. E. mite,
pp. o i mittere, to send. A. S. mite , a mite. Low G. mite , Du. +
Mist. (E.) A
S. mist, gloom, darkness. mijt, O. H. G. tntza, a mite. Teut. type
+Icel. mistr, Du. Swed. mist mist. Teut. *miton-, f. The word means cutter/ i.e.
,
*

type *mih-stoz. Apparently formed from biter ; from Teut. base EIT, to cut cf. M ;

the base *mig - ( >mih before st ), Idg. Icel. meita, to cut. See Emmet,
*migk- (weak grade of root *meig/i ) as mite (2), a very small portion. (Du.)
;

seen in Lithuan. tnigla , Russ, mg la, Gk. M. E. mite. — M. Du. mijt mite, a very ,

mist, Skt. mih-ira -, a cloud also small coin, mite, bit cut off.
;
See above.
Skt. megh-a-, a cloud, from the stronger Mitigate. (L.) From pp. of L. miii-
grade. (^MEIGH, to darken perhaps gave, to make gentle. — L. mit-is, gentle ;
;

distinct from ^MEIGII, as appearing in - igdre for agere to make. , ,

L. mingere.) Mitre, a head-dress, esp. for a bishop.

Mistake, to err. (Scand.) Icel. mis- (F. L. Gk.) —
E mitre. L. mitra.a — O
330
 , , , '

MITTEN MODERATE
cap. — Gk. (jut pa j
a belt, girdle, head*band, (some edd. moans) in Shak. M. N. D. v.
fillet, turban. 330. Der. bemoany vb., substituted for
Mitten. (F.-G. or C. ?) M. E. mi M. E. bimenen, A. S. bi-mienan to bemoan.
taine. — F. mitaine 1
a mittain, winter-
, Moat. (F. — Teut.) M. E. mote — O. F. .

glove/ Cot. ;
Gascon mitano Origin dis- . mote an embankment, dike Norman dial.
f
;

puted; see Hatzfeld, Korting, Scheler. motte a moat, foss.

,
[ As in the case of

Mix, to mingle. (L.) A back forma- dike 9 the same word means either the
tion from ?nixt pp. — L. mixt us, mixed,t
trench cut out or the embankment thrown
pp. of miscere to mix. A. S. miscian
, + ,
up, or both together ; cf. Low L. motay
to mix G. mischen
; also VV. ; (1) a mound, (2) a mound and moat
£7/, Gael, measg, (). Irish me scat m I ,
together; also spelt motta.] The same
mix, Russ, mieshate Lithuan. maiszyti , , word as F. motte, ‘a clod, lump, sodd,
;
L. miscere Gk. puayeiv (for *(Jity*<JKtiv) y to
,
turfe, little hill, butt to shoot at Cot-
mix. Cf. Skt. mi$ra, mixed. Extended grave. Cf. also Ital. muttay a heap of earth,
from ^MEIK;
cf. Gk. pxyvv(xi y I mix. also a hollow, trench (like E. moat) t Span.
Brugm. i.
§§ 707, 760. Der. Wtfjvfc, to,a mound Romansch muotta y rounded ;

q.v. hill. Of Teut. origin from Bavarian moit, ;

mixture. (L.) L. mixtura , a mixture. peat, heap of peat (Diez). Prob. allied to
— L. mixtuSy pp. of miscere to mix Mud ; odder, mud.
efi Du. m
(above). Mob a disorderly crowd. (L.)
( 0 * A
Mixen, a dunghill. (E.) M. E. mixen, contraction of mobile uulgus t i. e. fickle
A. S. mixen, meoxen, the same. From crowd. Both mob and mobile were in use,
A. S. ff/w, meoXy dung. — A. S. weak in the same sense, A. D. i 692-5. — L. mdbiley
grade of mlgan, to urine. Cf. G. siilr/. neut. of mobilis moveable, fickle. L. ,
—
Mizen, Mizzen, a sail a ship. (F. in m otter move. See Move.
e, to
— Ital. — L.) F. misaine, explained by Mob (2), a kind of cap. (Du.) From
Cotgrave as 4 the foresaile of a ship.’ — Ital. Du. mopmuts, a woman’s nightcap (where
1
mezzana, a saile in a ship called the poope mitts means cap) M. Du. mop a woman’s ; ,

;
or misen-saile * Florio. Cf. Ital. mezzano ,
coif (Sewel) Low G mopp, a woman’s cap ;
’
4
a meane man, between great and little ;
(Danneil).
id. The orig. sense seems to have been Mobile, easily moved. (F. — L.) F.
4
in the middle,* as a foresail between jib — L. mobilis see Mob
mobile. ; (1).
and mainsail. — Late L. median us , middle Moccassin, Mocasin, a shoe of
(whence also F. moyeriy E. mean). — L. deer-skin.(N American Indian.) From
medius, middle. See Medium. the Algonquin makisin (Cuoq).
Mizzle, to rain in fine drops. (E.) For- Mock, to deride. (F. — L.) M.E.
merly misle, M. K. miselen , Cath. Angl. mokken— O. F. moequer , later moquer.
.

Cf. M. Du. micseleiiy to drizzle, Hexham ;

According to Editing, it is the Picard form
Low G. mistln (Kerghaus) ; E. Fries. of mouchcr, to wipe the nose and Cot- ;

mtsig, damp, gloomy. Cf. Mist. grave has mouther ‘to snyte, or make ,

Mnemonics, the science of aiding the cleane the nose; also, to frump, mocke,
memory. (Gk.) Gk. (ivi}povuc6 mnemonics; 9
scoff, deride for which Corblet gives ;
*

neut. pi. of (JLvr}(ioviHoSy belonging to me- the Picard form mouker. Cf. Ital. moccare, .

mory. — Gk. (jLvrjfiov stem of pvrfuajv, ‘

to blow the nose, also to mocke ;’ Florio.
mindful. — Gk. pvao(Mt. I remember. (From — Late L. muccdre, to blow the nose. L. —
mndy a g:ade of ^MEN.) mucatSy mucus mucus. ,
See Mucus.
Moan, sb. (E.) M. E. money a com- Mode. ( F. — L.) F. mode . — L. modum ,

munication, also a complaint ; correspond- acc. of modus, measure, manner, way. Al-
ing to A. S. *mdn - (not found), supposed lied to Mete. Brugm. i. § 412.
to be cognate with O. Fries, mine, an model. (F. - Ital. — L.) M. F. modelle
(F. modi/e). — Ital. modello ,
4
opinion, O. II. G. meina an opinion, , a modell,
thought. Hence was formed A. S. mienan, frame, mould;* Florio. From dimin. of
to mean, intend, relate, also to complain, L. modulus a standard, measure, which is
moan, lament, M E. mitten, to lament, again a dimin. of modus , measure- Der.
now obsolete, its place being supplied by re- model.
the form of the sb., used as a vb. See moderate, temperate. (L.) From pp.
further under (1). Mean
Cf. means of L. moderdriy to regulate. From a stem
 , , , , , ; ,)
) ; , , , ;-

MODERN MOLECULE
moder-, for modes-, extended from mod- us, This verb answers to a Late L. *mollidre,
a measure. See modest. to soften ; not found. — L. molli-s, soft.
modern. (F. — L.) F. moderne. — L. Thus the senses were, to soften, moisten,
modernus, belonging to the present mode ;
dirty, soil oneself, drudge.
extended from a stem moder- (above). Moire, watered silk. (F.) From F.
modest, moderate, chaste, decent. (F. moire used in two senses. In the sense
,

— L.) F. modeste. — L. modest us modest, mohair it is borrowed from E. mohair

,

lit. ‘ keeping
within measure.* From a (Hatzfeld). In the sense of watered silk,
neuter stem modes-, with suffix - tus see ;
it may represent L. marmoretts, shining

moderate (above). Brugm. ii. § 132. like marble, from marmor marble ,

modicum, a small quantity. (L (Korting) but this may be only a trans-

;

Neut. of L. modicus moderate. — L. modus, ferred sense of the former.

measure. Moist. (F.—L.) M. E. moiste, often
modify. (F.-L.) F. modifier. — L. with the sense ‘ fresh ; Ch. C. T. 459, *

modificare. — L. modi-, for modus, measure, 12249. — O. F. moiste, later inoite. Etym.
moderation -fiedre, for facere to make.
; ,
disputed; (1) from L. musteus new, from
modulate, to regulate. (1..) From L. mustum, must (2) from L. mncci ;

pp. of L. modularT, to measure by a dus mucidus, mouldy, from L. mucus

,

standard. — L. modulus dimin. of modus, (Korting); (3) from L. muscidus, later

a measure ; see model. form of mfaidits (Hatzfeld). Der. moist-
Mogul, a Mongolian. (Pers.) Pers ure, O. F. moistetir.
Moghol a Mogul; another form of 1Mon- Molar, used for grinding. (L.) I.. mo-
got. laris, adj., from viola a mill. Cf. molere,
Mohair, cloth of fine hair. (Arab to grind. (<^MEL.) Brugm. ii. § 690.
A changed spelling (by confusion with Molasses, syrup made from sugar.
hair) of mockaire (Hakluyt, ii. 273); (Port. — L.) Formerly melasses. — Port.
whence F. motiaire (1650), mod. F. moire ;
mela^o, molasses ; cf. Span, melaza (same).
also F. moncayar. —
Arab, muhhayyar , a — L. melldcetis made with honey. — L. met,
kind of coarse camlet or hair-cloth Rich. ;
honey.
Diet., p. 1369. Mole a spot or mark on the body.
(1),
Mohammedan. (Arab.) A follower ( E. ) M. E.
mole. A. S. mdl, a spot ( whence
of Mohammed. — Arab, mu ham mad, .oraise- mole by the usual change from d to long o).
worthy. — Arab, hamada, he praised +0. H. G. meil, Goth, mail, a spot.
Mol
LUT, a gold coin. (Pers.) Pers. Mole (2), an animal. (E.) M. E. molle.
muhr, muhar, a gold coin worth 16 rupees + M. Du. and Du. mol ; Low G. mull
(Wilson) ; muhr, muhur, Rich. Diet., (Berghaus). Prob. related to M. Du.
P- 153.4- mul, the dust or crumblings of turf,’
‘

Moidore, a Portuguese gold coin. Hexham M. E. mul, A. S. myl, dust

;

(Port. — L.) .See Bailey’s Diet. —

which are further related to Mould (1).
Port.
moeda d'ottro, a moidore, £1 *js. lit. The sense may have been earth-grubber,* ‘

‘
money of gold.* — L. moneta, money de, or ‘crumbier,* from the weak grade of;

of aurum, gold. See Money.

; VMEL, to pound. Cf. E. Fries, mu lien,
Moiety, half. (F. — L.) F. moitie, a to grub mulie a child that grubs in the ;

half. — L. medietdiem acc. of medietas, ground malic mul, a mole Low G .mull- ; , ;

a middle course, a half. — L. medius worm, a mole (Danneil). Another name

middle. See Medium. was formerly moldwarp (1 Hen. IV. iii. 1.
Moil, to toil, drudge. (F. — L.) For- 149), lit. the animal that casts up mould.* *

merly inoile, to defile with dirt later moil M. E. moldwerp ; from mold, mould,
; ,

to daw be with dirt, to drudge ’ Phillips. werpett, to throw up.

1 ;
See Warp. Cf.
The older sense was to diity, hence to Iccl. moldvarpa a mole, O. II. G. mult- ,

drudge, from the dirt consequent on toil. wurf G. maulwurf.

Spenser has moyle to sully, Hymn of , Mole (3), a breakwater. (F.-Ital. — L.)
ifeav. Love, st. 32. Still earlier, we have F. mdle. — Ital. molo, mole, * a great pile
’
;

M. E. moillen to moisten, wet. — O.F. moil-

, Florio. — L. molem, acc. of moles a great ,

ler, moiler (Littr^), later mouiller, to wet, heap.

moisten; orig. sense, to soften, which (in molecule, an atom. (L.) Formerly
the case of clay) is effected by wetting it. tnolecula Bailey. Coined from L. moles,
33a
 . , , , , - , ,, , , .

MOLEST MONTH
a heap; the true form would have been of mixed breed ; cf. cock-er-el, pick-er-et
molicula . (small pike). — A.S. mang, a mixture.
Molest, to annoy. (F.— L.) F. molester. See Mingle.
— L. molestare. — L. molestu* troublesome; ,
Monition, a warning, notice. (F.-L.)
formed with suffix -tits, from a stem moles-, F. monition. — L. acc. monitionem. — L.
extended from mol- ; allied to mOliri to monitus, pp. of monere to advise, lit. to
and to Mole (3).
strive, make to think. (^MEN.) Brugm. ii.

Mollify, to soften. (F. — L.) M. F. mol - § 704 -

lifter. — L. mollificdre. — L. moll-is soft; Monk. (L. — Gk.) M.E .monk. A.S.
-JiHire, for facere to make. Cf. Skt. mumte. — L. monachus. — Gk./xova^s, adj.,
m relit-, soft. Allied to Melt ;
Brugm. ii. solitary sb., a monk. — Gk. pov-os, alone.
;

§ 690. Monkey, an ape. (Low G. — F.—

mollusc. F. mollusque. — L.
( F. — L.) Ital. L.) — Borrowed from M. Low G.
mollasca a soft-shelled nut which some
, ;
AJoneke, thename of the ape’s son in
molluscs were supposed to resemble. — L. Reinke de Vos (where ke -
is for -ken,
moll-is , soft. dimin. suffix so that the F. version has ;

Molten, old pp. of Melt, q. v. Monnekin ; Godefroy). Formed with

Moly, a plant. (L.— Gk.) L. moly.— Low G. dimin. suffix -ken = G. - chen from ,

Gk. Homer, Od. x. 305. M. F. rnonne, an ape. — M. Ital. mona,

Moment. (F. — L.) F. moment. L. — monna, * an ape, a munkie, a munkie-
momentum , a movement ; hence, an instant face also a nickname for women, as we
;

of time ;
short for *mouimentum. — L. say gammer, goodie ’ Florio. Monna is ;

mouere to move. See Move.

,
Doublets, a familiar corruption of madonna, i. e. my
momentum, movement. lady, mistress; Scott introduces Monna
Monad, a unit, &c. (L. — Gk.) L. Paula in the Fortunes of Nigel. See
monad-, stem of monas, a unit. — Gk. povas, Madonna. From the same source is %
a unit.— Gk. povos, alone. M. Ital. monicchio ‘a pugge, a munkie, ,

monarch, a sole ruler. (F. — I.. — Gk.) an ape ’ Florio. This is the Ital. equiva-
;

F. monarqtte. — L. monarc ha. — Gk. povap- lent of the Low G. word.

Xys f a sovereign, sole ruler. — Gk. /xov- (for Mono-, prefix sole. (Gk.) Gk. povo-s,
puvos), alone and apxew, to rule,
;
single.
monastery. (L. - Gk.) L. monaster monochord, a musical instrument
?/////. — Gk. povaorypiov , a minster. — Gk.
having but one string; see Chord. So
povaarys, dwelling alone, a monk. — Gk. also mono- cotyledon won ocular, mon-ode , ,

povdfav, to be alone. — Gk. puvos, alone. mono-logue (fiom Gk. Koyos, a speech),
Der. //nwar/-/c*,from Gk. povaorino s, livingmono- syllable, mono-tone see Cotyledon, ;

in solitude. Ocular, Ode, Syllable, Tone.

Monday. (E.) M. E. monenday, later monopoly, exclusive sale. (L. — Gk.)
moneday mo n day,
A. S. monan dieg, day L. monopolium — Gk. povoirwXiov, right of .

of the moon where monan is the gen. of monopoly

;
povoirwX'ta, monopoly. — Gk. ;

mona moon. See Moon. A translation puvo-s sole ; tt<u\uv, to sell, barter.
, ,

of L. diis lume . Monsoon, a periodical wind. (Ital.—

Monetary, relating to money. (L.) Malay. — Arab.) Ital. monsone. — Malay
L. monetdrius lit. belonging to a mint.—
,
musim a season, monsoon, year. — Arab. ,

L. moneta, (1) a mint, (2) money. See mawsim, a time, season. — Arab, wasm
Mint (1). (root wasama) J marking.
money. (F.-L.) M.E. moneie. — O.F. Monster, a prodigy. (F.-L.) F.
moneie (F. monnaie ). — L. moneta, (1) mint, monstre. — L. monstrum, a divine omen,
^2) money see Mint (1).
;
portent, warning. (For *mon-es-trum.) —
Monger, a dealer, trader. (L.) Hence L mon-ere, to warn.
// 011-monger, coster-monger. E. monger M
Month. (E.) M. E. rnoneth later
. ;

A.S. mangere, a dealer, merchant A.S. month A. S. monad, a month ; from

; .

mangian to traffic. — L. mango a dealer.

,
mona, moon. See Moon.+Du. maand ;
Mongoose ; see Mungoose. leel. mdnttdr Dan. maaned, Swed. manad , ;

Mongrel, an animal of a mixed breed. G. monat Goth, menoths a month. Teut. ,

(K.) Spelt mungril in Levins (1570). It stem *mtendth-. Cf. also Lithuan. mines is,
stands for *mong-er-el, i. e. a small animal Russ. miesiats\ L. rnensis Irish and W
333
 , , , , \ , , , , ,

MONUMENT MORDACITY
mis, Gael, mios, Gk. yd\v, Skt. mas, a proper sense of moot is ‘meeting/ as in
month ; connected with Moon, q.v.
all moot- hall, hall of assembly ; hence, to
Monument, a memorial. (F.~ L.) F. moot is to discuss at a meeting, and ‘ a
monument. — L. monumentum a memorial. moot point* is one reserved for public dis-
,

— L. rnonu-, for moni-, as in moni-tus, pp. cussion. M. E. rnotien, to discuss, A.S.

of rnonere to advise, remind; with suffix motian to conveise, address a meeting,
•men' turn. discuss ; from A. S. mot a meeting, also
Mood (i ), disposition of mind. (E.) gemot, esp. in phr. witena gemot =
Prob. sometimes confused with mood (2), meeting of wise men, parliament. Icel. +
but properly distinct. M. E. mood mind, mot M. Ii. G. niuoz a meeting. Teut. ,

also temper, anger, wrath. A. S. mod base *wot-. Der. meet.

mind, courage, pridc.+Du.moed, courage (1), an implement for washing ; Mop
Icel. tnbtSr, wrath, moodiness Dan. Swed. floors. (F. — L.) In a late ed. of Florio’s
;

mod, G. muth, courage; Goth, mods, wrath. Ital. Diet., pannatore is explained by 4 a
Teut. type *mo do- (where -do is a suffix). maulkin, a map of clouts or rags to rub
Cf. Gk. fjLatofxai, I strive after. Brugm. i. withal.* Halliwell gives mop, a napkin;
§ 196. Der. mood-y, A. S. mbdig ; Sweet, Gloucestershire . Prob. from O. F. mappe
N. E. G. § 1608. a napkin (afterwards turned into nappe).—
Mood (2), manner, grammatical form. L. mappa a napkin (of Punic origin). See ,

(F. — L.) The same word as Mode, q.v.; Map. ^ Cf. strop , strap ; ktiop, knap .

but confused with mood (1). The Celtic forms are from E.
Moon. (E.) A. S. mona,
M. E. mo/ie. Mop (2), a grimace ; to grimace. (E.)
a masc. sb.+Du. maan, Icel. moni, Dan. The same word as mope (below).
maane, Swed. mdne, Goth, mena, G. mond, mope, to be dispirited. (E.) The same
O. H. G. mono. Teut. type % >mhwn-, word as mop, to grimacemops ; cf. ‘
in the
masc. Cf. also Lithuan. mena Gk. firjv-q , ;
i. e. moppen, to
sulky (Halliwell). + Du.
Skt. mas , moon, month. Perhaps it meant pout, be sulky M. Swed. mopa, to mock;

the * measurer ’ of time. (y^ME.) See (Ihre); Westphal. mbpen, to grimace;

Brugm. i. § 132, ii. § 132. (>. miiffig, sullen, pouting (Fliigel), Ba\ar.
Moonshee, a secretary, interpreter. muffen , And see mow (3),
to growl, pout.
(Arab.) Arab, munshi a secretary, a ,
Moraine, a line of stones at the edges
language-master or tutor. of a glacier. (F. Teut.) F. moraine cf. — ;

Moor (1), a heath. (E.) M. E. more. Ital. mora, a pile of rocks. — Bavarian
A. S. tnor. «+* M. Du. moer, moor, mud ;
mur, sand and broken stones, fallen from
moerlandt, peaty land Icel. mor, Dan. ; rocks in a valley; the lit. sense being
mor Low G. moor ; O. H. G. imtor, marsh, perhaps i
crumbled material.’ Cf. G.
pool, sea. Teut. type *mbro - perhaps ;
miirbe, soft, O. H. G. muruwi\ Icel.
related (by gradation) to Goth, marei . merja , to crush.
sea, lake ; or to Skt. tnaru a desert, Moral. (F.-L.) F . moral. — L. mordlis,
mountain. See Mere. relating to conduct. •- L. mor-, from nom.
Moor (2), to fasten up a ship. (E.) mbs, a manner, custom.
A.S. *mdr~ian whence mierels, a mooring-
, MoraSS, a bog. (Du. — F. — Low G.)
rope. Cf. Du. meren (Franck), usually Du moeras, marsh, fen M. Du. moerasch, ;

marren to tie, bind, moor a ship. adj., belonging to a moor, as if from the
Moor a native of N. Africa. (F.~
(3), sb moer, moor, mire, but really an altered
L. — Gk.) More a Moor ; * Cot. — L.
F. ,
‘
form of M. Du. rnarasch maerasch, a ,

Maurus. — Gk. Mavpos, a Moor. Der. marsh (Kilian). — O.F. maresque,mare$che,

black-a-moor, corruption of blackmoor adj., marshy; also, as sb., a marsh ; Low
(Minsheu), i. e. black Moor . L. ?)ia?'iscus. — how G. marsch, a marsh.
Moose, the American elk. (W. Indian.) See Marish, Marsh. Cl. G. morast (for
The native W. Indian name ; ‘Knisteneaux * morask), Swed. moras, Dan. morads, a

mouswah , Algonquin musu ; cited in the ’

morass ; all from Du. or Low G.
Cent Diet. Cuoq cites Algonquin mons Morbid, sickly. (F. — L.) F. morbide .

(with »). — L. morbidus, sickly. — L. morbus, disease.

Moot, to discuss a point. (E.) Chiefly Allied to mor-i, to die; Brugm. ii. § 701.
used in phr. ‘a moot point/ Minsheu Mordacity, sarcasm. (F.-L.) Little
gives moot as a verb, to discuss. The used. — F. mordacity. — L. acc. morddei-

334
 , , , ; , ,

MORE MORTAR
tdtem, from mordacitas, power to bite. — L. ntonven (above) by adding the substantival
morddc-, stem of tnordax, biting. L. — (not participial) suffix -ing (- A. S. - ung).
mordere , to bite. Cf. Skt. mardaya , to So also even- ing, from even,
rub, break in pieces, from mrdf to rub. Morocco, a fine kind of leather. Named
Brugm. ii. § 794. (yMERD.) from Morocco, in N. Africa; which was
More. This does duty for two
(E.) named from the Moors dwelling there.
distinct M. E. words, viz. (1) mo, more in Morose. (L.) L. morosus self-willed ; ,

number, (2) more larger, a. The former

, (1) in a good sense, scrupulous; (2) in a
is from A. S. md } more in number, orig. bad sense, peevish. — L. mor nom. mds,
an adv. form, like G. mehr, Goth. mats. (1) self-will, (2) custom, use. Confused
p. The latter is from the corresponding with L. mdra, delay, in the 1 7th cent.
adj. A. S. mdra greater ,
cognate with Morphia, Morphine, the narcotic
;

Icel. meiri, Goth, maiza greater. See principle of opium. (Gk.) From Gk.
,

Most, The notion that mo is a posi- M op<p(vs, Morpheus, god of dreams (Ovid);
tive form is quite wrong the positive lit. ‘shaper/ i. e. creator of dreams. — Gk.
;

forms are much, mickle many. The r fiopcpi], a shape, form. Der. meta-morpk -
,

in more represents an earlier -z-, which in osis a-morph-otis from /xop(p 7j. f ;

the adv. (being final) was regularly lost. Morris, Morris-dance. (Span. —
Brugm. i. § 200. L. —Gk.) The dance was also called a
Morganatic. (Low L.-G.) Low L. —
moriscoy i.e. a Moorish dance. Span.
morgandtica, in the phrase matrimdnium A/oriscOy Moorish. — Span. Moro, a Moor.
ad morgandticam a morganatic marriage. — L. Alaurus a Moor. See Moor (3).
,

Coined from G. morgen here short for , Morrow. (E.) M.E. morwe, from an
morgengabe lit. morning-gift, orig. a pre- older form morwen (from A. S. morgen) y
sent made to a wife on the morning after by loss of final //. See Morn. Thus
marriage, esp. if the wife were of inferior M. E. moi'wen gave rise (1) to mowoWy by
rank. See Morn. loss of n ; (2) to morn, by loss of w> and
Morian, a Moor. (F.— L. — Gk.) In contraction; cf. M.E. inorouiiy Gawain,
Pss. lxviii. 31 ; lxxxvii, 4 (P.B. version).— 1 208. [Or else morney dat., is from A. S.
O.F. Morien Aloriaine (Godefroy). — Late ?n orgene, short form ?nome .]
,
Der. to-
L. *AIauritdnus for L. Alauritdnicus a morrow = A. S. to morgene, i. e. for the
,

Moor. — L. Mauritania , the land of the morrow, where to is a prep. (E. to), and
Moors. — L. Maur-us , a Moor. — Gk. morgene is dat. case of morgen morn.
M avpos. See Moor (3). Morse, a walrus. (F. — Finnish.) F.
Morion, an open helmet. (F. — Span.) morse. — Finnish inursu, a morse; whence
F. morion. — Span, moirion cf. Port. also Russ. morj\ a morse (with j sounded
morrido, ltal. mo none, a morion. The as F.j). The true Russ, name is men skaia
word is Spanish, if we may accept the korova, the sea-cow.
prob. derivation from Span, morra the Morsel, a mouthful, small piece. (F.
,

crown of the head a word of unknown — L.) M. E. morsel. — O. F. morsel (F.

;

origin. Cf. Span. morro } anything round; morceau). Cf. Ital. morsello. Dimin. from
moron a hillock. L. morsum, a bit. — L. morsus , pp. of
Mormonite. The Mormonites are ?norderCy to bite. See Mordacity.
the followers of Joseph Smith, who in Mortal, deadly. (F. — L.) it. mortal.
1827 said he had found the book of Mor- — L. mortdlis, adj.; from mart stem of
mon. An invented name. mors, death. From L. mor-i, to die cf. ;

Mom. (E.) M.E .morn, a Northern Skt. tnr, to die, mrta, dead Russ, inert- ;

form. Short for M. E. morwen Ancren vuiiy dead Lithuan. mirti , to die ; Pers.
, ;

Riwle, p. 22. A. S. morgen, whence murdan to die ; Gk. Ppords, mortal. ,

morwen by the usual change of rg to rw. Allied to Murder. Brugm. i. § 500.

O. Fries. mom.+Y)w. Dan. G. morgen Mortar (1), Morter, a vessel in
;

Icel. morginn, Swed. morgon ; Goth. which substances are pounded with a
maurgins . Teut. type *murgcnoz, m. pestle. (L.) .morter. A.S. mor- M.E
Cf. Lithuan. merktit to blink. Orig. sense tere.— L. mortavium, a mortar.
prob. dawn/ Doublet, mornnv , q. v.
‘
mortar (2 N , cement. (F. — L.) M. E.
morning. (E.) Short for morwening, mortier — F. mortier , ‘ mortar ; ' Cot. — .

Ch. C. T., A
1062 ; formed from M. E. L. mortdrium mortar ; lit. stuff pounded ,

335
 , , , , . ,, — ,
;

MORTGAGE MOTHER
together ; a different use of the a Mohammedan temple. (F.
word Mostjue,
above. —Span. Arab.) —
F. mosquie\ Cot.
Mortgage, a kind of security for debt. Span, mezquita a mosque. — Arab, masjad, ,

(F.— L.) O. F. mortgage , lit. a dead masjid, a temple, place of prayer. — Arab,
pledge; because, whatever profit it might root sajada to adore, prostrate oneself, ,

yield, it did not thereby redeem itself, but Mosquito, a gnat. (Span.— L.) Span,
became dead or lost to the mortgager on mosquito a little gnat ; dimin. of mosca , ,

breach of the condition. — F. mort, dead; a fly. — L. mtisca , a fly. Cf. Gk. fivia ,
a pledge. — L. mortuus , dead, pp. of Lithuan. muse, a fly.
mort, to die; gage, a pledge; see Mortal Moss. (E.) M.E. mos ; A. S. mos, a
and Gage (i). Der. morigag-ee , where swamp. -f* Du. mos Icel. moss, also ;

answers to the F. -£ of the pp. a moss or moorland ; Dan. mos. moss,

mortify. (F. — L.) M.F mortijier.— mose, a bog, moor; Swed mossa
. .moos, . ; G
L. mortificare, to cause death. — L. morti moss, a swamp, O. H. G. mos. Tcut. base
decl. stem of mors, death ; -fiedre for *mus - ; allied to M. H. G. mies, O. II. G.
,

facere to make. mios, A. S. meos, moss (Teut. base * metis -)

Mortise, a hole in a piece of timber to and to Mire. Cognate with Russ, tnokh *

receive the tenon. (F.) Spelt mortesse in moss, L. muscus moss, Note E. moss ,

Palsgrave. — F. mortaise, 1 a mortaise in a in sense of bog, moorland; hence moss-

piece of timber ; ’ Cot. Cf. Span, mortaja, trooper Brugm. i. § 105. .

amortise. Orig. unknown; Devic sug- Most. (E.) M. E. most, mesl. — A. S.

gests Arab, muriazz, fixed in the mark miest.+ Du. meest Icel. mestr, G. moist , ,

(said of an arrow), very tenacious (said of Goth, maists ; the superlative form corre-
a miser). sponding to comp. more. See More.
Mortmain. (F.— L.) Property trans- The 0 (for early M.E. e) is due to the
ferred to the church was said to pass into 0 in more.
morte main , lit. dead hand/ because it
‘
Mote, a particle of dust, speck. (E.)
could not be alienated. — L. mortuam M. E. mot. A. S. mot a mote. Du. mot,
, ,
+
acc. fern, of mort-uus dead manum, acc. sawdust E. Fries, mul, grit,
; ;

of mantis, hand. See Mortal. Motet, Motett, a short piece of

mortuary, belonging to the burial of sacred music. ^F.— L.) F. motet ‘a ,

the dead. (L.) Chiefly in the phr. ' a verse in musiek ; Cot. [Ital. mottetto ‘a ’

mortuary fee/ which was also called dittie, a wittie saying Florio.] Dimin.
mortuary for short. — Late L. mortudrium of O. F. mot, a saying. — L. mutt um a
,

neut. of mortudrius belonging to the dead, murmur ; see Motto.

,

*«L. mortu-us dead , pp. of rnorl, to die.

; Moth. (E.) M. E. mot he A.S. modtie,
Mosaic-work, ornamental work made mohde. -f- Du. mot Icel. motti, G. motte, a ,

with small pieces of marble, &c. (F.— moth Swcd. matt, a mite. p. Perhaps
;

Ital.— L. — Gk.) F . mosaiqtie, ‘ mosaicall related to A.S. mafia, a maggot, Du. G.

work; 1 Cot. — Ital. mosaico ‘a kinde of made, a maggot, Goth, matha, a worm,
,

curious stone worke of diuers colours;’ Kluge allies these forms to the verb
,Florio.** Late L. musaicus aaj., an ex- to mow. i. e. to cut, as if the sense were
triided form from L. musaum (opus'), * cutter/ Cf. E. after-math .

»
mosaic work. Late Gk. novation, mosaic Mother
(i), a female parent. (E.)
*otk r lit. tirtistic, neut. of fiovanos, belong- M.E. moder. A. S. mdder , modor, a
muses, artistic. —
Gk. fxovera , mother; the change from d to th is late,
KM* Cf. Museum. 1400.+DU. moeder Icel .moffir,
after a. d. ,

Mbtflem, a Mussulman. (Arab.) Arab. Dan. Swed. moder, G. mutter Irish and ;

vmsUm e
a musulman, a true believer in
y
Gael. mathair\ Russ, mate, Lithuan. mote,
the Mohammedan faith ; Richardson. Cf.’
L. mater Gk. nijrrjp, Pers. mddar, Skt.
,

Arab, musallim, one who acquiesces. A mata, matr -. Orig. sense uncertain.
Mussulman is one who professes islam, i. e. mother (2), hysterical passion. (E.)
submission to the will of God and to In King Lear, ii. 4. 56. Spelt moder in
the orthodox faith. -» Arab, salama, to be Palsgrave; and the same word as the
resigned, The E. words moslem , mus- above. +
Du. moeder, a mother, womb,
sulman, is lam, and salaam are all from hysterical passion ; cf. G. mutterbeschwer-
the same Arab, root salama. ung mother-fit, hysterical passion.

336
 , , , , , , ,,,; , , F ,,
;

MOTHER MOURN
Mother (3)» lees, mouldiness. (E.) A mole defaceth the whole peece of lawne,’
peculiar use of Mother (i). Cf. Du. Lyly, Euphues, p. 39. This is now called
moer lees, dregs, mother, variant of moeder iron-mould (with added d). also find We
a mother (Franck). So also G. mutter M. E. moled, spotted ; hence mod. E.
(i), a mother, (2) mother, sediment. We mouldy (in some senses) ; by confusion
even find Gk. 7 pavs, an old woman, used with mould (1). See Mole (1).
in the sense of mother or dregs, Not Mouldy, musty. (Scand.) Orig. dis-
to be connected with Low G. mudder tinct from mould ground; also from
mud ; or with E. mud mould as used in iron-mould.
. Formed
Motion. (F.—L.) F. motion . — L. from the sb. mould, mustiness, in which
motidnem acc. of motto movement. —L. the final d is excrescent. From the M. E.
,

mot us pp. of mouere , to move.

,
See verb motilen , mowlen , to grow musty
Move. formerly very common, and much used in
motive. (F.-L.) M.F. motif ‘a the pp. mouled. Note also the M. E. moul,
,

moving reason ; 1 Cot. — Late L. indlivus mould, mouldiness, answering to Dan.

moving. — L. mot-us, pp. of mouere , to mul, Swed. dial, mul, muel, mujel, Swed.
move. mogcl. Cf. also Dan. mullen , mouldy,
motor. (L.) L. indt-or, a mover. undue, to become mouldy; Swed. dial.
Motley, of different colours. (F.) M.E. mulas Swed. moglas, to grow mouldy ,

mottelee Ch. C. T. 271. Of uncertain Icel. mygla, to grow musty. From mug
origin. Perhaps from O. F. mattcld, as in Icel. mugga, muggin'ess. See Muggy.
1
clotted, curdled * Cot. Cf. M. F. Thus mould is * mugginess * in this use.
;

mattontid as in del mattonnd ‘a skie Moult, to cast feathers, as birds. (L.)

full of small curdled clouds ; ’ id. [Thus The / is intrusive. M. E. mouten. A. S.
the orig. sense of motley was merely mfdian (in comp, bi-mfitian). — L. mutare
‘
spotted.’] — Bavarian matte curds to change. See Mutable.
,

(Schmeller). 2. Or from O. F. motel, Mound,

an earthen defence, a hillock.
M. F. moiteau, ‘ a clot of congealed mois- (F. — L.) A. F. mtind, variant of niunt, a
ture,’ Cot. app. a deriv. of M.F. motte hill (Vie de S. Auban). — L. montem acc.
; , ,

a clod, lump see Moat. ;

Der. mottl-ed, of mons, a hill. Note also A. S. intend.
for O. F. matteU above, by substituting the protection, chiefly as a law-term ; but also
E. pp. suffix -ed for the F. pp. suffix -A hnund-beork, a protecting hill, a mound.
Motto. (Ital. — L.) Ital. motto, a say- (1), a hill. Mount
(F.—L.) M.E.
ing, a motto. — L. muttum a murmur, mount 771 on t. — F. niont. — L. rnont -, stem
, ,

muttered sound cf. L. mutt ire, midire,

;
of 7)ions, a hill.— to jut out; sec ^MKN,
to murmur. (^MU.) Allied to Mutter. Mound. Cf. A. S. ;;///;// (borrowed from
Mould (1), earth. (E.) M. 1 C molde. L.).
A. S. molde, dust, soil, earth. Icel. mold, + (2), to ascend. (F. — L.)
mount K
Dan. muld, Swed. mull (for * muld), montcr. — F. mont, a hill. [The verb is
mould; Goth, mtilda dust; O. IL G. due to O. F. a mont , up-hill.] — L. montem ,

molta , mould. Allied to the shorter forms acc. of mons ^above).

seen in Du. mul, G. mull, A. S. my l, dust mountain. (F.—L.) O. montaine .

cf. O. H. G. muljan, Icel. mylja , to crush. (F. 77i out ague), — Late L. monidnea by- ,

The lit. sense is crumbled.* From Teut. form of montUna, a mountain. — L. monlftna ,
‘

mul weak grade of ^MEL, to grind. See neut. pi., mountainous regions; from 711011 -
Meal, Mill. Der. mould er to crumble ; ta 7ius, adj. from mons (stem mont-), a
also mouldy (which seems to have been mountain.
confused with Mole (1), q. v.). mountebank, a quack doctor. (Ital.
Mould (2), a model, form. (F. — L.) — L. and G.) Lit. one who mounts a
M.E. molde with excrescent d. — Norman bench to proclaim his nostrums. — Ital.
,
,

dial, molde O. F. mole, molle (F. mould), montambaneo

,
a mountebank M. Ital. ;

a mould ;
monta in banco , the same. — Ital. montare,
once spelt motile in the 1 2th
cent. (Littre). — L. modulum, acc. of modu- to mount in, on banco , a bench. Here ; ;

lus, dimin. of modus, a measure. See montare is the same word as F. monter, to
Mode. mount in — L. in, on and banco is from ; ;

Mould (3), a spot. (E.) For mole; O. H. G. banc a bench see Bank (2). , ;

mold in Spenser, F. Q. vi. 12.7. One yron Mourn. (E.) M.E. murnen. A.S
*

337
 , ; , \ , — ;,

MOUSE MUFF
m uman , to grieve.+Icel. mama ,
Goth. out of a stable ; Dan. mog, dung ; Norw.
manynail) 0 . H. G. mornen. Cf. A. S. mok-dunge a muck-heap, allied to mukka ,
,

meornan , to care, Gk. fitp-i/iva, sorrow. a heap. Not allied to A. S. mcox, dung.
(VSMER.) Muck, Amuck, a term applied to
Mouse. (E.) M. E. A. S. ww malicious rage. (Malay.) Only in phr.
(pi. /«yj). + Du. muis, Icel. Dan. to run amuck,* where amuck is all one
1

muus, Swed. ////*$•, G. mans, Russ, muishe ,

word ; yet Dryden actually has runs an ‘

L. Gk. /w/y, Pers. mush, a mouse Indian muck,' Hind and Panther, iii. 1188.
Skt. muska -, a rat, a mouse. Perhaps from To inn amuck = to run about in a rage.—
^/MEUS, to steal ;
Skt. to steal. Malay Cimuk ‘ rushing in a state of frenzy
See Muscle (i). to the commission of indiscriminate mur-
Moustache, Mustache. (F.-Ital. der;* Marsden.
— Gk.)F. moustache. — Ital. mostaccio ,
MUCUS, slimy fluid. (L.) L. mucus,
* a face, a snout, a mostacho ; * Florio. — slime. +
Gk. nv£a, mucus plvktjs, snuff of ;

Gk. pLvffTaic-, stem of pivara^, the upper a wick. Cf. Skt. much L. mungere Gk. , ,

lip, a moustache, Doric form of fidora£, ano-nvcraciv, to cast or wipe away.

the mouth, upper lip. See Mastic. Mud, wet soft earth, mire. (E.) M. E.
Mouth. (E.) M. E. mouth. A. S. mud (not common). Not found in A. S.
*;/«d.+Du. mond, Icel. munnr, Dan. mund, Cf. E. Fries, mudde, Low G. mudde, mud
Swed. mun , G. mund, Goth, mu/iths. M. Swed. modd mud (Ihre). + Bavarian
Teut. type *munthoz , masc. Idg. type ;
moll, peat whence E. moat, ; q. v. Cf.
*montos cf. L. mentum the chin.
;
Du. modder, mud.
Move. (F. — L.) M. E. mouen (u=v). muddle, to confuse. (E.) Lit. to
— O. F. movoir (F. mo avoir — L. moacre, ) . dabble in mud frequentative from mud. ;

to move, pp. rndlus. Der. motion. ‘

Muddle to rout with the bill, as geese
,

Mow (i), to cut grass. (E.) M. E. and ducks do; also, to make tipsy and
mo wen, pt. t. A. S. maw an, to ;* Kersey. +Dan. muddre,
unfit for business
mow, strong vb. + Du. maaijen, Dan. to stirup mud, mudder mud (from I)u.) , ;

G. mahen ,
O. II. G. mden. Teut. E. Fries, muddelen, to dirty M. Du. mod- ;

to mudd water,* Hexham ;Pomeran.

4
base ///£-. Allied to Gk. a.-p.a-a>, I reap, delen ,

L. me-t-ere , to reap. Brugm. ii. § 680. muddeln, to disorder.

Mow (aS, a heap, pile of hay or com. Muezzin, a Mohammedan crier of the
(E.) M. E. mowe, A. S. muga, a mow. + hour of prayer. (Arab.) Arab, mu-azzin,
Icel. miigr, a swathe, also a crowd Norw. ;
mu-zin the public crier, who assembles
,

muga, mua a heap (of hay). Cf. Muck.

,
people to prayers. — Arab, azan the call to
Mow a grimace; obsolete.
(3), (F. — prayers (Palmer) ; uzn, the ear.
M. Du.) moue a moe, or mouth
F. ,
‘
;
*
Muff (1), a warm, soft cover for the
Cot. Norman dial. moe. — M. Du. mouwe
; , hands. (Walloon. — F. — Low L.) late A
the protruded under-lip, in making a word. Formerly muffe Minsheu. Prob. ;

grimace (Oudemans). Cf. Mop (2). from Walloon mouffe (Sigart). Cf. Du.
Much. (E.) M. E. moche mucke adj., , ,
mof\ Low G. muff (Berghaus) E. Fries. ;

later forms of M.E. moche!, muchel, michel. mitf. The word muffle is found earlier,
For the loss of final /, cf. E. wench from ,
and is more widely spread so that Wall. ;

A. S. wencel. The change of vowel (from mouffe is merely a short form of F. moujle ;

michel to muchel) seems to have been due see below.

to association with M. E. Intel, little, from muffle, to cover up warmly. (F.
A.S. lytel. The orig. A. S. form was Low L.) Palsgrave.
* I muffyll
‘
;
*
A
mice! (cf. Low Sc. mickle ), great. + Icel. muffle Levins (1570^. — O. F. mofle
mikill, great; O. II. G. mihhil Goth. ;
moujle , a kind of muff or mitten. — Low
mikils. Cf. Gk. puy&X-rj, fem. of filyas, L. muffula, (occurring A. D. 817) ; also
great. spelt mulfola. Cf. M. Du. moffel, a muff,
Mucilage, a slimy substance, gum. mitten, The late appearance of Du.
(F . — L. ) F
mucilage. — L. mucildgo (stem
. mof, and the Low L. form mulfola, remain
mucilagin-), mouldy moisture (4th cent.). unexplained. Cf. M. Ii. G. mouwe a sleeve. ,

— L. mucire to be mouldy. ,
Muff (2), a simpleton. (E.) Lit. a
4

Muck, filth. (Scand.) M. E. muck. — mumbler,* or indistinct speaker; hence a

Icel. myki, dung; maka, to shovel dung stupid fellow. Cf. prov. E. muff, muffle ,

338
 , , , , ,, , ,;;; ,, . , ,
. , ; ;

MUFFLE MULTIPLY
to mumble; moffle, waffle. also + Du. Mule. (F. — L.) F. mule - L. miilus .
,

muffett to dote ; prov. G. muffen , to be a mule (whence also A. S. mill).

sulky. Allied to Mumble. Mulled, applied to ale or wine. (E.)
Muffle ; see Muff (i). Mulled wine first appears in 1618, and is

Mufti, a magistrate. (Arab.) Arab. ot uncertain origin. Perhaps from M. E.

mufti , a magistrate. Allied to Arab. mullen to break to powder, to crumble,
fatwd a judgment, doom, sentence.
,
The bom mull, powder, perhaps with reference
phr. in mufti mean* in a civilian costume, to the powdered condiments. From A.S.
not in military dress. myl, powder. Blount’s Gloss, has vinum
Mug. (I ,ow G.) In Levins (1570). Cf. moll1 turn, as if from F. mollir L. mollire,
Irish mugan a mug; Norw. mugga ,
to soften.
ge, an open can ;
Swed. mugg, a mug. — L. Mullein, the verbascum. (F.) M. E.
Fries, mukke a ,
cylindrical earthen vessel moleyn A. F. moleine ; F. molhie . The
Groningen mokke (Molema, p. 543) M. E. name was softe, i. e. the soft. This
whence also Norm. dial. moque, a cup, suggests a derivation from O. F. mol, soft
Guernsey mogue. from L. mollis, soft.
M-Uggy, damp and close. (Scand.) Mullet W), a fish. (F.-L.) M. E.
From lcel. mugga ,
soft drizzling mist mold, mulet. — F. mulet Cot. Dimin. ;

whence mugguvetSr muggy, misty weather. from L. rnullus, the red mullet.
Cf. Norw. mugg, fine rain tnuggen, moist, ; Mullet (2), a five-pointed star. (F.—
muggy Dan. muggen, musty, mouldy,
;
L.) O. F. molette, a rowell, whence it
mugne to grow musty.
,
came to mean the mullet ’ of heraldry ‘

Mugwort, a plant. (E.) M. E. mog- also M. F. mollette, a mullet, rowell of 4

wort. A. S muegwort. For the latter a spur;’ Cot. Dimin. from L. mola, a
syllable, see Wort (1). The sense of mill, whence Ital. viola a mill-stone, mill-
A. S. mu eg is unknown, unless it be a b} - wheel, molla , a clock-wheel with cogs.
form of A.S. mycg, a midge; cf. Norw. See Mill.
muggy O. Sax. muggia Du. mug, a midge ,
Mulligatawny* a hot soup. (Tamil.)
O. H. G. mitcca, a midge. [Like flea- Tamil milagu-tannir lit. 1 pepper- water 3 ,

bane ,1 <
Yule. Cf. Malayalam mulaka, pepper.
Mulatto, one of mixed breed. (Span. Mullion, an upright division between
— L.) Span, viulato, a mulatto. Usually lights of windows. (F.) A corruption of
derived from Span, mitla , a she-mule, as munnion, which occurs with the same
being one of a mixed breed. The u^ual sense. The lit. sense is stump,’ because 4

forms for young mule are muleto m.,

4 *
,
the mullion is, properly, the stump or
muleta, f. I fence der. by De Sacy from lower part of the division below the
Arab, muwallad, lit. 4 begotten also *
; tracery. — F. moignon, a stump. (Cf. E.
used to mean one who has an Arabian 4
trunnion — WM
.troignon, dimin. of Y.ironc
father and a foreign mother allied to *
;
— Ital. troneo.) — O. F. moing, maimed
Arab, walad a son. See Devic. ,
(Suppl. to Diez). Cf. Bret, mouii, moil ,
Mulberry. (L. and E.) M.E. mool- maimed, also occurring in the forms manky
bery. Here the l stands for an older r tnoilk moils Also Span, mu non, the stump ,
4
by dissimilation and M. E. 00 answers to of an arm or leg Ital. mugnone , a car-
; ;

A. S. d, as usual. Thus the M. E. mool- penter’s munion or trunion/ Torriano.

is the same as A.S, mor-, in mor- Multangular. & C. see Multitude. ;

beam , a mulberry-tree. Again, the A. S. Multitude. (F.-L.) F. multitude .

mor is borrowed from L. morus a mul- — L. multitudinem acc. of multitude, a

berry-tree. The word beny is E. see multitude. — L. multi-, for multus many, ; ,

Berry. Cf. also Gk. fiwpov, pibpov, a mul- much ; with suffix - tiido From L. multus
beriy, popca, a mulberry-tree. Similarly, come also mult angular, multi-lateral,
G. maulbeere a mulberry, is O. H. G. &c.
murberi from L. morus and O. H. G. multifarious. (L.) L. mullifdri-us ,
beri, G. been. manifold; with suffix - ous The orig. sense .

Mulct, a fine. (L.) L. mulcta a fine seems to be many-speaking,’ i.e. speaking , ;

4

also spelt multa. Perhaps orig. ‘damage 9 on many subjects. — L. multi-, for multus, ;

from L. mulc-dre, to injure. Brugra. i. many fart, to speak see Fate, ; ;

§ 756. Der. mulct verb. multiply. (F.-L.) F. multiplier .

 , , , ., , , ,
; , , , , , -
,

MUM MURMUR
— L. mtiltiplicare . — L. multiplic from L. mundus, clean, adorned. Der. supra
multiplex many-fold ; cf. p lie -are, to fold. mundane from L. supra above
; ;
mundus ,
See Plait. the world.
Mum, a kind of beer (Low G.). In MungOOSC, a kind of ichneumon.
Pope. Said to have been so named after (Telugu.) Telugu mangisu * Jerdon
;

Chr. Mu mm
a brewer of Brunswick (ab. gives mangus, however, as a Deccani and
1487). Cf. Du. mom in Franck; G.mumme. Mahratti word * Yule. ;

Mum ! silence (E.) M. E. mom, mum, !

Municipal. (F.-L.)
— L. municipalis, relating to a township.
F. municipal.
to express the least sound made with closed
lips. Cf. L. mu, Gk. yfv (the same). — L. mftnicipium, a township which had
mumble, to speak indistinctly. (E.) the rights of Roman citizenship, whilst re-
For tnumm-le M. E. momelen, mame-
. taining its own laws. L. municip stem —
len to speak indistinctly ; frequent, form
,
of municeps, a free citizen, one who
due to M. E. mom mum (above). E. + undertakes duties. — L. muni-, for munus ,
Fries, mummelen ;
Du. viommelen . obligation, duty ; eapere, to take. See
mummer, a masker, buffoon. (F.— Brugm. i. § 208.
Du.) mommeur, ‘a mummer, one
M. F. — munificence, liberality. (F. L.)
Cot. — M. Du. F. munificence — L. miinificentia formed
*
that goes a-mumming ;
.
;

mommen to go a-mumming; cf. tnorn- from munificits, bountiful — L. muni-, for .

aensicht, a mummer’s mask Low G. munus, a duty, also a present fie-, for ; ;

mu mint, a mask. p. The word is imita- facere, to make.

tive, from the sound mum or mom, used Muniment, a defence, title-deed. (F.
by nurses to frighten or amuse children, at — L.) M F. muniinent — L. munime?itum . .
,

the same time pretending tocover their a defence. — L. mftnfre, to fortify ;

old form
faces. Cf. G. mummel a bug-bear. tnoenire . —
moenia neut.
L. pi., walls,
Der. mummer-y, M. F. mommerie (F. ramparts, defences. Brugm. i. § 208.
momerie). munition. F. munition. (F. — L.)
Mummy. — Ital. — Arab. - Pers.)
(F. — L. acc. munftidnem , a defending. — L.
F. momie ( mumie in Cotgrave). — Ital. munitus, pp. of mtlnire (above). Der.
mummia, mumia (Florio). — Arab. ammunition.
mftmiya, a mummy the substance with ; Munnion, old form of Mullion, q. v.
which mummies are preserved. (Cf. Pers. Mural. -L.)
(F. F. mural. - L.
m ft may in, a mummy.) — Pers. mum, mom 7)iurdlis, belonging to a wall. — L. mums
wax much used in embalming.
;
a wall.
Mump, to mumble, sulk, beg. (Du.) Murder, Murther, sb. (E.) M.E.
A mumper was a cant teirn for a beggar. morthre. A. F. murdre, sb. mur-
7)iordre, ;

— Du. mompen, to mump, cheat (Sewel) drir,\b A.S. mordor. -f- Goth. 77iaurthr,
.

cf. mommelen, mompelen, to mumble (3. We 77107 a, Du. 7fioord

also find A. S.
(Hexham). Thus tnttmp is merely an G. word, murder, death, cog-
Icei. 7/107 6,
emphatic form of mum, M. Du. mommen, nate with L. mors (stem 7U07‘t see -')
;

to say mum, also to mask. Cf. Norw. Mortal. Der. 7nurdcr, vb.
mtimpa, to munch. See Mumble. Muriatic, briny. (L.) L. 7/1 tt rid t it us,
mumps. (Du.) To have the mu?nps'
‘ lying in brine. — L. 7/iuria, brine, salt
or to be in the
‘ *
mumps was to be sulky liquor.
or sullen ; hence it was transferred to the Muricated, prickly. (L.) L. 77iuri-
disease which gave one a sullen appear- catus prickly. — L. miiric-, stem of niwex,
,

ance. From mump (above). a prickly fish, a spike. Gk. (for +

Munch., to chew. (E.) M. E. monchen *[jLvoa(), a sea-muscle ; from /xuy, a mouse,
(Chaucer). Doubtless an imitative word, a sea-muscle. See Muscle (2).
like mump. Kilian has M. Du. moncken Murky, Mirky. (Scand.) The -y
mompelen mussitare.’ Cf. E. Fries, and
, * is a modem addition. M. E. mirke ?nerke. ,

Low G. munkeln to mumble; and see — Icei. niyrkr (for *mirkwoz Noreen), Dan.
Mump, It cannot be from F. ?nanger Swed. 77fork, dark, mirky.+A.S. tnirce ;

( < L. tnandftcare ) 0. Sax. mirki The A. S. form would .

Mundane, worldly. (F.— L.) M.E. have given mirch .

mondam. — F. mondain. — L. munddnus, Murmur, sb. (F. - L.) F. murmure .

adj. from mundus the world (lit. order).— — L. murmur a murmur murmur&re to
,
;

340
 , , ;
,
; , , , , ,, ,,,

MURRAIN MUSTACHIQ
niurmur.+Skt. marmara-, rustling sound muscheron. — M.F. mouscheron , mousserm ,
of wind. A reduplicated form cf. G. ;
a mushroom extended from F. mousse
;

murren , Icel. murra to murmur. Of moss (Hatzfeld). — O. II. G. mos (G. moos),
imitative origin. Brugm. i. § 499. moss ; see Moss.
Murrain, cattle-disease. (F. - L.) Music. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. mtisik.
M. K. moreine, also morin. — 0
F. marine ,
.
— F. musique. — L. musica. — Gk. ^.ovaiK-q,
a carcase of a beast, also a murrain musical art, fern, of /jiov<wc 6 s, belonging to
Norm. dial, murine Cf. Span, morrina the muses. — Gk. fiovaa, a muse.
. ,

Tort, inorrinha murrain. — O. F. morir Musit, a small gap in a hedge. (F. —

(F. rnourir), to die. — L. war/, to die. Sec C. ?) M. F. urns selle *a little hole;*
Mortal. Cot. Dimin. of O. F. musse. a seczet
Murrey, dark red ; heraldic . (F. — L.) corner. — F. musser to hide. Perhaps of
In Palsgrave. — M. F. morie, ‘a kind of Celt, origin cf. O. Irish much-aim , I hide ;

murrey, or dark red colour;’ Col. [Cf. (Thurneysen, p. 108).

Ital. morato , mulberry -colouied.] — L. Musk, a perfume. (F. — L. — Gk. Pers.) —
fnorum, a mulberry. See Mulberry. F. muse. — L. museum acc. of muscus.
Murrion ; see Morion. — Gk. ^6 a\os. — Pers. musk, misk. Cf.
Muscadel, Muscatel, Musca- Skt. mushka a testicle, because musk ,

dine. (F. — ltal. — L. — Pers.) M

.F. wtfr- was obtained from a bag behind the musk-
— M. ltal. moscadello, moscatello deer’s navel it also means ‘little mouse,* ;

moscatino , names of wines, from their per- from mush to steal. See Mouse.
fume. — M. Ital. tnoscafo, scented with musk. Musket. (F. — Ital.— L.) M. F. mous-
— M. Ital. musco, musk. — L. museum acc. quet a musket, orig. a kind of hawk ;
,
,

of muscus, musk ; see further under Musk. (another sort of gun was called a falconet
And see Nutmeg. another a saker a kind of hawk).— Ital. ,

Muscle (1), the fleshy part of the body. fnosquetto a musket, orig. a kind of hawk, ,

(F.-L.) F. muscle. — L. musculum , acc. so called from its small size. Deriv. of
of musculus , (1) a little mouse, (2) a Ital. tnosca , a fly. — L. musea, a fly.
muscle, from its creeping appearance Doublet, mosquito.
when moved. Dimin. of L. ///7/jt, a mouse Muslin. (F. - Ital. - Syriac.) F.
see Mouse. (Cf. F. sotiris , (1) mouse, mousseline ; O. F. mosolin. — ltal. wwr-
(2) muscle.) solino, dimin. of ussolo, muslin. — Syriac m
muscle, (2), mussel, a shell-fish. Mosul, a city in Kurdistan, whence it first
(L.) In earlier use. M. E. muscle, A.S. came; Aiab. Mawsil (the same).
inttxle , muscle (Wright), a muscle (fish). Musquito ; see Mosquito.
— L. musculus , a sea-muscle, also a little Mussel ; see Muscle (2).
mouse (as above). Mussulman, a true believer in the
Muscoid, moss-like. (L. 70/M Gk. Mohammedan faith. (Pers. — Arab.) Pers.
suffix.) L. musco -, for muscus moss; musulman , an orthodox believer. — Arab.
*

and Gk. suffix -€<575, like, from €?5 oy, foim. moslim, muslim a moslem see Moslem. ;

See Moss. Must

(i\ part of a verb implying
Muse < I )» to meditate. (F.
— E.) M. E. obligation.’ (E.) Only the pt. t. remains,
‘

musen.— F. mttser, ‘to muse, dreame;’ which is now only used as a present.
Cot. — O. F. wwjv, the mouth, muzzle M. E. mot, moot preterito-pres. t., I am ,

(Godefroy) see Muzzle. The image is able, I am free to, I ought pt. t. moste
; ;

that of a dog sniffing the air when in tnuste I was able, I ought. A. S. ic mot,
doubt as to the scent cf. Ital. mu sure , to preterito-pres. t. ; ic moste I must, new pt.
; ,

muse, also to gape about, ‘ to hould ones t. infin. *motan.+ O. Sax. * motan, pr. t.
;

musle or snout in the aire,’ Florio, from ik mot, pt. t. ik mosta ; Du. moeten to be ,

ltal. muso, snout. obliged ; Swed. masie I must (compare ,

Muse (2), a goddess of the arts. (F.~ the E. use) ; G. miissen pr. t. ich muss, pt. t. ,

E. — Gk.) F. muse. — L. mftsa. — Gk. ich musste Goth. pr. t. ik ga-rnot, pt. t. ;

fiovcra, a muse. ik ga-mosta, lit. * I find room.*

museum. (L.-Gk.) L. museum. — Must
(2), new wine. (L.) M.E. must.
Gk. povatiov, temple of the muses, a study, A. S. must. — L. musturn , new wine ; neut.
a school. — Gk. /xovera, a muse. of mustus, fresh, new.
Mushroom. (F. -O. H. G.) M. E. Mustachio ; see Moustache.
 , , ,, , , , ;

MUSTANG MYRRH
Mustang, a wild horse of the prairies. old verb to mutine ; Haml. iii. 4. 83. —
(Span. — L.) Span, mesteno (with ft as F. mutiner ‘to mutine/ Cot. — O. F.
ny ) 9 formerly mestengo (Pineda), in the m ut in, tumultuous. — O. F. mute, a
same sense as mostrenco, adj., stray, having sedition (cf. Low L. mota, a pack
;

no owner. The adj. meslerio also means of hounds — mod. F. meute). — Folk-L.
belonging to a ‘ mesta/ — Span, mesta a *movita , (lit. moved, hence, a movement,
body of proprietors of cattle, a company of bustle), fem. of *movitus, new pp. of
graziers. — L. mixta fern, of pp. of misee re, mouere , to move. Cf. mod. F. 4meute.
to mingle. Cf. Span, mestura , a mixture. See Move.
Mustard. (F. - L. ; with Teut. suffix ) Mutter, to murmur. (E.) M. E. mut-
M. E. mostard. — O. F. mostarde (F. mou- tren moteren. A frequentative verb, from
,

tarde ). Cf. Ital. mostarda. It took its a base mut to express inarticulate mumb-
name from being mixed with must or ling, as in E. Fries, motjen to mutter;
vinegar (Littre). — L. mustum, must with Swed. dial, mutla , muttra Norw. mutra.
; ,

suffix -ard (<G. hart). So also L. muttire, mfitire, to mutter, prov.

Muster. (F. — L.) M. E. moustre a G. mustern , to whisper.
muster of men, lit. display. — 0 F. mostre, Mutton. (F, — C ?) M. E. motoun. — .

"
another form of moustre 1 a pattern, also O. F. moton (F. mouton ), a sheep Low
, ;

a muster, view, shew;* Cot. The fem. L. multo, a sheep. Cf. Ital. montone (for
form of F. moustre a monster ; see *mo/tone), a sheep. Prob. of Celtic origin,
Monster. Cf. (). Norm. dial, mustrer, from Celt, type *moltos, a sheep ; whence
Gascon must ra, to shew. Irish and Manx molt Gael, mult, W. ,

A
Musty, mouldy, damp. (L.) doublet mollt, Corn, viols, Bret, maout a wether ,

of moisty, used by Chaucer in the sense of sheep, Diez cites Piov. mout Como ,

‘new,’ but by Ascham in the sense of mot, Orisons mutt castrated, and derives ,

‘moist/ — L. m
listens, like must, new. — L. all from L. mutilus , maimed ; but this is
mustum, must. See Must (2). Perhaps not now accepted.
influenced by F. moisi , ‘mouldy, musty, Mutual. (F. - L.) O. F. mut net.
fusty/ Cot.; from which, however, it Extended from L. mutu-us, mutual, reci-
cannot possibly be derived. procal, orig. ‘ exchanged.’ — L. mutdre, to
Mutable. (L.) M. E. mutable. — L. change. See Mutable.
mutabilis , changeable. — L. milhire, to Muzzle, snout. (F.— L.) M. E. moscL
change. Prob. for *moiidre; allied to — O. F. musel (Burguy), muzel (a. d. 1521,
mutuus, mutual, and to Gk. poiros, thanks, Godefroy) ; later rnuseau , ‘ muzzle/ Cot.
favour (Prellwitz). Norm. dial, musel (Du Bois). Diez
MutchMn, a pint. (Du.) From shews that the orig. F. form was
M. Du. mudseken (for *mutscken), the morsel (still preserved in Bret, morzeel or
‘

halfe pint of Paris measure/ Hexham. muzel, a muzzle, forms borrowed from
Lit. ‘small cap/ dimin. of M.Du. mutse O. F.). This O. F. ?norsel is a dimin. from
(Du. muts), a cap. Cf. G. mutze , a cap. Late L. morsus , a morsel, also a snout,
See Amice (2). beak. — L. morsus, a bite; from morsus ,

Mute (0 dumb. (L.) From L. mutus, pp. of mordere , to bite. See Mordacity.
,

dumb. Cf. Skt. mfika -, dumb. % The Cf. Ital. muso, snout, mono a snaffle
M. E. rnuet, rnewet, mute, is from a (Florio). Disputed.
Romanic foim *mutettus, formed from L. (E.) My.
M. E. mi, my short for min, ;

milt -us (O. F. mu) by adding -ettus. mine, by loss of final n. See Mine, Der.
Mute (2), to dung used of birds. my -self, M. E. mi-self, formerly tne-self.
;

(F. — M. Du.) M. F. mutir, ‘to mute as Myriad. (Gk.) Gk. pvpiab-, stem of
a hawke ; *
Cot. Short for M. F. es- pvpias, the number of 10,000. — Gk. pvpios,
meutir, the same oldest spelling esmeltir. numberless.
;

— M. Du. smelten smitten, to smelt, to Myrmidon. (L. — Gk.) Gen. in pi.

,

liquefy; also to mute (Hexham). See Myrmidons — L. Myrmidones, pi. — Gk. .

Smelt. Mvpfubuvts, pi., a warlike people of Thes-

Mutilate. (L.) From pp. of L. saly, formerly in .Angina (Homer).
mutildre to maim. — L. mutilus , maimed.
, Myrrh. (F.-L.-Gk.-Arab.) M.E.
+Gk t-nAoj, pirvXos, curtailed, docked. mirre. — O. F. mirre (1 1 th cent.) ; F.
Mutiny. (F.-L.) Formed from the myrrhe. — L, myitha. — Gk. pvppa. Arab. —
342
 \ , , , ; , ;,

MYRTLE NAP
inurr (i) bitter, (2) myrrh, named from nagen, naggen to gnaw, vex, nag gnag-
, ;

its bitterness. +Heb. /nor, myrrh. gen, to nag (Berghaus). See Gnaw.
Myrtle. (F. - L. - Gk. - Pers.) O. F. Naiad, a water-nymph. (L. — Gk.) L.
myrtil, dimin. of myrte meurte, the myrtle-
,
naiad-, stem of naias. — Gk. vatas, a
tree. L. murtus, myrtus — Gk. pvpTos. —
— water-nymph. — Gk. v4luv, to _flow.
.

Pers. murd, the myrtle. Cf. O. Irish sndim I swim. (^SNA.) ,

Mystery (1), a secret rite. (L. - Gk.) Nail. (E.) M. E. nayl. A. S. nagel.
M. K. mysteric. — L. mysterium — Gk. +Du. nagel, Dan. nag/e, Swed. nagel, G.
.

pLvaTrjpiov (Rom. xvi. 25). — Gk, hvgttjs, nagel Icel. nagl, the human nail, nagli, ;

one who is initialed. — Gk. fivciv, to initiate. a nail or snike and cf. Goth, ganagljan ; ,

Mystery (2), Mistery, a trade, to nail. p. The

Teut. type is *nagloz ,
handicraft ;
see Mistery. masc. Allied to Lithuan. nages , a claw,
Mystic, secret, allegorical. (F. — L.— Russ, nogote a nail, Pers. ndkhun Skt.
, ,

Gk.) F. mystique. — L. mysticus. — Gk. nakha-, nail of the finger or toe; and
j.lv<ttikos, mystic. — Gk./uWTjy, fern. /ii/cmy, further, to Gk. ovv£, L. unguis, O. Irish
one who is initiated; see Mystery (1). inga, \Y. ewin, a nail, with a different
mystify. (F. — Gk. and L.) F. mysti - gradation.
modern and ill-coined word coined
/ier, a ; Naive, aitless. (F.-L.) F. naive,
from Gk. fwaTt-Kos mystic, and F. -for,
,
fern, of natf, native, natural. — L. ndtiuus,
from L. -foare for facere to make.
, ,
native. — L. ndttis, born; see Natal.
Myth, a fable. (Gk.) Gk. fivOos, a Naked. (K.) A. s. ?iacod.+ Du. /uiakt,
fable. G. nackt. Goth, nakwaths Icel. nokvifir;
mythology. (F.-L.- Gk.) F. my- cf. Dan. nogen, Swed. /taken , mod. Icel. na-

— L. mythologia. — Gk. fivOokoyia,

thologie. kinn. All these are pp. forms; cf. nake,
legendary lore. — Gk. iivQo-s, a fable to strip, in Chaucer, tr. of Boethius, bk.
\ 6 y~os, a discourse, from ktyuv, to tell. iv. m. 7 ; which is a back-formation.
Teut. type *nakwathoz>*nakwadoz\ Idg.
type *nog\w)ot6s. Allied to Skt. nagna-,
N. Russ, nagoi, L. /nidus, Iiish nochd, W.
noeth, stripped, bare. Brugm. i. § 165,
Nab, to seize. (Scand.) Prov. E. nap See Nude.
(Norths From Swed. and Norw. nappa , Naker, a kettle-drum. (Arab.) In
Dan. nappe to catch, snatch at, nab. Der.
,
Chaucer. Arab, naqqdrah a kettle-drum ,

kidnap. see Palmer’s Pers. Diet., col. 659.

Nabob, an Indian prince. (Ilind.— Name. (E.) A. S. ;/fl;;/fl.+l3 u. naam;

Arab.) Hind, nawdb or nawwdb , oiig. a led./tafn, natttn , Dan. navn, Swed. namn\
pi. sb., but used in the sing, as a title of Goth, /tamo G. name. ,
Further allied to
honour. PI. of Arab, niiib, a vice-gerent, L. nomen a , name ;
Gk. 6Vo/xa } Pers. ttdm,
deputy, viceroy. Cf. Arab. naivb supply- ,
Skt. tidmatt ;
and to lr. ai/im, YV. enw,
ing the place of another. name. Not allied to ; see Know
Nadir, the point of the sky opposite Prellwitz. Brugm. i. §§ 399, 425.
the zenith. (F. — Span. — Arab.) F. nadir. Nankeen, Nankin, a kind of cotton
— Span, nadir. — Arab, naztr short for cloth. (China.) So called from Nankin,
5

nazints saint the nadir; lit. correspond- in China. —Chin. /tan-king south court;
,
‘
,

ing to the zenith,’ — Arab, naztr , alike, cf.pe-king, north court (Yule).
corresponding to; assamt , the azimuth, (1), a short sleep. (E.) M. E. Nap
also the zenith. See Azimuth, Zenith. nappen verb, to doze. A. S. h/ueppian ,

(The z is heie the 1 7th letter of the Arab, verb, to doze. Cf. O. H. G. h/tajfezen, to
alphabet.) nap.
Nag (1), a horse. (M. Du.) M. E. ( 2),
the roughish surface of cloth. Nap
nagge-— M. Du. neggke negge, Du. negge. (M. Du.)
,
M. E. noppe, nap (Prompt.
neg a small horse Du. dial, knagge Parv.). Prob. introduced by Du. cloth-
;

%
(Molema), Cf. Low G. nikkcl a nag. workers. [A. S. hnoppa is unauthorised.]
Origin unknown. — M. Du. noppe ‘the haire or nap of ,

Nag (j), to worry, tease. (Scand.) wooll or cloath ; ’ Hexham. D11. nop. Cf.
Norw. Swed. nagga to nibble, peck cf. M. Du. noppen 4 to sheare of[f ] the nap
, ; ,

Dan. nage, Icel. gnaga to gnaw

, ; Low G. Hexham.+Norw. napp, nap; nappa, to
 + , , ,
;
;

NAPE NAUSEOUS
give a nap to ; Dan. noppe> nap noppe, to ;
Swed. narhval \ Icel. ndhvalr a narwhal.
,

friz ; Low G. nod be, nubbe , nap. Allied The sense is * corpse-whale ' ; the fish
lit.

to Norw. nttppa , to pluck off with the being (often) of a pallid colour; perhaps
fingers; A. S. hnoppian> to pluck, Voc. a ‘ popular etymology.* Icel. na-r9 corpse —
480. 23 ; Goth, dis-hnupnan to be torn to ,
hvalr whale.
,

pieces, dis-hniupan , to tear (F. — L.)

to F. nasal. — Late L.
pieces. Nasal.
Teut. root *hneup. belonging to the nose. — L. nasus
ndsiilisy

Nape, the joint of the neck behind. nose. See Nose.

(E.) M. E. nape\ also naupe (Palsgrave). Nascent, Springing up. (L.) L. nas-
The same as O. Fries, hals-knap nape of cent-, stem of pres. pt. of nasci, to be
,

the neck ; which links it with A. S. cnap , born, arise, spring up, inceptive verb with
the top of a hill and with Knop.; pp. ndtus . See Natal.
N apery, linen for the table. (F.— L.) Nasturtium, a flower. (L.) Lit.
O. F. naperie. — Late L. ndparia map- nose-wring ; * from the sharp smell. — L.
,
‘

pdria the office in a household for sup- nasturtium , cress; better spelt nastur-
,

plying table-linen, — Late L. napa a cloth, cium. — L. nds-usy nose; torquere to twist,
, ,

for L. mappa a cloth. See Map, Napkin. torment ; see Torment.

,

- Naphtha. (L. - Gk. - Pers.) L. naph- Nasty. (Scand.) Formerly also nasky;
tha. — Gk. va<pOa. — Pers. naft, nift, naph- see Mau-lavl in Cot. Cf. Swed. dial.
tha, bitumen. naskug nasty, dirty, also spelt snaskig ;
Napkin, a small cloth. (F. - L. ; with Swed. snuskig, nasty. — Swed. dial, snaska,
E. suffix.) M. E. napekin also napet , to eat like a pig, be slovenly ; Dan. snaske ,
,

both dimin. forms of O. F. nape a cloth, to eat like a pig. Low G. nask nasty
,
+ ,

from Late L. ndpa\ see Napery. Norw. nask, greedy, naska to champ; ,

Narcissus, a flower. 'JL.— Gk.) L. E. Fries, nasken, G. 7iasc/ien, O. II G. .

narcissus. — Gk. vapniaaos) named from nascon, to eat dainties.

its narcotic properties. See below, Natal, belonging to one’s birth. (F. —
narcotic, producingstupor. (F. — Gk.) L.) F. 7iatal (O.F. noel). — L. tidtdlis .
F. narcotique. — Gk. vapKcvriKus, benumb- — L. 7idtus (for g7idtus), born (cf. Gk.
ing. —Gk. vapKoaj, I benumb; vaptcaw, I KaaiyvT)Tos,a. bloocl relation) pp. of 7iasci, ;

grow numb. — Gk. vapur7, numbness, orig. to be born. — yTiEN, to beget. See
contraction for *av 6p/crj, i. e. contraction. genus, Kin.
;
Brugm. i. § 452.
Allied to Snare (Prellwitz). Natation, swimming. (L.) From the
Nard, an unguent (F. — L. — Gk — acc. of L. 7iatdtioy a swimming. — L. 7iatat-
.
.

Pers ) F. nard. — L. ?iardus. — Gk. vapbos, us, pp. of nature to swim, frequent, of ,

Mk. xiv. 3. — Pers. nard (whence Skt. 7idre, to swim. Cf. Gk. vifociv, to swim,
nalada-), spikenard. +
Skt. nada -, a reed. O. Irish S 7id-iffi , I swim. See Naiad.
Horn, § 1060. Der. spike-nard. Nation. (F. — L.) F. nation. — L.
Nargileh, Nargili, Nargile, 7idtidne?Jiy acc. of 7idtio, a nation. — L.
a pipe or smoking-apparatus in which the 7idtuSy born. See Natal.
smoke is passed through water. (Pers.) native. (F.-L.) F. natif c native;’ ;

— Pers. nargile a coco-nut, because these Cot. — L. ndtitiuSy natural. — 1 .. ndtus ,

pipes were originally made with a coco- born. Doublet, naive .

nut, which held the water. Of. Skt. nature. (F. — L.) F. nature. — L.
narikera -, narikela -, a coco-nut. (Devic, fidtura nature. — L. ndtus born. ,

Yule.) Natron, native carbonate of sodium.

Narration. (F.-L.) F. narration. (F. — Span. — Arab. — Gk. — Heb.) A
— L. acc. narralionem a tale. — 1 .. narrd - doublet of tiitre see Nitre.
, ;

tus y pp. of narrare to relate, lit. to make

,
Naught, Nought. (E.) M. K.
known. — L. narus gttarus, knowing, ,
ac- 7iaught. A.S. fuhuiht, also ndht. — A. S.
quainted with. — ^GEN, to know; see not wiht a whit see No and Whit.
fid, ; , ;

Know. Brugm. i. § 457 (2). Der. tuiught-y (lit. naught-like, worthless).

Narrow. ( E.) M.E. 7iarowe, narewty Doublet, not .
nai'we. nearu narrow, closely
A. S. , Nauseous. (L. — Gk.) L. nauseosus,
drawn. 0 Sax. naro I)u. naar, dismal, adj.
.
;
from tiausea ; ,
sea-sickness. — Gk.
sad. Perhaps allied to Nerve (Franck). vava ia, sea-sickness. — Gk. vav s, a ship.
Narwhal, sea-unicorn. (Scand.) Dan. See Nave (2).
 ; ; k ;

NAUTCH NECK
Nautch, a kind of ballet-dance by Nay. (Scand.) M. E. nay.— Icel. net,
women. (Hind. — Prakrit. — Skt.) Hind, Dan. nei\ Swed. nejy nay. Negative of
(and Mahratti) nach , a dance; Prakrit Aye, q. v
;
nachcha . — Skt nrtya dancing, acting , Nazarite, a Jew who made vows of
orig. fut. pass. part, of nrt, to dance, to act. abstinence, &c .
(Heb. with Gk. suffix .)
;

Der. nautch-girl a dancing-girl (Yule).

,
Heb. ndzar to separate oneself, vow,
y

Nautical. (L. - Gk.) From L. na u- abstain; with suffix -ite ( = L. -tta, Gk.
tfc-uSy nautical.— Gk. vavritcos, pertaining
to ships. — Gk. vavTtjs, a sailor ; from vav-s, Neap, scanty, very low said of a tide.
;

a ship. See Nave (2). (E.) M. E. neep A. S. ;

nep (or nep).
nautilus, a shell-fish. (L. Gk.) L. — Near, Now used as a
nigh. (E.)
nautilus. — Gk. vavriXos a sea-man; also , comparative of nigh.
positive, but orig. the
the nautilus (from its sailing). — Gk. vavr- [The form nearer is a double compara-
ijs, a sailor ; from vav-s
f
a ship. tive.] M. E. nerve, adj., ner adv., nigher y ;

Naval. (F.-L.) F. naval. L. «#- — A. S. near, comparative adv. from neahy

belonging to ships. — L. nduis, a nigh.+Icel. nar adv., both positive and y

ship. Cf. Gk. i/at/s. See Nave (2). comparative ; orig. the latter. See Nigh.
Nave (1), the hub of a wheel. (E.) Neat (1), black cattle, an ox. (E.)
M. E. naue A. S. nafu nabu. 4 ,
*
M. E. neety both sing, and pi. A.S. neat,
Du. naafy Icel. rioj
*
Dan. waz;, Swed. naf, pi. neaty cattle. + Icel. naitt, pi. naut 9

G. O. H. G. naba. Teut. type cattle; Swed. not; Dan. nod ;

M. H. G.
% nabdy fern. Cf. Skt. nabhi- } the nave of ndZy cattle. Teut. type *nautoniy neut.
a wheel, navel, centre, boss. See Navel. p. Usually explained as domestic or ‘ ’

1
Der. auger. useful * ; from the 2nd grade ( naut ) of
Nave (2), the body of a church. (F.~ Teut. *neut-any to employ ; seen in A. S.
L.) From O. F. nave (F. nef) y a ship, niotan, to use, employ, Icel. njdta, G.
also the body of a church said to be named ;
geniessen Goth, niutatiy to enjoy, get
,

from its lengthy shape. — L. ndtiem acc. of ,

benefit from. Cf. Lithuan. naudet , use-
mutis a ship. 4* Gk. vavs, a ship, O. Irish
,
fulness. (yTvfEUD.) Brugm. i. § 221.
natij Skt. nau -.
Brugm. i. § 184. Der. neat-herd.
Navel. (E.) M. K. nauel (m = v) A.S. Neat (2), tidy. (F. - L.) F. net, ;

nafela nabula navel.

y , +
Hu. navel Icel. masc., nette, fern., neat, pure. — L. nitiduSy
,

najliy Dan. navle, Swed. nafie G. nabel. shining, neat. — L. niterey to shine.
y

Tent, type *nabslon from the form seen - Neb, beak, nose. (E.) M. E. neb face.
; ,

in Lettish naba navel; see Nave (1). A. S. neb by face.+Du ,neb bill, nib, mouth;
y y

Cf. also Pers. ndf navel Skt. nCibhi-, (1) Icel. nefy nose
y
Dan. nab Swed. nabb.
; ; ;

nave, (2) navel related (with a difference p. Further allied to Du. sneb bill, beak,
; ,

of gradation) to Gk. uii<pa\ 6 s, navel, Lat. sfiavel, bill G. schnabel bill, M. H. G. ; ,

umbilTctiSy O. Irish imbliu. Similarly, nave snabely allied to M. H. G. snaben, to snap.

( 1 is allied to L. umbo, boss (of a shield).
)
And cf. Lith. snapasy bill.
Brugm. ii. § 76. Nebula, a misty patch of light. (L.)
Navigable, that can be traversed by L. nebulay mist. Gk. n<f>( A17, cloud Du. + ;

ships, (r — L. ) . F. navigable. — L. ndui- nevely Icel. nifl, G. nebel, mist. Allied to

gdbilis. — I.. nduigdrey to navigate. — L. Gk. vlfposy cloud, W nefy O. Ir. nem .
y

ndu-y for minis a ship , ;

-igdre t for agertr, heaven, Russ. nebo t heaven; also Skt.
to drive. nabhasy sky, aether. Brugm. i. § 554.
navigation. (F.-L.) F. naviga- Necessary. (F.-L.) o. F. neces-
tion, sailing. — 1.. acc. tiduigdtidnem from saire, — L. necessarius needful. — L. necesse, }

pp. of L. nduigare (above). neut. adj., necessary.

nawy, a labourer employed on rail-
ways, &c. (L.) Short for navigator for-
merly used to mean a labourer employed
on canals for navigation first used, ac-
cording to Haydn, about 1830.
navy, a fleet. (F. -L.) M. E. name.
— O. F. navie, orig. a single ship. — L.
nduiay a vessel.— L. ndui-s, a ship.
Neck. (E.) M. E. nekke. A.S . hnecca,
,
neck, orig. nape of the neck.+Du. nek,
G. genic ; Teut. type *knekkon- . Cf. also
;
Icel. hnakkiy Dan. nakke, Swed. nacke, G.
nacketiy O. H. G. ( h)nach, nape of the
neck, back of the head ; from Teut. type
*hnakkon -. p. Orig. sense ‘ projection *
further allied to Irish cnoc, hill.

345
 , ) ,;
, , ; ;

NECROMANCY NEPHEW
Necromancy, com- negligent divination by
stem of pres. part, of negli-
munion with the dead. (F. - L.— Gk.)
M.E. ge re, to neglect (above).
nigromancie (since altered). — O. F. nigro- Negotiate, to do business. (L.) From
mance ‘nigromancy, conjuring, the black pp. of L. negolidrt, to do business. — L.
,

art; Cot. — Late L. nigromantia, corrupt negotium business

’
compounded of neg-, , ;

form of L. necromantfa. — Gk. vvcponavreia, not (see Negation), and otium, leisure.
necromancy. — Gk. veKpbs, a corpse; fiav- Negro. (Span. — I..) Span, negro. — L.
rtta, prophetic power, 0 Gk. . veKpus, is nigrum ,
acc. of niger, black.
allied to vhcvs, a corpse cf. L. necare to kill. Negus. (E.) A beverage invented by
; ,

(^NEK.) Gk. ptai/T€ia is from fxdvTts, a Colonel Negus (one of a Norfolk family)
seer, Necromancy was called the black in the time of Queen Anne. 4

art* owing to a popular etymology from Neif, Neaf, the fist. (Seand.) M. FI.
L. ttiger, black; cf. the Late L. nigro- neue dat. case. — Icel. hnefi, fist;
mantia . Swed. ncifve, Dan. nave.
Nectar. (L.-Gk.) L. nectar. - Gk. Neigh. (E.) M. K. nefen. A.S .hniegan,
vkn rap, the drink of the gods. to neigh. +Low G. neigen (Liibben), M.

'
Need. (E.) M. E. need. A. S. nied Du. neyen, to neigh. Cf. Icel. gneggja,
(;
nyd), also ncad O. Merc, ned, necessity. hneggja, Swed. gnagga Dan .gnegge, Norw.
; ,

+ Icel. nandr necessity, fraud, distress ,

kneggja.
Du. nood, Dan. Swed. nod, G. noth not Neighbour. (E.) M. E. neighebour\ ,

Goth, nauths Teul. stem natidi . In A.S. tteahgebur or neahbfir, — A. S. neah,

late A. S. texts this word is confused in nigh; bur, or gebiir, a husbandman, the
form with tteod, nied (nyd), desire which same word as Du. boer, a boor. See Boor. ;

is related to O. Sax. nittd O. II. G. niol, +G. nachbar M. I LG. ndchbur from
, ,

desire; Teut. base *nettd~. Brugm. i. § ndch, nigh, bur a husbandman. ,

427 b. Neither. (K.) M.E. neither for ne ;

Needle. (E.) Also neeld; M.E. nedle, (negative particle), not, and either. See \\

also tielde. A. S. medel earlier form Either. With A. S. ne, not, cf. O. Sax.
;

ndetSl. -p Du. naald (.for *naadl Icel. ne ni Goth, and O. II. G. ni, not. ; , ;

ndl Dan. naal Swed. nal ; G. nadel

; ; Nemesis. (L.-Gk.) L. nemesis. -Gk. ;

Goth, nethla. All from a Tout, type vipmns, allotment, retribution, vengeance.
% nct-thld, from root — Gk. vtfiuv, to distribute. (yMVEM.)
*ne, to sew, as in G.
ndhen, to sew, L. nere Gk. vrjOuv, vieiv, Nenuphar, a kind of water-lily. (Pers.
,

to spin. Cf. ^SNE, as in O. Irish snim, — Skt.) Pers. ninufar for nilufar nilu - , ,

a spinning; cf. Irish snathad, a needle, far, nilupat a water-lily (Devic). — Skt.
snathaim, I string together, snaidhe, thread mlotpala , a blue lotus. — Skt. nila, blue;
See Brugm. i. § 136, ii. § 62. ittpala a lotus. ,

Neese, Neeze, to sneeze, puff. (E.) Neology, the introduction of new

M. E. nesen not in A.
niezen G.
; S.+Du. ,
phrases. (Gk.) Gk. veo-y, new; -Ko^ia,
niesen O. II. G. niusan , Icel. hnjosa
, from Aoyoy, discourse, from \tyav, to
Swed. nysa Dan. tiyse. Teut. type % hneu-
,
speak see New.
;

san See Sneeze. neophyte, a novice. (L.-Gk.) L.

Nefarious. (L.) L. nefdri-us, im- neophytus — Gk. vfbtpvros, lit. new planted,
.

pious ;
with suffix -oils. — L. that hence, a novice. — Gk. vto-s, new <pvT-6v, ;

which is unlawful. — L. ne for not; a plant, </>ur-oy, grown, from <pvuv, to grow,
law, allied to fari, to speak, declare. cause to grow, allied to Be.
Cf. Skt. bhash, to speak. neoteric, novel. (L.-Gk.) L.neote-
Negation, denial. (F.-L.) M. F. ne- ricus. — iSk, pfurtpiKos, novel. — Gk. vtfa-
gat ion. — L. negdlionem, denial. — L.
ace. r^pos, comparative of vtos, new ;
see New.
negdtus, pp. of negdre, to deny. Prob. Nepenthe, Nepenthes, a drug
from a particle {neg-) of negation ; cf. which lulled sorrow. (Gk.) Gk. urjntvOls,
Lith. negi, also not. Brugm. ii. § 774. an epithet of a soothing drug (in Homer)
Neglect. (L.) L. neglectus, pp. of ncut, of i'rjirtv$r)s, free from sorrow. Gk. —
negligere, to neglect. -L. neg- , not (see vr)-,neg. prefix; irMos, grief, allied to
Negation) ; and legere to gather, select. nddos. SeeNo (1) and Pathos.
negligence. (F.-L.) M. F. negli- Nephew. (F. - L.) M. K neueu
gence. — L. negligentia, carelessness. — L. j
( = neveu). — F. neveu, 4
a nephew ; ’
Cot. —
346
 , , + ,,; , ,,, \

NEREID NEWEL
L. nepotetn , acc. of nepos, a grandson, also from ni, downward, into.+Icel. nedri, adj.*
+
a nephew. Skt. napdt, a grandson ; Pers. nedarr, adv. Dan. neder- (in comp.),
;

ncauada, a grandson ;
A. S. nefa, a nephew whence ned, downward Swed. nedre, G. ;

G. neffe nephew; Du. neef. Idg. type nieder nether; Du. neder,
, adv., down.
*nepdt\ whence orig. Teut. type *nefod, Cf. Russ, nije (j as in F.) adv., lower.
later *nefon -. The fem. type
Der. nether-most, corruption of A. S. tiide-
is Idg. *ncpti-
(Skt. naptij L. mest, extended (by the usual superlative
neptis), Teut. *nefti- >
*niftt- (A. S. nift Du. nicht). Der. nepot- suffix -est) from an earlier *ni- 8em-a t
ism favouritism to relations, from L. where - de-m - = Idg. -to-mo (as in L.
,

nepot stem of Brugm. i. § 149. op-ti-mus).

Nereid, a sea-nymph. (L. — Gk.) L. Nettle. (E.) M.E .netle. K.S.netele,
Nereid stem of Nereis. — Gk. N^pets, a netted Du. netel, Dan. nelde (for *nedle),
daughter of Nercus (Gk. Ni7/>6tk), an Swed. nass la (for *ndlla ), G. nessel. Teut.
ancient sea-god. — Gk. i^pos, wet _cf. Gk. type *natilon-, fem. An older form appears ;

vac iv to flow (Prellwitz).

y
(y'SNA.) in O.II. G. nazza, fem., a nettle. Cf. O.
Nerve. (F.-L.) F. nerf\ Cot.-L. Irish nenaid, nettles.
neruum acc. of nanus a sinew. Perhaps
,
Neuralgia, pain in the nerves. (Gk.)
,

allied to Gk. vcvpov a sinew, string Skt. From Gk. vevp-o v, a nerve, and aX^os, ;

sndva-, a tendon. See Prellwitz. pain with suffix - 1a . The Gk. vcvpov ;

Nescient, ignorant. (I/.) From L. may be allied to L. tieruus see Nerve. ;

nescient-, stem of nesciens , pres. pt. of Neuter. (L.) h.neuta', neither; hence,
nescire, not to know. — L. nc-, not ; scire, sex-less. — L. ne, not; liter, whether; see
to know. See Science, Nice. Whether. Der. neuir-al, & c.
Nesh, tender, soft. (IC.
N
i M. E. nesh. Never. M. E. ncuer (11 = v).
(E.)
A.S. hnesce, soft.+Goth. hnaskwus, soft, A.S. niefre. — A. S. ne, not; dfre, ever;
tender. see Ever.
Ness, a promontory. (E.) Seen in New. (E.) M.E. newe\ A.S. ni’Wt,
Sheer-ness &c. A.S. nass, headland.
,
Dan. Swed.
ncoiue. +I)u. tiiemv, Icel. nyr,
Icel. nes, Dan. nccs, Swed. nas. Teut. ny, Goth, niujis G. ncu L. nouns W. , ,
,

types *nasoz or *nassoz, masc., *nasjom neuydd, Iiish and Gael, nuadh, Lithuan.
neut. Perhaps allied to Nose. naujas Russ, novuii Gk. vtos ( — vefos), ,

Nest. (E.) M. E. and A. S. nest. + Pers. nan, Skt. nava(s), navyais), new.
Du. nest O. II. G. and G. nest
,
Bret. ;
Idg. types *nezvios, newos Brugm. i. §§ ;

neiz, Irish and Gael, nead, O. Irish, net ;

120, 318; ii. § 63. Allied to Ski. nu ,
W. nyth, L. nidus (for *nizdus), Skt. nida-, now ;
hence new =- ‘ that which is now,’
a nest, a den. p. O rig. ‘ a place to sit in.* recent. See Now.
Explained as short for *ni-sd-os a place , newfangled, fond of novelty. (E.)
in which to sit down cf. Skt. ni-sad, to sit : The d has been added. M. E. newefatigcl ,

down. Here -sd- is the weak grade of
V'SED, to sit. See Sit. Der. ncst-le
from A.S. nestlian to make a nest ncst-
l-iug. Brugm. i. § 81.
Net (1), an implement for catching fish.
(E.) A. S. net nett. +Du. net, Icel. Dan.
,
net Swed. ndt, Goth, nati, G. netz. Teut.
,
type *natjom neut. Cf. L. nassa, a wicker
,
i. e. fond of what is new. Compounded of
f
nerve, new, and angel, ready to catch, from
, ;
the base fang-, as in A. S. fangen, pp. of
fan, to catch. The suffix •*/ is the same
as in A. S. sprec-ol, fond of speaking, talka-
tive, &c. See Fang.
news, tidings. (E.) Formerly newes,sb.
pi., lit. new things; see the Kingis Quair,

creel, Icel. not, a net. st. 179. It is a translation of F. non-

Wet (2), clear of all charges. (F. L.) — velles news, pi. of O. F. novel new. Cf.
F. net, pure; hence, free ; see Neat (2). Du. nieuws (Sewel).
Nether, lower. (E.) M. E. nethere . Newel, the upright column round which
A.S. neodera, nioderra, nether; a comp, a circular staircase winds. (F.— L.) Former-
adj. due to nider, adv., downward, also a ly nuell. — O. F. nuel, noiel, later noyau,
1
compar. form. To be divided as ni-der, the stone of a plumrae, the nuell or
the suffix -der being comparative, as in spindle of a winding staire;’ Cot. — L.
o-ther , nei-ther (cf.Gk. -repos, Skt. - tara -). nucdle neut. of nucdlis, lit. belonging to
We find Skt. ni-tardm, adv., excessively, a nut ; hence a kernel or stone of a plum.
continually, grammatically a comp, form - L. nuc-, stem of nux, a nut. Named
347
 , , , ]; , , , ;;

NEWFANGLED NIGHTMARE
from its central position. Cf. F. nucil, a by Cronstedt (a Swed. mineralogist) in
nut (dial, of La Meuse). 1754 (Cent. Diet.).
Newfangled, News ;
see New. Nicknack ;
see Knickknack.
Newt, a k ind of lizard. (E.) The ini- Nickname. (E.) M.E. nekename ,
tial unoriginal ; a newt stands for an also ekename ; (a nekename = an ekename ).
n is
ewt .E. newte ; also ewte , which is a See Prompt. Parv. ; cf. Du. toenaam , G.
M.
shortened form of M. E. evete. A. S. ztiname. —
From eke and name Icel. . +
efeta a lizard. See Eft. auknefni, Swed. oknamn, Dan. ogenavn,
Next, nighest. (E.) M.E. next] also an eke-name, nickname.
nehest, superl. of neh, nigh ; A. S. nehst, Nicotian, belonging to tobacco. (F.)
superl. of neh, neah, nigh. See Nigh. M. F. Nicotiane, ‘Nicotian, tobacco, first
Nias, a young hawk, a ninny. (F. — L.) sent into France by Nicot in 1560;’ Cot.
M. F. mats , ‘ a neastling, ninny ; ’ Cot. — AJicot is a personal name.
Late L. acc. type *mdidcem (Ital. nidiace). Niece. (F.-L.) M. E. nece, ncyce .—
— L. nidus , a nest. See Nest. M.F. niece (F. nihe). — Late L. neptia, a
Nib, point of a pen. (E.) Another form niece. — L. neptis, a granddaughter, niece
of neb ; see Neb. Cf. E. Fries, nibbe, used as fern, of L. nepos, nephew. See
nib ,
Low G. nibbe, a neb. Nephew.
Nibble. Lit
i
to nip often
(E.) . the Niggard, a miser. (Scand.) M.E.
;
9

frequent, of nip to pinch off the end of nigard where the suffix - ard is of F. ;

grass, &c.+Low G. nibbeln , knibbcln to origin ( = O. H. G. hart, hard). ,

also We
nibble, to gnaw slightly. (Cf. dibble from find M. K. nigun, a niggard, and niggish t
dip.) *([ Or we may regard it as an at- adj., stingy; and even nig. — Icel. hnoggr,
tenuated form of Du. knabbelen , to nibble. niggardly, Swed. njttgg, niggardly, scanty
—
Nice, fastidious, delicious. (F. L.) cf. Mid. Dan. nygger, Swed. dial, nugger,
M. E. nice, foolish, simple, later fastidious, stingy. A. S. hneaw, niggardly (Noreen). +
and lastly delicious. — O. F. nice lazy, Cf. M. Du. nugger, * nimble, carefull, or
,

simple ; orig. ignorant ; Romanic *neciu?n diligent,’ Hexham.

(cf. Span, nccio ). — L. nescium acc. of Nigh. (E.) M. E. neh neih ney. A.S. , ,

nescius, ignorant. —
L. tie, not; set-re, to ncah, ncli nigh ; adv. and prep. Du. , +
know. See No
(i) and Science. na adv., Icel. nd- (as in nd-bui a neigh- y ,

Niche, a recess in a wall for a statue. bour) ; Goth, nehiva, adv. and prep. ; G.
(F. —Ital. L.) —
F. niche Ital. nice hia, —
nah, nahe, adj., nach , prep., nigh. Tcut.
a niche, a shell-like recess in a wall. — Ital. type ^nteJnvo-. Root unknown.
nicchio, a shell, also a nitch (Floiio). — L. Night. (E.) M. E. night, niht. A.S.
miiulum,mytilum,ncQ. of mitulus, mytilus, niht, ueaht O. Merc. mcht.+ Du. G. nachtt ;

a sea-muscle. Derived in the same way as Icel. ndtt, nett, Dan. nat, Swed. natt , Goth.
‘

Ital. seechia from situ/a, a bucket, and vec- nahts. Teut type * naht- ; Idg. type
chio from uetttlus old ; as to the change of *nokt-. -f- W. nos, Irish nochd Lithuan.
,

initial, cf. Ital. nespola with L. mespilum naktis , Russ, noche L. nox (stem nod -),, ,

a medlar;’ Diez. [The same change Gk. vv( (stem vvkt-), Skt .nakta-. ^[ For
occurs in F, nalte, a mat, and in napkin the old system of reckoning by nights, cf.
.

We also find L. mutulus, a sea-muscle ;

sennight fortnight.
,

cf. L. musculus , a sea- muscle ; see Muscle nightingale. (E.) M.E. nightin-
(i). Cf. Gk. yvriKos (Liddell). gale, earlier nightegale (the n having been
Nick (0, a small notch. (O. Low G.) inserted) ; A. S. nihtegale. — A. S. nihte-,
Nick an attenuated form of nock a for niht, night
is gale, a singer, from
, ;

notch ; see Nock. So also tip from galan, to sing. Lit. * singer by night.'
top. A.S gal- an is from gal-, 2nd stem of .

Nick (2), the devil. (F. — L. — Gk.) giellan, to yell. See Yell. So also Du.
Short for Nicolas. [Not from A. S. nr cor, nachtegaal, Dan. nattergal Swed. niikter- ,

a water-sprite, hobgoblin Icel. nykr, Dan. gal G. nachtigall O. II. G. nahtagala.

; ,

rnk, nisse, Swed. nack, G. nix, a water- nightmare, an incubus. (E.) M. E.

goblin. See Kluge, s. v. Nixd\ night emare. From A. S. niht night
Nickel, a grayish white metal. (Swed. mare, a nightmare, incubus allied to ;

— G.) G. kupfer nickel, nickel of copper a Teut. verb * mar/an-, to crush, Icel.
shortened to Swed. nickel So named merja (pt. t. mardi), to crush. {Mara is
.

34*
 e , ; , , , )
,;
, . ,

NIGHTSHADE NOCK
quite distinct from A. S. mere, a marc, but to Lith. gnyb-ti, to pinch; or to Lith,
tne two have been confused in Du. nacht - krieb-ti, to pinch.
merrie a nightmare.] -flcel. mara, Swed.
, Nipple, a teat. (E.) Formerly nible
mara, Dan. mare, Low
G. moor, O. II. G. (Nares) neble (Palsgrave) dimin. of ; ;

j)tara % mar ; all with the sense of incubus nib or neb see Neb. Cf. O. F. nijle, ;

or crushing weight on the breast. Cf. F. niffle a nose, Ital. niffolo, niffa, a snout,
,

cauche-mar, nightmare; where cauche is from the Teutonic (Low G. nib be, a beak).
from L. calcare, to tread on, press upon. Der. nipple-wort
Also N. Fries, naagimare , G. nachtmahr Nit, egg of a louse a louse. (E.) ;

nightmare. M. E. nite, a nit, also a louse A.S. hnitn, ;

nightshade, a plant. (E.) A. S. a louse’s egg. Du. neet Icel. nitr, pi., + ;

nihtscada. Cf. Du. nachtschade, M. Du. Vzn.gnid, Swed. gnet ; G.niss; Gk. /com
naclitschaede G. nachtschatten. Also Swed. (stem kovi 8-) ; W. nedd pi., nits; cf. also \

dial, natt-skate-gras, as if from natt-skata, Russ, gnida, a nit.

a bat, and gras, grass (Rietz). Nitre. (F. — L. — Gk. — ITeb.) F. nitre.
Nigrescent, growing black. (L.) — L. nitrnm. — Gk. viTpov,— Heb. nether,
From stem of pres. pt. of nigi'escere to nitre. Nitre and natron are doublets,
grow black, inceptive of nigrere, to be but applied to different substances. Natron
black. — L. nigr-, for niger, black. is from F. natron. — Span, natron.— Arab.

Nihilist, a member of a revolutionary natrun, nitrun. — Gk. vtrpou. — Ileb.

secret society, esp. in Russia. (L.) Ety- nether. Der. nitr0 -gen, that which pro-
mologically, one who denies real existence. duces nitre, from ytv-, base of yiyvuv, to
— L. nihil nothing.
,
produce.
Nilgau; see Nylghau. Nizam, the title of a ruler in the
Nimble, active. (E.) M. E. niviel ;
Deccan, in Hindustan. (Hind.— Pers.—
the b is excrescent. Lit. ‘ ready to catch ;
’
Arab.) From the Arab, nidharn , govern-
from A. S. nim-an, to catch, take, seize ment, which the Persians pronounce as
with suffix -ol, as in spree -ol, talkative. nizdm. Though the proper sense is
We actually find A. S. numol or numul, * government,’ in the phrase nizdm- l-mttlk
taking, seizing, or able to receive from ;
it is used as a title, meaning ‘ governor of

the weak grade (num-) of the same verb. the empire first used by Asaf Jah in 1713
’
;

Cf. Icel. nema, Goth, niman , G. nehmen , (Yule.) — Arab, root nadhama he arranged ,

to take. Perhaps related to Gk. vificoOai, or ordered. (Devic, Richardson.)

to occupy, vifJLuv, to distribute. (^NEM.) No (1), a word of refusal or denial. (E.)
Nincompoop, a simpleton. (L M. E. no; A. S. nd, no, adv., never, no. —
Thought to be a corruption of L. non A. S. ne, not ; a, ever (whence M. E. 00, 0,
compos {mentis), not sound in mind. ever, now obsolete). See Aye. p. With
Nine. (E.) M.E. nine, where the A. S. ne, not, cf. Goth, ni, Russ. ne. Irish,
final - is a pi. suffix, and nin- is for ni$eit , Gael. W. ni, L. ne (in non-ne ), Skt. na ,
nine (Layamon). A. S. nigon nigen , nine. ,
not.
+Du. negen, Icel. nhi, Dan. ni, Sw. nio, no (2), none. (E.) Short for none,
G. neuit, Goth, ttiun cf. also W. naw
; ,
q.v. Der. no-body, i.e. none body; it
Ir. naoi, L. nouem Gk. Ivvia, Zend nava,
,
took the place of M. E. no man. So also
Pers. nuh, Skt. nava , nine. Idg. type no-thing.
*newm. Prugm. ii. § 173. Nobie. (F. — L.) F. noble. — L. nd-
Ninny, a simpleton. (E.) [Cf. ItaL bilem acc. of nobilis, well known. For
,

ninno, a child (Diez). Cf. Span, niho, a O. L. gnobilis. — L. gno-, base of nffscere
child, one of little experience. Ital .ninna, (i.e. gndscere), to know; allied to E.
a lullaby, nurse’s song to lull children to Know. Der. nobil-i-ty O. F. nobilitet, ,

sleep, also nantta!\ Of imitative origin. L. acc. ndbilitdtem. Also i-g noble.
Nip. (E.) M. E. tiippen for blip- Nobody ;
from no and body ; see (1). No
pen ; see G. Douglas, Prol. to iEn. xii. Nock, an indentation, notch ; obs .
1 . 94. Not in A. S. From the weak (M. Du.) M. E. nokke. — M. Du. nocke
grade ( knip -) of a Teut. verb *ktteipan -, to (Kilian), a notch in the head of an
pinch, as seen in Du. knijpen to pinch, arrow ; M. Swed. nocka a notch Swed. ;

Dan. knibe, Sw. knipa G. ktteifen dial, nokke, nokk. The M. Swed. nocka
kneipen , to pinch (from Low G.). Allied also denotes the same as Icel. knokki , i. e
 , , , ,, , , ,, ,

NOCTURN NOOSE
the small metal hooks holding the thread — L. ndmen ,
name; calare , to call; see
in a distaff, The M. Ital. nocca, a nock, Calends.
is of Teut. origin. Distinct from notch, nominal. (F.—L.) F. nominal. — L.
Noe turn, a service of the church, nomindlis, nominal ; belonging to a name.
—
(F. L.) F. nocturne , a nocturn ; orig. — L. nomin-, for ndmen, a name see Noun, ;

nocturnal. — Late L. nodurna, a nocturn; nominate. (L.) From pp. of L.

fern, of L. nodumus, nocturnal. From nominare to name. — L. nomin-, for
nod-, stem of nox , night. See Night. ndmen see Noun.
;

Nod. (E.) M. E. nodden Not in . Non*, prefix, not. (L.) L. non not.
A. S. ; but the orig. form began with hn . nonage. (L. and F. — L.) l.e. non -
The orig. sense was to push, beat, shake, age minority. So also non- conforming,
Cf. Icel. knySja a rammer for beating non-descript non-entity , ,
non-juror, non -
turf O. H.G. hnoton ( hnotonl ), to shake
; ;
non-suit .

Bavar. notteln to move to and fro. Teut.

, Nonce ;
see One.
base Vineud. Nonchalant, careless. (E.— L.) F.
Noddle, the head. (E.) M. E. «<?<//£, nonchalant careless pres. pt. of O. F. ;

nodil, the noddle, nape, back of the head, nonchaloir to be careless about.
,
O. F.
‘
Occiput, a 7iodyle ; ’ Vocab. 673. Dimin. /*<?//, not chaloir to glow, hence to be
;

of *knod a word not found in M. E., but

,
hot over, take care for. — L. 7/cw, not;
the same as M. Du. knodde a knob ,
calere to glow.
(Hexham), Du.
a club; cf. G. None. (E.) M. E. 7/00/*, »<?/*. A. S.
knoten, a knot, knob. This is a mere nan.— A. S. 7&r, not an, one sec One. ; ;

variant of knot (Franck). Cf. Low G. Hence no, as in no-thing, no-body, by loss
knuddel, a ball of yarn, a hard swelling of final n.
under the skin (Berghaus). Nones, the ninth day before the ides.
Node, a knot. (L.) L. nodus, a knot. (L.) From
L. nona, ninth (i. e. ninth
Noggin, a wooden cup. (Scand.) Cf. day), fem. of nonus, ninth; from tiouem,
\ns\inoigin, Gael, noigean, a noggin Gael. ;
nine. See Nine.
enagan, a little knob, a peg, an earthen Nonpareil, matchless. (F. — L.) F.
pipkin, cnagaire ‘a knocker; a gill, non, not; pareil, equal.— L. non, not;
noggin a quart measure
;
all from E. ;
’
Late L. pariculus equal, double dimin.
(Macbain). Also Lovvl. Sc. noggin, from par, equal. Cf. Apparel.
noggie spelt knogqin by Swift.
;
For Nonplus. (L.) 4 To be at a nonplus/
*knogg-en, with -en as in wood-en from , to be in perplexity, not to be able to pro-
knog, variant of knag, a knob, peg, also a ceed. — L. non, not; plus, more, further,
keg (Jamieson) , knaggie, a keg (id.). Of Nook. (E.) M. E. ndk, a corner.
Scand. origin see Knag. ;
Lowl. Sc. neuk, whence (probably) Irish
Noise. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. noise — . and Gael, nine, a corner, nook; also Lowl.
F. noise, O. F. noise, nose, a debate. Sc. nuik, nuk, a headland. It answers
quarrel, noise. Cf. Prov. noisa, nausa, to Norw. ndk, a nook, crook cf. Norw. ;

nueiza. ft. Diez holds that it can only be nakke a comer cut off; Dan. dial. nogg y

derived from L. nausea , sea-sickness, dis- a bend in a river.

gust, hence annoyance, &c. ; the L. word Noon, mid-day. (L.) Orig. the ninth
being borrowed from Gk. See Nausea. hour or 5 P.M., but afterwards the time of
Noisome, annoying, troublesome. (F. the church-service called nones was shifted
— L. ; with E. suffix .) Formed from to mid-day. We
find A.S. non-tid (lit.
M. E. noy annoyance; with E. suffix
, noon-tide), the ninth hour, Mk. xv. 33.—
•some. This M. E. noy is short for M. E. L. nona, i. e. ninth hour, fem. of nonus,
anoy, anoi. — O. F. anoi, vexation see ;
ninth. See Nino.
Annoy. N0OS6, a slip-knot. (Prov. — L.) In
Nole, Noll, head ;
see Noule. Beaumont and Fletcher. The word was
Nomad, wandering. (Gk.) Gk. vofiab-, imported from Gascony by sailors. —
stem of vonas, roaming in search of pas- Gascon nus ; O. Prov. notz Prov. nous, a ;

ture. — Gk. vopos, a pasture, allotted abode, noose or loop. [Cf. Prov. nous courrM ,
— Gk. vifittv, to assign. (<^NEM.) a running noose; pi. nouses nous de ;

Nomenclator, one who names things. Paraire , a noose for mooring ships note ;
1
(L.) L. nomenclator, lit. name-caller.’ Gasc. nouset, a knot, nousera , to tie a
350
 , , , ; , , ;

NOR NOURISH
knot.] — L. nodus ,
nom., a knot. See makes notes, a scrivener. — L. nota, a note
Knot. see Note.
Nor. M. E. nor, short for nother,
(E.) Notch, an incision, a score; also, as
neither. —
A. S. ndwder, contracted form vb., to incise, nick. For *otch, by
(F.)
of ndhwoeder, neither. — A. S. nd, not ; association with nock, which has a similar
Invader, whether. meaning. M. E. ochen, to cut, cut into,
Normal, according to rule. (L.) L. occurs in the Morte Arthure, 2565, 3676.
normdlis, adj.— L. norma , a carpenter’s Notch was often particularly used with
square, rule, pattern. to the scoring of tallies, and reference
Norman, Norse ; see North. cricket was once scored by counting notches .

North. (E.) A. S. nord.+l)n. noord, — O. F. ochc (F. hoche), ‘a nick, nock, or

Icel. nordr Dan. Swed. G. nord.,
Root notch, the cut of a tally Cot. Also
unknown; some compare Umbrian nertru, ocher, to nick, nock, notch, to cut as a 1

on the left hand (to one looking east- tally id. The O .Y.ochc, Gascon osco,
wards) Gk. repress, lower.
; is of unknown origin. *[[ There is a similar

norman. (F.-Scand.) O. F. Nor- difficulty as to initial n in the word nouch

mand — Dan. Normand ; Icel. Nord madr, or ouch see Ouch.
.
;

pi. Nordmenn Lit. North-man.’ . Note, a mark. (F.-L.) F. note. — L.

1

ncrse. (Scand.) From Nonv. and nota a mark, lit. that by which a thing is ,

Dan. norsk, Norse; Icel. norskr Norse. known. Perhaps for *gntita, and allied to ,

Short for *NortJi-isk i. e. North-ish. notus, known, pp. of noscere Breal. (For ;

northern. (E.) A. S. nordern ; cog- the short 0 cf. L. cognitus ~*cogndtus.) ,

nate with Icel. norrcrn O.II.G. nordroni. Der. not-at-ion, from L. notalio, from pp.
,

For the suffix, cf. L. - aneus Der. north - notat us and sec not-able not -ary above.
.
; ,

er-ly, put for north-ern-ly Nothing. (E.) Short for no thing] see
.

Nose. (E.) M. E. nose. A. S. nosu. None.

+ Du. nctis. Related, apparently by Notice. (F.-L.) F notice — L. notitia, . .

gradation, to A.S. nasu, nose, Icel. nos , a being known, knowledge. -L. notus, pp,
Dan. tuese Swed. nasa, G. nase, Russ. of noscere, to know. See Know.
nos' Lithuan. nosis, L. ndsus, ndres pi., , notify. (F.-L.) F. notifier. - L.
Skt. ndsa, dual. Allied to Ness. Der. notijicare to make known. — L. noli-, for
nose-gay ;
cf. prov. E. gay, a painted notus, known -Jicare, for facere
; ,
to
picture in a book, homgay, adj. nos-tril ; ; make.
nozzle ; nuzzle. notion. (F. — L.) F. notion. — L. acc*
Nosology, science of disease. (Gk.) notidnem, an investigation, a notion. — L.
Gk. v 6 gq-s, disease ; -Ao7ia, from \ 6 yos, notus, pp. of noscere, to know. See
discourse, from A tyeiv, to speak. Know.
Nostril. (E.) Nostril = nose-thrill or notorious. (L.) From L. notorious,
nose- thirl, M. E. nosethirl A. S. nosdyrl.
; manifest; with suffix -otis. — L. notor, a
— A. S. nos-u, nose ;
dyrcl, a perforation, voucher, witness. — L. pp. notus, known.
orifice ;
see Thrill. Der. notori-e-ty, M. F. notoriete (Cot.).
Nostrum, a (L.) L. quack medicine. Not~pated, close shorn. (E.) See
nostrum, lit.
4
our
a special drug own/ i. c. 1 Hen. IV. ii. 4. 78. From A.S. knot,
peculiar to the seller. Neut. of tioster, dose shorn and Fate. ;

—
ours. L. nos, we. Cf. Skt. nas, us. Notwithstanding. (E.) M. E.
Not (i), a word expressing denial. (E.) nought withstanding Gower, C. A. ii. 181.
M. E. not, short form of nought, naught ;
From naught and withstand.
see Naught. Nought, the same as Naught.
Not (2), I know not, or he knows not. Noule, Nowl, Nole, Noll, head.
(E.) Obsolete. M. E. not, noot, A. S. nat. (E.) See Nares. Mid. Nt. Dr. iii. 2. 17.
— A. S. ne, not ;
wdt, I know, or he knows M. E. nol. A.S. hnoll, the crown of the
see Wit. head.+O. II. G. knot, top.
Notable. (F. — L.) F. notable ,-L. Noun, a grammatical term. (F. — L.)
notabilis, remarkable. — L. notare, to mark. O. F. noun, non, nun (F. nom), a name.—
— L. nota, a mark ; see Note, L nomen, a name. See Name.
notary. F. ttolaire. (F. — L.) M. — L. Nourish. (F. L.) M. E. norisen. — —
*cc. tiotdrium (from notdrius), one who O. F. nouris nowis-, stem of pres, pt. of
35i
 , \ , , \ ;
,

NOVEL NUNCIO
nourir (F. nourrir), to nourish. L. Nuisance. (F.— L.) F. — nuisance , a
mtlrire , to nourish, suckle. Cf. Nurse. hurt. — F. nuisant , hurtful; pres. pt. of
Novel. (F. L.) - O. F. novel (F. nuire , to hurt. — L. nocere , to hurt.
nouveau) —
L. nouellus, new, dim in. of Null, invalid. (F.-L.) F. «w/.-L.
nouns , new. See New. Der. novel-ty, nitllus , none. L. ra, not ; — «//ra, any,
from O. F. noveliteit , from L. acc. nouelli- short for *iinulus , dimin. of one.
tatem , newness. Nullah, a water-course, bed of a torrent.
novice, a beginner. (F. — L.) F. novice. (Hind.) Hind, raz/tf, a water-course
— L. nouuius, nouitius , new, fresh, a (Yule).
novice. — L. nouus, new. Per. noviti-ate Numb. M. E. notne nomen pp.
(E.) , ,

from M.F. novitiat , 4 the estate of a novice/ seized, taken, caught with, overpowered,
Cot. , from Late L. novitidtus, sb. deprived of sensation. Pp. of M. E. nimen
November. (L.) L. Nouember the (A.S. niman ), to take; see Nimble.+
ninth month of the Roman year. — L. nouem, Icel. numinn , bereft, pp. of nema, to take.
nine. See Nine. Number. (F. — L.) F. nombre. — L,
Now. (E.) M. E. now zz# A. S.
, ;
nttmerum acc. of numerus, a number.
,

«/7 .+Du. nit, Icel. nil, Dan. Swed. O. II. G. Cf. Gk. v 6 fx-os, law, vtfitiv, to distribute.
Goth, nu Skt. nu, nit. Cf. Gk. vv-v , L. (^NEM.) Der. out-number .

nu-nc . Der. raw. Brugm. i. § 1042. numeral. (L.) From L. numeralis ,

Noway, Noways. (E.) The older belonging to number. — L. nu?nerus
form is noways. — A. S. nanes weges by no ,
(above).
way, the gen. case used adverbially. See numeration. (F.-L.) F. numera-
None and Way. tion. — L. acc. numerdtionem ,
a numbering.
nowhere. (E.) A.S. ndhwter — . — L. numerdtus pp. of numerdre , ,
to
A. S. not; Invar, where. See No (1) number. — L. numerus a number. ,

and Where. numerous .

(F. — L.) M.F. 7iumereux
nowise. (E.) Short for zzz zw wise, (Cot.). — L. n umerosus, adj.; from zzzz-

M. K. on none wise where none is dat. of

; merus ,
sb., a number.
M. E. noon, none, and wise is dat. of wise , Numismatic, relating to coins. (L. —
a way, from A S. wise a way. See None,
,
Gk. )Coined from L. numismat-, stem
and Wise, sb. of numisma , current coin. — Gk. vutucr^a,
Noxious. (L.) L. noxius , hurtful.— a custom, also current coin. — Gk. vofAi^uv,
L. hurt. — L. nocere , to hurt ; cf. z/^, to adopt, use as coin. — Gk. vu/xos, usage.
destruction. + Skt. «<ff'0(r), destruction. — Gk. vtfxuv, to distribute. (VNEM.)
(^NEK.) Brugm. ii. § 794. Nun. (L.) M. K. and A. S. nunne —
Nozzle, a snout. (E.) F ormerly nozle ; Late L. nunna tionna , a nun orig. a title
, ;

4
dimin of nose. of respect ;
oldest sense, mother.* It
Nucleus, core. (L.) L. nucleus , small answers to L. nonnus father, also a monk ,

— L. nuc-,
nut, kernel. stem of zzzzjt, a nut. (Ducange) . +
Gk. vavvrj, aunt ; Skt. zwz/tf
Nude, naked. (L.) L. nudus bare , ;
for mother, a familiar word used by children.
*nogwedos. Allied to Naked. Formed ma-ma
like {daddy), and ,

Nudge, a slight push. (E.) Lowl. Sc. the like. Der. nunn-er-y, from O. F. zw/z-
nodge, to push, strike, strike with the zz<?z7>, which is from O. F. nonne Late L. ,

knuckles North. E. nog to jog. Perhaps

; ,
rara/a.
of imitative origin. Cf. Norw. nugga , Nuncheon, a luncheon. (Plybrid; L.
to rub, push, allied to nyggja{ pt. t. nogg), to tf/zaf The ending is confused with that
E.)
push; Swed. dial, nogga, to move slightly. of luncheon M. E. nonechenche (for zwra-
.

Nugatory, trifling, vain. (L.) L. niigd- schenche ), Riley, Memorials of London,

toHus. adj. from nugdtor a trifler ; 265 lit. a noon-drink/ to accompany
,
cf. p. ;
*

nugdius, pi. the nonemete or 4 noon-meat.* — M. E. rara,

pp. of nugdri to trifle. — L.
nuga, trifles. noon ; schenche a pouring out of drink. — ,

Nugget, a lump of metal. (E.) Formerly A. S. raw, noon (of L. origin see Noon) ;

niggot see Trench, Eng. Past and Present. scencan to pour out drink, p. The A. S.
; ,

*
Cf. prov. E. nug, a block of wood ; nigg, scencan is lit. 4 to pour out through a pipe ;
a small piece (Essex); nog, knog a block derived from A. S. Jrtarra, a shank, hollow
,

of wood, knob, peg; allied to Knag. bone, pipe ; see Shank.

See Noggin. Nuncio, a messenger. (Ital. — L.) Ital.
 , , , , ; , , -;

NUNCUPATIVE OATS
nuncio. — L. nuniium acc. of nuntius a E. Fries, niisseln Swed. dial, nosla, to
bringer of tidings. Prob. for *nouentius, nuzzle.
a bringer of news, fiom nouns, new. Nylghau, a kind of antelope. (Pers/
Nuncupative, declared by word of Pers. nllgdw, a nylghau, lit. ‘ blue cow.’ —
mouth, (b . — L.) F. nuncupatif (Cot.) — . Pers. nily blue (see Lilac) ; and gaw, a
LateL. nuncup&tivus, nominal. — L, nuncu- cow, allied to E. Cow.
pate, pp. of nuncupare, to call by name. Nymph. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. nymphe.
For *ndmi-cupare from L. ncmen, name,
;
— L. nympha.— Gk. vvfupTj, a bride.
capere, to take. Brugm. ii. § 34.
Nuphar, a kind of water-lily. (Pers. —
Skt.) Pers. niifar, short for nllufar ; see
Nenuphar. o.
Nuptial. (F.-L.) F. nuptial. -I,,
nuptialis, belonging to a marriage. — L. O
(1), Oh, interjection. (E.) M. E. 0 ;
nuptice , s. pi., a wedding. — L. nupta , a not in A. S.-f-Du. Dan. Swed. G. Goth. L.
bride; fern, of pp. of niibere to marry, lit. ,
6 ;
Gk. Si, ai. There was no distinction,
‘to veil.’ formerly, between 0 and oh.
Nurse. (F. — L.) Contracted from M.E. O
(2), a circle. (E.) So called because
nonce nurice. — O. F. norrice (F. nourrice ).
,
the letter 0 is of a circular shape.
— I/, niitrlcia, a nurse. — L. nutrlc-, stem Oaf, a simpleton. (Scand.) Prov. E.
of nutrix a nurse. — I.. nutrire, to nourish. auf, an elf. — Icel. difry an elf. Chaucer
nurture. (F.— L.) M. E. norture uses elvish in the sense of ‘simple.’ A
O. F. norit ure (F. nourriture). — L. nutrl- variant of elf; see Elf.
tiira, nourishment from nutrlfe, pp. of
;
Oak. (E.) M. E. 00k A. S. dc. Du. ; +
nutrire, to nourish. Icel. eik Dan. ecg, eg, Swed. eh, G. eiche
;

Nut. (E.) M.E. note ////te A. S. , ;

Teut. base *aik-.
// ;//////. +
Du. nooty I cel. Swed. Oakum, tow from old ropes. (E.)
Dan. »&/, G. miss. Cf. Irish <y/«, Gael. A. S. dcumbay tow. (For the sound
niOy W. cneuefiy a nut. Der. nut-hatch, i. e. change, cf. E. oak<k.$. dc.) Lit. ‘that
nut -hacker ; see Hatch (3). which is combed out/ — AS. prefix
nutmeg, the musk-nut. (E. ; andY.— cembafiy to comb, from camb, a comb
I.. — Pers. — Skt.) M.E. notemuge, later see A- (4) and Comb. Cf. O. H. G.
nutmegge. Here -mage is from O. F. dchambiy tow ; of like origin.
mugue, musk. — L. museum, acc. of tnuscus, Oar. (E.) M.E. ore\ A. S. ar.+Icel.
musk ; see Musk. Cf. . F. muguette, a 0 dry Dan. aare, Swed. dra. Teut. type
nutmeg, also called noix muscade Span. ,
*airdyitm.\ whence Finnish airo (Noreen,
nuez moscadciy Ital. noce moscada. Late L. § 57 )- IT A connexion with Gk. ip-irrjs,
musaita nutmeg. ,
oarsman, cannot be established.
Nutation, a nodding. (L.) From L. Oasis. (,L^—Gk. — Egypt.) L. odsis.—
nutdtio a nodding. — L. nutdre, to nod, Gk. vaoiSy avaoiSy a fertile islet in the
frequent, of nuere, to nod.+Gk. vciW, to Libyan desert. Of Egypt, origin; cf.
nod. (y'NEU.) Coptic otiahe an oasis, a dwelling-place,
,

Nutriment, food. (L.) L .nutrlmen- oiilh to dwell (Peyronk

tum, food. — L. nutrire to nourish, suckle,
, Oast, Oast-house, a kiln for drying
feed. hops. (^E.) M. E. oosty ost. A. S. dst, a
nutritious. (L.) L. nutritious, for kiln, drying-house.+Du. eest, M. Du. ast
mitrlcins, adj., nourishing; with suffix -ous. (the same). Allied to L. cestus Gk. afaos,
— L. nutrlc-, stem of nutrix, a nurse. — L. a burning heat. (^AIDIL) See Ether.
nfitrtre (above). Oath. (E.) M.E. ooth, oth. A.S.dff.
nutritive. (F.-L.) F. nutritif. +Du. eed, Icel. ei&r, Dan. Swed. ed, Goth.
Formed with F. suffix -if (L. -luus), from aithsy G. tidy O. H. G. eid. Teut. type
nfttrlt-us, pp. of nutrire (above). *ailhoz; Idg. type *oitos , as in O. Irish
Nuzzle, to thrust the nose in. (E.) oethy an oath.
Formerly notisle, nosyll ; a frequent, verb Oats. (E.) M.E. oteSy pi. A. S. ate,
from nose, sb. Cf. Swed. nosa, to smell sing. pi. dtan.
;
Perhaps allied to Icel.
also Bavar. nuseln, noseln, to seek about eitill,a nodule in stone, Norw. eitel, a
for, also, to speak through the nose; gland, knot, nodule, Russ, iadro, a kernel,

353
 , , ; , , ,; , , , ,;.

OB- OBSERVE
ball, Gk. olios, a swelling. From the oblation, an offering; Cot.— L. acc. obla*
swollen shape. (^EID.) tionem, acc. of obldtio, an offering. — L.
Ob-, prefix. (L.) It changes to oc- obldtus , used as pp. of offerre to offer ,

before c, of before op - before p. f

L. ob, (but from a different root) ; see Tolerate.
with very variable senses ; as, towards, at, Oblige, to constrain. (F. — L.) F.
before, upon, over, about, near, Cf. obliger. — L. obligare to bind together,
Oscan op, near, Gk. upon ;
Brugm, i. oblige. — L. ob, near ; ligdre to bind. See

§ 557 - Ligament.
Obdurate. L. obdumtus, pp. of
(L.) Oblique, slanting, perverse. (F. — L.)
obdurdre, to harden. — L. ob and dfirus, F. oblique. — L. obllquus oblictis slanting,
; , ,

hard. See Dure. sideways, awry. — L. ob; *llquus, oblique

Obedient. (F.— L.) O. F. obedient. (not in use).
— L. obedient- stem of pres. pt. of obidire Obliterate. (L.) Fiom pp. of L.
,

(O. L. oboedire) to obey. — L. ob-, near; oblitterare to efface. — L. ob, over ; liltera,
,

and audlre to hear. See Audience. a letter. See Letter. It seems to

Brugm. i. § 250. Der. disobedient. have been associated with L. oblinerc, to
obeisance. (F. — L.) M.E, obeisance smear over; though there is no etymo- .

— O. F. obeissance , later F. obtissance logical connexion. ,

service, a salute. — O. F. obeissant pres. pt. Oblivion. (F. - L.) F. oblivion. — I,,
of obeir, to obey. — L. obedlre (above). acc. obliuionem, forgetfulness. — L. obli-
Obelisk. ( F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. obelis- uisci to forget. Origin unceitain. ,

que. — L. obeliscum, acc. of obelisetts. — Gk. Oblong, long from side to side. (F.—
upeXicrtcos, a pointed spit hence a thin L.) F. oblong. — L. oblongus long across.
; ,

pointed pillar; dimin. of b&tXos, a spit. — L. ob, over ; longus, long see Long. ;

Obese, fat. (L.) L. obesus, (1 eaten Obloquy, calumny. (L.) L.obloqitium, )

away, wasted ; (2) fat, lit. 1 that which contradiction. — L .obloqttl, to speak against.
has devoured.’ — h. obesus, pp. of obedere — L. ob, against; loqui, to sj>eak. .See
to eat away. — L. ob, near; edere, to eat. Loquacious.
See Edible. Der. obes-i-ty. Obnoxious, offensive. (L.) Formerly
Obey. (F.-L.) M. E. obeycn. — O. F. in the sense of < liable to.’ — L. obnoxi-us,
obeir. — L. obedlre, to obey ;
see Obedient. liable to hurt or harm ; with suffix - ous
Der. disobey . — L. ob, against; noxius, hurtful. See
Obfuscate, to darken. (L.) From Noxious.
pp. of L. obfusedre, to obscure. — L. ob, Oboe. (Ital. — F. — L.) Ital. oboe. —
near ; and fuscus, brown. See Fuscous. F. ha ut bo is Hautbois.
;
see
Obit, a funeral rite. (F. — L.) O. F. Obolus, a small Gk. coin. (L. — Gk.)
obit. — I*, acc. obitum, a going to or down, L. obolus. — Gk. vfioXbs, a small coin, per-
downfall, death. — L. obitum , supine of haps orig. in the shape of a spike or nail
ob-lre , to go near. — L. ob, near ; ire, allied to Gk. bfitXbs, a spit.
to go. Obscene. (L.) L. obscenus obscaenus ,

Object, vb. (F. — L.) F. objeder. — L. obscoenus repulsive, foul. Etym. unknown.
,

obiectare , to throw against, oppose ;

fre- Obscure, dimill. ( F. — I..) F. obscur .

quent. oiob-icere ( obiicere),io cast towards. — L. obscunts, dark, lit. covered over.’ — ‘

— L. ob, towards ; iacere, to cast. See L, ob; and •sc fir us, i. e. covered cf. Skt. ;

Jet (1). skit, to (y'SKEU.)

cover. Brugm. 1.
Objurgation. (F.-L.) F. objurga- § 109; ii. § 74. See Sky.
tion. — L. acc. obiurgationem a chiding. — , Obsequies. (F.-L.) M.F. obseques,
L. obiurgdius pp. of obiurgdre, to chide.
,
1
obsequies;’ Cot. — L. obst quids, acc. of
— L. ob, against iurgdre, to sue, chide, obsequitc, funeral rites, lit. followings. — L,
;

which stands for *iierigare from iur-, obsequt to follow near, comply with.—
stem of ids, law, and - ig&re for agere, to L. ob, near; sequi, to follow. See Se-
drive, pursue. Cf. Navigate. quence.
Oblate, widened at the sides. (L.) L. obsequious. (F. - L.) M.F. obse-
obldtus, spread out (at the sides). — L. ob, quieux Cot. — L. obsequiosus full of com- ,

towards latus, borne, carried out, pp. of pliance. — L. obseqtiium , compliance. — L.

;

tollere , to bear. See Tolerate, obsequt , to comply with (above.)

oblation, an offering. (F.-L.) F. Observe. <F. — I..) O observer.—

354
 , , , ), ; , L ,
;

OBSIDIAN OCTANT
L. obserudre, to take notice of, mark. — L. to meet in the way, prevent. .ob, against —L
ob, near seruai-e, to keep, heed.
;
uia, way. See Viaduct.
Obsidian, a vitreous stone. (L.) From Obvious. (L.) L. obui-us, lying in
L. Obsididnus lapis (false reading for the way, evident ; with suffix -ous, — L.
Obsidnus lapis), a stone found by one ob, over against ; uia, the way.
Obsidins (false reading for Obsius in Oca, the name of a certain edible root.
/Ethiopia (Pliny, lib. xxxvi. c. 26, lib. (Peruvian.) Peruv. occa, the same.
xxxvii. c. 10). Occasion. (F. — L.) F. occasion. — L.
Obsolescent, going out of use. (L.) acc. occasion em. — L. oc- (for ob), at; and
Fiom pres. L. obsolescere to grow
pt. ol ,
cas-us pp. of cadere,
,
to fall. See
old, inceptive form of obsolete, to decay. Cadence.
Origin doubtful ; perhaps from L. ob, Occident, west. (F.— L.) O. F. Occi-
against ; soli:re, to be wont. dent, west. — L. Occident stem of pres. pt.
obsolete. (L.') L. obsoletus, pp. of of occidere, to fall, set (as the sun). — .oc-
obsolere (above). (for ob), at ;
cadere, to fall.

Obstacle. (F. L.) — F. obstacle .

—
L. occiput, back of the Occiput. (L.)
L. obstdculum a hindrance. — L. ob, against; head. — L. oc- (for ob), over against ; caput
- stdculum double dimiti. from sta-re, to the head. Sec Capital.
,

stand. Occult. (F. — L.) F. occuite. — L. oc»

obstetric, pertaining to midwifery. cultus , pp. of occidere, to cover over, con-
(L.) L. obstetncius, adj., from obstetric-, ceal. — L. oc - (for ob and obs. L. celere, ;
'

stem of obstetrix , a midwife; lit. an as- to hide, allied to celCire , to hide. Cf. O.
sistant, stander near. — L. obstdre to stand Irish cel-iin, I hide, A. S. hel-an, to hide.
,

near with fern, suffix -trix (of the agent).

;
Occupy. (F. - 1 ,.) M. K. occupien. — F.
— L. ob, near; stare, to stand. See State, occuper. — L. occupdre to lay hold of. — L. ,

obstinate. (P ) L. obstindtus reso- oc (for ob), near; capere , to seize. Der.

, -

lute ; pp. of obstmdrc to set about, be re- p) e-occupy.

,

solved on lit. ‘to put oneself near.’ — L.

;
Occur. (F.-L.) M. F. occurrer, — L.
ob, near ; and *standre, to place oneself occurrere, to run to meet, occur. — L. oc -
cf. Russ, stanovitc, to set ; from VSTA. (for ob), against; currere, to run. See
See Destine. Current.
Obstreperous, clamorous. (L.) L. Ocean. (F. — L.-Gk.) O.F .ocean.—
obstreper-us clamorous; with suffix -ous, L. deeanum , acc. of oceanus — Gk. wkmivos, .

— L. ob, against, near sirepere, to rattle. the great stream supposed to encompass
;

Obstriction, obligation. (L.^ Coined the earth.

from L. obstrictus pp. of obstriage re, to
,
Ocelot, a quadruped. (Mexican.) Mexi-
bind, fasten. — L. ob, over ; stringere, to can ocelot/, a tiger ;
applied by BufTon to
draw tight. See Stringent. the ocelot.
Obstruct. (L.) From L. obstructus, Ochre, a fine clay, commonly yellow.
pp. of obstruere to build in the way of (F. - JL. — Gk.) F. ocre, oker ’ Cot. - L.
;
‘
,

anything, lit. build against. — I., ob, against; dchra. — Gk. &xp a > yellow ochre; from its
strnere, to build. See Structure. pale colour. — Gk. wxpus, pale, wan.
Obtain. (K. L. ) -
F. oblenir. — L. Octagon, a plane S-sided figure. (Gk.)
obtincre, to hold, obtain. — L. ob, near; From Gk. o*ra-, for vhtu, eight; yuv-ia, an
tenere to hold.
,
See Tenable. angle, connected by gradation with yovv,
Obtrude. (I-*.) L. obtrudere to thrust knee see Knee. , ;

against. — L. ob, against ; trudere to octahedron, a solid S-sided figure.

thrust. See Thrust. (Gk.) From dura-, for dtcru, eight tdpa, ;

Obtuse, blunt. (F. — L.'l M. F. obtus, a base, from the base id-, to sit see Sit. ;

‘dull;’ Cot. — L. obtiisus, blunted, pp, of Octangular, having eight angles.

obtundere , to beat against. — 1,. ob, against; (L.) From L. oct-d, eight; atigulus,
t unde re, to beat. angle.
Obverse, turned tozvards one, used
lit. octant, the aspect of two planets
of the face of a coin. (L.) L. obuersus , when distant by the eighth pait of a circle.
pp. of obuertere to turn towards — L. ob, (L.) L. octant stem of octans an instru-
towards uertere , to turn. See Verse.
;
ment for measuring the eighth of a circle.
Obviate. (L.) From pp. of L. obuidre. — L. oct-o , eight.

355
 , ;, l , ,

OCTAVE OGEE
octave. (F.-L.) hence, Lit. ‘eighth ;* Cf. Gk.o^fii'C - *o8-j/av), to smell. (y'OD )

^ight (lavs after a festival, eight notes in Der. odorous, from L. odor-us, with suffix
music.— F. octave, an octave (Cot.). — L. *ous the accent lias been thrown back.
;

octaua, fern, of octi /////<*, eighth.— I v. octii, Of, from, &c. (K.) M. K. of\ A. S. of.
eight. «f*Ck. o K rw, eight cognate with K. ; + l)u. Teel. Swed. Dan. Goth, af G. ab~ ;

Eight Doublet, utas. (). II. G. aba L. ab, Gk. diro, Skt. apa,
;

October. tL.) L. October the eighth ,

away. Brugm. i. § 560.
month of the Roman year. — L. octet, Off, aw ay from. (K.) An emphatic fm m
eight. of of. M. K. oj ;
as in 1
Smitetli of my
Octogenarian, one who eighty is smite off
lied ’*= my head; Cli. C. T. ;Sj
years old. (L.) From L. oi/dgenarius, (Harleian MS.'.
belonging to eighty.— L. oitogem, eighty Offal, waste meat. (E.) M. L. offal,
each, distributive form of oi tbginta, eighty. falling remnants, chips of wood, &e. From
— E. otto, eight; -ginta probably allied , off and fait. +l)u. afval, wi nil fall, otfal ;

to decern ten. Brugm. ii. § 164. I)an. affald, a fall off, offal; Swed. off ill;
Octoroon, the offspring of a white G ah/at ;
all similarly compounded.
person and a quadroon. (Lj One who is, Offence. (F.--L.) O. F. offone offense. ,

in an eighth part, a black. C oined from — L. offensa, an ollence ; orig. font, of pp.
L. ode*, eight in imitation of quadroon.
;
of offendoe, to dash against (below).
octosyllabic. (L. - Ok.) octbsyl- 1 .. offend. (F.-L.) K. offaide n. — V. M .

labicus having eight syllables. — Ik. bicrw,

,
< offendre. — .. offendoe to dadi or striL
1 ,
*

eight ovWa^rj, a syllable ; see Syllable.

;
against, injure. — L. of- (for ob ), against ;

Octroi, a toll. F. — L.) F. ottroi (

,
*Jendere, to strike. See Defend.
(). F. otroi, orig. a grant verbal sb. fiom ; Offer. I d) A. S. offrian. - L. off n
•
t ,

O. F. otroier to authorise, grant. — Late

,
to offer. — L. of- (foi ob), near; Jerri lo
auctoritarc bv-form of am tbrizdre, to
,
bring, cognate with L. bear. Der. offer-t
authorise. — L. auctor see Author. ;
or-y , fiom V. offertoirc, L. offertonum a
Ocular. (L.) L. oculaus, belonging place to wdiieh offerings were biought.
to the eye. — L. oculus , eye cognate with ; Office, duty. (F. — L.) F. ojfnc. — L.
Gk. o/x//a, eye. See Optic. ofjicium duty; lit. * service.’
, Peihap^
Odalisque, a female slave in a Turkish from op/-, lor opus, work; and Jaioe to ,

harem. (K — Turk.) V. odalisque belter do (Walde). Der. offu-cr, F. ofjieicr,

odalique (Devic). — Turk, odaiiq a cham- , Late L. off c idnus offic-i-ous, F. ojfnn a a
\ ,

bermaid. — Turk, oda, a chamber. L. offnosus.

Odd, not even, strange. (Scand.) M. I'.. Officinal, pertaining to or used in a
odde. — I cel. oddi, a triangle, a point ol shop or laboratory. V.— L.) Y officinal. .

land; metaphorically (from the triangle;, — L. officina a woikshop, office con-

, ;

an odd number (orig. three) ; hence also tracted foim of opificina (Plautus). — L.
the phr. dan dash i odda, to stand (or be) opi-, for opus, work ; -jic-, tor fain
at odds, to quarrel oddamadr the odd ; ,
to do.
man, thiid man who gives a casting vote, Offing, the part of the visible v,i
oddatala an odd number.
,
Allied to oddr, remote trom the slioie. (E.) Mcielv
a point of a weapon (for *ozdr).+A. S. fonned from off, with the noun-suffix
ord a point of a sword, point 1 )an. od, a
) ;
See off.
point, Swed. Jidda, odd, uddc, a point G. ; Offscouring. (E.) From off and
orl, a place, M. II. G. ort, extreme point. scour. So also off- set, offshoot off-spri ny. ,

Teut. type *uzdoz. Oft, Often, frequently. (E.) A. S. ojt ;

Ode, a song. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. ode. — whence M. E. ofte, with added e and lastly ,

L. oda, ode. — ( ik. dbrj, a song; for aotfirj, ofte-n with added -w.+Iad. opt, Dan. ofte,
a song. — Gk. lUiUciv, to sing. Allied to Swed. ofta G. oft, Goth. ufta. Origin
O. Irish faed, W. gwaedd a erv, shout. ,
unknown.
(VWET1).) Der. ep-odc palin-ode. , Ogee, Ogive, a double curve. F. — '

Odium, hatred. (L.) L. odium sb.— Span. — Arab.) ‘ An ogiue (ogive) or ogee,
L. odl, I hate; an old perfect tense. Cf a wreath, circlet, or round band in aichi-
Armen, at- earn, I hate. Brugm. i. § 160. tecture,’ Minsheu. An ogee arch is a
Odour. (F. — L.) M. odour — F.
I
4
., . pointed arch, with doubly-curved side^.
odeur. — I.. odorem, ace. of odor, scent. — M.F. augivc, F. ogive, an ogive or ogee
 , , , , .

OGLE OMELET
Cot.'). —
Span. auge, highest point, also oleaster Kom. xi. 17; formed fiom olca, an ,

meiidian, apogee (cf. Port, auge, top); olive-tree. — Gk. eAa/a, an olive-tree,
from the pointed top of Moorish arches, Olfactory, relating to smell (L I..

which have doubly-curved sides:. — Arab, olfaetbrius adj., from L. olfactor, one who ,

art’/, summit, Perhaps not a true Arab, smells, olfactus a smelling. — L. olfattus, ,

word, but der. from Gk. anoyaiou, the pp. of olfaccre oleface re, to scent. — L. ,

apogee (in which sense mtj is sometimes ole-re (also ole re'), to smell facere to ;

used''. Der. ogival, adj. (also written make, cause. This L. oh re stands for
ogee-fall !). * ode re cf. od-or, scent and cf. L. laerttma
; ;

Ogle, to glance at. (Du.) A frequent, lor datruma. Allied to Gk. ud-prj, scent
form of Du. oogen, ‘to cast sheepes eyes Oligarchy. (F. — L. — Gk.) F .ohgar-
upon one Hexham. (Cf. Low G. oegeht ehie — J .ate L. oligarchia. — Gk. u\iyap\ia,
;
*
, j

to ogle, from oegen, to look at.) — D11. government by a few men —Gk. oAry-, foi
cage, eye ; cognate with E. Eye. uAryoy, few, little and -apyia, from ;

Ogre, a monster. (F. — L.) F. ogre, ap\tiv, to rule.

Cf. Span ogro (Diez; but not given in Olio, a mixture, medley. (Span. — L.)
most Diet., and probably from F.). Of A mistaken form for olia, intended to
unknown origin. The deriv. lrom L. ace. xepicsent Span, olla {pronounced olyd), a
align re soothsayer, hence, a wizard lound earthen pot, also an olio, esp. in
( korting') is not convincing. Der. ogr-ess, phrase o/ta podrida, a hodge-podge. — L.
F. ogres se. olla (). Eat aula, a pot. ,

Oh ;
see O
( ). 1
Olive. (F.-L. — Gk.) F. olive. — I

Oil. (F. - L.-G k.) M. E. oile. — A. E. 0 1ilia. — Gk. l\ala for *ehalfa), an olive-
!

oile (F. h title). — E. oleum from idea, an tree. Biugm. i. § 12 (2).

; 1

olive-tree. —Gk. *A ala, an olive-tree. See Omadaun, Olliadhawn, a simple-

Olive. ton. (C.) Anglo-Jiish; lrom Irish amadou,
Ointment. (F. — L.) The former / is a simpleton. — Tnsh amad (the same).—
due to confusion with anoint the M. E. Irish am-, for an-, neg. prefix (cf. Gk. av-
; ;

form is oincmcnl. — (). F. oignement an -mad, (). Irish -met, mind, cognate with
anointing, also an unguent. — O. E. oigne-r, L. mens and E. mind. Cf. L. omens ,

the same ns oindre, to anoint with suffix mad.

;

•ment.— \>. unget e to anoint. See Un- Ombre, a game at cards. (Span. — LA
j

guent. From Span. J it ego del honthre lit. game

’

,
‘

Old. (E.) M.E. old. O. Merc, aid, of the man’ (whence E. hombre).— \
1 .

latei aid; (A. S. eald). -f- D11. ottd[ for *old), hominem, acc. of homo, a man. See
[

G. alt ;
cf. Goth, altheis. Tent, type Human. ;

*a/dth; Idg. type *ah/bs, formed with Omega, the end. (Gk.) Gk. d>, called
|

pp. suffix -tbs from yG\L, as seen in d pty a, 1. e. great 0, long o which is the
j
;

L. al-ere Icel. aha, to nourish, bring up

,
last letter of the Gk. alphabet, as opposed
;
1

4
so that the sense was orig. brought up." to alpha the first letter. Miyn is neut. of
p. E. alt ns high, is prob. the same word, ptyas, great, allied to E. Mickle,
,

with a newer sense. Omelet, a pan-cake, chiefly of eggs.

Oleaginous. (L. — Gk.) I.. oleagin -ns (F. — L.) F. omelette anmelette (CotA
, ,

oily, with suffix -011s adj., from olea, an

;
These are from O. F. amelette, but thL
olive-tree. See Oil. again was preceded by the form alemette,
Oleander, the rose-bay-tree. (F. — which is, through change of suffix, from
Late L.) M. F. oleandre rose-bay-tiee alemelle (Scheler). The sense of alemelle
,

(Cot.). The same as Ital. oleandro. Span, was a thin plate,’ still preserved in F.
‘

eloendro (MinsheiC, Port, cloendro, loendro alnmclle, sheathing of a ship.

;
Godefroy
all variously corrupted from .ate L. /brand- gives (). F. alemele , blade of a knife
I thus ;

rum (taken for /'brandrum). It seems to the omelet w as named from its shape, that r

have been confused with oleaster. 2. of a ‘thin plate’ of metal. 2 Lastly .

Isidore gives the name as arodandarum 4

C alemelle is a corruption of la lemelle, the
,

vulgo lorandrtiml This shews that the correct O. F. form. — L. lamella, a thin
name was a corruption of rhododendron, plate, properly of metal dimin. of lamina, ;

due to confusion with L. lattrus laurel. a thin plate; see Lamina,

,
See this
Oleaster, wild olive. (L. — Gk.) L. clearly traced by Scheler and Littre.
357
 , ;, , ,,,; , , , E ; , 1

OMEN OPHIDIAN
Omen, a sign of a future event. (E.) A. S. Untie, adj., unique, lit. ‘one-like.’ —
E. omen ;
(). Eat osmni. Der. omin- A.S. an, one; lie, like.
ous. Onomatopoeia, name-making, the
Omit, to neglect, tl-'l 1“ omitterc formation ol a word with a resemblance
(pp. omissus lit. ‘to let go.’
, for *om- in sound to the thing signified. (Gk.) Gk.
inittere<J*ob-mittcrc from oh, by, miitere ;
iiva/juiTomnin, the making of a name. — Gk.
to send. See Missile. Dor. omiss-ion uvofiaro combining foi m ol uw/ia, a name;
from E. omission, ‘an omission,’ from E. mid iroieiu, to make ; see Name and
nee. omissibnem ; from the pp. Poem. Ii111gm.il § 117.
Omni-, pie fix (E.) 1.. Omni s, all. Onset, an assault. E.) Due to the phr.
v

Der. omnipotent , all-powerful omni- ; set on ! 1. e. attack ! From on and set.

present, everywhere ])resent ; omni scient , Onslaught, an attack. (E.) From on
all-knowing; omnivorous all-devouring; and M. E. slaht, A. S. sleaht, a stroke,
s»*e Potent, Present, Science, Vora- blow, funned from sifan, to strike see ;

cious. Slay. And cf. slaughter.

omnibus, a public vehicle. (E.) So Onward, Onwards. (Eri f rom on
called because intended for the use of all. and irard, -ivards see Toward.
— E. omnibus, lor all dat. pi. ol omms Onyx, a kind of agate*. (E. — Gk.) L.
;

(’ommonl) shortened to bus onyx — Gk uw£, a nail; a seined gem,

Omrah, a pnnee, lord. (Aiab. ‘Ai- mux, from it-. esemblance to the finger- >
1

grettes by om rails worn;’ Scot;, Vis. of nail See Nail.

Don. Roderick, st. 31. Onnah is propel lv Oolite, a kind ol limestone. (F. — Gk.)
a plural, like Nabob, <j.v. — Aiab. umard E. oohthe ith th sounded as D. — Gk.
pi. of amir, a prince, emir; see Emir. cyb-r, egg stone. Lit. egg-stone.’ ;
‘

Cf. the Aiab. title amint l-umard prince See Oval.

of princes ^ Yule). Ooze, Mioistuie, soft mud. (E.) Eor-
On. (K.) M. K. on; A. S on. Du. neily loose M. E. ivo.se. A.S. wos. + 1
;

aan, led. a. Sued a, G. an whence Dan. moistuie, juice. led. 7 >as, wetness.
v Eer- +
an Goth, ana Gk. ui'd, Ruvi na. ldg. haps confused with A. S. 7 vase, suit mud
, , ;

type *aihi. which is cognate with I cel. veisa, a stag-

Once; see One. nant pool. Der. ooze, vb.
Once, sometimes for Ounce (2) Opacity ; see Opaque.
One (i), single, sole. iK.) M. E. oon Opal, a gem. ( f — L. V. Opalc. - L. .

Already written 1 oon in M. E. See Guy opalus. an opal. C'l. Gk. o7mAAms, an
of Warwick, ed. Zupitza, note to 1 7027. opal Skt upa/a-, a stone, gem. . ;

A. S. (in, one. +
)u. ceil loci emu, Dan.
1 Opaque. f. - , f opaque. - opd- 1

ecu Swcd. en, G. cin, Goth. ants. \\ nn, cum acc. ol opiuus, dark, obscure.
, Der. .

Irish and Gael, a on, J, funis (). L. 01 nos. opacity from E. opai it A L. acc. opaci-
Gk. *oiV<>s, one fern nivij, an ace on a die). ty tern.
1

Tent, type *a/noz: big. type *oinos. Cf. Open, miJoncd. (E.) The veil) L from
bith. venas lirugm. ii. § 165.
; Der. an, the adj. open which is sometimes short- ,

a on ly, al one at -one.

, , ened to opc (Coriol. i 4. 47, A. S open .
,

once. E) M. Ii. ones A S. tines, adj., open, with the foim of an old pp.
ad\., once. Orig. gen. case fmasc. and -f- Du. open adj Iccl. opinn Swed. ; ;

neitt.) ol an, one; the gen. case was used oppen (L offen Tout. tyj>es *upeno: ; t

adverbially, as in need s, twi-ce, ihri-ce. upanoz. Perhaps connected with the

One (2), a person, spoken of indefinitely. idea of the lifting of a tent-door cf. A. S. ;

(E In the phrase one, savs,’ one means fip, lip.

»
See Up. Der. open, vb., A. S.
‘

‘a single person.’ Merely a peculiar use opmian, to make open.

of the ordiinry word one. Not E. on. Opera. (Ital. — L.) I tab Opera a work, ,

Onerous, burdensome. ( E. — E. M. K n musical play. — D. ope>a, work; see )

onereux — E. oncrosus. adj. — E. oner-, foi below.

*ones-, stem of onus, a burden. operate. (E.) From pp. of L. Operdrt,
Onion, a pi ant E. — L.) ¥. oignon. — to work. — L. opera, work; from oper - (for
. (

L. unibiiem, acc. of fmio, a large onion *opcs-), stem of L. opus work, toil. ; +
see Union (2). Skt. apas, woik.
Only. (E.) M. E. oonli , adj. and adv. Ophidian, relating to serpents. (Gk.)
 . ,, , , , ;, , , ,

OPHICLEIDE ORACLE
Formed with suffix - an (L. -anus), from oppositus pp. of opponere, to set against. —
,

Gk. 6<pt5tor, dimin. of o</us, a

6<pei8iov, b. op- {oh', against; ponere, to set. See
serpent. Cf. the dimin. form £cp-5iov (see Position.
Zodiac). +
Skt. a hi-, I . anguis , a snake. Oppress. (F.-L.) F. Oppresscr .-
ophicleide, a musical instrument. Late L. oppressdre ,
frequent, of L. oppri-
^F. — Gk.) — L.
4
Lit. a key-serpent ; because ’
ntere, to oppress. op- (oh), near ;
pre-
made by adding keys to an old musical tnere (pp press ns), to press. See Press.
instrument called a serpent (from its Opprobrious. (L.) From L. appro-
twisted shape). — Gk. o</u-s, a serpent hr ids us full of reproach. — L. opprobrium,
stem of /cXcis, a key. lepioach. — L op - (for oh), on, upon; pio-
Ophthalmia, inflammation of the brum, disgiace.
eye. (Gk.) Gk. bipOakfui. — Gk. utpGakjxos, Oppugn, to resist. (F.-L.) F. op-
the eye, lloeotian o'mUos, for *okt<xv - pugner — L. oppugn are. — L. op- oh ),
, {

kos (cf. Skt. akshan-, eye) ; Doric unrikos, against ;

pugndre, to light, from pugnus
the eye. From big. base '•'<?</-, eye ; cf. a fist. See Pugilism.
Russ, oko e)e, Skt. aksha -, akshi, Lith. Optative, wishing. (F.-L.) Chiefly
ak)s, b. ec-ul us. her Prelhvitz. And as the of a mood. — F. op tat if. — L.
name
see Ocular. optalimis, expressive of a wish. — L. op-
Opinion. <F. -L.) F. opinion. — L. talus pp. of opt are, to wish.
,
Cf. Skt. dp,
oplnioncm a supposition. — to attain.
acc. of opinio
b. opinan, to suppose, opine. — b. opinus Optic, relating to the sight. (F. — Gk.)
thinking, expecting; only in ncc-opinus, b. optique — Gk. o-mucus, belonging to the .

not expecting, unexpected, in-opmus un- sight cf. 07TT7;/), a spy Fiom the base ;

expected. Dor. opine, F. opiner, opindri 07r- (for ok-) seen in Ionic 6V-o; 7r-a, I have 1 ,.

s
above) seen, dp-o^ai, shall see cf. L oc-ultts, 1
;

Opium. (L. — Gk.) b. opium.- Gk. the eye. See Ocular.

omov, poppy-juice. — Gk. ottos-, sap. Optimism, the doctrine that all is for
Opossum, a cjuadiupcd. (\\ Indian.) the best. (L.) From L. optim-us, O. Lat. .

— \V. Indian opassom in the language of opitumus Ilrugm. ii. § 73 ), best; with
; \

the Indians of Virginia; Capt. Smith, p. 5 y suffix - ism (Gk. -topas L. op-ti-mus is .

Oppidan. (L.) b. oppiddnus, belong- a superb form from a base op- ^i.e. clioice,
ing to a town. — L. oppidiun a town O. select) cf. opt tire, to wish. , ; ;

L. oppedum. Apparently fit mi I.. op- [oh), option, choice, ^K — L.) F. option —
near; *pedum (Gk. niduv), a field, plain; L. ophdnem, aec. of optio, choice. Allied
Brugm. i. § (> 5 (Explained as protecting to L. optare, to wish see Optative.
. ‘
;

tlie plain’; the dei nation is clearer than Opulent, v eallhy. (lb - L.) F. opu-
the sense.) lent. — L. opulent us, wealthy. — L. op-, ba>e
Oppilation, a stopping up. <F. -L.) of opes, wealth. Cf. Skt. apnas. wealth.
M. F. oppilation, an obst ruction Cot. — Or 0 conj., offeiing an alternative.
1
;
’
i ,

b. acc. oppilationem — b. oppildtus pp. of (E.) Shoit foi other, outlier, anther, the
.

oppiIdre, to stop up. — b. op (foi oh,, M. E. foi ms, which answer to A. S. dlru'a-
against pi litre to ram, from pi ltun, a per, duper. Hut this M. lb other took the
; ,

pestle. And pilum is lor 'pinsdom place ot A. S. odde, or.

I .. ,

from pinsere to pound. , Or (2 ere. (lb) M. lb or unemphatic , y

Opponent, b.) b. opponent stem of form of er, ere. A. S. ter, ere; see Ere.
t

pies. pail, of opponere, to oppose. «*L. oh In the phrases or aw or eve> .j , (

against ponere, to place. See Position.

; Or (*,), gold. (E. - L.) In heraldry. E.
'Opportune, timely. (F. - b.) F. <?/- or.— an rum, gold.
I .

portun. —\ .. opport units, convenient, sea- Orach, a pot-herb. (E. — L. — Gkb

Also arracke. — E arroche, orache, orage
1 ‘ ’
sonable, lit. ‘
ntai the harbour,’ or easy of ;

access.’ — I,, op- [oh), near poilus , access, ;

Cot A Picard form corresponding to E.
harbour. Sec Port ( 2 ). * an cuee ijlatzfeld). [Cf Walloon arip,
Oppose. Gk.) F. opposer,
(F. — b. <///</ orach (Remade) Ital. atrepice — L. ; .]
to withstand. —
I,, op- (for oh), against ; F . atriplicem, acc. of atriplex oiach. — Gl>
poser, to place, from bate \*. pausdre, used aTpa<pa£i$, ciTpcufsa^vs, orach.
to translate T a. ponere, to place. See Pose Oracle. K. — Lb Fb oracle. — drd- ( 1 ••

Opposite. (F.-L.) F. opposite. -L. culum, a di\ine announcement; formed

 , , , . , . -;

ORAL ORGAN
from ord-re, to pray, from dr- (for ds), the of testicular shape. Der. orchid, where
mouth (below). the suffix -id was suggested by the Gk.
Oral, spoken. (L.) Coined from L. dr- ubos, shape ;
cf. cyclo-id, cono-id.
(for ds), the mouth. + Skt. dsya, mouth ; Ordain, to set in order. (F. — L.)
I cel. dss mouth
of a river. M. E. ordeincn. — Q F. oi'dener (later or-
Orang-outang, a large ape. (Malay.) donner). — L. ordindre, to set in order.—
Malay drang- titan ilil. wild man.’ — Malay L. ordin -, ‘ declensional stem of ordo, order.
drang a man utan h titan woods, wilds Der. pre-ordain.
, ; ,

of a country, wild. Ordeal, a severe test, judgment by fire.

Orange. (F. — Ital. — Arab. — Pers.) &c. (K.) M. E. ordal. A. S. ordel, ordal,
O. F. orenge (F. orange). For *narenge, a dealing out, judgment, decision. ().
but the initial it was lost (in Italian), and Friesic ordel. — A. S. or -, prefix, out diet, ;

then arenge became orenge by a popular dal, a dealing; see Deal, Dole. The
etymology from or, gold. Cf. Span, na- prefix or- = Du. oor G. nr-, Goth, us-,
j anja. an orange. - ltal arancia, an orange; out (hence, thorough^. 4- l)u. oordeel ,
Low Lat. arangia. — Arab, ndranj na- ,
O. Sax. urdeli, G. */>Y//£7Y, judgment; simi-
—Pers. ntirang, an orange. Allied larly compounded,
to Pers. nar, a pomegranate. Order. (F. — L.) F. ordre, O. F. or
Oration. ( F. -1 ,. ) F. oration. -1 ,, acc. dine. — L.
ordinem, acc. of ordo, order.
drdtiOnem ;
cf. drat us, pp. of drtire ,
to Allied to L. ordin, to begin, oriri, to
pray. — L. or- (for ds), the mouth. See arise. Brugm. ii. § 128. Der. dis-
Oral. Doublet, orison. order.
orator. (F. — L.) Formerly oralour.— ordinal, shewing the order. (L.) L.
F. oratcur. —
is. oratorem, acc. of orator, a ordnidlis, adj., in order. L. o>din~, de- —
speakcr. — L. drains, pp. of ordre, to pray, elensional stem of ordo, ordei.
to speak (above). ordinance. (F. Id. —
ordi- OF.
Orb. (F. — L.) F. orbe. — L. orbem, acc nance — Late L. ordinantia, a command,
of orbis, a circle, sphere. — L. ordinant-, pies. pt. of ordindre, to
orbit. (L.) L. orbita, a track, circuit ;
ordain. See Ordain,
formed with suffix -fa from orhi-, decl. ordinary. (F. — L.) F. ordinaire
stem of orbis, an orb, circle. L. ordindrius regular (as sb., an over-
Orc, Ork, a large marine animal; a seer). — L. ordin-, decl. stem of ordo, order,
narwhal, or grampus. (L.) See Nares. Der. ordinary, sb.
— L. orca, perhaps the narwhal (Pliny). ordination. (L.) From L. ordindtio,
Orchard. (L. and K. M. K. orchard, an ordinance, also ordination. — L. ordin-
A. S. orccard, older form ortgeard. Cog- dtus, pp. of ordindre, to ordain. See
nate with Goth, anrt igards, a garden Ordain.
(Gk. KTjnos'. The latter element, A. S. ordnance, artillery. (F. — L.) For-
geard, is the mod. E. yard', see Yard, merly, ordinance it had reference to the ;

The former element is merely borrowed bore or size of the cannon, and was thence
from L. hortns a garden, both in E. transferred to the cannon itself (Cot.
,

and Gothic see Horticulture.

; As s. v. ordonnance) see ordinance, ;

the L. hortus is cognate with E. yard, Ordure, excrement. (E.-L.) F. or-

the form ort-geard merely repeats the dure. — O. F. ord (fcm. orde), filthy, foul,
idea of yard.’ ‘ S° in Brugm. i. § 76 7 ugly, frightful. — L. horridus, rough, ;

but some consider A. S. ort-geard as wholly frightful. See Horrid. (So Korting.)
Teutonic, and connect it with A. S. Ore. (E.) M. K. or, oor. A. S. ora,
wyrt-geard Dan. url-gaard, Swed. orte- ore of metal, allied to ore, a mine. E. Fries.
gard, a kitchen-garden, from A. S. wyrt, Hr, ore.+Du. otr, ore. Distinct from
Dan. urt, Swed. ort, a wort. (See Wort A. S. dr, brass, which is cognate with Goth,
in Franck.) See Wort. ais, L. aes, brass. But the woids may
Orchestra. (L.~ Gk.) L .orchestra.— have been confused.
Gk. dpxrjffTpa, an orchestra ; which, in the Oread, a mountain-nymph. (Gk.) From
Attic theatre, was a space on which the Gk. dptiah-, stem of opei&s, an oread. — Gk.
chorus danced. — Gk. tipycopai, I dance. opos, a mountain.
Orchis, a plant. (L.— Gk.) I,, orchis. Organ. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. organe. — l*.
— Gk. bpx ty, a testicle, a plant with roots organum, an implement. — Gk. 6pyavov, an
360
 \ , , , . , , ,;

ORGIES ORTHODOX
implement ; allied to Ipyov, work ;
see of L. ora , border, edge. Cf. L. os,
Work. mouth.
orgies, sacred rites, revelry. (F. — L.— Orlop, a deck of a ship. (Du.) For-
Gk.) F. orgies, — L. orgia, sb. pi., a festival merly orlope (Phillips). Contracted from
in honour of Bacchus, orgies. — Gk. 6pyia, Du. over loop, a running over, a deck of a
bb. pi., orgies, rites, from sing.
* 6pytov, a ship, an orlope (Sewel). So called because
sacred act; allied to tpyov, work. it traverses the ship. — Du. over over;
Orgulous, proud. (F. — O.H.G.) Also loopen to run see Elope, Leap. , ;

orgillous ; M. E. orgeilus Anglo-F. or - Ormolu, a kind of brass. (F.— L.) F.

;

guy lhi s. — O. F. orgoillos orguillus , later or moulu lit. ‘pounded gold.’ — F. or,
,

orgueilleux proud. — O.F. orgoil, orguil, from L. aurum, gold and moulu, pp. of ;

F. orgueil pride. From an (). H. G. sb. moudre, to grind, O. F. moldre , from L.

,

*urguoli from O.H.G. urguol, remarkable, molere, to grind.

notable (J 1 raff). Ornament. (F. — L.) M. K. orne-
Oriel, a recess (with a window) in a ment. — F. ornement. — L. orndmentum,
room. (F. — L.) M.E. oriol, oryall a ,
an adornment. — L. onidre, to adom.
small room, portico, esp. a room for a lady, ornate. (L.) From pp. of L. orndre ,

boudoir. — O.F. oriol a porch, gallery, cor- y

to adorn.
ridor. — Late L. oriolum a small room, y
Ornithology, the science of birds,
recess, portico prob. for aureolitm (?),
;
(Gk.) Gk. upviQo-, for upvis, a bird
that which is ornamented with gold. — L. -Koyia, from \ 6 yos, a discomse, \iytiv, to
aurum y
gold, See Pliny, lib. xxxiii. speak. Allied to A. S. earn, G. aar, \V.
c. 3, for the custom of gilding apaitments. cryr. an eagle, named from its soaring cf. ;

Cf. Oriole. Gk. opvvpu T stir up, rouse.

,

Orient, eastern. (F. — L.) F. orient.— ornithorhyncus, an Australian

L. orient stem of oriens, lising, the east; animal. (Gk.) Named from the resem-
orig. pres. pt. of oriri, to rise, begin. + blance of its snout to a duck’s bill. — Gk.
Skt. r, to rise. opviQo- (for upon), bird pv yx $> a snout. ;
()

Orifice. (F.—L.) F. orifice , a small Orphan. (L. — Gk.) L .orphanus —

opening. — L. drificium an opening, lit. Gk. op<pa vos, destitute; John xiv. iS.
‘
making of a mouth.’— L. dri~, decl. stem Allied to L. orbus, destitute,
of os, mouth facere, to make. ; Orpiment, yellow sulphurct of ar-
Oriflamme, the old standard of senie. (F. — L.) Lit. ‘gold paint.’ F.
France, (F. —
L.) F. o? ijlamme , the sacred orpiment. — L. auripigmentum gold paint, ,

standard of France. —Late L. au> i/lamma, — L. auri- (for an rum), gold; and pig-
lit. golden flame,* because the banner mentuni, a pigment, paint, from pingerc
‘

was cut into flame-like strips at the outer to paint.

edge, and carried on a gilt pole. — L. auri- orpine, orpin, a kind of stone-crop,
(for aurum ), gold /lamina, flame. ; (F.~ L.) Named from its colour. M. E.
Origan, wild marjoram. (F.— L. — Gk.) orpin — V orpin, oipin, or live-long; . ‘

F. origan. — L. origanum. — Gk. bpiyavov, also orpiment Cot. docked form of ;

’
A
lit. ‘mountain-pride.’ — Gk. bpl — upa-, orpiment above.
related to 6pos, a mountain ; yavos, beauty, Orrery, an apparatus for illustrating
ornament. the motion of the planets. (Ireland.) Con-
Origin. (F.— L.) F. origine. — Lat. structed at the expense of Charles Boyle,
originem, acc. of origo, a beginning. — L. earl of Orrery about 1715. Orrery is a ,

oriri, to rise. barony in co. Cork, Ireland.

Oriole, the golden thrush. (F. — L.) Orris, a plant. (Ital. — L. — Gk.) For-
O.F. oriol ( F. loriot — I'oriot) — \*.aiireolus, merly or ice, oris. These are E. corrup-
golden. — L. aurum, gold. tions of M. Ital. irios (Ital. ireos). — M.
Orison, a prayer. (F. — L.)
O. F. ori- Ital. irios, oris-roote,’ Florio; with refer- 1

son, oreison (F. oraisori). — L. drdtionem ence to the Iris Jiorentina Modified,
.

acc. of ordtio a prayer; see Oration. from L. iris, a rainbow', an iris.

Orle, a kind of fillet, in heraldry, &c. Ort ; see Orts.
(F. — L.) F. orle, m., M. F. orle, f., a Orthodox, of the right faith. (L. —
hem, narrow border; cf. Late L. orla, Gk.) Late L. orthodoxus. — Gk. 6p$ 6 do£os,
a border, edge. — L. type * orula , dimin. of the right opinion. — Gk. vp$ 6 -$ f upright,
361
 , ,, , , ,
, , , ; , , , —;

ORTHOEPY OUCH
right; 86£a, an opinion, from Soneiv, to From L. ossi-, decl. stem of os, bone;
seem. Cf. Arduous. Brugm. ii. § 143. F. fier, for L.
-
fiedre to make, from
orthoepy, correct pronunciation. facere, to make. ossifu-at-ion. Per.
(Gk.) From Gk. dpOoewaa, orthoepy.— Ostensible. (L.) Coined from os -
Gk. dpOd-s, right ;
en-os, a word ;
see teusi- (for ostensus), pp. of ostende re, to
Epic. shew ; with suffix -bills. See below.
orthography, correct writing. (F. - ostentation. (F. L.) F. ostenta- -
L. — Gk.) M. E. ortographie — M. F. orto- . tion.— ostentdtidnem, acc. of ostentdtio,
gmphie. — L. orthographia. — Gk. dpOo- display. — L. ostentdtus, pp. of ostentdre,
ypafna. — Gk. dpOd-s right ypcupeiv, to ;
intensive form of ostenderc , to shew, lit.
write. stretch before. — L. os - (for *op~s-, related to
orthopterous, lit. straight winged. ob), near, before ;
tendere, to stretch. See
(Gk.) Gk. opdu-s straight; vTtpuv, a Tend (1). For "ops-, see Brugm. i.

wing. § 1
43 -

Ortolan, a bird. (F. — Ital. — L.) Osteology, science of the bones. (Gk.)
O.F hortolan. — M. Ital. Jio> io/ano,Gk. doT€u-v, a bone; -koyia, from \dyos,
a
gardener, also an ortolan lit. ‘ ,
haunter of a discourse, A iyuv, to speak. See os-
gardens.’ — L. hortulanu\ a gaidener. — E. seous.
ho rt ulus, dimin. of h ort us, a garden ; Ostler see ;
Hostler.
allied to Yard. Ostracise, to banish by a vote
Orts, remnants, leavings. (E. ) M.E. written on a potsherd. (Gk.) Gk dorpa-
ortes. From A. S. on, out (what is left) ; tclfctv, to ostracise. Gk. uGrpatcov a pot- —
etan, to eat. Proved by M. l)u. oretc, sherd, tile, voting-tablet, ong. a shell
ooractc. apiece left after eating, Svved. allied to Gk. dorpeov, an oyster, orig. a
dial, crate, urate refuse fodder. The shell. See Oyster.
same prefix or - occurs in ordeal. Cf. aho Ostrich, a bird. (F.— L. and Gk.)
Low G. ort, an ort Dan. dial oreJ, orret, M.E. ostrice, oystryehe. — O. F os truce;
; .

an ort ; N. Fries, orte, to leave remnants mod. F. ant no be. [Cf. Span, avestruz,
after eating. Port, abestrnz, an ostrich.] — L. an is
Oscillate, to swing. G..) From
pp. struthio, lit. ostrich-bird. Here strut bio
of L. Chilian, to swing. —L. ouilliun , a is from Gk. nrpovQiwv, an ostrich ; ex-
swing. tended from (TTpovOds a bird.
Osculate, to kiss. '
LG From pp. of Other, second, different. (E ) M. E.
L . osculum a little other
oscular f, to kiss. — L.
A. S. Oder, other, second. Du. ; +
mouth, pretty mouth double dimin. of under, feel, annarr (fur *anthar- >, Dan.
;

os, the mouth. anden, Swed. annan G. under, Goth. ,

Osier. (F.) F. osier the ozier, red anthar Lithuan. antra^, Skt. antara-,
‘
;

withy, water-willow tree;’ Cot. Cf. Late other. In Skt. an-tara the suffix is the
L. osdria, ausdria a bundle of osiers or same as the usual comparative suffix (as in
twigs of willow (9th cent.). Gk. <ro(pu-T(pos, wiser). Cf. Skt. an-ya-,
Osmium, a metal. (Gk.) The oxide other, different.
has a disagreeable smell. — Gk. 00707, udpr\, Otter. (E.) M.E. oter, A. S. otor.-f-
a smell — Gk. ofet v (for *o8-yu v), to smell Du. otter, Teel,Swede otr, Don. odder,
cf. odpTj, scent. See Odour. utter, G. otter; Kuss .vuidra, lath, udra;
Osprey, the fish-hawk. (L) cor- A also Gk. v8pa, a hydra, water-snake.
ruption of ossifrage the older name for the Tout, type *otroz, m. Idg. types *udros, ;

biid. — L. ossifragus ossi/raga, an osprey. ,

m., *udrd, f. Allied to water compare ;

— L. ossifragus bone-breaking (from its ; Gk. v8pa, hydra, with v8 cup, water. The
strength). — L. ossi-, decl. stem of os, sense is ‘dweller in the water.’ Doublet,
bone; frag-, base oifrangcre, to break. hydra ,
q. v.
OSSeouS, bony. (L.) L. ossc-us, bony ; Otto, the same as Attar.
with suffix -ous. — L. oss-, stem of os, a Ottoman, a low stuffed seat. (F. —
bone. Cf. Gk. horkov, Skt. asthi a Turk.) F. otto?nane, an ottoman, sofa.
bone. Brugm. i. § 703. F. Otto?7ian, Turkish. So named from
ossifrage. (L.) In Levit. xi. 13; Othman or Osman, founder of the Turk-
see Osprey. ish empire.
OSSify, to turn to bone. (F. — L.) Ouch, KTouch, the socket of a precious
 le ) ,, , ,

OUGHT OVER
stone, ornament. (F. — O.
Usually H. G.) out-balance, out-bid, out break, presenting
ouch yet nouch is the true form. M. E.
; no difficulty.
nouche — O. E. noitche nosche, n usehe, a
.
, outer, comp, form ; see Utter,
buckle, clasp, braceler (Burguy) Low L. ; Outlaw. (Scand.) M. E. outlazve
nusca. — M. II. G. nuske, O. II. G. nusca I cel. ittlagi an outlaw, ,
lit. out of (beyond)
a buckle, clasp, brooch, Perhaps of the law. — Icel. tit, out ; log, law; see Out
Celtic origin cf. Irish mm, a tie, chain,
; and Law. Cf. I,, exlex, lawless,
ling, nasoaim, I bind (Schade, Stokes). Outlet. (K.) M. E. utlete , lit. ‘
a
Ought ( i), pt. t. of Owe, q. v. — A. S. ut, out;
letting out’ Ultan, to let.
Ought (2), anything; see Aught. Outmost; see Utmost.
Ounce ( 1). twelfth part of a pound. Outrage. (F.— L.) F. outrage, ear-
(F. — L.) M. E. unce. — O. F. unce (F. lier form oltrage, excessive Cf. \ iolence. (

once\ — E. uncia, (1) an ounce, (2) an Ital. oltraggio )— O.

F. olhe, F. outre, le-
inch. Allied to Gk. oy/cus, mass, weight, yond ; with suffix -age (<E. - alien ).— m
See Inch. E. ultra , beyond. See Ultra-.
Ounce f 2 \ Once, n. kind of lynx Outrigger. (E. Scant!.) A pro-
(F. ~ L. — Gk.) b once . M.F. tome, Cot. ;
jectmg spar for extending sails, a project-
Cf. Foil, otua, Span, onza, Ital. lonza an ing xowlock for an oar, a boat with pro-
,

ounce also Ital. onza, an ounce (Florin, jecting rowlocks. From Out and Rig.
;

159S), obtained by treating lonza as if— Outward. (E.) A. S. ulciveard, out-

Vonza. — Pate L. type *Jymea, lynx-like, uaid. — A. S. iite, out ?< eard, -ward see ; ;

fern. — P. lync-, stem of lynx, a lynx.— Toward.

Gk. Ai>y£, a lynx; see Lynx.
<?<Gk. v, cf. grotto tomb torso.
,
For F. Oval, egg-shaped. (F. — P.) F. oval.
formed with suffix -al (,<P. -dlls') from P.
,

Ouphe, an elf, lain. (Scand Mer. ditum, an egg. Gk. coov, &iov, an egg.
.
+
Wives, iv. 4. 49. A variant of oaf—elf. The Gk. wiov is for * o:oiom elated by , 1

Sec Oaf and Elf. gradation to P. aids, a bird (like afa, a

Our. (E.) A. S lire, of us; gen. of sheep-skin, from uis, a sheep); see Avi-
we, we. The possessive pi onoun was also ary. Perhaps cognate with Egg. Der.
lire, which was regularly declined. The ov-ar-y Late L. oudria, the pait of the ,

foim tire stands for *us-cr - cf. Goth body in which eggs are formed in birds;
;

itnsara, gen. pi. of Goth. 70c is, we. oviform egg-shaped oviparous, from , ;

Ourang-outang; see Orang-outang. P. out-pat us, egg-producing ^>ec Parent).

Ousel, a kind of thrush. (E.) M. E. Ovation, a lesser Roman tiiumph. (F.
osel. A. S. dsle. For *omsal~, which is — L.) E. creation. — 1 acc. oudtionem ..

for older ^amsal-.+G. amsel, O. II. G. am- from ouatio, a shouting, exultation. — P.
sala, an ousel. The P mcrula (whence oudtus, pp. of oudre to shout. Gk. , +
E. merle) can stand for *mcsula, and may eva&iv, to shout, from evai, evoi, inter-
be connected with G. amsel by gradation, jeclions of rejoicing, esp. in honour of
See Merle. Bacchus.
Oust, to eject. (F. — P.) A. F. ouster Oven. (E.) M. E. ouen v - oven). A. S.
(Ho/on), M. F. ostcr, to remove ’ Cot. ofen, ofn. «|* Du. oven Icel. ofn, omn (also
4
;

(F. titer.) Of disputed origin ; some ogn) Swed. ugn, G. ofen, Goth anting
deiive it from obstare, to thwart, which Teut. types *uhno-, ifno- Idg. type ;

gives the right form, but does not suit *mjnos Allied to Skt. ukhii, a pot (cf. .

the sense; Die/ suggests P. *hausidre Gk. invus, an oven) this older sense is ;

a deiivative of kaurire (pp. haustus), to remaikably presen ed in A.S. ofnet, a pot,

draw water. Cf. E. ex- ham and P. vessel. ;

exhaurlre, in the sense ‘to icmove.’ Over, above, across. (E.) M. E. ouer
Out, without, abroad. (E.) M. E .oute, ( -over). A. S ofer.+ Du. over. Icel yfir, -

ute, adv., A. S. iite, titan, adv., out, with- ofr , Dan. over, Swed .ofver, G. uber, Goth,
out; formed (with adv. suffix or -an) uftr; Gk. vntp, L. s-uper
- Skt. upari ; ,

from A.S. ut, adv. out, from. +D11. uit, above. The Idg. form is *upcr-, closely
,

Icel. tit, Dan. ud, Swed. ut, G. aus, Goth, related to *upcros upper (Skt. upara -, ,

ut ( - A. S. id), uta (— A.S. ute), fitana P. s-uperus, A S yfera). This is a coin- .

er A. S. litan) ;
Skt. ud, up, out. parative form from Idg *upo- (Skt. upa,
H Hence numerous compounds, such a*, near, on, under Gk. vno, L. s-ub, Goth. ;

363
 , , , , ; -

OVERT OZONE
ttf ;
under
cf. A. S. ufan, 1 C. - ove in own (3), to grant. (E.) A develop-
ab-ove). Closely allied to Up. Hence ment from oiun (2), to appropriate, claim ;
a large number of compounds beginning hence, to acknowledge. See Johnson.
with over, which present no difficulty. % Usually said to have been due to A. S.
Overt, open, public. (F. — L.) O. F. toman M. IC. unnen to grant, of which
, ,

overt (later ouvert ), pp. of m>rir (later there is no clear trace.

ouvrir ), to open. The etymology is dis- Ox. M. 1 C. ox, oxe, pi. oxen A. S.
(E.) ;

puted. a. Diez suggests that ovrir is a oxa, oxan.+T)u. os, I cel. uxi, oxi, Dan.
pi.
shortened form of O. F. a-ovrir a-uvrir ,
Swed. oxe, G. ochse, ochs, Goth, auhsa ;

(Livre des Rois), answering to Prov. adu- nlso W. ych Ski. ukshan -, an ox, bull.
;

brir to open.
, The latter can be resolved Teut. type*ohsan-; Idg. type *okscn-. The
into L. ad, de, operire where ad is a mere Skt. ukshan - is usually derived fiom Skt.
prefix, and dc-opcnrc is to uncover. f
3 . ukdi, to sprinkle, hence, to impregnate;
l>i It re considers ovrir to be for avrir, llrngm. ii. §114.
i.e. L. aperire, to open; the change Oxalis, wood-sorrel. (L. Gk.) D. —
being due to association with covrir (F. oxalis. — Gk. ofaA is, (1) sour wine, (2)
cottvtir), to cover. Cf. Port, avrir, to sorrel ; from its sourness. — Gk. oft/s, acid.
open. See Oxygen.
overture, a proposal, beginning. (F. oxide, a compound of oxygen with a
— L ) O. F. overture latter ouvert lire, an ,
non -acid base. (Gk ) Coined from ox
opening, from (). F. overt, open (above). (for oxy-, as in oxy-gen) and -ide, Gk.
Oviform, Oviparous; see Oval. -eidrjs, like. See Oxygen.
Owe, possess tohence, to possess ; Oxlip, a flower. (E.) A. S. oxanslyppe,
another’s property, be in debt, be obliged. orig. an ox-slop, piece of ox-dung (a coarse
(K.) M. E. a$cn, awen, oiven, orig. ‘to name, like some other plant-names).—
possess.’ A. S. dgan, to have, possess A. S. oxan, gen. case of oxa ox slyppe, , ;

(whence long o fiom A. S d and iv for g). }

a slop see Slop.
; (So also cozu-sltp -
-f-Icel eiga, to possess, have, be bound, cow-slop.)
own Dan. cie Swed. aga, O.II.G eigan
; , Oxygen, a gas often found ,
in acid com-
( loth, aigan, to possess. Teut. type * aigan-. pounds. (Gk.) Lit.
4
acid-generator.’ —
Allied to Skt. Tc, to possess. Gk. ofii-s, sharp, acid ;
yw-, to produce,
ought. (TC.) The pres. tense of A. S. base of yiyvopiai, I am born.
(Igtiu is icah, really an old perf. tense oxymel, a mixture of honey and
hence was formed the new pt. t. dhte M. E. vinegar. (L. — Gk.) L. oxymeli. — Gk.
ah/e, aught e, oughtc, mod. IC. ought. of — Gk. o£v-s, sharp, acid; /it At,
owing, in phr. oiviug to - due to, honey see Mellifluous.
;

because of. (E Oiig. pres. pt. of owe, vb.”

; oxytoue, having an acute accent on
Owl, a bird. (E.) M. E. oiile. A. S. the last syllable. (Gk.) Gk. <i£iWovos,
file. nil, I cel. ngla, Dan. ugle, Swed. shrill-toned. — Gk. ofv-j, sharp; tuvos, a
+Du.
ugla, G. eule, O. II. G. uwela. Teut. tone see Tone. ;

types * fma/dn *uwwalun -, fern. Cf. Over, a term in law. (F. — L.) Oyer
also L. ulula Skt. tilftka an owl. The and terminer means, literally, to hear and 4

sense is howler,’ from an imitative deteimine/ — A. F. oyer (F. ouir), to hear.

‘

mot; cf. L. uhi lure, to howl. See — L. audlre to hear. ,

Howl. oyez, Oyes, hear ye !

(F. — L.) Public
Own possessed by any one, peculiar
(i), criers begin by saying oyes now corrupted ,

to oneself. (E.) M
E. ajeu, awen, owen , into oyes /—A. F. oyez, 2 p. pi. imperative
contracted to own by loss of e. A. S. dgen ,
of oyer, to hear (above).
own, orig. pp of dgan. to possess see ; Oyster. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. oistre.
+
Owe. 1 eel. eiginn Dan. Swed. egen, G. — A. F. oistre (F. /mitre). — L. ostrea ; also
eigen , Goth, aigans. ostreum. — Gk. oarpeov, an oyster ; named
OWn (2), to possess. (E.) M. E. apiien, from its hard shell. — Gk. bariou, a bone,
ahnien, ahnen ohnen . A.S. dgnian, to
,
shell ; see Osseous, Ostracise.
appropriate, claim as one’s own; denom. Ozone, a substance perceived by its
vb from A. S. dgen, own (above). -f Teel.
,
smell in the air after electric discharges.
eigna , to claim as one’s own from eiginn , ;
(Gk.) Gk. ofcui', smelling; pres. pt. of
one’s own. Der. own er. o to smell. See Odour.
364
 u , , 1 ;,,. , , —

PABULUM PAGE
PA -PE. Ilaml. iii. 4. 185; Oth. ii. 1. 259. It is
a parallel formation to pattle frequent, of
Pabulum. (L.) food; pat; see Pat (i). Cf. Low G. paddeht,
L. pabulum ,

lrom the base pa -, as seen in pa t. to tramp about (Danneil), fiequent. of

ui. pt.
<« pascere, to feed. See Pastor. pedden to tread, or padjen, to walk with
W
\ ,

Pace, a step. (F. — L.) M. \L. pas. — F. short steps (Brem. ort.) from pad, the ;

pas. — L. passum acc. of passus, a step, sole of the foot.

, See Pad (i). Cf. also
pace, lit. a stretch, distance between the Low G. pladdem lo paddle in water. ,

ieet in walking. — I ,. pass us, pp. of pandere Paddle (2), a little spade, esp. to clean
to stretch. See Expand. a plough with. (K.) Lormerly spaddle ;

Pacha ; see Pasha. dimin. of spade. See Spade.

Pachydermatous, thick - skinned Paddock i), a toad. (Scand.) M. E.
l CIO From Ck. iraxv-s, thick; and 5(p- paddok dimin. of M. E. padde. a toad.
,

stem of dlpfia, skin. Gk. is lcel. padda Swed. padda Dan. padde, a
, ,

allied to Skt. bah - , strong. See Derm. toad, frog. -f- Du. padde, pad; L. Fries.
Pacify. (F. - L.) V.piv ificr. - j.pdci- padde.
fudre to ,
make peace. — L. pad-, deck Paddock (2), a small enclosure. (L.?)
stem of pax peace ; . -ftcare lor face re, to Not an old word used by Evelyn a cor- ; ;

make. See Peace. ruption of M. Li. parrok, spelt parrocke in

Pack, a bundle. (Low Cl. — L ?) M. F, Palsgrave. (So also poddish foi porridge .)
pah he (13th cent.).— M. Du. paik (Du. See Park.
pah cf. I cel. pakki
;
Dan. pakke, Swed. Paddy, rice in the husk. (Malay.)
fihka\ G. pack. [Cf. also Irish pac, Malay padi, iice in the husk. It seems to
Gael, pac, lrom E. ; Bret, /ak, liom have been confused with Ilind bhat,
Komanic; lidl.parco, F. paqit-ct Late L. ;
cooked rice from Skt. b/iakta, (properly)
;

paccits. Prob. of Late L. origin

|
from ; boiled rice, food, orig. pp. of bhaj to ,

tiie L. base pac-, as in pp. pad us, from divide, possess, &c. (See Yule.)
pangere, to lasten (KoitingL See Pact. Padlock, a loose-hanging lock. (E.)
Der. pack-age, with F. suffix -age (cf. A lock lor hampers, &c. prob. coined by ;

bagg-age ) pack-ct, from F. paquet, a

;
adding lock to prov. E. pad, a pannier
packet, bundle, dimin. form from Low G. (Not folk \ This word is also w ritten r

pahh, M. Vu. pack. ped see Pedlar.

;

Pact, a contract. (L ) L pactum , an Paean, a hymn to Apollo. (L. — Gk.)

agi cement. — L. pactum, pp. ot paihcT, to L. ptean. — Gk. Uaiav, llailuv (i) Psean, ,

agree, inceptive form of O. L. pace re, to l\eon, physician of the gods, (2) Apollo,
agree (Breal). Allied to pangcre (pp ($0 a hwnn to Apollo. Der. peon-y.
pai tits), to lasten, fix; Skt. pa if to bind, jPsedobaptism, infant baptism. (Gk.)
Gk. TTTiyvvfii, 1 fasten. Brugm. i. § 200 omGk. 7ratbo-, representing 7rafy, a
S
;

if
§ 70 - lid and baptism
;
Cf. Pedagogue. .

Pad (1), a soft cushion. ’

(Low G. P Also Pagan, a countryman; hence, a heathen.
in the sense of saddle *
(Levins, 1570) ; ^L.) L. pagan us, (1) a villager, (2) a
4
also in the sense of bundle ’ (Ilalliwell). pagan, because the mstic people remained
< >f obscure origin. In the sense of cushion longest unconverted. — L. paganus, adj.,
beneath an animal’s foot, it agrees with rustic. — L. pagus, a village, district, can-
M. Du., Low G., and Pomeranian pad ton. Some connect it with pag base of
sole of the foot perhaps 1 101 rowed lrom
;
pangere to fasten as being marked out
, ;

Slavonic. Cf. Russ, podoshva, sole of the by fixed limits; see Pact.
foot; podushka a cushion, pad; also Page (i\ a boy attending a person of
Pith .padas t.the same).
,

Cf. Pod. rank. (F. — Late L. Gk. ?) M. E page. — —

Pad (2 a thief 011 the high road. (Du.) F. page. —Late L. pagium, acc. of pagius ,

AVc now say foot-pad. Formerly a padder a servant. Cf. Span, page, Port, pagem ,
one who goes on the pad, i. e. foot-path. — Ital. paggio a page. Etym. disputed.
I )u. pad
,
a path see Path. (Many cant
;
Diez thinks that Ital. paggio was formed
words are Dutch.) DQT.pad, a nag, orig. from Gk. natbiov, a little chdd, dimin. of
pad-nag* a road-nag; pad vb., to tramp. ,
rrafy, a boy. (See Diez, Littre, Scheler.)
Paddle (0, to linger, dabble in water. Page (2),one side of the leaf of a book.
( Lo w G. ?) Formerly also to finger, hand le (F. — L.) F. page. — L. pagina a page, ,

365
 , . , ,, ;

PAGEANT PALEOLOGY
leaf. Orig. a leaf ; and named from the Pajamas, Pyjamas, loose drawers.
fastening together of strips of papyrus to ( — Pers.) Hind, pdcjdmd, pajama
Hind. ,

form a leaf. — L. pag-, ba-e of pangere, to drawers, lit. * leg-clothing.’— Hind, pac,
fasten (pp pac-tus <£pag-lus).
.
leg; jama garment. — Pers. pal, cognate
,

pageant, ail exhibition, spectacle. with F. foot jamah , a garment (Horn,

;

(Late L. — L.j Orig. the moveable scaffold

on which the old * mysteries * were acted. Palace. - L.) (F. M. E. palais. — F.
M. E .parent (Prompt. Parv.), also pagen ,
palais. — L. paldtium, orig. a building 011
pagyn ; formed, with excrescent t after //, the Palatine hill at Rome ; esp. a palace
from Late L. patina, a scaffold, stage for of Augustus on this The Palatine
hill.
shows, made of wooden planks. — L. pa-
|

hill is supposed to have been named from

gina a page of a book in Late L. a plank
, ;
Pales, a pastoral divinity.
of wood. Named from being fastened to- paladin. (F.-ltal.-L.) F .paladin,
gether see Page [2). Der. page-ant-r-y
; . a knight of the round table. — Ital. pahi-
Pagoda, an Indian idol’s temple. dino, a warrior orig. a knight of the;

(Port. — Peis.) From Poit. pagoda, pa- palace or royal household. — L. paldtinus ;
gode, a pagoda. — Pers. but-kadah , an idol- see Palatine.
temple. — Pers. but idol, image; kodak , Palaeo- ;
sec Paleo-.
habitation. (The initial Pers. sound is Palanquin, Palankeen, a light
sometimes rendered by /, as in Devic’s litter in which tiaveilers are borne on men’s
Supp. to Litlre.) Perhaps confused with shouldeis. ^Port. — Hind. — Skt.) Cf. F.
Skt. bhagavati, f., venerable, as the name palanquin. From Port, palanquim a ,

of a goddess (Yule). palankeen. All from Hindustani palang ,

Pail. (E.) M. E. paile. A. S. picgel, a bed, bedstead (Forbes) otherwise pdlki, ;

a pail (llosworth-Toller). See Anglia, vm. and (in the Carnatic) pallakki (Wilson) ;

450. Cf. XHw.piegel, half-a-pint ; M. l)u. Pali pallanko, a palankeen (Yule). — Skt.
pegel, the contents or capacity of a pot. paryaiika - (Prakrit pallahka -), a couch-
Partly, from (). E. paelle, a pan, liquid bed, bed. Apparently named fiom the
measure. — L. patella dimin. of patina , a support afforded to the body. — Skt. pari
pan. (
= Gk. 7rtpl), round, about; a/ika a
Pain, F. L. t — — ( Ik.) M. E. peine - . hook, also the ilank.
F. pci //<?, a pain ,
a pen al t y . — E. pirn a , Palate. (F.-L.) O. F. palat. - L.
punishment, penalty, pain. — (Ik. -noivij, palatum, the palate, roof of the mouth.
penalty, big. type *qoind cf. O. Ir. in ; t Palatine. (F. — L.) In phr. ‘count
a fault (Ir. cion), Zend kacndi-, punish- palatine the proper sense is pertaining
;
*
‘

ment, Pers. kin, revenge, Kuss. tsiena a , to the palace or royal household.’ — J
price, Gk. tivclv to pay a price. Lrugm.
,
palatin. — L. paldtinus, (1) the name of a
i. § 202. Pine (2).Cf. hill at Rome, (2 belonging to a palace ;
;
Painim; see Paynim. see Palace.
Paint. (F. — L.) M. E. pcinlen, vb. Palaver. Port. — L.— Gk.) Apailey.
— F. paint, pp. of peindre, to paint. — L. — Port, palavra a word, parole. — L. ,

pingere to paint. See Picture.

,
parabola .— Gk. TrapapoXr} see Parable.
Painter, a rope for mooring a boat. Pale (1), a stake, limit. (F. — L.) M. E.
(F. — L.) Assimilated to painter one who paal. — F. pal a pale, stake,
;
Cot. — 1 >.
‘
*

paints but also spelt penter ( 1 66 1 ) ; and

;
pCilum, acc. o [pains, a stake. For *pat-
perhaps adapted fiom O.F pentoir, pendoir slus from pac-, to fasten, as in pac-isci,
,

(Godefioyq a perch for hanging clothes to stipulate. llrugm. ii. § 76. The
to diy, nLo strong cordage. — Eate L. pen- heraldic pale is the same word; so is
ditorium a perch for clothes. Cotgrave
, pole ( 1 ).
has penteur the name of one of the ropes
, Pale wan. (F. — L.) O.V.palr,
which pass ovi r the top of a mast. From later pasle (F. pale 1. — E. pallidum acc. ,

Low L * penditum, for L. pemum supine , ofpallidus, pale.Allied to Fallow.

of pendere , to hang. Paleography, the study of ancient
Pair, two equal or like things (F. — L.) modes of writing. (Gk.) — Gk. 7raKaib-s,
M. E. peire — F. paire , i a pair
. Cot. — old, from 7rdAcu, adv., long ago ;
ypty-uv,
id. — h. parent acc.
1
F. pair like, equal
. ;
’
to write.
}

of par} equal. See Par. paleology, archeology. (Gk.) From

36 6
 . .. , L —-.;

PALEONTOLOGY PALM
Gk. iraXad-s, old ;
-\oyta, discourse, from is same whether read forwards or
the
\ 6 yos. a word, Kiytiv, to speak. backwards. (Gk.) Such a word is madam.
paleontology, the science of fossils, — Gk. •naKivhpopios, running back again. —
&c. (Gk.) From Gk.uaAat-os, old ovro-, ;
Gk. itaXiv, again Spo/ios, a running, bom
;

decl. stem of &v, existing; -Xoyia, dis- dpapetv, to run see Dromedary.
;

course, from A oyos, a word, Xeyuv, to Palinode, a recantation, in song. (F.

speak. — L. — Gk.) F palinodie (Cot.). — .pah- .

Palestra, a wrestling-scliool. (L. — nodia. — Gk. iraKivtpUa, a lecantation, esp.

Gk.) L. paUestra. — Gk. ira\at(TTpa, a of an ode. — Gk. rr&Xiv, back, again 0/817, ;

wrestling-school. — Gk. naXaleiv, to wrestle. an ode. Sec Ode.

— Gk. irciXr), wrestling. Palisade. (F. — L.) F. palissade, a
Paletot, a loose garment. (F.j Mod. row of pales. — Y .paliss-er, to enclose with
F. paletot^ foimerly spelt palletot, palletoc, pales. — F. palis, a pale, extended from
a soit of coat whence M. E. paidok, used pat a pale; see Pale (1).
; ,

of a dr^ss worn by soldiers, knights, and Pall (O, a cloak, mantle, shroud. (L. »

kings, and usually made of silk or velvet. A.S .pall. — E. pallium, a coverlet, cloak ;

Explained by Diez as palle-toque a cloak Sievers, § So.

,

with a hood ; from L. palla, a mantle, and Pall ( 2), to become vapid. (F. — L.)
\V. toe. Bret, iok, a cap. Littre derive* Pall is a shortened form of appal formerly ,

O. E. palletoc from M. l)u. paltrok a used in the same sense. Palsgrave has
mantle, but Franck says that this M. Du. pa lie and appalle both in the sense of ,

word is taken (with alteration; from the losing colour by standing as drink does
O. V. word. Cf. Bret, paltok , a peasant’s also I palle, I fade.’ See Appal. k

robe; fiom pallen. a covering (L. palla) Palladium, a safeguard of liberty. (L.
;

and tok. a cap. Whence also Span, pate* — Gk.) E. Palladium Yirg.2E11.ii 166, ;

toque. 183. — Ok. UaKXaSiov, the statue of Pallas

Palette, a small slab on which paintcis on which the safety of Troy depended. —
mix colours. (F. — Ital.— L.) F. palette, Gk. IlaAArE (stem IlaAAaS-}, Pallas, an
orig. a flat blade, spatula, and lastly a epithet of Athene.
palette. — ftdi.paletta, a flat blade, spatula; Pallet (1 a kind of mattress, properly
dimin. of pa/a, a spade. — L. pdla, a spade, one of stiaw. (F. — E.) M. E. paillet. —
shovel, flat-bladed * peel for putting bread F. paillet a heap of straw', given by Littre
’

into an oven. See Peel (3;. as a provincial word. Cf. paillat, a pal-
Palfrey. ( F. - 1 <ow I - C.) .. M
E. liasse, in patois of Lyon* (Puitspelu).
.

palefrat. palfre?.—(). E. palefrci E. pale- F. paille straw. — L patea, straw, chaff. , .

froi).~ Low \ paraveredits, lit. an extra +Gk. ttciXtj, fine meal Skt paldla, straw;
..
1
;

post-horse’ (White). —Low L. para- (Gk. Russ. polova. chaff; Lith. pelai, pi., chaff.
7rapd\ beside, hence, extra ueredus a
;
Pallet ( 2), an instrument used by pot-
post-horse, courier's horse, p. Here uc- ters, also by gilders also a palette. (F. — ;

redits stands for *vo-rcdus, from a Celtic Ital. — L.’' It is a flat-bladed instrument
type % vo-reido -, a carriage -horse. — Celtic for spreading plasters, gilding, bcc ; and .

*?'o (Ir.fo-, \Y.go-), under, in and Celtic is a doublet of Palette.

;

*reidd, Gaulish E. reJa. r/ieda, a carriage. Palliasse, a straw mattress. (F. — L.'
r
rhe Celt * vo-rcido - appears in W. go- F. paillasse (with // mouilles), a straw
ruydd, a horse. The Celt. *reidd is from bed spelt paillacc in C otgrave. — F. paille;

the verb seen in O. Irish riad-aim , I travel, straw; with suffix -ace ^<L. -dcetis). — L.
rule, cognate with K. ride (.Stokes). pa lea. straw. See Pallet ^i).
Cf. Du paard, G pferd. O. 11. G. pfer -
.
.
Palliate, to cloak, excuse. (L.) From
frit a horse, also from paraveredus. L. pallid/us, covered as with a cloak. — L
Palimpsest, a MS. which has been pallium, a coverlet, cloak. See Pall (1).
twice written on, the first writing being Pallid. (L.) L. pallidas, pale,
partly erased. (Gk.) Gk. naKi^l^aTov , a pallor. (L.) L. pallor, paleness. — L.
palimpsest, neut. of iraXipcpr^OTos, scraped pallere, to he pale. See Pale (2).
again (to renew the surface). — Gk. rraAi/r- Pall-mall; sec Mall (2).
(for iraXiv), again ; iprjtXTos, scraped, from Palm
( 1 ), inner part of the hand. (F. —
ipauv, to rub. L ) M. E. pan me, palm of the hand. — F.
Palindrome, a word or sentence that paume — L .palma, the palm of the hand.+ .

3(>7
 , L .

PALM PANEGYRIC
Gk. iraX&fxrj, the palm of the hand A. S. ;
find F. pamphile the knave of clubs, from
,

folm , the same; O. Irish lam, W. Haw
Brugm. i. § 529 (2). Der palm-ist-r-y.
Palm (2), a tree. (L.) A.S. palm —
L. palma, a palm-tree. Der. palm-er
M. E. palmere one who bore a palm- ,
branch memory of having been to the
in
Holy Land hence a palmer or palmer-
;
worm a sort of caterpillar, supposed to be
,
so named from its wandering about. Also
palm-ary deserving the palm (of victory).
, Pan. (E. ?) M. E .panne. A.S. panne,
Palpable, that can be felt. (F. — L.)
F. palpable (Littre, Palsgrave). — L. palpa-
bilis, that may be felt. — L. palpare, pal-
parly to feel, to handle.
Palpitate, to throb. (L.)
. the Gk. name Pamphilus\ similarly, 1
.
should suppose that there was a F. form
. *pamjilety or Late L. *pamphiletus, coined
,
from L. Pamphila (of Gk. origin), the
name of a female historian of the first
century, who wrote numerous epitomes of
history. G. Paris suggests L. Pamphilits ,
the name of a medieval Lat. comedy.
Wefind Low Lat. panjletus (a. d. I/, 44).
a pan, broad shallow vessel ; cf. Irish
panna , W. pan, a pan. — Late L .patina,
a pan (whence also I)u. pan , G. pfanne ,
O. II. G
pfanna).. If not of Teut. origin,
From pp. it may be a corrupted form of L. patina ,

of L. palpitare to throb. ,
a shallow bowl, pan, bason. Der. pan-
Palsy. (F.— L.-Gk.) M. E. palesy, ca ke ; pan n ikiti (M. Du. panneken )
fuller F. para/ysie. — L.
form parlesy. — Pan-, prefix, all. (Gk.) Gk. nav, neut.
paralysing acc. of paralysis. — Gk. 7rapd- of thL, all.
\vais see Paralysis.
; Panacea, a universal remedy. (L.-
Palter, to dodge, shuffle, equivocate. Gk.) L. panacea. — (Gk. navd/cua a uni- ,

fScand.) Spelt panlter in Cotgrave, s. v. versal remedy; allied to iravatc 7)9, all-
harceler. The orig. sense is to haggle, to healing. —Gk. 7rdj/, all (above) ;
d/ctopai,
haggle over such worthless stuff as is called I heal, d/fos, a remedy.
paltric in Lowland Scotch. More literally, Pancreas, a fleshy gland, commonly
it is
1
to deal in rags, to trifle ; see further ’ called sweet-bread. (L.— Gk.) 1 pancreas .
below. — Gk. -ndyKpeas, sweet -bread lit. ‘all ;

paltry, worthless. (Scand.) Lowland flesh,’ from its softness — Gk. rdv, all;
Sc. paltric is a sb., meaning trash ; so Kpias, flesh, for *fcpef:as; cf. Skt. kravya -,
also Norfolk paltry 4
rubbish, refuse,'
,
raw flesh, L. cru-dus ,
raw. See Pan-
Forby. But both sb. and adj. are from an and Crude.
old sb. palter rags, which is still preserved
, Pandect, a digest. (F. -L.-Gk.)
in Danish and Swedish. — Swed. paltor , Usually in pi. pamlects.— M. F. pan dates,
rags, pi. of palta a rag, tatter ; Dan. pi. (Cot.). —
.pandectie, the title of a col-
pialter , rags, pi. of piall a rag. |
3 }
. We lection of laws made by order of Justinian ;
find the adj. itself in Low G. pa It rigy also (in sing.) pan dates. Gk. warde/crat, —
ragged, from palte , a rag, piece torn off a pandects from Gk. ;
all-receiving,
cloth ; and in prov. G. palterig, paltry, comprehensive. — Gk. irdv, all; biyoyai, I
from palter (pi. pattern ), a rag (Flugel). receive. See Pan-.
We find also M. Du. palt, a fragment, Pandemonium. (Gk.) The home of
Friesic palt, a rag ; K. Fries, palterig, all the demons. — Gk. nav f
all; fiuiyovi-,
paltrig, ragged. Possibly of Slavonic for dalpauv, a demon ;
see Pan- and
origin. Cf. Russ. polotno, platno, linen, Demon.
platite, to patch. Pander, Pandar, a pimp. (L. < ;k.) -
Pampas, plains in S. America. (Peru- L. Pandarus. — Gk. ndrSapos, a personal
vian.) The final s is the Span. pi. suffix. — name the name of the man who procured
;

Peruvian pampa , a plain. for Troilus the favour of Chryseis. The

Pamper, to glut. (O. Low G.) Fre- name is from Ilomer (II. ii. 827); but the
quent. from Low G. pampen, to cram. — story belongs to medieval romance.
Low G.pampe , broth, pap, nasalised form Pane, a patch of cloth, plate of glass.
of pappe, pap. Cf. Low G. (Altmark) (F. — L.) M. K.pane, a portion. — F. pan ,

Cot. — 1 ..
’
pampen, pappen, to cram oneself (Danneil). ‘
a pane, piece, or pannell ;
See Pap (1). pannum , acc. of panniis , a cloth, lag,
Pamphlet, a small book (F. ? — L. .
? - patch. Allied to Vane.
Gk.?) Spelt paniflcty Test, of Love, pt. Panegyric. (L.-Gk.) L .
pauegyri-
\ii. 9. 54. Etym. quite uncertain. We cus, a eulogy; from L. panegyricus ,
adj.
 r , . , ;;, , ,

PANEL PANTRY
— Gk. navrjyvpucos, fit for a full assembly, Pansy, ;F. L.) F.
heart’s-ease. —
festive, solemn
hence applied to a festival ; pensSe, 4
a thought also, the flower palin- ;

oration. —Gk. iravrjyvpis a full assembly. ode ; ’ Cot. (It is the flower of thought or
— Gk. irav all -rjyvpis, related to ayopd
t ;
,
remembrance.) Prop. fern, of pp. of F.
a gathering, a crowd. pensery to think. — L. pensCire to weigh, ,

Panel, Fannel, a board with a sur- ponder, frequent, of pendere to weigh. ,

rounding frame, &c. (F. — L.) M. K. See Pendant. Cf. Chauceiian Pieces,
panel, (i) a piece of cloth, sort of saddle, xxi. 62 (note).
\2) a schedule containing jurors’ names; Pant, to breathe hard. (F. — L. ? — Gk.?)
the general sense being little piece/ — M. E . pantetiy to pant (15th cent.). The
4

0. Y .panel, M. F. panean (later panneau ) O. F. pantais (Godefroy) meant 4 shortness

4
a pannel of wainscot, of a saddle,’ &c. of breath, in hawks/ and was a term in
Cot. — Late L. panne Hum, dimin. of pan- hawking. So also F. panlois , short-
mis a cloth see Pane. Der. em-panel
, ; ,
winded, F. panteler, to pant; Gascon pan-
im-panel to put upon a panel, enroll
,
tacha to pant
, A. F. pantoiser. The ;

jurors’ names. O. F. pantais is a verbal sb. from O. F.

Pang, a sharp pain. (E. ?) Spelt prangc 1
pantaisicr, to breathe with difficulty ; cf.
of love’ Court of Love, 1 1150 (ed. 1561);
;
. lTov./rt//tafja,topant, dieam. Proh. from
M. K. pronge a throe, a woman’s pang ,
Late L. *phantasnire by-form of p/ian- ,

(Prompt. Parv.). The sense is 4 a sharp tasidri, to imagine, dream (Ducange).—

stab,’ a prick see Prong. For the loss ;
Gk. (pavraaia a fancy; see Fancy. G. V

of r, cf. speak for spreak. Romania, vi. 628.)

Paris, in Not from
1.
Panic, extreme fright. (Gk.) Gk. to W. pantu which does not mean to press
,

TraviKuv, Panic fear, supposed to be in* 'Diez), but to sink in, indent.
spired by the god Pan.— Gk. traviKus, adj., Pantaloon ^i), a ridiculous character,
from IW, Pan, the rural god of Arcadia. buffoon. (F. — Ital. — Gk.) F .pantalon. —
Panicle, U form of inflorescence. (L.) Jtal. pantalone a buffoon from the per- ;

L. paniaila a tuft ; double dimin. of sonal name rantaleone common in Venice,

, ,

panus the thread wound round the bobbin St. Pantaleone being a well-known saint in
,

of a shuttle. k. nrjvosy the same. Allied Venice. Prob. from Gk. 7rai/ra\(a;i/, lit.
to L .pan mis, cloth see Pane. all-lion,’ a Gk. personal name. — Gk.
4

Pannage, food of swine in woods. (F. iravra-, all AeW, lion. ;

— L.) Anglo- F. panage M. F. pasnage pantaloons, a kind of trousers. (F. —

; ,

‘ pawnage, mastage, monie for feeding of Ital. — Gk.) F. pantalon so called because ,

swine with mast;’ Cotgrave. — i.ate L. worn by Venetians. — Ital. pantalone a ,

pasnaticum pastidnaticnm pannage. — Venetian: see above.

, ,

ate I.. pastionare to feed on mast, as Pantheism, the doctrine that the uni-
,

Mwinc. — \j. pastion-, stem of pas/io , glaz- verse is God. (Gk.) From Pan- and
ing, used in Late L. to mean light of Theism ; see below,
pannage. — L. past-us , pp. of pasccrc to pantheon. iL.- Gk.) L. pantheon.
feed. — Gk. 7TavOtiov, a temple consecrated to
Pannier, a bread-basket. (F. — L.) all the gods. — Gk. ttqv, all ;
6 e ios, divine,
M . E. panic — F. panier — L. pdnariutn,
. from 0 ( 6 s, god.
a bread-basket. — L. pdnis , bread. Cf. Panther, a quadruped. (F.-L. —
Pantry and Company. Gk M E. pantere. — O. F. pan there. —
.)
.

Pannikin, with E. a little pan. (L. ;

L. panther. — Gk. iravdrjp , a
pant hera ,

suffix.) Dimin. of Pan. Cf. M. Du. panther prob. of Skt. origin.

;
A sup-
panneken Westphal. panneken, the same.
,
posed derivation from nav, all, Brjp, a
Panoply, complete armour. (Gk.) Gk. beast, gave rise to numerous fables.
7rui'ov\ia lull armour. — Gk. ndv, all
, Pantomime, actor; later, a a dumb
oir\-a, arms, armour, pi. of dir\ov, an im- dumb show. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. panto-
plement, from Gk. enev, I am busy about. mime, an actor of many parts in one play.
Prugm. ii. § 657. And see Pan*. — L. pantomimus. — Gk. TTavrSpapios, all-
Panorama, a kind of large picture. imitating, a pantomimic actor. — Gk.ir avro-,
(Gk.) Lit. a view all round.’ — Gk. ndv,
4
for 1ray, all /xf/*oy, a mime, imitator
;
see ;

all ; opapa, a view, from opetw, I see. See Pan- and Mimic.
Pan- and Wary. Pantry. (F.-L.) M. E. pantrie. -
 , \ , , , , , , . , -, —,

PAP PARADOX
O. Y paneterie. — Late \*. pan etdria, pdni- papyrus. — Gk. ‘ndirvpos, an Egyptian rush
.

taria a place where bread is made or or flag, of which a writing material was
kept. — Late L. pdneta, one who makes made. Prob. of Egyptian origin.
bread. — L. pdn-is, bread, food; cf. pas - Par, ecpial value. (L.) L. par, equal.
cei'e, to feed. Perhaps allied to Pare.
Pap (i), food for infants. (E.) Pap- 1
Para-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. irapa, beside.
mete for chylder Prompt. Parv. (a. d. Allied to Skt. para away, from, L. pers
;
’
,

1440). Cf. M. Y. pappe, only in the sense through, and to E. for- in for-give.
of breast.’
‘
Of infantine origin, due to Parable. (F. -L.-Gk.) M.E .para-
the repetition of pa, pa, in calling for bole — O. F. parabole — L. parabola M ark ,

food ; cf. L. papa pappa the word by iv. 2. — Gk. irapa/3o\rj, a companson, a
, ,

which infants call for iood. wS<_> also Du. parable. — Gk. 7rapafidWtiv to cast or put
pap, K. Fries, and G .pappe, pap Dan. beside, to compare. — Gk. irapa, beside ; ;

pap, Swed. papp, paste-boaid. Ct. pap PaWuv, to cast. Brugm. ii. § 713.
(2), Papa. parabola, a certain plane curve. (L.
pap (2), a teat, breast. vE.) M. E. — Gk.) L. parabola. — Gk. napa^o\rj, the
pappe. Cf. M. Swed. papp, the breast conic section made by a plane parallel to ;

changed, in mod. Swedish, to patt So the surface of the cone see Parable. .
;

also Swed. dial, pappe N. Flies, pap, Parachute, an apparatus for break-
pape, Lithuan. papas, the breast. Much ing a fall from a balloon. (F. — L.) F.
the same as Pap (1) and due to the parachute lit. that whi- h parries or guards
;

infant’s call for food. against a fall. — F. para-, as in parasol ;

Papa, father. (F. — L.'l Not found in and chute a fall Here para represents ,

old books; lather, borrowed from F .papa. Port, or ltal. para>c, to ward off; and
— L. papa, a father, bishop, pope. Cf. chute is equivalent to Ttal. caduta, a fall,
L. pappus, a tutor, borrowed from Gk. orig. fern of caduto fallen, from L. cadere,
ird-mras, papa; Ilom^r, Od. vi. 57. Due to fall. See Parasol.
to the repetition of pa, pa see Pap (1), Paraclete, the Comforter. (L. — Gk.)
;

Pope. panic let us. — Gk. irapcuc\r}Tos called to \j,

papal, belonging Comforter (John xiv. 16).

to the pope. (F.— one’s aid, the
L.) F. papal — I. ate L pdpdlis adj., — Gk. -napaKaXuv, to call to one’s aid.
.

fiom L. papa, a bishop, spiiitual father. Gk. irapa beside Ka\tiv, to call. , ;

Cf. Gk. irdna?, iranmis, papa, father Parade, display. (F. — Span.-L.) F.
1
(above). parade, a show, also a slop on horse-
Papaw, a fruit. (Span. — W. Indian.) back,’ Cot. The latter sense was the ear-
Span, papaya (Pineda). — Carib ababai lier in Fiench. — Span, parada, a stop,
See Yule. halt,from parar vb., to halt, also to get
,

Paper. (L. - Gk. - Egyptian ?) A. S. ready. — L. pardre to get ready. See

paper ;
diiectly from L. papyrus', see Pare. The sense ‘display’ was due to
Papyrus. the F. veil) parer, to deck, trim, from the
papier-inach6, paper madeinto pulj), same I,, pardre.
moulded, dried, and japanned. (F. — L.) Paradigm, an example, model. (F.—
F. papier paper, from L. acc. papyrum
, ;
— Gk.) F. paradigm e — L. paradigm a.
I .. .

F. madid lit. chewed, pp. of mucker, L. — Gk. irapdoetypa. a pattern, model, ex-
mastiedre to chew. See Masticate.
, ample of declension. — Gk. rrapd, beside;
Papilionaceous, having a winged btiKvvpi, I point out, show. See Dic-
corolTa resembling a butterfly. (L.) tion.
Coined, with sulfix - deeus from L. papi- Paradise. (L.-Gk. -Pcrs.) L .para-
,

Zion stem of papilio, a butterfly; see disits. — Gk. TrapaSeKTos, a park, pleasure-
Pavilion. ground an oriental word of Pers. origin. ;

Papillary, belonging to or resem- — Zend pairidaeza an enclosure, place ,

bling nipples or teats, warty. (L.) From walled in. — Zend pairi (-•= Gk. irepi),
Y. papilla, a small pustule, nipple, teat around diz (Skt. dill), to mould, form, ; ;

dimin. of papula a pustule. 4- Lithuan. shape (hence to form a wall of earth).

pdpas, a teat ,pampti, to swell out. See y'DIIEIGII sec Dough. ;

Prellwitz, s. v. tt c Paradox. (F.- L.-Gk.) F. para -

Papyrus. (L.-Gk. -Egyptian?) L. doxe. — L. paradoxum neut. of paradoxus ,

370
 , , , , ; , A m ;

PARAFFINE PARAPHERNALIA
adj.— Gk. 7ra/>a8o£os, contrary to received lines. — Gk. Trapakkrjko-s, parallel (above);
opinion. — Gk. irapa beside 5o£a, ;
opinion, 7poppa, a line, from ypacptiv, to write.
from botceiv, to seem ;
see Dogma. parallelopiped. (L. - Gk.) So
Paraffine. (F. — L.) Named from its written; a mistake for parallelepiped.—
having but small affnity with an alkali.— L. parallclepipedum. — Gk. rrapakk^kt-
F. paraffine. — L. par-tun little; affinis ,
vineSor, a body formed by paiallel sur-
having affinity see Affinity. ; faces. — Gk. TTaf dkkTjk-oSy parallel kni- ;

Paragoge, the addition of a letter at rrcfiuv, a plane surface, neut. of kniTredos,

the end of a w ord. (L. — Gk.) [Thus, in

T
on the ground, from em, upon, and nedov,
tyran-t the final letter is paragogic. ]— L.
, the giound.
paragoge. — Gk. Trapaycoyrj, a leading by or Paralogism, a conclusion unwar-
past, alteration. — Gk. 7mpayeiv, to lead ranted by the premises. V
F. — L. Gk.) —
past. — Gk. TTap-d beyond dyav, to lead , ; ;
F. paralogisms. — I .. paralogismus. — Gk.
sec Agent. irapakoyiapbs, a false reckoning or conclu-
Paragon. (F. - Span. - Gk.) M. F. sion. — Gk. 7ro/>a oyi£o pai, I misreckon. —
paragon. — M. Span, paragon a model of ,
Gk. irapd, beside, amiss; koyi^opai, I
excellence. Cf. Ital. paragone, *a paia- reckon, from kbyo$, reason ; see Logic.
gon, a match, an equal ;’ Florio and Ital. ; Paralysis. (L.-Gk.) L. paralysis.
paragonarc, to compare. The latter answers — Gk. napdkvaiSy a loosening aside, dis-
to the Gk. mipaxovduv to rub against a abling of nerves, paralysis or palsy. — Gk.
whetstone (hence, probably, to try by a napakvav, to loosen aside. — Gk. Trapd,
touchstone, compare''. — Gk. mtp-d, beside; beside; kveiv, to loosen, allied to Lose.
iiKuv 7;, a whetstone, allied to dm, a sharp Der. paid lyse, from F. paralyser verb ,

point. (y'AK.) See Tobler, in Zt. fur formed from F. sb. paralysis , paralysis.
roman. Philol. iv. 373. Also paralytic from Gk. irapakvriKu?,
Paragraph, passage of a a short afflicted with palsy. Doublet, palsy.
book. L. — Gk.)
(F. — Actually cor- Paramatta, a fabric like merino.
rupted, in the 15th century, into pargrafte ,
(New So named from Para-
S. \\ ales.)
pylcrafte, and pilcrow — F. paragraphs. — ! matta, a town near Sydney, New South
Tate L. paragraph urn, acc. of paragraph us. Wales. Properly spelt Parramatta the ;

— Gk. napdypaifws, a line or stroke in the lit. sense is place oi eels’; where pat /a
‘

margin, a paragraph-mark hence the ;

represents eels, and rnatta, place. Parra-
paragraph itself. — Gk. napd, beside; matta is also the name of the river
7 pdtpeiVy to write see Graphic. (N. B. ;
Cab ra matt a. ten miles off, is not a river.
The pilcrow or paragraph -mark is now Paramount, of tile highest import-
printed ^[.) ance (F. — L.) (). Y par amonl
. ,
at the
Parallax, the difference between the lop, above, by that which is upwards.'
lit. ‘

real and appaient places of a star. (Gk.) — L. per, by; ad montem, to the hill, up-
Gk. irapaWagi'i, alternation, change ; also wards where monte
;
is acc. of mons, a

parallax (in modern science). — Gk. napak- hill. See Mount.

kdaouv, to make things alternate. — Gk. Paramour. (F. - L.) M. E. par
iTupd, beside dAA dovtiv, to change, alter,
;
amour with love orig. an adverb. phi ase.
, ;

from uAAos, other see Alien. ;

— F. par amour with love where par<
, ;

Parallel, side by side, similar. [¥.— L. per, and amour is fiom L. amorem acc. ,

L. — Gk.) M. F. parallels Got. — L. of amor lo\e. See Amatory.

,

parallelus — Gk. TrapdAAT/Ao?, parallel,

. Parapet, a iamparl, breast-high. (F.
beside each other. — Gk. rrap-d, beside — tal. — L.)
I F. parapet. — Ital. parapet to,
f
*akkrjkos, one another, only in the gen. a wall breast-high lit. guarding the ;

dat. and acc. plural, p. The deck stem breast.’ — Ital. pa rare to adorn, also to ,

dkkrjko- stands for dAAo- aAAo*, a redupli- guard, parry petto, breast. — L. parare,
;

cated form, lit. 1 the other the other or ’

to prepare, adorn ; pectus the breast. See ,
1
one another ’
;
from Gk. dkkos, other ;
Pare.
see Alien. Paraphernalia, ornaments. (L. -
parallelogram. (F. - L. - Gk.) Gk.) Properly the property which a
M. F paralelograme, Cot. — L. parallelo~ bride possesses beyond her dowry.
.

grammum. — Gk. itapakk^kbypappov, a Formed by adding L. neut. pi. suffix

figure contained by two pairs of parallel -alia to Late L. paraphern-a, the pro-
37 1
 , ,; , , , -,

PARAPHRASE PARHELION
perty of a bride over and above her whence Span, parche, the end of a drum.
dower. — Gk napdiptpva, that which a Cf. also prov. F. pot's sans parche for pots ,

bride brings beyond her dower. — Gk. sans parchemin\ Vocab. du Haut Maine, by
rrapa beside; 'Ptpvrj, a dower, that which is C. R. de M., Paris, 1859. See further below.
,

brought, from iptptiv, to bring, allied to Parchment. (F.-L.-Gk) M.E.

E. Bear ( i). perchemin. — (). F. parchcmin. — L. per-
Paraphrase. (F. - L. - Gk ) M. F. gamina , pergamcna , parchment; fem. of
paraphrase. — L. paraph rasin, acc. of para- L. Pergamenus , belonging to Pergamos
phrasis. — Gk. 7rapdtppaats, a paiaphiase, (where parchment was first invented).—
free translation. — Gk. irapd, beside; <ppdots Gk. Trtpyaprjvrj, parchment, from ID'p- ,

a phrase, from (ppd^tiv to speak see yapos, Xlipya/xov, Pergamus, in Mysia of

, ;

Phrase. Asia Minor.

Faraqnito, Parakeet, a little par- Pard, a panther, leopard. (L. — Gk.)
rot. (Span.) Span, periquito a little ,
L. pardus — Gk. rrapdos.
. An Eastern
parrot, dimin. of perico a parrot. Diez ,
word; cf. Vers, pars, a pard; Skt .prddku,
supposes perico to be a nickname, mean- a leopard. Dor. leopard, camelopard.
ing little Peter,* dimin. of Pedro Peter.
‘
,
Pardon, forgiveness. (F. — L.) M.E.
See Parrot. pardcrun. — F. pardon d>. — F. pardonner ,

Parasang, a measure of distance. to forgive. — Late L perddnare to remit a

.

(Gk. — Pers.) Gk. -rrapaadyyrji , of Pers. debt, pardon. — L. per fully dona re to ; ,

origin. Mod. Pers. farsang, ferseng, a give; see Donation.

league. (Horn, § 818.) Pare, to shave off. (F. — L.) M.E.
Parasite. (F.-L. — Gk.) F. para- paren. — F. purer, to deck, trim, pare. — I ..
site. — \j.parasitus — Gk. napdcrtTos , eating parare, to get ready, prepare.
.

beside another at his table, a flatterer, Paregoric, assuaging pain. (L. — Gk.)
toad-eater. — Gk. irapd y beside; oitos L. paregoricus, assuaging. — Gk. Ttaprjyopi
wheat, food. Orig. in a good sense see kus, addressing, encouraging, soothing.— ;

Gk. Lex. Gk. iraprjyoptiv to address. — Gk. 7rapd, ,

Parasol, a sun-shade. (F.— Port. — L.) beside dyopa , an assembly, whence also ;

F. parasol 1 an umbrello ' Cot. — Port. dyopevfiv, to address an assembly.

,
;

parasol (or Ital parasole), an umbrella to Parent. (F. — L.) F. parent, a kins-
keep off the sun’s heat. — Port, para-r (or man. — L. parent-, stem ofparens a parent, ,

Ital. parare), to ward off; sol (Ital. sole ), lit. one who produces. — L. pare re, to pro-

sun. — L. parare, to prepare; solem , acc. of duce. Brugm. i. § 515.

sol sun.
, See Parry and Solar. Parenthesis.. (Gk.). Gk. TTaptvOfais ,

—
Parboil. (F. L.) It now means to an insertion, a putting in beside. — Gk.
1

boil insufficiently/ by confusion with part irap-a, beside ; tv, in Otois, a placing see .
; ;

The old sense is 1 to boil thoroughly.’ — Thesis.

O. F. parboillir to cook thoroughly, also,
, Parget, to plaster a wall. (F. — L.)
to boil gently (Godcfroy i. — Late L .par- Nearly obsolete once common. M. E. ;

bitllire L. perbullire to boil thoroughly. pargeten

, , as if from O. F. parget er, to ;

— L. per through; and bullire, to boil; spread abroad, ca-^t around, Late L. per-
,

sec Boil(i). jaetdre (not in Ducange, but found in the

Parcel. ( F. - L.) M. E parcel. - F. 14th cent.). Cf. * Perjacio, Anglice, to
|

parcelle a small piece or part. — Late L. perjette;* Vocab. 602. 7.

, As if from L.
particella , only preserved in Ital. parti- per, fully; iactare, to cast, frequent, of
cella a small pait. Dimin. of L parlicula\ iacere to throw.
, See Jet (1). 2. But ,

see Particle. really substituted for O. F. porgeter to

Parch, to scorch. F. — L.) Very rough-cast a wall (Godefroy). — L. proiec -
•

difficult. M. E .parchen, to parch. Not tare, to cast forth from pro and iaetdre, ;

the same as M. E. perchen to pierce, an Cf. Walloon porgetd to parget (Remade).

, ,

occasional form of percen to pierce the Also spelt spargetten, where the s of
, ;

sense being too remote. 1 suggest that it spargetten

- O. F. es- L. ex (intensive).
f

meant to dry or harden like parchment Parhelion, a mock sun. (L. - Gk.)
from O. F. parche a shortened form of L. parhelion, — Gk. naprjXiov, neut. of iraprj-
parchment which actually occurs (Bartsch, \ios, beside the sun. — Gk. irap-a, beside;
Chrestomathie, 1S87, c °h 3 ° 9 > b *6); sun see Heliacal. ;

372
 , , ) , ; . , ,

PARIAH PARRY
Pariah, an outcast. (Tamil.) Tamil — L. pardchia, same as paracia a parish , ;

paraiyan, corruptly pariah Malayalim see Parish.

parayan, a man of low caste, performing
,

Parody. ( F. - E. - Gk .) E. and F. M .

the lowest menial services one of his parodie. — .. parodia. — Gk. vapwbia, also
;
I

duties is to beat the village drum (called irapwhr), a song sung beside (i. e. in imita-
parai in Tamil), whence, probably, the tion of) another. — Gk. wap-a, beside coin7, ;

appellation of the caste. (I l. II. Wilson.) an ode. See Ode.

Parian, belonging to Paros. (Gk.) Parole. (F.-L. — Ck.) F. parole a ,

Paros is an island in the iEgean sea. word, esp. a promise the same word as ;

Parietal, forming the walls, applied Prov. paraula, Span, palabra ( = *para
-

to two bones in the front of the skull. bla), Port, pa lavra. — 1 ate!,, parabola, a
(L.) L. parietalis belonging to a wall. ,
discourse ;
I parabola , a parable. See
— L. pariet-, stem of paries a wall. Parable, Palaver.
Parish. (F.— L.— Gk.) M. E. pa- Paronymous, allied in oiigin ;
alike
risihe. — F. paroissc . — L.
parau ta. — Gk. in sound.(Gk ) Gk. napun'vpos, formed
7T apoucta, a neighbourhood; hence an from another woid by a slight change.—
ecclesiastical district. — Gk. itapoucos Gk. irapa beside ovvpa, a name. Der. , , ;

neighbouring. — Gk. irap-a near oIkos, paronom-as-ia a slight change in a word's

, ;

house, abode, allied to Vicinage. Der. meaning, from Gk. napeuyopaota better
parishion-er formed by adding -er napnvopa(Tia.
,

^needlessly) to M. lv par'nsheii 0 F. Paroxysm. (F. - E. - Gk.) F. parox - < .

paroissien a parishioner. ,
ysme — L paroxysm us. — G k. rrapof vapus, .

Paritory ; see Pellitory. irritation, the fit of a disease. — Gk. mxp-

Parity, equality. (F.-E.) E. parity o£vv€iv, to irritate. — Gk. -nap-a, beside;

— I,, paritaiem acc. of paritds , equality. v£w€tv, to shaipen, from of is, sharp.
,

— L par, equal.
.
See Oxygen.
Park, an enclosed ground. (E. ?) Parquetry, a mosaic of wood-woik
Park = 0. F pare, is a F. spelling. M. E. for floors. (F. — Teut. ?) F. parqueierie. —
.

parrok an enclosuie, A. S. pcarruc, pear- Y. parqueler, to inlay a wooden floor

,
—
roc Cf. Irish and Gael, pairc
. W
park F. parquet a wooden floor 01 ig. a small , , ;

and parwg (<E. parrok). The word is enclosure dimin. of F. pare, a park. ;

common in Teutonic tongues, as in l)u. See Park.

pcrk Swed. Dan. /ark, G. pfereh, and
}
Parricide, (0 the murderer of a
i- prob. Teutonic; cf. M.E .parren, to father; (2) murder of a father. (F. — L;
enclose. Hence, probably, Late E .parcus, or L.) The former is the older E. sense,
parricus an enclosure; whence E. pare, and answers to F parricide, L parricida
, .
,

Ital .pat co, Span. parqtic. for older pdrieidas (Prugm. ii. § 190), a
Parley. (F. — L. — Gk. ) F. parley, sb., rnurdeier of a relative. — L. parri-, for
speech, talk, a parley. — F. parler vb., to pari-, a relative (cf. Gk. itijus, a relative,
,

speak. — Late E. paraboldre, to talk. — L. Prellwitz, s. v. uaopai') and cadere, to ;

parabola see Parable. kill (whence -cnia, a slayer'). 2. The

;

parliament. (E. -L.- Gk. with F. second sense is diiectly from L. parri
-
;

affix.) M. E. parlenient. (We also find 1 idiuni, the murder of a lelative, from
I -ate L. parlidmentum corresponding to the same sb. and vb.
our spelling parliament — E. parlenient, Parrot. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. Perrot, of
‘
a speaking, parleying, a supreme court
7
which the lit. sense is ‘
little Peter,’ given
( ot. — F. parler, to speak (as above) with ;
to the bird as a nickname ;
see Cotgrave.
E. suffix-went (L. -men turn). A Iso written Pierrot, both foi ms being from
parlour. (F. -L. - Gk.) M. E. par - Pierre, Peter. — L. Petrnm, acc. of Petrus,
lour, parIn r. — O. F. parloir , a parlour, Peter. — Gk.Wrpos, a stone, rock; also
lit.a room for conversation. F. parl-er, — Peter. Der. F perroqaet, borrowed from
.

to speak ; with suffix -oir <L. -a to riant ;

Span, perichito or periquito, dimin. of
so that parlour answers to a Late L. form Perico ,Peter see Paraquito. ;
The
*parabolatdrium, a place to talk in. (Cf. F. wordis prob. imitated or translated

E. dortoir <L. dormitorium. See above. from Span, or Portuguese.

Parlous. (F. — L.) Short for perilous. Parry, to ward off. (F. - 1 ,.) Formerly
Parochial. (L. — Gk.) L.paidchid/is. purree, sb., a warding off. From F. parte .
 , l L , -,; , , ,

PARSE PARTURIENT
fem. pp. ; used as equivalent to Ital. participate. (L.) From pp. of L.
pa rata a defence, guard. — F. purer to
, ,
participate, to take a part. — I part ic ip -, ..

prepare, also to guaid, ward off. — L. /£- stem of particeps sharing in. — L. parti-,
rdre, to prepare. See Pare. decl. stem of pars, a part capere to take.
; ,

Parse, to tell the paits of speech. (L.) participle. ( F. - L. ) The l is an E.

To parson to tell (pice pars oration is /i.e. ‘
insertion, as in syllable . — F. participe — I .

what part of speech a word is. — L purs, participium, a participle supposed to ;

a part.See Part. partake of the nature both of an adjectival

Parsee, an adherent of the old Persian si), and a vb. — L. partuip-, stem of par-

religion, in India. (Pers.) Pers. pdrsi, a ticeps, sharing in see above.

;

Persian. — Pers. Pars, Persia. particle. tF. — lo V.paiiicule (16th

Parsimony, frugality. (F.-L.) M. F. cent.). — L. particnla. double dimin. fiom
parsimonie Cot. — pars imania, better
; .
parti-, decl. stem of pars, a part.
pan imania. — \j.parci-, for parens, sparing partisan (1), ail adherent of a party.
with suffix - mania (I<lg. - many a ). Allied (F. — Ital. L.) — F. pat lisan. — Ital. parti-
to parcere, to spare. giano, a partner; answering to a Late L.
Parsley. (F. - L. - Gk.) Formerly form *partitidnus. — I partitas pp. of
/. ,

perse ly. — h persi older form pc re u l

. ;
partiri, to part, divide. — L. parti-, decl.
L. petroselfnum. — Gk. TrtTpoal\u*ou, rock stem of pats a part. Otlieis (see Kbr-
paisley. —Gk. irtTpo-s, rock, stone; ak- ting), give the Late L. form as *partensi-
Kivov a kind of parsley see C8lery.
, ;
anus, extended from part-, stem of pat y,
Parsnep, Parsnip. (F.-L.) Foi- a part.
merly parsnep, and still better pasneppe , Partisan \T), Fartizan, ahalbenl.
as in Palsgiave; the r being intrusive.— (F.— Ital. — L. V) M. T pert uisa tie a pai-
. ,
4

O. F. paste tniqne, a parsnip ^by dropping tisan, or leading-static/ Cot. ;

O. F. pour-
te).— L. past//idea a parsnep: perhaps , tisaine (15th cent., attic I j
;
pert csane
orig a root dug up. Perhaps from L. (Godcfroy, s. v. pertiiisanicr). — Ital. par-
pastindre to dig up.-b. pastinnm a
, ,
tegiaim, ‘a partesan, iauelin ITorio. ;
’

two-pronged dibble, The ending -//<’/ [The M. F. pertuisaue is an accommodated

was assimilated to that of turnip. spelling, to make it look like M .V .pert uiser,
Parson. (F.-L.) M. K. person* % to pierce through, due to L per-tundci el\ .

which also means person, see Late L. Cf. Late L. parte Sana, pertixana. p Ap-
persona a person of rank, a choir-master, parently connected with the word above,
curate, parson (Ducange See Person. . as if the weapon of a partisan ( I )ic7 -.

Blackstoue gives the right etymology, Partition. (F. - L.) F. partition. -

but the wrong reason the Late L. per- L. acc. partition* m, a sharing, partition.—
;

sona was applied to rank or dignity, L. partitas, pp. of pa* tit i, to divide. — L.
‘ ’

and had nothing to do with a fanciful parti-, decl. stem of pats, a part; see
embodiment of the church in the parson’s Part.
person Der. parson-age.
! partner. <T\ — L.) A curious corrup-
Part. (F.~ L.) F. part. — L. partem, tion of M. E. parcener, frequently misread
acc. of pars a part. Ong. ‘ a share/ that and misprinted as pariencr, by the common
,

which is provided from the same root as confusion between c and t in MSS., and
;

portion Brugm. i. § 527. Der. part through the influence of pari. — O. F. par-
.

vb. ; partake partial Sec. ,

cener, M. F parsonnier, ‘a partener, or co- .

partake. (F.-L.; and Scand.) Cot. — I >ate L. *partition drills,

’
For parcener ;

part-take ,
i. e.take part. Wyclif has part of which the shorter form partiondrim
takynqe ,
1 Cor. x. 16 (earlier version). occurs. — L. partilidn-em, acc. of partitio
See Part and Take. a sharing, share ; see Partition.
Parterre. (F.— L.) F. parterre an , Partridge, a bird. (F. — L. Gk.) —
even piece of garden -ground. — F .par tert'e, M. E. pertriche, — F. perdrix, where the
along the ground. — L. per terrain, along second r is intrusive. — L. perdlccm, acc.
the ground. See Terrace. of perdix. — Gk. irtp 5i£, a partridge.
Partial. (F. L.) F. partial. — — Parturient, about to produce young.
LateL. partialis, referring to a part only. (L.) I parturient-, stern of pres. pt. of
— L. parti-, decl. stem of pars a part. parturire , to be ready to produce young.
See Part. From part-, as in part-us, pp. of parere,
 , , , . , ;, , ,
, , , \
,;

PARTY PAT
to produce. Bragm. ii. § 778. Der. par- L. passdticum, a right of passage. — Late
tur-it-ion , F. parturition L. passdre ; see above. Der. passenger
Party. (F. — L.) M. E. partie. usually lor M. passager.
‘a part. — O. F. partie a part, a party; Passion. (F.-L.) F. passion. - L.
Cot. — L. partita fcm. of partitus pp. of , ,
passioncm, acc. of passio (properly) suffer-
parti ri, to divide. See Partition. ing. — L. pasms, pp. of pati, to suffer.
Parvenu, an upstart. (F.-L.) F. See Patient.
parvenu lit. one who has arrived, hence,
,
passive. (F — L.) F. passif. - L.
one who has thriven. Pp. of parvenir, to passiutis suffering. — I passus (above).
,

arrive, thrive. — L. pcr-uenire to ariive, , Passport. iF.-L.) 1 passeport, .

come through. — L. per, through: itenire ,

wiitten permission to travel from a port,
to come ;
see Venture. &c. — V\ passer, to pass; port port, from
Parvis, a porch, room over a porch. L. port us see Pass and Port (2).
;

(F. — L — Gk. — Pcrs.) O. parvis a F. , Paste. (F. - I — Gk.) O. F. paste F. ..

;

porch, outer court before a house or pate. — Late L. pasta paste. — Gk. irairrrj,
church ; variant of pa rev is, pareis, farat s a mess of lood orig. fern, of 7ra<rros, be-
;

paradise (Low L. — L. paradi- sprinkled, salted from irdrrtrtiv, to sprinkle.

;

sus, a church-porch, outer court, paradise. The 01 ig. sense v\ as a salted mess of food.’ ‘

See Paradise, 'ihc zz was inserted in Der. past-y, M. K. pasiee O. F. pastt (F.
pare -is to avoid hiatus. phtS), a pasty past-r-y orig a room in ;

Pasch, the Passover. (L. — Gk. — Ileb.) which pasties weie kept (cf. pantry,
A S pascha. — L. pascha — ( Ik 7rdaxa — buttery ), And sec Patty.
.
.
. . •

Iieb./twX’// a passing over the passover

,
Pastel, a coloured crayon. (F. — ltal.
; ;

Lxod. xii. 11. — Heb. pCisakh he passed — L.) An artist’s term — F. pastel ,
a ,
‘

c>\ er. pastel, crayon;’ Hamilton. — ltal. pas-

Pash, to dash. (Scand.) Swed. dial. te/lo, a pastel. — L. pastilhim, acc. of pas-
paska to dabble in water, Norweg. /wXw, iiilus, a little loaf or roll the pastel being ;

to dabble in water, tumble, work hard named from beingshaped likcaroll. Dimin. ;

the same as Dan. baske, to slap, baxe r, to of pastu s, food. — L. past us. pp. of pascerc
box, Noiw. baksa to box; Swed. dial. to feed,, Not allied \o paste, see pastille
basha, /wAz, to beat; from bas-a to beat. below. ,

Cp. piov. E. /vzy/z, of which it is a mere pastern. ( F. — L. N Formerlypastron

\aiiant. And see Plash, Baste (1). Palsgiavc. — M. V. paduron, the pastern 4

Pasha, Pacha. (Pcrs.) Also bashaw. of a horse Got. pdlitroni) So called ;

’
.

Pers. IhisZid badslidh , a governor oi a pro-

,
because a horse at past in c was tethered by
vince, great lord the same ns pddshah a the pastern the tether itself was called
; , ;

prince, great lord ; lit. a protecting pastu f e in O. French. — O. F. pasture, pas-

4

king.’ — Pers. pdd, protecting; shah, king. ture. See pasture.

See Bezoar and Shah. pastille, a small cone of aromatic
Pasquin, Pasquinade, a lampoon. substances, to be burnt in a room. ^F. — L.)
(F. — Jtal.; (Formerly also pasqml\ M. F. F. pastille, a little lump or loaf see Cot- ;

pasquilie .) — F pasquin (whence pasquin- gra\e. — L. past ithim. acc. of pastil/us, a

.

ade), a pasquin, lampoon. — ltal. Pas- little loaf; dimin. of pastu s, food; see
quino, a statue in Rome on whom all Pastel.
*

libels are fathered ;

Florio. From the Pastime. (F.-L.; and E.) From
*

name of a cobbler at Rome, whose stall pass and time imitating F passe-temps. ; .

was frequented by gossips his name was Paster, a shepherd. (F. L.) For-
;
—
transferred to a statue found near his stall merly pastour. — O. F. padour. — L. pas-
at his death, on which the wits of the time ta rent acc. of pastor a shepherd, lit. , ,

secretly affixed lampoons ; see Haydn. ‘feeder.’ — L. past us, pp. of pascere, to
Pass, to move onward. (F. — L.) feed, an inceptive verb; pp. pd-ui.
M. E. pas sen. — F. passer. — Late L. fas- (y'PA.) Der pastor -at, F. pastoral, L. .

sare , to pass. —I.. passus, a step; see pastoralis, adj.

Pace. p. Dicz takes Late L passcire to pasture. (F.-L.) O. F. pastuie a. %

be the frequent, form of pandere to stretch feeding. — L. past lira, a feeding. — L. pas-
it makes but little difference, tus pp. of pascere to feed. , ,

passage. (F.-L.) F passage." Late Pat (1), to strike lightly. (E.) In

375
 , , k ’ , , . ;

PAT PATRIOT
Bacon, Nat. Hist. § 63. Most likely from vulgar language, the head (Flugel); M.
a by-form of A. S. plattan M. K. platten, II. G. plate a plate, shaven pate.
,
All
tletten (see Stratmann), to strike for from Gk. n\arv $, flat, broad.
;
Cf. M. F.
loss of l of. patch (1). Cf. Swed. dial. pate a plate Cot. , ;

Pjdtta, to pat, plait a, to tap (Rietz) Faten. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. patcue

;

Bavarian patzen to pat ; E. Fries, patjen

,
(Cot.). — L. patina, patena a flat dish.—
, ,

to splash G. patschen to tap, splash ; Gk. TTaravT], a flat (open) dish. See Pan
; ,

G. platzen, to ciack; M. Hu. pletten and Patent. ,

1
4
contundcrc, Kilian. Of imitative origin Fatent, open, public; as sb., an official
;

cf. Tap, Dab, Paddle. document conferring a privilege. (F. — L.)

Fat a small lump of butter. (E.) M. E. patent e, a patent; so called because
(2),
Cf. Irish pait, a hump, lump, paiteosp, a open to general inspection. — O. F. patent
small lump of butter; Gael. pait, pait cag (fern, patented, patent, wide open. — L.
(the same) where the foim pait is bor- patent -, stem of pr. pt. of patere, to lie
;

rowed from E. Proh. from the verb pat open. Cf. Gk. ttetavi'upn, I spread out.
(1) above, as being patted into shape just (y'BET.) Brugm. i. § 120 (note).
;

as dab , a small lump, is from the verb to Paternal. (F. - L.) F. paterne! -
dab. Late L. paternalis, fatherly. — L .paternus,
Fat (3), quite to the purpose. (K.) Due fatherly. — L. pater father. Perhaps ,

to a peculiar use of pat to strike, tap ; see formed with suffix -ter of the agent fiom
Pat (1). ‘It will fall [happen] pat yi'A, to feed guard. See Father.
\

Mid. N. Dr. v. 188. Cf. dab , sb., an Path, a way, track. (E.) A. S. p.cti,
adept, from the verb to dab. pad a path. -f* I)u. pad, G. p/ad.
,

Fateh. (1), a piece sewn on a garment, Pathos. (Gk.) Gk. rraOcs, suffering,
a plot of ground. (E. ?) M. E. pacchc emotion. — Gk. iraOuv, used as 2 aor. inlin.
.

Apparently a by-form of platch. Plate of ttcl(7 x €IV (/or *iraB-(TKUv), to suffer.

* ,

a large spot, a patch, a piece of cloth Allied to 7TtvO-os, grief. Der path-ct-ic, .

sewn on to a garment to repair it ;* Dial, from (.), F. pathetique L. pat he tints, Gk.
of Banffshire, by W. Gregor. Cf. Low G. naOrjTtKos; extended from ttciQtjtos, subject
plakke, plakk, (l) a spot, (2) a patch, (3) to suffering.
a patch or plot of ground also M. E. Patient. V F.— L.) O. F .patient.—
;

plckke a plot (of land), Du. pick, a patch L. patient -, stem of pres. pt. of pait, to
,

of ground. suffer. Der. patience, F. patience, 1 ,.

patch (2), a paltry fellow. (E. ?) patientia .

Temp. iii. 2. 71. Fateh meant a fool or Patois, a vulgar dialect of French.
jester, from the parti- coloured or patch- (F. — L.) F. patois, country talk which ;

like dress; Wolsey had two fools so named stands for an older form patrois, given by
(Nares). The same word as patch (1). Godcfroy (T>iez, Littre). — Late L. palri-
Der. patch-ock, a clown, a dimin. form, ensis a native hence, belonging to the , ;

Spenser, View of Ireland, Globe ed., p. natives. — L. patria native country. — L. ,

636, col. 2 ; spelt pajock, Hamlet, iii. 2. patri for pater, a father.
295 - patriarch. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
Patchouli, a scent. (F.— Dravidian.) patriarche. — L. patriarcha. — G k jrarpi- .

F. patchouli of obscure origin. Appar- apX>]*, chief of a race or tribe. — Gk.

;

ently from E. patcha-leaf i. e. i green narpi-6 a race ; apxw, to rule. See

.,

leaf,’ imitating the vernacular pacha-pat, Arch- (prefix).

where pat is Hind, for leaf.’ Or from ‘
patrician, a Roman nobleman. 'L.)
Dravidian words meaning 1 green leaf/ Formed, with suffix -an, from I/, patri -
Cf. Tamil pachchai, green, ilai, leaf ci-us, noble ; a descendant of the pat res,
(Knight) Malayalim pachchila , green i. e. senators or fathers of the state.
;

leaf (Gundert) ; Canarese pachcha green, patrimony. (F. - L.) M. E. patri-

,

yele leaf (Reeve). monies — F patriinoine. — L .patrimdnium, .

Fate, the head. (Unknown.) M. E. an inheritance. — 'L.patri-, fox pater, fathei

pate. Of unknown origin ; perhaps sug- with suffix -monium (Idg. -mon-yom).
gested by Late L .p/atia, the clerical ton- patriot. (F.— Late L. - Gk.) O. F.
sure. Cf. M. Du. platte, 'vertex rasas/ patriot e. — Late L. patriota. — Gk traTpitj- .

Kilian; G .platte a plate, a bald pate, in tt)s, properly, a fellow-countryman. — Gk.

376
 , . , , , , . ; '.

PATRISTIC PAWL
irctTpia , a race, from 1rarpi-, for irar-qp, a — L. pauciiatcm, acc. of paucitds, fewness.
father. The mod. sense of patriot — L. paticus few allied to Pew. ;

arose in French . Paunch. (F. - L.) O. F. panche

patristic, pertaining to the fathers (Picard); also pance ; F panse. —I.. pan- .

of the church. (F.— L.) F. patristique ticem acc. of pantex, belly, paunch.
,

(Littre). Coined from L. patri-, pater, a Pauper. (L.) \„ pauper. poor Pan-
lather ; with the Gk. suffixes -ist- and -ic. is allied to pancus tew ,
per, (perhaps) ;

Patrol, a going of the rounds in a gar- to L. para re, to provide. Lit. provided ‘

rison. (F.) F pab'ouillc, *a still night- v ith little/

watch in warre Cot. Lit. a tramping ;
’
Pause, a stop. (F. - L. - Gk.) F.
about from O. F. (Picard) patrouiller to pause. — Late L. pausa. — Gk. travois, a
; ,

paddle in water, the same word (but with pause, ceasing. — Gk. vavuv, to make to
inserted r) as patouiller to paddle or cease ; naicaOai, to cease.
,
Doublet,
dabble in with the feet also patrolli in pose q. v. ; , ,

the patois of Lyons (Puitspelu). Foimed Pave. (F.-L.) M. fC pauen - ( pavin ')

from O. F. pate (F. fatte), the paw or foot — F. paver to pave. — Late L pavare, cor- ,

of a beast. Of unccitain origin perhaps rupt ioim of L. pauire to beat, strike, ; ,

imitative. Cf I. ate L. pata the foot of a ram, tiead down. Cl. Skt./^z/f-, thunder-
,

cup, base of a tower also G. patsche an bolt. ;

Der. pavement F. pavement L. , , ,

instrument for striking the hand, putsch- pauimenium a hard floor, from pauire, ,

fus's, web foot of a bird patschen to to ram also pav-i-or (cf. law-y-cr), from
; ;

strike, dabble, walk awkwardly; Low G. F. paveur, ‘ a paver,’ Cot.

pattjen to paddle in water with the feet Pavilion. (F. — L.) E. pavilon — M .

(Richey); Bavarian patzen to pat; see F. pavilion a tent so called because

, , ;

Pat (i). Hence also Span .pata, paw, spread out like the wings of a butterfly.—
patullar to run through mud, pat ru liar, L. papilionem, ncc. of pdpilio, (i), a but-
,

to patrol and Ital. pattuglia a patrol terfly, ( 2 ) a Unt.

; ,

(without the inserted r). Favin, Favan, a stately Spanish

Patron. (F.-LO F patron. -L. pa- dance, (P — Span. — L. — Pers. — Tamil.
.
.

tronnm acc. of patronus a protector

,
\ pavanc — Span, pavana, a grave dance
, ; .

extended from pair-, stem of pater (see Favan in Nares). Prob. from a Late ,

father. L. *pdvdnns peacock-like, from the row ,

patronymic. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. of stately dancers (Scheler) ; cf. Span.

patronymiqne. — L. patronymicns . — Gk. pava, a peahen, a turkey, pavada a flock
TTaTpojvvpufcvs belonging to the father’s
,
of turkeys, pavo, adj., like a peacock
name. — Gk. Trarpcowpia a name taken (whence pavonear to walk with affected
, ,

from the father. — Gk. irarp-, for iraTrjp, gravity^). — Late L pdvus, earlier L pduo, . .

a father uvopa, a name

; see Name. a peacock. Sec Peacock.
;

Patten, a clog. (F.) Formerly paten. Favise, a large shield. (F.) Also
— F. patin a patten, also a foot-stall of spel t pavese pavish pauice, pauys, paves.
,
1
, ,

a pillar ;’ Cot. — M. F. pate (F. patic), a — F. pavois. ‘ a great shield Late L. ;

*

paw or foot of a beast, also a foot-stall pave n sis. (Span, paves;

‘ Ital. pavese,
of a pillar;* Cot. See Patrol. pavcsce, Florio.) Of uncertain origin;
Patter, to strike frequently, as hail. perhaps from the city of Pavia, in Italy.
(K.) A frequentative of pat; see Pat Godefroy has the adj. pavinois paviois, ,

(i). Cf. prov. 1C (Lonsdale) pattie, to pavois, pavaiz, adj. de Pavie * as in the ‘
;

pat gently. phr. escus pavaiz, shields of Pavia.

Pattern, an example, model to work Paw. (F.) M. E. pawe, powe, a paw.
b). (F. — L.) M. K. patron; (the old — A. F. powe 0. F poe a paw ; the same as , ,

spelling). — F. patron a patron also a Prov. pauta Catalan pota, a paw.

,
‘ Cf. . .
,

pattern, sample ; * Cot. See Patron. Low Ci. pole, Du. poot (whence G. pfote),
Patty, a little pie. (F.— L. — Gk.) a paw. Perhaps from an imitative root
Mod. F. p&tt; O. Y.pastdy a pasty. — Late cf. F. patte. Franck takes Du. poot to be
L. pastatum neut. of pp. of pastare, to of Teut. origin. Cf. E. Fries, pote, pot
, ,

make paste. — Late L. pasta paste; see paw.

Paste. Pawl, a short bar, as a catch to a wind-
Paucity, fewness. (F.— L.) F .paucity lass. (F. — L ) O. F. paid, variant of pal ,

377
 . , , 1 , , , , , , , , ,

PAWN PEAL
pel, a stake (whence Du. paly Swed, pall, King Horn, 803, to mean heathen *
lands.’
Norw. pally a pawl cf. W. pawl a pole, ; ,
— O. F. paieuisme, lit. paganism ;
Late L.
stake, bar). — !,, pa lnm, acc. of palus, a pagdnismus Formed with suffix -ismus,
.

stake. See Pale (O. from L. pagan -us, a pagan. See Pa-
Fawn (F. -Teut.)
(i), a pledge. F. gan.
pan y
a pane, piece, panel, also a pawn,
1
Pea, a vegetable. (L.) Formerly pease,
gage, skirt of a gown, pane of a hose/ pese ; M. 1 C. pese, pi. pcsen or peses, A. S.
&c. ;
Cot. In the sense of ‘ pane/ F. pisa, pi. pisan. — L. pi sum , a pea.+Gk.
pan is of Latin origin sec Pane. In the moos, a pea. (y'PJS.)
;

sense of 1 pawn/ Y. pan is rather from Peace. (F. L.) M. E. pais. - 0 F. - .

Du. pand cf. G. pfand ;

1 G. pliant, a pais (F. paix). — L. pdt cm, acc. of pax,
, 0 . .

pledge. Der. im-pawn to put in pledge, peace, 01 ig. a compact; cf. pac- as in
to pledge pawn , vb. ;
pac-tiim , a bargain sec Pact. ;

Pawn (2), a piece at chess. (F.— L.) (1), a fruit. (F. - L. — Pers.) Peach
M. E. panne, poune, point.— O. F .paon, a M. E. pc die. — O. F. pc sc he, a peach. — L.
pawn (Roquefort), also poon (Littre); bill persicum a peach ; so called from grow-
the older form is peon (F. pioiiS, agreeing ing on the Persiea arbor, Persian tree.—
with Span./tw, a foot -soldier, pawn, Ital. Pers. Pars, Persia.
pedone, a foot-soldier, pedona , a pawn (2), to inform against. (F. L.) Peach —
l Florio) — Late L. ^ cdone m, acc. of pedo, Shoit ior M. 1C. apechen, to impeach, a
.

a foot-soldier. —
L. ped-, stem of pcs, foot, variant of impechen, to impeach, by the
f The O. F. paon is the same word; cf. substitution of prolix a- (L. ad) for im-
Y.faon {K.Jawn), from Late J ..fetuncm, (L. in). See Impeach.
shewing the same substitution of a for e ; Peacock. (L. — Pers. Tamil and — ;

there is no need to connect it with Y.paon E.) M. E, pccok pocok where cok = E. , , ;

a peacock, as Littre does, ignoring the Ital. cock. also find M. E. po A. S. pea, We ;

and Span, words. pdwa; all from L. pduo (whence Du.

Pawnee, drink. (Jlind. Skt.) Hind. paauw G. pfau, F. paon). The same —
pdni, water. — Skt. panTya, allied to piina, as Gk. Taws, for rafws, a peacock; the
—
a beverage. Skt. pa, to drink. change from r to p being due to the fact
Paxwax, strong tendon in the neck of that the word was foreign both to L. and
animals. (K.) M. K. paxwax, also fex- Gk. — Pers. fawns, tans a peacock. — O.
wax, the latter being the right form (see Tamil tokei, togei a peacock; see Max
Prompt. Farv.). — A. S. feax, fex hair Muller, Lect. on Lang. i. 190 (ed. 1891). ;

weaxan to grow. Thus the lit. sense is IT Also pocock, which is still a surname.
,

perhaps hair-sinew/ because it is where

‘
Pea-jacket, a coarse thick jacket.
the hair ends cf. G. haanvachs, a tendon. (Du. and YD
;
The prefix pea- is borrowed
Pay tO, to discharge a debt. (F. — L )\ from Du. ///, pijc, a coat of a coarse
M. E. paicn — O. Y . paicr pacr ( Y.payer\ woollen stuff; Ilexham has M. Du pije,
.
, .

to pay, to content. — L. pdeth c , to pacify a pie-gowne, rough gowne, such as sea- ;

‘

in late Lat., to pay a debt. — L. pdc-t stem men weare.’ The same as Low G. pije,
of pax peace see Peaco. ;
N. Fi ies. pie, pie-jot kert. — Du pije or M .

Pay (2), to pitch the seams of a ship. pije-lahcn,

1
a rough or a hairy cloath ;
’

(F. —L.) A. Y. peier ((). Y.poier, Gode- Hexham. Prob. from F. pic, a mag-pie;
froy), to pitch. — L. pic arc, to pitch. — L. cf. E. pied, spotted. See Pio (1 \ Also
pic-, stem ofpix, pitch see Pitoh. The Low G. pije, pigge, pyke (P»rem. \V.), per-
;

M. E. word for pitch is pc is, from A. F. haps from L.pica.

‘
*

pcis (O. F. Pols'), pitch ; from L. acc. Peak. (F.-L.) M. Y. pec. [Cf. Irish
pieem peac a sharp-pointed thing fi om E .peak.] ,
;

Paynim, Painim, a pagan. (F. L.) A variant of pike q. v. Cf. di:il. of -

‘The paynim bold;’ F. Q. i. 4. 41. Normandy pec a hob (or mark) in the
M. E. paynim, a pagan but this sense is game of quoits (Godefroy, s. v. pec) ; also
;

due to a singular mistake. A

paynim is Low G. peek, a pike, pointed weapon.
properly not a ?nan, but a country or Peal, a loud sound, chime of bells, noise
district, and is identical with paganism, of a trumpet. (F. — L.) shortened form A
formerly used to mean heathendom, or of appeal, M. F. ape l, appel ; Cot. gives
the country of pagans. Rightly used in appel, pi. appeaux , * chimes.* Note also
378
 1 . —
; .

PEAN PEDANT
M. - apel, an old term in hunting-music
I
1
the name given to the peccary in Oronoko
(llalliwell) this we now call a peal. The
;
(Clavigcro, Hist. Mexico); Span .pacquire
prefix a - was prob. mistaken tor the E. (Pineda).
indef. article. The O. F. apcl is from O. F. Peck (1), to strike with the beak, to
apeler vb. ; see Appeal.
, pick up. (E.) M. E. pekken used as ,

Pean ;
see Pecan. equivalent to pikken, to pick or peck up.
Pear, a fruit. ( L.) A. S. pent, pcre. - A mere variant of pick ; see Pick.
E. pirufUj a pear (whence also Ital. pera). Peck (2), a dry measure, 2 gallons.
Pearl. (F.-E.?) M .10./eric. — Y.perle. (F. — L. ?) M.E. pekke, a peck. A. F.
(
a pearl, a beriie;’ Cot. Of unknown and O. F. pek. From the verb pekken , to
oiigin; we find also Ital., Span., Erov. peck or snap up cf. E. peck to pick up ; ,

pcrla Tort, perola , pcrla.

,
Cf. Low L. (as a bird) prov. K. peck, meat, victuals. ;

pent lei) the end of the nose (7th cent.). [So also E. picotin a peck (measure), ,

Perhaps for E. *pirula , i. e. a little pear, picotcr, to peck as a bird.] See Peck
from 1 pirum, a pear; cf. Span. /r/vY/tf, ( 0 Pick. ,

(]) a little pear, (2) a pear-shaped orna- Pectinal,lit. comb like. (E.) From Iv.
ment, M. Ital. perolo a little button on pectin stem o [pet ten, a comb. — E .pectere,
,

a cap. Pei haps suggested by the various to comb, -f- (ik. tt(ktuv, to comb, from
senses of E. bac< a, (i) a berry, (2) olive- Tiknuv, to comb. (4/ PEK.)
berry, (3) round iir.it, (4) a pearl (Horace). Pectoral, belonging to the chest. (F
Sec Purl (V. — L.) F. pecto? a l. — E. pet ton! Iis, adj.,
Pearl-barley. (F.-E.; and E.) F. from pector- (for *pcctos\ stem of pectus,
or^e peril pearl-barley (Hamilton) ,
but the bieast. Der. poitrel ;

this seems to he a corruption of pell, Peculate, to piller. (L.) From pp.

‘ ])illcd barley/ Cot. See Poel (1). of E. peefildri to appropriate to one’s ,

Peasant. F. — I v.) O. Y paisant, an- own use. Formed as if from speculum, for
I
.

other form of O. F. paisan , a peasant (cf. peefilium private property see below. ; , ;

ItaE/<it\r<w;0, Span paisano a compatriot). peculiar, one’s o\\ n, particular. (F. —

,

Formed with suffix -tf// (E. -<7 ;///£), from E.) M. F. pec u Her. — I., pedihd/is, one’s
O. F. (F. a countiy (cf. Ital. own. — E. peefilium
,
private pioperty; ,

paese.Span .pais, Poit. a country). ,

closely allied to pccunia, money; see
— Late L. pagea sc, neul. of parens is, be- below.
longing to a village, — h.pdgus, a village, pecuniary. (F.-L.) M.F. pecuni-
district. See Pagan. aire — L. pec unidrins, 1 elating to mone\ or .

Peat, a kind oi tmf for fuel. (C.) property. — E. pccunia property. — O.E. ,

Latinised as pet a iDucange) whence pccu cattle; c i.petii-a, neut. pi., cattle of
; y

petaria, a place for getting peat. Ap- all kinds, property ; peats cattle. Cf. Skt. ,

parently from O. Gael, pett a piece, from pa$u, cattle, cognate with Goth, faihu,
,

\\ pet li, a thing, a piece. See Piece. properly, A.S .feoh, G. vieh, cattle,
.

Pebble. (K.) A. S. papol-stdn. a peb- Pedagogue, a teacher. ( Y. - E. - Gk.)

ble-stone. M .Y.pedagogue — *.picdagvgus. — Gk. ttou 5 - .

Peccable, liable to sin. (E.) Coined ayouyus, a slave who led a boy to school;
as if from E. *peccabilis from peccdrc , to hence, a tutor. — Gk. iraib-, stem of irais, a
,

sin. Brugm. i. § 5S5, boy dyevyos, leading, from dyuv to lead. ; f

peccadillo. (Span. — E.) Span./^r<7- The Gk. vats- Trafls, allied to E. puer9 a
dillo, petaJillo, a slight fault; dimin. of boy. See Puerile, Puberty.
perado, a sin.— E. peccat u?n, a sin. — E. Pedal, belonging to the foot. (L.) The
peccdtus pp. of peccare, to sin.
,
pedal keys in an organ are acted on by the
peccant, sinning. (F.— E.) First used feet. —iv. pedalis, belonging to the foot.
in phr. peccant humours/ — F. peccant , E .ped-, stem of pcs, foot.+A. S .fdt, foot.
‘

sinning; P hum cur peccant e, corrupt See Foot.

k

humour Cot. — L .peanut-, stem of pres,

;
’
Pedant. (F. - Ital. - Gk. ?) M. F.
pt. of peerare to sin. ,
pedant.— Ital. pedante ‘a pedante, or a ,

Peccary, a quadruped. (F. — Carib- schoolmaster, the same as pedagogo ’

bean.) F. plcari a peccary (Buffon).— Florio.

,
The suffix -ante is a pres, partici-
Carib. pakira, the name used in Guiana pial form the stem ped- is prob. the same ; ;

see N. and Q.,

9 S. iv. 496. Cf. pachira , as in Ital .pedagogo, and therefore due to
379
 ,
; ,, 2 , , .

PEDDLE PEER
Gk.Trcufievtiv (whence a Lat. form *J>aeddre) Parv. ; Norfolk ped (Forby) ; Lowl. Sc.
to instruct; see Pedagogue. peddir, a pedlar (Jamieson). The orig.
Peddle, to deal in small wares. (E. ?) sense of ped was hamper,’ and the word
4

Coined from the sb. pedlar, later form of may be related to pad. See Padlock.
peddar see Pedlar. ;
Pedobaptism, infant baptism. (Gk.)
Pedestal. (Span. — Ital. — L. and G.) From Gk. naiBo-, for irais, a boy; and
Span, pedestal the base of a pillar,’ baptism.
,
‘ Cf. Pedagogue.
Minsheu; borrowed from Ital picdest alio, Peel (1), to strip off skin. (F. — L.)
.

*a footstall or treshall [threshold] of a From F. peler to unskin Cot. (Cf. ,

1
’
;
M
door;’ Florio. Lit. foot-support.’ Com- Ital. pellare, to unskin ;* Florio). — (). F.
4
‘

pounded as if from L. pedem acc. of pes pel skin. — i 4. pcllem, acc. of pellis a skin.
, , , ,

a foot; and O. H. G. stal (G. stall), a See Fell (2). Confused with Y.pillcr;
stall sec Stall.
;
see below.
* pedestrian. (L.) Properly an ad j.; Peel (2), to pillage. (F. — L.) In Milton,
from L. pedes tri -, decl. stem, of pedester P. R. iv. 136. Distinct from peel, to strip
,
;

one who goes on foot. For *pedit-tr- another spelling of pill see Pill (2). ;

from pedit -, stem of pedes one who goes Peel (3), a fire-shovel. (F. — L.) Once
,

on foot with suffix - ter (Idg. -ter). Ped-it- a common word. — O. F pele (Littre), V.
;
.

is from ped-, stem of pes foot; and it-um pelle

,
a fire-shovel. — L. pa/a ; see Pa-
supine of Brugtn. ii. § 123.
Ire, to go. lette.
pedicel, pedicle, the foot-stalk of a small castle. (F. — L.) M. E.
Peel ( 4 ),
fruit. (F. — L.) Pedicel is from mod. F. castle, orig. a stockade or
pel, a small
ptdicelle but pedicle (older and better)
;
wooden fortress. — O. F. pel (also paP, a
from M. F. pedicule a leaf-stalk; Cot. L.
,
— stake. — L. pdlum, acc. of pains a stake.
pedictilns , little foot, foot-stalk, pedicle See Pale (1).
double dimin. o (ped-, stem of pes , foot. Peep (1), to chirp, cry like a chicken.
pedigree. (F.-L.) Old spellings (F. — L.) M. E. pipen. — O. F. piper also ,

pedegree (1627); pedigrew (>570); pety- pepier, to chirp as a bird. — L. pipdre,

grewc (1530). Also, m
Prompt. Parv. pipire to chirp. See Pipe (1) and Peep
( 1440) pedegru petygrti , with slight varia-
,
(2).
tions, explained by ‘ lyne of kynrede and Peep (2\ to look through a narrow
awncetiye, Slemma in sealis l Also apeiture. (F. — L.)
,
Palsgrave has: ‘I
peedegnie, Lydgate (1426; in Polit. Poems, peke or prie, It pipe hors; i. e. I peep ’

ii. 138). A. F. pee de grtic , foot of a out. Thus peep is directly from F. piper ,
crane from a three-line mark (like the lit. to pipe, but also used in the sense to
;

broad arrow) used in denoting succession peep. [It arose from the exclamation
in pedigrees. — I.. pedem, acc. of pes , foot pipe / (Du. dial, piep ! Molema), made
de, of gmetn , acc. of grus, a crane, cog-
;
by a hider in the game of peep-bo bo-peep , ,

nate with E. Crane. or hide-and-seek; cf. Du. dial. piepen. (1)

pediment, an ornament finishing the to say piep l ( ) to peep out.] Cot.
front of a building. (L.) The N. E. D. gives F. piper, to whistle, chirp like a ‘

shows that the older form was periment , bird, cousen, deceive, cheat, beguile;’
described as a workman’s term, and piple, the peeping or chirping of small ‘

corrupt English. I suggest that a peri- birds, counterfeited by a bird-catcher, also

ment was substituted for operiment a a counterfeit shew;’ pipe ‘a bird-call.’
, ,

covering ; from L. operlmentum , covering The F piper is from L. pipdre, pipire, to .

(common in the Latin Vulgate version of chirp see Pipe. ;

the Bible). — L. operire to cover. A Peer (1), an equal. (F. — L.) The
,

pediment forms a sort of cover over doors, twelve peers of France were of equal rank.
niches, &c. For the etymology of L. M. E. pere, per. — O. F. per, peer later ,

operire, see Cover. (Perhaps influenced pair, a peer or as adj., equal. — L .parent, ;

by confusion with impediment .) acc. of par equal. See Par. Per. peer- ,

Pedlar, Pedler, Peddler, a dealer less.

in small waies. ( 1 C?) Peer (2), to look narrowly, pry. (E.?)

The old word was
usually peddare, Redder,* man who hawked M. E. piren E. Fries, piren, Westphal. ,

about fish in baskets called peds, or oc- piren Low G. piren , to look closely. Cf.
casionally pads. See Pedde in Prompt. also pliren, to peer, orig. to draw the eye-
380
 , , ,
;, , , ,

PEER PENANCE
lids together, so as to look closely Swed. belonging to walls. — L. pariet stem of
;

plira , Dan plire, to blink.

. paries a wall. .

Peer CD, to appear. (F. L.) Short Pellitory (2), the plant pyrethrum. —
for appear just as M. E. pcren is short lor (Span.- L. — Gk.)
, Span, pehtre [Tlal.
appcren see Appear.
; pilatro 1 — L. pyrethrum . — Gk. irvpcOpov, a .

Peevish, fretful, whimpering. (E.) hot spicy plant. — Gk. 7rvp, fire.
M.E. peuisck , pey tiesshe also pevych Pell-mell, confusedly. (F.-L.) O.F.
;

pevage , uncouth, perverse (G. Douglas). pesle-mesle pell-mell, confusedly Cot. ,

‘
;
*

The leading idea seems to be * whining/ Spelt pcllemcllc in the XII Ith cent. (mod.
?
*
making a plaintive cry. Cf. Dan. dial. b . pele-mele ) [
Apparently understood to .

piave, to whine Lowl. Sc. peu, to make mean 4 stirred up with a fire-shovel.’ — F.
;

a plaintive noise, E. pew- in pewet, a bird pellc, a fire-shovel O. F. mesler to mix ; ; ,

Low G. pauen. to whimper. See Pewet. up see Peel (3) above, and Medley.] ;

Of imitative origin. Eor the suffix, cf. But orig. only a reduplicated form of
thiev-ish, mop-ish . meslc as mcsle-mesle and mellc-melle also ,

Peewit ; see Pewet. occur. Sec Korting, § 5336.

Peg, a wooden pin. (E.) M. E .pegge. Pellucid. (F.-L.) F. pellucide .-
Cf. Du. and Low CL pegel, a measure of L. pellucidus perlucidu ?, transparent. — 1 .. ,

liquid capacity, such as was marked by per and lucidus lucid. See Lucid. ;

pegs in a 1 peg-tankard/ Apparently Pelt (1), to throw, cast. (L.) M.E.

allied to Dan. pig Swed. pigg, a spike peltcn. also pilten pulten, to thrust, cast. ,

W. pig, a peak, point ; Corn, peg, a The foims pilten, pulten answer to an ,

prick see Peak.

; A. S. form *pyltaji.—L. pultare, to beat,
Peise, Peize, to weigh. (F.-L.) strike, knock. Pultare (like pttlsare) is a
M. E .peisen A. Y.peiser to weigh O.F. derivative oi pellere, to drive. See Pul-
; ;

poiser sec Poise, which is a doublet.

; sate.
Peitrel ; see Poitrel. Pelt (2), a skin, esp. of a sheep. (F.—
Pelf, lucie, booty. (F.) M. E. pelfyr, L.) E. pelt, a shortened form of peltry M .
,

pelfrey , spolium
*
Prompt. Parv. — (). E. skins, peltry-ware, dealing in skins. — ( ).F.
;
’

pelfre, booty, spoil allied to pelfrer, to pelletcric the trade of a skinner. — O.F.
;

pilfer. See Korting, § 3221. Der. pilfer. pelletier, a skinner. Formed (like bijou-
Pelican. K. — L. — Gk.) F. pelican. lier , with suffix -tier — L. ~tarias) from
(

— L. pelicCiniis pelccamts. — Gk. ne\e/cdi', O. F. pel, a skin. — L. pellis, a skin. See

,

7T(\cfcas, wood-pecker, also a water-bird. Pell. ^[ pelz, O. H. G.pelliz, answers G .

Named from its large bill, as the wood- to V . pelisse see Pelisse. ;

pecker was named fiom its pecking. — Gk. Pelvis, the bony cavity in the lower
n(\c/cdco I hew with an ax, peck.— Gk. part of the abdomen. (L.)
f
L. peluis, a
v(\(kvs, an ax.+Skt ,para$u-, an ax. basin, hence the pelvis.
Pelisse, a silk habit. (F.— L.) For- a preparation of dried Pemmican,
merly a furred robe. — F. pelisse, pelice, a meat. Of N. American Indian origin. 1

skin of fur;* Cot. — L. pellicea , fern, of (i)> an instrument for writing. Pen
pelliceus, made of skins. — L. pellis, a ( F. — 1 ,.) O. F. penne. — L. penna a fea- ,

skin. ther O. L. pesna (for *pe(na or *petsna). ;

pell, a skin. (F. — L.) M.E. pell Brugm. i. § 762 (2). From ^PET, to
pel. — Q. F. pel (F. pean). — L. pellern, acc. fiy. See Feather.
of pellis a skin. See Pell (2). (2), to shut up. (L.) M.E. pennen. Pen
Pellet, a little ball. (F.-L.) M.E. A.S .penman, only in the comp .on-pennian^
pelet. — O. F. pelote a tennis-ball. Dimin. to un-pen, unfasten. Penman is properly
,

from L. pila, a ball. to fasten with a pin or peg cf. Low G. ;

Pellicle, a thin film. (F. — L.) F. pennen, to bolt a door, from penn a pin ,

pellicule — L. pellicula , a small skin ; or peg; see Pin.

. Note E. Fries. paint*
dimin. of pellis , a skin. See pell. pain. pintte, pin, a peg, a pin.
Pellitory (1), Paritory, a wild Penal. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. F. penal,
flower that grows on walls. (F. L.'» ‘penall;’ Cot. — Y.pcenalis, belonging to—
Pellitory is for paritory E. paritone. punishment. — L. poena punishment. — Gk.,
. M .

— M. F. paritoire ‘ pellitory ’ Cot. — L. notvrj, penalty. See Pain.

, ;

parietaria, pellitory fem. of par iet arias, Penance. (F.— L.) M.E. and O.F,
;

381
 , ,, ,, L , ; , 1 , , )

PENCIL PENTECOST
penance older form peneance. L, pmni - — Pennon, Pennant. (F.-L.) M.E,
tent ia, penitence. — L. pcenitent-, stem of — M. F. pennon, a flag, f
pen on, penoun.
’
pres. pt. of pceniterc , to cause to repent. streamer also the feather of an arrow ;
;

See Penitent. Cot. — L penna , wing, feather (hence a

Penchant, a strong inclination, bias plume, standard). See Pen (1).
(in favour of). — !«*•) F. penchant (F. , sb. Penny. (E.) M.E. pent; pi. penies,
orig. pres. pt. of pcnchcr to lean, ,
lean contracted form pens (whence mod. E.
towards. — Late L. type *pe/idicdre from pence). A. S. pen ing, penning, a penny;
;

L. pendere to hang. ,
later penig whence M. K. pent'. By-form ,

Pencil. (F. — L.) The old sense was pending (Thorpe, Diplomatarium, p. 471 );
a small hair-brush for painting. — M. F. as if formed with K. suffix - ing from the
’
pincel later pinccau
,
a pensill, brush base *pand
* p. This base is usually ; .

Cot. — L. pence itIns, a small tail, painter’s identified with Du. pa?id, a pawn, pledge,
'
brush ;
dimin. of pcniculus which is a G. pfand, 0 . 1 ,
G. pfant see Pawn (1 . ;

double dimin. of penis, a tail. For above. In this case, the lit. sense may have
|

cf. Skt. pasa'^s), Gk. 7rcoy lhugm. i. been little pledge/ i. e. a token, coin.+
;
*

§ 877- Du .penning, I cel. penning/-, Dan. Swed.

Pendant, anything hanging, a hang- penning ; G. pfennig, O. II. G. pliant incf
ing ornament. (F. — L.) V. pendant, a phentinc , dimin. of pfant .
pendant. — F. pendant, pres. pt. of pendre Penny-royal, a herb. (F.-L.) A ,

to hang — L. pendCre to hang allied to popular form of the old name pulial royal
; .

pendere to weigh. Cf. Gk. <T(pcv 56 vi] a Cotgrave translates M. V. pit lege by penny ‘

sling. (y'SPHFNT), SPHEIV Der. royall, pulial 1 royall’ from Late L. p li lo- ;

pend-ent hanging, Latinised form of F. gin m. The above ol< l name is due to L.
,

pendant pend ing. Anglicised form of F. puleinm regium a name given to the
;

pendant during.,
plant from its supposed efficacy against
pendulous. (L.) For L pendulus, fleas (cf. E. flea-bane). From L. pulex,
hanging. — pendere, to hang.
I
,
a flea; but this was only a ‘popular’
pendulum. (L.) L. pendulum, neut. etymology.
o f adj. pendulus (aliove). Pensile, suspended. (F. — L.') M.F.
Penetrate. (L.) From pp. of L. pensil ; Cot. — L .pensllis, pendent; from
penetrdre to pierce into. Compounded of *pens-us, unused pp. of pendere, to hang.
,

pene base of penes, with, peni-tus within, pension. (F. - L. ) F. pension. - L.

,

with which cf. penus, the inner part of a pensioner/ acc. of pernio, a payment. — L.
sanctuary; and -/rare fas in in-trare), to pensus, pp. of pendere to weigh, weigh
pass over, allied to Skt. ta/vz-, a crossing. out money, pay.
Penguin, Pinguin, a bird. (Un- pensive. ( F. - L.) M. K. pc ns if -
known.) In a tract printed in 1588, we F. pens if thoughtful. — F. penser, to think.
read that Sir F. Drake gave a certain — I pensiire, to weigh, ponder; frequent,
island the name of Penguin Island in of pendere, to weigh.
1587, from the penguins found there Pent, for penned, pp. of Pen (2), q.v.
Selden (1613) derived it from W. pen Pentagon, a plane five-sided figure.
gwyn i.e. white head. In that case, it ( F. — L. — Gk ) F pcnlagone. — L penta -
, . . .

must first have been given to another bird, go me adj., pentagonal. — Gk. n evraycuros, s',

such as the auk (the puffin is common in pentagonal neut. vfvraytuvov, a pentagon. ;

Anglesey), since the penguin’s head is — Gk. 7Terra-, for irtvrf five; yo/vla, an
black. angle, from y 6 w, a knee see Knee. ;

Peninsula. (L.) L. peninsula a And se'‘ Five. ,

piece of land nearly an island.— .pene, pentameter, a verse of five metres.

pane, almost insula, an island. So also (L. — Gk.)
;
L. pentameter. — Gk. irtyra-
pen -ultimate, almost the last, last but one; ptrpoi. — Gk. nevTa -, for mvrt, five; /«'-
pen-umbra partial shadow. ,
rpov a metre. ,

Penitent. (F. - L.) O. F. penitent. pentateUCh, the five books of Moses.

— L. pcenitent stem of pies. pt. of (L. — Gk.) L. pentaieuchus. — Gk. irci/Ta-,
pcenitcre to cause to repent, better spell five (above) revxos, a tool, also a book. ;

pant Here Cf. peenitet ‘it repents me.'

. pentecost, Whitsuntide
,
orig. a ;

Allied to Penury. Jewish festival on the fiftieth day after the

382
 ,, , . , .,-
, . , . ;;

PENTHOUSE PERFORM
Passover, (L. —
L. pentecoste. —
Gk.) — L. acc. percept ionem. — L. peraptus, pp.
Gk. irfVTrjKooTTj, Pentecost, Acts ii. l ; of percipere ;
see above.
fem. of irtvTTjKooTos, fiftieth. — Cik. irtvTrj- (1), a rod for a bird to sit on Perch
Hovra ,
fifty. a measure. (F. — L.) F perche. — Y. per- .

Penthouse, a shed projecting from tica a rod, bar. ,

a building. (F. — L.) Formerly pentice Perch (2), a fish. (F.— E. Gk.) F. —
whence it is coriupted. — M. F. apentis perche. — L. perca. Q k. nipKrj, a perch; ,
—
appends , ‘ a penthouse ; Cot. — L ap from the dark marks. — Gk. niptcos, nepKvbs,
*

pendiciu 7n an appendage, allied to appen- spotted, blackisn cf. Skt prpti-, spotted, ; .

dix (the same). — L. ap- {ad), to pendere, pied, spr( to sprinkle. ; ,

to hang. Percolate. (E.) From pp. of E. per-

Pentroof, a roof with a slope on one colate, to filter through. — L. per, through ;
side only. (F. — E. ; and K.) This has cola re, to filter. See Colander.
affectea the sense of penthouse though Percussion. (L.) From L. percussio,
they mean quite different things. Here a striking. — L. pcrcassus, pp. of peyrutere,
pent is from F. pente a slope, formed to strike. See Quash. Der. re-percussion •
,

from F. pendre , to hang. — L. pendere, to Perdition. (F. — L.) Y. perdition. —

hang. E. acc. perditidnem utter loss. — E. per - ,

Penultimate, ;
see ditus, pp. of pet dere, to lose. — L. per,
Penumbra
Peninsula. thoroughly -dere, to put, place, repre- ;

Penury, want. (F. — L.) M. Y.pcnuric. senting Tdg. % d)i 3, weak form of y'DIlE,
— E. penuria, want, need. Cf. Gk. ntiva, to place cf. Do. ;

hunger. Peregrination. 'F.-E) N.Y. pere-

Peony, PaBony, a flower. (F.-L.- grination.— L. peregrlndt ionem , acc. of
Gk.) Altered to suit the Lat. spelling. peregrlndlio a wandering. — E. peregrl- ,

M. E. pione. — O. F. pione (F. pivoine ). — ndtns pp. of pet egrindrl, to travel. — E. ,

L. pceonia, medicinal, from its supposed peregrin us, foreign, adj. from peregrt, pere-
virtues ; fem. of J\ednius, belonging to gre, adv, abroad cf. peregcr, a traveller. ;

Pccbn, its supposed discoverer. —

Gk. n aico- From E. per-, which is either - L. per ,
vla, pxony ; from FIcuW, Ticon. See through, or is iclated to .S.feor, far; A
Psean. and ager, land, field. Sec Acre and
People. (F. — L.) M.E. people, poepte.
Pilgrim.
— A. F. people peple ,
O. F. pueple; F. Peremptory, decisive. S F. — L.) M.F.
;

peuple. — L. populum, acc. of populus peremptoire — E.yV; emptorius desti uctive, ,

people. decisive. — I,, peremptor, a destroyer. — L.

Pepper. (L.-Gk.-Skt.) K.S.pipor peremptus, pp. of per-imere, to take away
— L. piper. — Gk. Trine pi. — Skt. pippali, entirely, destroy. — L. per, utterly; etnere ,
(i) fruit holy fig-tree, (2) long to take. See Exempt.
of the
pepper; from pippala -, the holy fig-tree. Perennial. (L.) Coined from E per- .

Pepsine, one of the constituents of enni-s , everlasting lit. lasting throughout ;

gastric juice. (F.— Gk.) Mod. Y.pepsine. the >ear. — L .per, through; annus, a year.
— Gk. nixpi'i, digestion ; for *n€iTTi$<*peij- See Annual.
tis, related to nimuv, to cook. (^EEQ.) Perfect. F.-E.) Vi.Y.perfit,parfit .

Sec Cook. — O. F. parfit parfeit (F. parfait). — L. ,

Per-, prefix, through. (L. or F. — L.) perfeetus, pp. of pcrjiccrc, to complete.—

;

E. per through whence F. per-, par-, E. per, thoiouglily fa cere , to make. See
; ;

prefix. Allied to Gk. nepi, around ; cf. Fact. 1

also napa, beside Skt. para, away, forth,

; Perfidious, (E.) Fr o m L perfidiosus,
param beyond ; E .from. treacherous. — E. perfidia treachery. — L.
Perambulate, to walk about through. perjidus, treacherous. — L. per, away (cf.
(E.) E. per through ,
and ambulatus, Skt. para, from) fulls, faith. See Faith.
; ;

pp. of ambuldre, to walk about. See Perfoliate. (Ed Coined from L.per,
Amble. through folium, a leaf. See Foil (2). ;

Perceive. (F. — LA O. F. percever. Perforate. (E.) Frompp. of I ..per-

— E. pcrcipcre, to apprehend. — L. per, ora re, to bore through where fotdre is f ;

thoroughly capere to seize.

; ,
cognate with E. Bore.
perception. (F. — E.) F perception. Perform, to achieve. (F. IE G.
 , , ) , , . ; 1 . ,, -;

PERFUME PERK
with L prefix .) Corrupted from M. E. sentence. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. Y.periode, a
par[oilmen , later parfourmeu — O F .par- perfect sentence. — L. periodus — Gk. rrepi .

joumir to perform ;* Cot. — L. per, tho- o 5 oy, a going round, circuit, complete sen-
,
1

roughly and O. F. fournir to furnish, tence. — Gk. nepi, round; o 5 os, a way see
; ;

provide ;
see Furnish. Exodus, The sense of
*
circuit ’
is di-
Perfume, vb. (F. — L.« Y.parfumer ,
rectly from Gk.
to perfume, lit. to smoke thoroughly.— Peripatetic, a walking about. (L. —
L. per, thoroughly ; f ft mare, to smoke, Gk.) L. peripateticus. — G k. nepi narrjrtKus,
Uom f/imus, smoke; see Fume. given to walking about, esp. while dis-
Perfunctory. Y.perfunctdrius , (L.) puting a name given to followers of
;

carelessly done. — L. perfunctus, pp. of per- Aristotle. — Gk. nepinaTeou, I walk about.
fungi to perform fully, get through with.
,
— Gk. nepi, about ;
rrarecu, I walk, from
— L. per, thoroughly; fungi, to perform ;
ndros, a path.
see Function. Periphery, circumference. (L. — Gk.)
Perhaps. (L. aia/Scand.i A clumsy L. periferia, peripheria. — Gk. nepupepeia,
hybrid compound. — L. per by (as in per- the circumference of a circle. — Gk. rrepi,
chance, where per is, strictly, F. par) around ; ipipeiv, to carry, cognate with E.
haps, pi. of hap chance. Bear, vb.
Peri, a fairy. (Pers.(L.-Gk.) L. peri-
' Pers. part, a Periphrasis.
winged spirit; malevolent but phrasis. — Gk. nep'uppaats, circumlocution.
orig. a
beautiful female sjurit Zend pairikd Gk. rrepi, around ; tppa^etv, to declare, ex-
;
.

Horn, § 310. press. See Phrase.

Peri-, prefix, round. (Ok.: Gk. mpi, Perish. ( F. — L.) M. E. pcrischen. —
around, about.+Skt. pari, round about. O. F. peris S’, stem of pres. pt. of perir, to
Allied to per- prefix. ,
perish. — L. perlre, to come to naught,
Pericardium, the sac surrounding perish. — L. per used with a destructive
the heart. (L. — Gk.) J pericardium — force (like E. for- in for-do) ; and ire,
Gk. nepinapStov. — Gk. ntpt, around nap- to go. ;

hta, the heart see Heart. Periwig, a peruke. (F. — Ital. — L.)
;

Pericarp, a seed-vessel. v Gk.) Gk. Formerly perwigge, pewvicke (Minsheu). <

7uptnapmov, shell of fruit. — Gk. nepi, This is a corrupted form, used in place of
around ; see Harvest.
nap-nos, fruit peruke. — F. perruque ; see Perruque.
;

Pericranium, the membrane that Periwinkle ( I), a plant. (L.) Formed,

surrounds the skull. (L. Gk. Late L. with suffixed -le and inserted i, from M. E.— ,

pericranium. — Gk. ntpinpaviov neut. of pervenke, a periwinkle ; A. S. peruince. ,

—
ntpwpavios ,
surrounding the skull. — Gk. L .peruinca, a periwinkle also called ninea
;

ntpt, round ;
npaviov , skull. peruinca, a name doubtless orig. given to
Perigee, point of the moon’s orbit some twining plant. — L. per, through,
nearest the earth. (Gk . From Gk. rrepi, thoroughly nine ire, to bind, allied to
;

about, here near yrj earth. See ‘ ’

; ,
Geo- Withy.
graphy. Periwinkle (2), a small univalve
Perihelion, the point of a planet’s mollusc. (Gk. and K.) A corrupt form,
orbit nearest the sun. (Gk. / Gk. nepi, due to confusion with the word above.
round, near ij\ios, the sun. See Heliacal.
; The better name is simply winkle see ;

Peril, danger. (F. — L.) M. Y. peril. — Winkle. Also found as pennywinkle

L. periclum perlcuhtm, danger, lit. ‘a 1 alii well.
,

trial.’ — Y, perJrl, to try an obsolete verb, Pexjure. (F. - L ) F. parjurer. - L.

;

of which the pp. peritus is common. periurdre, to forswear. — L. per, in the

Allied to Gk. neipa, an attempt ; and sense of ‘ beyond, against ; ittrdre to ’

ultimately to K. fare see Fare. Cf. swear. See Jury. ;

Y. fear G. gefahr
; peril. (-y^PER.) Perk, to make smart or trim. (K.— L.)
Der. peril ous. [Cf. \V. perc compact, trim percu to , ;

Perimeter, lit. the measure all smaiten, trim; percus, smart; all prob.
1

round.’ (L. — Gk.) L. perimetros. — GV. from E.] M. K. perken , used of birds, to
ireptperpos. — Gk. rrepi, round perpov, a trim their feathers. Cf. prov. E. perk up , ;

measure. See Metre. to recover from illness. All prob. from

Period, time of a circuit, epoch, perfect M. E. perke , a perch (on which a bird sits
384
 , ,, , ,, , , , , , -;
,

PERMANENT PERSPIRATION
up). —
North F. perque perke, for F. ,
L. perquislturn an extra profit above the
perche\ sec Perch (i). Cf. Walloon yearly rent, arising from fines, waifs, &c.
pierke a perch and F. etre percht sur, to
; neut. oi perqulsitus, pp. of perquirtrt to ,

be conceited of (like E. perky). Perhaps seek after thoroughly. — L./*r, thoroughly;

associated with Pert. queerere, to seek. See Query.
Permanent. (F. — L.) F. permanent. Ferroque. (K.— Ital.-L.) In use in
— L. permanent-, stem of pres. pt. of per- the 16th cent. —
F. perruque.-* Ital. per-
manere to endure, lit. abide through. — I..
,
rucca, M. Ital. pei'ucca, a periwig,’ Florio; 1

per through; manere to remain. See also spelt parucca, id. The same as Port.
Mansion. peruca Span, peluca Sardinian pilucca ,

Permeate, to pervade, pass through orig. a mass of hair, and allied to M. Ital.
small openings. (L.) From pp. of piluccarc * to pick or pull out haires or
,

rnedre to pass through. L. through — ; feathers one by one Florio. From Ital. ;
’

weave pass, go. See hoitos in Prell- pelo, hair. — L. pilum, acc. oipilus, a hair,
witz. Perry. (F. — L.) .pereye. Pire- M.E 4

Permit. (L.) L. permittere (pp. per- turn, pereye Vocab. 603. 11. From an
;
’

missus), to let pass through, lit. send A. F. foim (mod. Norman peirt). Cf.
through. — L. per, through; mitiere, to F. poirt, 6 perry, drink made of pears/
send. See Missile. Der. permission. Cot. which is formed with suffix -4 (<L.
;

Permutation. (F. — L.) b permuta- .

-atus, made of) from Y. poire, a pear. — L.
tion. — L. acc. pcrmiitdtidnem , a changing. pirum, a pear. See Pear.
— L. permutdtus , pp. of pennuldre, to Persecute. (F. L.) Wl.Y.persecuter, —
change thoroughly. — L. per, thoroughly ;
vb. — L. persecuttis, pp. of persequi, to
m fttare, to change. See Mutable. pursue. —
L. per , thoroughly; sequi, to
Pernicious, hurtful. (F. — L.) F. follow. See Sequence.
pcrnieieux. — lj.perniciosiis, destructive.— Persevere. (F. — L.) Formed q perse
I, pernicies destruction. — L. per , tho- ver.—Q. F. perseverer. — h./erseuerdre, to
roughly; nici-, for wot-, decl. stem of persist in a thing. — L. per, thoroughly;
nex, slaughter; see Internecine. seuerus earnest.
, See Severe.
Peroration. (F.-L.) M.F. perora- Persist. (F.-L.) - L. F. persister.
— L. pero ration cm acc. of perdratio, persistere to
continue, persist. L. per, —
the close of a speech. —
L. perdrdtus, pp. through ; sistcre, to stand, orig. causal of
of perora re, to complete a speech. — L./<rr, stare, to stand. See State,
thiough orare, to speak. Sec Oration.
; Person. (F. L.) .persone,per- — M.E
Perpendicular. (F. - L.) F. perpen- soune. — O.Y.persone, Y.personne. L.per- —
dindatre. — L. perpendiculdris, according son a, a mask used by an actor, a person-
to the plumb-line. — L. perpendiculum, a age, character played by an actor, a person,
plummet, for careful measurement. — L. — JL. persondre , to sound through; the
perpenderc, to weigh or measure carefully, large- mouthed mask of the actor was
— L. per, thoroughly pendere, to weigh,
;
named from the voice sounding through it.
Perpetrate. (L.) From pp. of L. A popular etymology; for the d is long.
perpetrdre to perform thoroughly —I,.
,
See Sound (3).
Per, thoroughly; patrdre, to accomplish Perspective. (F.-L.) Y .perspective.
Perpetual. (F. — L.) M. E. perfctuel. ‘the optike art Cot.
;
L. *perspectiua the
’ — ,

— M. E. perpetnet. — L. perpetudlis uni- art of inspecting; orig. fem. of *perspedT-

'ersal; in later use, permanent. — L. per- uus, looking through — L. persped us, pp.
petutis, continuous, constant, perpetual. — of pel sphere, to look through. — L. per,
L. perpet-. stem o iperpes, lasting through- through ;
specere , to look. See Species,
out, continuous. — L. per, through; pet-, perspicacity, keenness of sight. (F.
as in pet-cre, to seek. See Petition. — L.) Y perspicacity. — L. Koc.perspicdci-
.

Perplex. (F. — L.) Perplexed, pp.,was tdtem sharp-sighted n ess. — L. perspicaci

,

first in use. — M. F. perplex,

‘
perplexed, deck stem of perspicax, sharp-sighted. — L.
intanglcd ;’ Cot. — \^. perplexus, entangled, pcr-spicere to see through (above),
interwoven. — L. per, thoroughly; plexus ,
perspicuous, clear. (L.) L. per-
entangled, pp. of pledere, to weave see ;
sptcu-us, clear; with suffix -ous — L. per- .

Plait. spicere , to see through (above).

Perquisite, a small gain. (L.) Late Perspiration, a sweating. (F.-L.)
385
 ,, , , , , \
,
; , , , , , ,

PERSUADE PETITION
F perspiration.— Late L. acc. *perspird-
. Pest. (F. - L.) F. peste. - L. pestein,
lit. a breathing through. — L. per-
tionern , acc. of pestis, a plague.
spirare, to breathe through. — L. per, Pester. ( F. — L. ) F ormerly to encum-
through spirdre , to breathe. See Spirit.
;
ber, clog; for impester.— M. F.
and short
Persuade. (F.-L.) F persuader. — .
4
empestrer, to pester, intangle, incumber
L. persuade re, to advise thoroughly, suc- Cot. (F. empetrer ) Orig. 4 to hobble a .

ceed in advising. — L. per thoroughly , ;

horse at pasture.’ — Late L. im- (in), on,
suddere to persuade. See Suasion. upon past oriinn, a clog for a horse at
;

Pert, saucy. (F. — L.) M. E. pert pasture, from past us, pp. of pasecre to
shortened form of apert formerly used in feed. See Pastor.
the same sense. See Malapert. Pestiferous. (L.) 1,. pestifer-us, or
Pertain. (F.-L.) M.E partenen. —.
pestifer, plague-bringing ; with suffix -ous.
0 F. partenir. — L. pertinere to extend
.
— L. pesti-s plague ;
ferre, to bring.
through to belong. — L. per, thoroughly
f
See Pest and Bear (1).
tenere to hold, hold to. See Ten- pestilent. (F.-L.) F. pestilent .-
able. L. pestilent-, stem of pestilens, hurtful;
pertinacity. (F.-L.) Y .pertinacity formed as if from a veib *pestilere, from
( 1 (Joined, with sullix -/J< L.
6th cent.). pesti/is, pestilential. — L. pesti -, decl. slem
-
tdtem from L. pertindci-, decl. stem of of pestis a plague (above).
,

pertinax very tenacious. — L .per, thorough;

, Pestle. (F. - L. ) M. E. pestel. - O.F.
tenax, tenacious, from tenere, to hold. peslel, later pesteil (Cot.). — L. pisi ilium,
pertinent. (F.-L.) F .pertinent. — a small pestle. See Pistil.
Impertinent-, stem of pres. pt. ofpertinere, Pet (I), a tame animal, a child treated
to belong to, relate to ; see Pertain. fondly. (Unknown.) F ormeily peat. [Cf.
Perturb. (F. — L.) M. F .perturber; Irish peat, sb., a pet ; adj., petted; Gael.
Cot. — L .perturbdre, to disturb thoroughly. peata, a pet, a tame animal ; borrowed
—
L .per, thoroughly; tarbdre, to disturb. from E.] The word is prob. of F. origin ;

See Turbid. but has not been traced. Perhaps from

Peruke; see Perruque. 0. F. peti short for petit, small see ;

Peruse. (F. — L.) The orig. sense was Petty. And see petiot, dear little child,
*
to use up,’ to go through thoroughly ;
in Godefroy.
hence to examine thoroughly or all over, pet (2), a fit of peevishness. (Unknown.)
to survey ; the only difficulty in the word We also find pettish, capricious, i. e. like
is in its change of sense. From per, a pet or spoilt child see above. Hence ;

’
thoroughly and use, q. v. Cf. O. F. the phr. to take pet or to take the pet,'
;
‘ ‘

paruser sa vie, to live out his life. 1. e. to act like a spoilt child and finally ;

Pervade. (L.) L. peruddere, to go pet sb., a fit of wilfulncss. ,

through. — L. per, through ; uadere, to go. Petal. (Gk .) Gk.7T€raAo*/,aleaf (hence

See Evade, Wade. petal of a flower) neut. of ireraKos, spread ;

Pervert. (F.-L.) F. pervertir. - L. out, fiat; from the base irer-, as in tt(t-
peruertere to overturn, ruin, corrupt, dvvvfu, 1 spread. -f-L. patulus spreading; ,

pervert. — L. per, wholly uertere, to turn. from patere, to spread.

;
(y^PET.)
See Verse. Der. perverse, from pp. per- Petard, an explosive war-engine. (F. —
uersus . L.) M. K petard, petart, a petard or pe- .
4

Pervicacious, wilful. (L.) Coined tarre;’ Got. Lit. explosive.’ Formed 4

from I*, peruiedei-, decl. stem of peruicax with suffix -art ( G. hart hard, common ,

wilful allied to peruicus, stubborn. Per- as a suffix) from M. F. peter, to break wind.
;

haps from per, through and uic-, weak — F .pet a breaking wind, slight explosion.
; ,

grade of uic-, as in uic-i, pt. t. of uincere — L. peditum neut. of pedilus, pp. of

,

to conquer. See Victor. pedere (for *pezdere ), to break wind. See

Pervious, penetrable. (L.) L .perui-us, Brugm. i. § 857.
passable ; with suffix -ous. — L. per, Petiole, footstalk of a leaf. (F. — I..)
through ; uia a way. See Viaduct.
,
F. ptHiole. — L. petiolum acc. of petiolus
Pessimist, one who complains that little stalk.
all is forthe worst. (L.) Coined from L. Petition. (F. — L. ) M. F .petition Cot. ;

pessim-tis, worst ; a superl. perhaps con- — L. acc. petit ionem, from petitio, a suit.
nected with peior, worse. Brugm. ii.
§ 73. — L. petit us, pp. of petere, to attack, to
386
 , , L , , ,

PETREL PHARISEE
beseech, ask ;
orig. to fall on. Allied to E. in, &c. ;
lit. ‘little foot.’ — Gk. iro8E,
Feather. (^/PET.) See Brugm. i. § 560. for irovs, foot. See Foot. IT Cf. M. l)u.
Petrel, a bird. (K. — G. — I — Gk.)
puye, ‘a pue,’ Hexham; borrowed from.

Formerl ypeterel. — F pdtrel, petdret formed O. F. puye, puie.

. ;

.is a dimin. of Petre, i. e. Peter, and the Pewet, Peewit, the lapwing. (E.)
allusion is to the action of the bird, which Also puet (Phillips). Named from its
seems, like St. Peter, to walk on the sea. plaintive cry cf. mod. Norman F. pivit, ;

The F. form of Peter is Pierre ; Petrs is a pewet Eowl. Sc , pen, to make a plain- ;

lor G. Peter Peter; cf. the G. name for tive noise ; Westphal. piwit, piwik , a
the bird, viz. Fetersvogel ( — Peter’s-fowl, pewet. Cf. E. peevish.
Peter’s- bird). — JE. Petrus. — Gk. n trpos, a Pewter. (F. — Teut.?) M. ll.pewtir.
stone, Peter (John i. 42). O. F. peutre peautre piautre, a kind of , ,

petrify, to turn into stone. (F.-Gk. metal (Roquefort). Older form peltre
and E.) M. F. petrifier ; as if from a L akin to Span, peltre, Ital. peltro, pewter.
*petrifuare not used. — ,
.petri-, for petra Diez remarks that the Ital. peltro is be-
a rock fedre for faccre, to make.
; ,
The lieved to be derived from English, which
E. petra is boi rowed fiom Gk. irtTpa, a he rejects, but only on the ground that
rock cf nlrpos, a stone.
;
pewter could not become peltro However, .

petroleum, rock-oil. (E. - Gk.) peltro is probably (like O. E. peautre'), an

Coined fiom E pet r-a, rock oleum, oil.— adaptation of the form found 111 O. F.
. ;

Gk. irtTpa, rock ekatov, oil see Oil. ;

*c'.spelt re (
espeautre )
;
E. spelter see ;

Petronel,a lioise-pistol. (F. — Span.— Spelter.

J .. M. F. petrinal, a petronell or horse-
4
;

man’s piece ’ Cot. Said to have been

;
,
PH.
invented in the Pyrenees ; and almost Ph. Initial ph is distinct from p, and
certainlyderived fiom Span.pelrina, a belt, has the sound of /; it represents the Gk.
a girdle (so that petrinal would 01 ig. mean </>, almost every word beginning with ph
what was attached to the belt Allied to being of Gk. origin. . The only exceptions
Span, petral, a poitrel and named from are pheon (alsofeon),philibeg, beiXtifilibeg,
;

going round the breast. — I., pet tor- (for which is Gaelic, and Pharisee, really of
*peclos), stem of pectus the bieast. See Hebrew origin, but coming to us through
,

Pectoral. Greek.
Petty, small. (F. — C.V) M.E. petit — Phaeton, a kind of carriage. (F. — L. .

F. petit small. Cf. O. Ital. pitelto small. — Gk.) F. phadton occurring A. I). 1723.
, ;

Perhaps allied to piece, from a Gaulish — L. Phaethon. — Gk. *Pat 9 ow, son of
base pett- (Celtic *c/ett-) cf. Bret, pez Helios, and driver of the chariot of the
; ,
4
a piece ; W.peth, a part Irish cuid, O. Ir. sun ; lit.
;
shining,’ being pres. part, of
aiit, a pait, share. .See Kbrtmg, § 6101 baideiy to shine. — Gk. cpaw, to shine. ;
<
,

Stokes (s. v. qetti). Der. pettifogger See Phantom. See Prellwitz, s. v. <f>ao y.
where fogger is equivalent to M. Vu.focker, (VBHA.)
‘
a monopole or an engrosser of wares Phalanx. (L. - Gk.) L. phalanx. -
and commodities,’ Ilexham packer being — Gk. <pdkay£, a battalion. See Plank.
;

prob. a corruption of the surname Fugger, Phantasm ; see below.

Englished as fogger (N. E. I). Phantom. vk.-E.-Gk.) M. E.fan-
1.

Petulant. tL.) L. petulant-, stem of tome — O. F. fantosme. — L. phantasma .

pet u Ians, forward, pert, ready to attack. — (whence E. phantasm — Gk. <pav Ta<r/xa, a ^.
.

J.. petere, to attack. See Petition. vision, spectre, lit. apparition. — Gk. <pav-
Pew. (F. — L. — Gk.) M.E. pew, pue. Tufciv, to display. — Gk. <f>av- f as in <paiv*iv
/S -
A. F. put, a platform (Liber Albus) (- epav-yuv), to shew, lit. to cause to ;

( 1. F. pui an elevated space ; puie, an shine ; whence *$dvrr}s, one who shews
,

open gallery with rails (hence applied to (as in iepo-cpavTTjs'). — Gk. <pd-€iv, to shine.
an enclosed space or to a raised desk to +Skt. bhd, to shine. (^BHA.)
kneel at). — h. podium, a balcony, esp. near Pharisee, one of a religious school
the arena, where distinguished persons sat. among the Jews. (L. — Gk. — Heb.) L.
(So E. pew meant a place for distinguished phariseus, pharisceus. — Gk. cpapiaaios,
persons in church.) — Gk. irbtkov, which Matt. ix. 11, lit. one who separates him- 4

came to mean a foot-stool, gallery to sit self.’ — Heb. pcirash , to separate.

 , , , , ,

PHARMACY PHONETIC
Pharmacy. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. tive. (L. Gk.) — L. Philippicum , pi.
fertnacy.— Q.V .farmacie later pharmacie. Philippica, used to denote the celebrated
— L. pharmacia. — Gk. (pappaxeia, know- orations of Demosthenes against Philip. —
ledge of drugs. — Gk. <pappaxov a drug. Gk. ViXinnos, Philip ; lit. a lover of *

Pharynx. (L. — Gk.) L. pharynx. — horses.' — Gk. (plX-os, fond of; inn os, a
Gk. (papv y(, the joint opening of the gullet horse.
and wind-pipe, a cleft,a bore ; allied to philology, study of languages. (I,.

<papa y(, a chasm. From the root to — Gk.) L. philologia. — Gk. (ptXoXoyia ,

bore ;
see Bor© (i). (y'BHAR.) love of discourse, love of literature and
Phase, Phasis, an appearance. (L. language. — Gk. <piX6Xoy os, fond of dis-
— Gk.) Late L. phasis , pi. phases. — Gk. course also, a student of literature and
;

<pdois, an appearance from base p>a-, to ; language. — Gk. cpiXo-s, fond of; x6yos,
shine; cf. <pa~os, light. (^lUlA.) (3. discourse, from A eyuv, to speak.
The Gk. <paots also means ‘
a saying, de- philosophy, love of wisdom. (F.—
claration/ in which sense it is connected L. — Gk.') M. E. philosophie. — F. philo-
with <prjpi , I speak, declare, from ^BHA, sophic — L. philosophia, — Gk. <piXooo<pui ,
.

to speak. Der. em-pkasis. love of wisdom. — Gk. (piXoootpos, loving

Pheasant, a bird. (F.-L.-Gk.) knowledge. — Gk. <piXo-s fond of; (Toipus ,
Formed with excrescent t (after n) from skilful, aoipia skill see Sophist. Der. , ;

M. E. fesaun a pheasant. — O. F. faisan. philosopher, for M. E. philosophre, which

,

— L. phdsidna, a pheasant for Phasiana ;

represents F. philosophe, L. philosophus %
auis Phasian bird. — Gk. (paaiavos, a
,
Gk. cpiX6cro<pos.

pheasant, lit. Phasian, i. e. coming from philtre, a love potion. (F. — L. — Gk )

the river Phasis in Colchis. F. philtre. — L. phiIt rum. — Gk. </n'At/>ov,
Pheeze ;
see Feeze. a love charm, love potion, drink to make
Phenix, Phoenix. (L.-Gk.) L. one love. — Gk. <pi\-os, dear -rpov (cf. Idg. ;

pha'nix. — Gk. (poivi£ a phoenix (Herod, -ter-), denoting the instrument.

ii. 73). Perhaps named from its bright Fhilibeg, a kilt sec Fillibeg.
;

colour, like that produced by the Phoeni- Phlebotomy, blood-letting. (F.-L.

cian dye ; see Pliny, bk. x. c. 2. — Gk.) M. F. phlcbotomie — L. phleboto - .

Phenomenon, a remarkable appear- mia. — Gk. (pXfiSoropia, blood-letting, lit.

ance. (L. — Gk.) L. phenomenon. — Gk. cutting of a vein. — Gk. </>A eflo-, for tpxty, a
<patv6fi(vov (pi. (paivopcva), an appearance, vein,from (pxi-av, to gush ropos cutting, ;
,

neut. of pass. part, of <paivtiv, to shew from ripvuv, to cut see Tome. ;

(pass. <paivopaiy I appear). See Phantom, Phlegm, slimy matter in the throat,
Hierophant, Sycophant. sluggishness. (F. — L. — Gk.) The use of
Pheon, Peon, a barbed arrow-head. the term was due to the supposed influence
(F.— L.) M. K.feon, Bk. of St. Alban’s. of the four humours’ phlegm causing a
4
;

Perhaps an error for *jleon ; since O. F. sluggish or phlegmatic’ temperament.—

4

*/icon might come from Late L. Jleto (acc. M. F. phlcgme. — L. ph legma. — Gk.<pXlypa
Jietonem J, an arrow-head. (base tpXtypar-), (1) a flame, (2) inflam-
Phial, Vial. (F.-L.-Gk.) Formerly mation, (3) viscous humour, phlegm. —
fyole vial, viol, altered to phial in modern Gk. <p\iyav, to burn, -f- L. Jiag-rare, to
,

editions of Shakespeare. — M. F. phiole a bum see Flame. Der. phlegmat-ic,

6
, ;

violl/ Cot. (Mod. F. j?ole.) — \,. phiala. from base tpXtypar

— Gk. (pih\rj a broad, flat, shallow cup or
, phlox, a flower. (Gk.) It means
flame,’ from its colour. — Gk. <pXo £ , flame.
4
bowl (applied in F. to a small bottle).
Philanthropy, love of mankind. — Gk. <pxiy-uv> to bum (above).
(L.— Gk.) L. pnilanthropia — Gk. <pi\av - Fhocine, belonging to the family of
.

Opunla, benevolence. — Gk. <pi\6v6pconos seals. (L. — Gk.) From L. phoca, a seal.
loving mankind. — Gk. </>iA-, for <piXos, — Gk. <pwKTj, a seal. See Prcllwitz.
friendly, kind avOpunos, a man.; Phoenix ; see Phenix.
philharmonic, loving mnsic. (Gk.) Phonetic, representing sounds. (Gk.)
From Gk. <ptX-os, friendly, fond of; and From Gk. (paJvrjriHSs, belonging to speak-
L. harmoni-a <Gk. appovia, harmony ing.— Gk. Kpojviw, I produce a sound.— ;

see Harmony. Gk. (pcjvTj, a sound cf. <pijpi, I speak. ;

philippic, a discourse full of invec- (^BII A.) Der. phono-graph , -logy, &c.
 \ , ;,

PHOSPHORUS PICKADILL
Phosphorus. (L.-Gk.) L. phos- physiology, the science of nature.
phorus, — G. (JxvffQopos, light-bringing, (F.— L. - Gk.) F. physiolcgie ;Cot. - L.
i.e. producing — Gk. </>cDs, light physiologia. — Gk. <pvaio\oyia an enquiry
light. ,

( = 0ao?, from base (pa-, to shine; into the nature of things. — Gk. <pvoio-, for
light),
-<popos, bringing, from <p(pav y to bring. ipvois, nature; -Koyla, from X070S, a dis-
(VHHA and yBIIER.) course, from A <7 tiu, to speak.
photography. (Gk.) From Gk.
pajro for </>£?, light (above) ; and ypcupuv,
<;

to write.
PIPY.
Phrase. (F.- L.-Gk.) F. phrase. — Piacnlar, expiatory. (L.) L. pith u-
I ,. phrnsem ,
ace. of phrasis. — Gk. (ppaais Idris adj., from pidcttlum , an expiation.
,
—
a speaking, a speech, phrase. — Gk. <ppa£tiv L. pidre, to propitiate. L. pins, devout. —
= *<f*pdb-yfiv), to speak cf.^paS^?, shrewd. See Pious.
(
Der. anti-phrasis,
;

metaphrase ,
peri- Pianoforte, Piano. (Ital — L.) So
phrasis, paraphrase with prefixes anti-, and loud effects. called from producing soft
meta-, peri-, para-. — Ital. piano, soft forte, strong, loud.— \

Phrenology, science of the functions L. planus level (hence smooth, soft) , ;

of the mind. (Gk.) From Gk. <pp€v6 -, fortis strong see Plain and Force. , ;

for <pprjv mind ; -\oyia, from A070S, a dis-

,
Piastre. (F. - Ital. - L. - Gk.) F.
course, from \iyuv, to speak. piastre, — ital. piastra plate of metal, also ,

Phthisis, consumption of the lungs. a piastre cr com allied to Ital. piastro, a ;

(1 — Gk.) I .. phthisis — Gk. con- plaster. — L. emplastrum a plaster (with

.
,

sumption, decay. — Gk. </0<V«y, to decay, loss of cm-). See Plaster.

wane. Cf. Skt. fa hi, to destroy, kshiti Piazza. (Ital. — L.— Gk.) Ital./nzs:<*,
decay. Der. phthisic properly an adj., a market-place, chief street. — Folk- L.
,

from L .pkthisicus, adj., consumptive but *plat tin L. platea, piatea see Place. ; ; ;

used as a sb. (-- L. phthisica passio), with Pibroch, a martial tune. (Gael.— I..)
the same sense as phthisis often called Gael, piobaireaehd a pipe-tune, tune on
\ ,

and spelt tisic. the bagpipe. —Gael, piobair, a piper.—

Phylactery, an amulet, amongst the Gael ,pioh, a pipe. — E. pipe. See Pipe.
Jews. (F. — L — Gk.) M. K. filaterie Pica : see Pie (1). ,

Wyclif. — O. ¥, filaterie (Godefroy) Mod. Picador, a horseman with a lance, in

;

F. phy lactire. — L. pkylacteriuvi — Gk. bull-lighting. (Span.— L) Span, picador,

.

<Jw\aKTrjpioUj a preservative Matt, xxiii. lit. a pricker. — Span, picar, to prick.—

;

5. — Gk. (pvXa/crrjp, a guardian. — Gk. Late I piedre see Pick. .. ;

\
pvXaoaftv to guard ; <pv\a£ a guard.
,
Picaninny, a negro or mulatto infant.
f

Physic. (F. — L. - Gk.) Orig. the heal- (Span.') From peekaneenee a dimin. in ,
v

ing art; hence, medicine. — O. Y.pkisique Surinam) of Span .pcqueilo, small, allied to ,

science of medicine; also, natural philo- Ital , piuolo, small. Of uncertain origin.
sophy. — I ,. physica, natural science. — Gk. Piccadill ; see Pickadill.
<pvaucrj, fem. of <pvauc 6 s natural, physical. , Pice, a small copper coin. (Marathi.)
— Gk. ipvoi-s, nature, being. — Gk. (pv-uv, Hind, and Marathi paisa a copper coin , ;

to produce. +
Skt. bhu, to be L. fui, sometimes rated at four to the anna, or
;

fo-re E. be. (^BIIEU.) Der. physic-s\ sixty-four to the rupee (H. H. Wilson).
;

physic-i-an &c. ; Pick, to peck, pierce, also to pluck, &c.

physiognomy, visage, expression of (E.) M. E. pikken pekken used as equi- , ,

features. ( b — L. — Gk.) . M. E. fisnomie valent words, Ch. C. T., Group B. 4157. ,

visnomie. — O. F. phisonomie later phy- [Cf. Irish pioc Gael, pioc, to pick, nibble,
, ,

siognomies a knowledge of a man’s cha- pluck, peck W. pigo, to pick, peck, ;

racter by his features; hence features, prick, choose; Corn, piga to prick.] ,

expression. Formed as if from L. *pky- Allied to A. S. pican (written pycati), to

siognomia but due to the longer form peck, and the sb. pic, a sharp point, Voc.
,

physiognomonia, — Gk. <pv<Tioyvwpovia, the 3. 13. From a Teut. base *pic, allied to
art of reading the features sometimes Spike. And see Pike. From an Idg.
;

<pv(Tioyvojpiti. mm Gk. (pvotoyvwpuuv adj., judg- root *spi-g cf. *spi-h as in L. pica, ; ,
j

ing character. — Gk .<pv<Tto-, for <pv<rts, nature pickadill, piccadill, a piece set
7vbpwt an interpreter; see Gnomon. round the edge of a garment, a collar. (F.
389
 , , ; , , , , , •

PICKAX PIEPOWDER COURT

— Span. — Tcut.) Obsolete; but preserved — Swed. dial, pittla to keep on picking
in Piccadilly a street in London, named at; frequent, of Swed. peta, to pick,
irom a certain house, which was a famous poke.
i

ordinary near St. James’s ’ ; see Blount and Pie (Ot a magpie; tinsoited printer’s
Nares. — M.F. pitcadille pi. piccadilles;
ty pe. (F. — L.) The unsorted type is called
,

the several pieces fastened together about pie i. e. a jumble ; see pie (3)
‘
,
also pi, ;

the brimme of the collar of a doublet;’ as if short for pica, from the common
Cot. Formed, with Span, dimin. suffix use of pica-type ; see below. The magpie
-illo, from Span, pic ado pp. of pica?', to is M. E. pie. — E. pie. — L. pica, a magpie.
,

punctuie ; cf. Span, picadttra a puncture, Cf. Ij. pit us, woodpecker, Skt. pika-, Indian
,

an ornamental gusset in clothes. —Span. cuckoo.

pica r, to prick, from pica, a pike (hence a pie (2), a book which ordered the
piicking instrument) a word of Teut. manner of performing divine service. F. —
; (

origin ; see Pike. L.) lleie pie is (^as above) a F. foim of L.

pickax. vF.-L.) Not an ax at all, pica which was an old name for the
but a corruption of M. K. pikois pikcis , a Ordinale; so called from the confused ap-
,

mattock. — O. F. picois, later picquois a pearance of the black-letter type on white

,

mattock. — O. F. pique?' to pierce, thrust paper, resembling a magpie. Certain sizes

into. — F. pic, a * pick ’ or kind of innttock. of type are still called pica.
— Late L. pica, a pickax. Cf. A.S. pic, pie (3), a pasty. (F. — L.) M. E. pie ;

a pike Bret, pic a pick ; W. pt\r a point, prob. the same word as pie (1)
; , ,
from the ;

pike, Irish piocaid, a mattock see Pike. miscellaneous nature of its contents. E.
;

picket, a peg for fastening horses, a pies seems to be Latinised as pice, Babees
small outpost. (F. — L.) Y .piquet, picquct, Book,pt. ii. 36. 51. Cf. pie (2). Gael.
a little pickax, a peg thrust in the ground. pighe, a pie, is lrom E.
Dimin. of F. pic (above). piebald, of various colours, in patches.
Pickle, a liquid in which substances are (F. — L. a?id C.) Compounded of pie, a ;

preserved. (Teut). M. E. pikil, pykyl magpie, and bald ; see Bald. The old
;

Prompt. Parv. Probably from pickle, fre- sense of bald or ball'd, is streaked, from '

quent. of pick, in the sense to pick out or \V. bal, having a white streak on the fore-
‘
cleanse with reference to the gutting head, said o! a horse. Cf. skew-bald
*
; .

or cleansing of the fish with which the Piece. (F.-CA M. E. peci?, piece.—
operation of pickling is begun. We
find O. F. piece ; F. piice. Cf. ital. pezza,
M. Y..pykely?ige, ‘purgulacio,’ derived from Span, pieza Frov. pe*sa, pesa, Fort. pe(a,
L
pykyn, or clensyn, or cullyn owte the a piece. — Late L. petia, a piece; cf. Late
onclene, purgo,purgulo, segrego'\ Prompt. L petiu??i, a piece of land (a. d. 757).—
.

Parv, See Pick. p. \\c also find Du. Celtic (Gaulish) *petti-, a piece, portion,
pchel, pickle ; which some have derived answering to O. Celtic *qetti- the same;
from the name of the supposed inventor evidenced by O. Irish cuit (lr. cuid ), a
of pickling, whose name is variously given piece, share, \V. peth a piece, a thing, ,

as Peukeler Pocket, and Poke/

,
a story Corn .peth, Bret, pez, a piece (Thurneysen,
unsupported by evidence. Stokes, Korting). Esp. used of a piece
Picnic. (F.) Found in F. as early as of land.
1692, and in Swedish before 17SS; but piece-meal. (F. - C a?ul E.) M. E. . ;

borrowed in those languages from Low G. pece-??iele, by pieces at a time. The M. E.

Origin obscure. Pic is prob. from pnk suffix - niele lit. ‘ by bits,’ occurs in other ,

(Du. picken), to nibble ; cf. slang E .peck, compounds, and is also spelt -meluvi ;
food peckish, hungry.
,
Nic is tor k?iick, a from A. S. vicelu???, dat. pi. of ?ticH, a por-
trifle; another name for a picnic was nick* tion ; see Meal (2).
nack (Foote, Nabob, act ij. Piepowder conrt, a summary court
Picture. (L.) ~L. pictii?a, properly the of justice formerly held at fairs. (F. — L.)
art of painting. — I,, pictus, pp. of pingere The E. piepenvder represents O. F. pied
to paint. Allied to Skt. pi?~ij, to dye, pouldre i. e. dusty foot. The court was ,

colour; Gk. 7rot/ci\os. Brugm. i. § 701. called, in Latin, Curia pedis pulve?‘isdti,
Piddling, trifling. (Scand. ?) From the court of the dusty foot, from the dusty
the verb piddle, to trifle (Ascham) ; other feet of the suitors. — F. pied, foot, from L.
forms wpi/tle (Skinner) ,peftie (Halilwell). pedern , acc. of pes; O. F. pouldre ( pout-
=
39 °
 , , ,. , , , , , ,

PIER PILL
dr/), pp. of pouldrcr to cover with dust, a young pike (fish) ; pike-staff, also found
from pouldre , dust see Powder. ; as piked- staff, i.e. staff armed with a pike
Pier, a mass of stone-work. (F.— L. — or spike.
Gk.) M. K.pere.— A. F. pere {Y. pierre), Pilaster, a square pillar. (F. — Ital. —
a stone. —
L. petra. — Gk. irirpa, a rock, L.) Y.pilastrc.— ‘a pilaster,
Ital. pilastro,
stone. a piller ; ’ Florio. — Ital. pila, ‘ a flat-
Pierce. ( F. — L. ?) M. E. percen. — Y. sided piller ’ id. — L. pila, a pillar.
;
See
pcrcer\ O. Y.percier (Roland). Generally Pile (2).
thought to be contracted from O. F. per- Pilch. (L.) Orig. a warm fur garment.
tuisier, to pierce, lit. to make a hole.— M. E. pile he. A. S. pilcce, pylce. — F. pel-
(). F. pertuis, a hole (Ital pertugio). The Urea see Pelisse.
. ;

O. Y. pertuis (like Ital. pert agio), answers Pilchard, a fish. (E. ?) Formerly
to a Late L. *pertusiuin extended from pitcher cf. iiish pilseir, a pilchard. Of \

L. pert Hsus pp. of pertunder e, to thrust unknown origin. Cf. Dan. dial, pilke
, ,

through, pierce. (Ennius has latiC pert udit to fish (in a particular manner), Swed.
hasta — the spear pierced his side Lewis.) dial . pilka ; from Norw. piIk, an artificial
;

— L. per, through tundere to beat; see bait.

;

Contuse, Commonly accepted some Pilcrow, a curious corruption of Para-

;

suggest Late L. *per-itidre, to go through graph, q. v. ;

cf. I in-itiare. See Initiate and Com- Pile i 0 ,

a tumour,
a ball. (L.) lit.

mence. Only pita a ball.

in the pi. piles. — I,
Piety. (F. — L.) M. Y.pietl. — L. pieta- Pile (2), a pillar, heap. L.) M. K. <

tem, ace. of pietiis devoutness. — L. pins, pile F. pile, — L. pila, a pillar, a pier of
;

devout. See Pious. Doublet, pity, stone, In the phrase cross and pile
Pig. (K.) M. E. pigge. Prov. E. peg (of a coin), answering to the modern ‘head
(Perks.). Cf. A. S. pecg of sw inford a ovS’ ;
‘ and tail/ the pile took its name from the
peeges ford Birch, Cart. Saxon, iii. 223. pile or short pillar on which the coin rested
But the connexion is doubtful, Certain w hen struck ; see Cotgrave, s. v. pile.
masses of molten metal are called sows and Pile (3), a stake. (L.) A. S. pH, a
pigs hence pig-iron.
;
stake.— Y.piluin, a javelin orig. a pestle. ;

Pigeon, a bird. (F. — L.) E. pigeon a For *pins-lum. — L. pin sere, to pound. +
pigeon, a dove. — L. pipidnem, acc. of Skt. pish, piiiish, to pound, The he-
pipio, lit. ‘chirper/ — !., pipirc, to chirp, raldic pile (F. pile) is a sharp stake.
See Pipe. Pile (4\ a hair, fibre of wool. (L.) L.
Piggin, a small wooden vessel. (E.) pilus, a hair. Cf. Gk.TrfAor, felt. Brugm.
Cf. Gae\. pigean, a pitcher, jar; dimin. of ii. § 76. Der. three-piled, L. L. L. v. 2.
pige, pigeadh, ail earthen jar; Irish pigin 407.
small pail, pighead earthen jar; W. ,
Piles, small tumours. (L.) See Pile (1).
picyn a piggin; all borrowed from E. Pilfer. (F. — L. ?) O. F. pelfrer to
Prob. for *piggcn, adj., from pig, in the rob, pilfer. — O. F. pelfre, plunder; see
sense of ‘earthen vessel/ as in G. Douglas, Pelf.
tr. of Vergil, bk. vii. See Pig. Pilgrim. (Ital. L.) —
pellegrino.
Fight, old form of pitched ; see a pilgrim. —
L. peregrinus, a foreigner,
Pitch (2). stranger; as adj. foieign.— Y.peregri, ad v.,
Pigment. (LA pigment inn, colour- away from home; see Peregrination,
ing matter. — L. pig-, base of pingere ,
to Cf. O. II. G. piligrim, from Ital.
paint ; with suffix - menturn See Paint. Pill (1), a little ball of medicine. (F.—
Pigmy; see Pygmy. L.) Short for pilule cf. O. Y.pile, a pill.
;

PiEe, a sharp-pointed weapon, a fish. — F. pilule , ‘a pill;’ Cot. — L. pilula a ,

(E.) M. E. pike, a peaked staff, pic a ; ,

little ball, globule dimin. of pila, a ball,
spike also M. E. pike , a fish, named from
;
See Pile (1).
its sharply pointed jaws. A. S. pic , a Pill (2), to plunder. (F. — L.) Also
point, a pike. (Hence Irish pice a pike, spelt peel\ and, conversely, peel, to strip,
fork, Gael, pic, W. pig, Bret, pik, pike, is spelt////; the words have been confused,
point, pickax.) Closely allied to pick, but are really different ; see Peel (2).
sb., a mattock; ultimately allied to M. E. pillen, to plunder. — F. piller. — L.
Spike. .n.*e Pick. Der. pik-er-el pildre , to pull out hair, also, to plunder , ;

391
 , , ;; , , , , . , , & ;

PILLAGE PINE
from pilus, hair. (Distinct from L. com- Pimpernel, a flower. (F.—L.?) M.F.
pilarel) Der. pill-age ¥. pillage ,
pimpernelle (F. pimprenelle). Cf. Span.
.

Pillage ; sec above. pimfinela Ital. pimpinella. Origin un- ,

Pillar. (F.—L.) M. E. filer. - O. F. known. ilJ Diez considers these words to

filer, later filler. (Span, filar.) — Late be borrowed from L. *bipinella * bipennula,
L. filtire, a pillar. — L. ffla, pillar, pier. a dimin. of bipennis i. e. double-winged.
See Pile (a'). The pimpernel was confused with burnet
Pillau, Pilaf, a dish of meat or fowl, (Prior) ; and the latter ( Poterium san -
boiled with rice and spices. (Pcrs.) Pers. guisorba) has a feather-like arrangement of
pildv pilav, a dish made of rice and meat
,
its leaves. Cf. Rosa pimpinellifolia. If
Palmer. this be right (which is highly doubtful),
Pillion. (C. — L.) Mod. Norman and we lefer the word to L. bi-, double i

Guernsey fillonn re probably borrowed from penna, a wing.

E. Lowl. Sc pilyane, in 1503 (N.E.P.)
. Pimple. (F. ?) [Cf. A.S. piplian to ,

which was adapted from Gaelic. Pals- be pimply. The alleged A. S. pinpel
grave has fyllion for a woman to ride is Lye’s misprint for winpel\\ Prob. not
1

on.’ Cf. Irish pillutii, pi11in, a pack- an E. word, but borrowed from some O. F.
saddle; Gael, pillean pillin a pack- or Late L. form. Cf. Y pompette ,* pumplc
, , .

saddle, cloth put under a rustic saddle; or pimple on the nose or chin,* Cot. and ;

Irish pill, a covering, peall, a skin; Gael. Span .pompa, a bubble. Also Gk. ncfHpig,
call, a skin, coverlet all from E. or from
;
noy.ipo's, a bubble, blister, Lith. pampti ,

pell is, a skin.] See Pell. to swell L papula a pimple. ; ,

Pillory. (F.) F. piIon, ‘a pillory;’ Pin, a peg, See. (L.) M. E. piitne, a

Cot. Of unknown origin other remark- peg. ;
A. S. pinn, a pen, style for writing
able variants occur, viz. (). F. filorin, pel- (Toller). [We find also Irish pion, Gael.
lorin, Port, pelourinho , Prov. esfitlori, pinne, a pin, peg, spigot W. pin , pin, ;

Late L. pilloriacnm, sfiliorium There style, pen Du. pin pin, peg, Swed.
.
;

seems to have been a loss of initial s. finne, a peg, Dan. find, a (pointed) stick,
Pillow. (L.) M. K.pilwe A.S. fyle; I cel finni a pin lx>w G pettn a peg.] All
; . , ,

both from L. pulidnut, a cushion, pillow, from L. pinna a wing, fin, pen cognate ;

bolster; whence also Du. peuluw , G. with E. Fin. See Brugm. ii. § 66 (note).
pfuhl, Westphal. piilf. Pinch. (F. — Teut.) North F. pineher,
Pilot, one who conducts ships in and F. fincer. nasalised form of M. Ital. A
out of harbour, F. — Ital. — Gk.)
t M. F. pizzare, picciarc, to nip; cf. Ital. pinzo,
pilot, Cot. (.Y.filote ) O. Y. pc dot; cf. M. F. a sting, goad, pinzette
;
pincers. The ,

piloter, to take soundings (Palsgrave). orig. sense seems to have been a slight
Prob. borrowed from Ital. pilota, also prick with a sharp-pointed instrument, from
pedota, a pilot Florio' < cf. Late L. a Teut. base pic-, whence E. pike pick
; , ;

pedotta a pilot. — Late Gk. *rrrjduiTTjs, a cf. A. S. pic, a point, pike.

, Cf. also Du.
steersman; formed from Gk. irrjduv, a pinsen pitsen to pinch (Hexham). Der. ,

rudder, blade of an oar. pinchers or pinc-ers ; cf. M. F. places, * a

Pimento, allspice. (Port. — L.) Also pair of pincers ’ Cot. ;

pimenta. — Port, pimenta, pimento. The Pinchbeck, a metal. (Personal name.)

same as O. F. piment, a spiced drink. — L. From the inventor, Mr. Chr, Pinchbeck ,
pigmenlum, (1) a pigment, (2) the juice of the elder, a London watchmaker (c. 1670
plants see Pigment.
; 1732). From Pinchbeck, Lincolnshire.
Pimp, a pandar. (F. — L.) Prob. a Pindar, Pinner, an impounder. (E.)
smartly dressed fellow. — M. F. pirnper, to Formed with suffix -er of the agent from
dress up smartly. A nasalised form of F. A. S. pyndan to pen up. — A. S. pund an , ,

piper, to pipe, also to beguile, cheat cf. enclosure. See Pound (2). ;
Not allied
also Prov. pimpar, to render elegant, from to pen (2).
pitnpa sb. (equivalent to F. pipeau mean- Pine (1), a tree. (L.) A.S. pin -tiro,
ing (0 a pipe, (2) a bird-call, (3) a snare; a pine-tree. — L. pinus , a pine i. e. pt- ;

besides which, F. piper meant to excel in uus.+G k. iri-Tvs, a pine Skt •pitu*diiru- ; f

a thing. Note also F. pimpant smart, lit. * resin- tree L. pituita phlegm, also
,

spruce; and sec Littre. — L. pipdre , to ‘resin.’ See Pip (1). Der. pine-applet
chirp (hence to pipe). See Pipe. orig. ‘a fir-conc.’

39 2
 , , , , , ;, ,
,; , , , ;,,

PINE PIPE
Pine (2), to long for; to suffer pain, So named because made of pine. — L.
waste away. (L. Gk.) M.E. pinen, to — pinus a pine. Sec Pine (1).
,

suffer, more frequently, to torment ; a verb Pinnacle. (F.-L.) K. pinade Cot. ,

formed from M.E. pine, torment. — A. S. — pinnaculum a pinnacle (Matt. iv. 5).
pin pain borrowed from L. poena pain
, ; ;
Double dimin. of Late L. pinna 9 a pinna-
see Pain. cle (Lu. iv. 9\ L. pinna t a fin, &c. See
Pinfold, a pound. (E.) For find- Pin.
fold (also spelt pund-fold, Birch, iii. 309).
; Pinnate, feather-like. (I,.) Iv. pin-
— A.S .pyndan, to pen up (from fund an ,
ndtus substituted for penmitus feathered.
,

enclosure and fold. See Pindar.

) ;
— L. penna , a feather. See Pen.
Pinion, joint of a wing. (F. — L.) F. Pint, a measure for liquids. (F. — L.)
pignon a gable-end Cot. (>. K. pignon,
, ;
E. pinte cf. Span, pinta, a spot, mark,
;

a feather, a pennon on a lance. Cf. Span pint. Named from being a marked part
pifton , a pinion. [Again, the mod. F. of a laiger vessel cf. O. F. pinter, to ;

pignon ha? the sense of E .pinion, a small measure wine. — Late L. pincta, a pint;
wheel working with teeth into another ; in forL .picta, fern, ofpictus, painted, marked,
which case the derivation is from L. pinna , pp. ol pingere to paint. So also Span.
,

the float of a water- wheel.] — L. pinna , a pintuni — a picture.

wing see Pin.
; Pioneer, a soldiei who clears the way
Fink (1 ), to pierce, prick. (L. ?) M. E. before an army. (F. - I .) Eormeil) pi oner.
pinketi , to prick. Used as a nasalised F. pionnier O. F. peon: or, a pioneer a
, ;

form of pick. We may note E. pink, to mere extension of E. pion, O. F. peon

cut ronnd holes or eyes in silk cloth (Bailey), a foot-soldier, but evp. applied to sappers
as equivalent to M.E. piquer, the same and miners. See further under Pawn (2).
(Cotgrave). Cf. Pinch. Or from A. S. ^ Piony, the same as Peony.
pynca pinca a point, which seems to have
, ,
Pious. (F. L.) —
F. pieux.-L ate L.
been borrowed from J punctum see ..
*pidsus, extended from L. pins, holy,
Puncture. devout. Brugm. ii. § 643.
Pink (2), half-shut, applied to the eyes. Pip a disease of fowls. i'F. — L)
( 0 ,

(l)u. — L.) Obsolete; cf.

4
pink eyne,’ M E. pippe. — M. E. pcpie, 1 pip Cot. ;
’

Antony, ii. 7. 121. — M. Du pimken . (also (Mod. Norman pipie\ Span, pepita Port. ,

pinck-oogc?i \ to shut the eyes (Hexham). pevide , Ital. pipita. — L. pituita phlegm,
The notion is that of narrowing, bringing lheum, also the pip (whence *plivita,
to a point ; see Pink i). Cf. Prov. E. *pipit a, I. ale L. plpldo). Hence also Du.
pink a very small
,
fish, minnow. pip ;
Sw ed. pipp, &c. (3 L. pituita is .

Pink (3), the name of a flower, and of horn a for which see Pine (1).
a colour. (L.) As in violet mauve the , Pip (2), the seed of fruit. (F. — L. — Gk.)
name of the colour is due to that of the Short for pippin or pepin, the old name.—
flower. The flower is named fiom the M. F. pepin, a pip. Allied to .Span, pepita
delicately cut or pinked edges of the petals , ;
a pip [quite distinct from pepita pip in
see Pink (1). p. Similarly, M. Y.pince, a fowls] ; and prob. to Span pepino, a cu-
pink, is from F. pincer to pinch, nip but cumber. p. Some have supposed;
that
E. pince and E. pink are not the same pepin was first applied to the remark-
word ; though they aie related. able seeds of the cucumber and melon and ;

Pink (4), a kind of boat. (Du.) See is derived from O. F. pepon , L. pepo, a
Narcs. Short for M. Du. espinck e, also melon, borrowed from Gk. Ttencuv, a melon.
written pificke , * a pinke, or a small fisher’s y. This Gk. rtinoiv wr as orig. an adj.,
1
boat, Hexham; (whence also F. pinque signifying ripened or ‘ripe’; (cf. ninruy, ‘ ’

Span, pingue a pink). The same word to cook, to ripen) ; allied to Skt. pack, L.
as Icel. espingr Swed. esping a long boat coquere to cook. See Cook. ,

named from Icel. espi aspen- wood, M. Du. pip (3), a spot on cards. (F. — L. — Gk.)
,

espe an aspen -tree.

, See Aspen. Apparently a peculiar use of Pippin.
Pink-eyed, having small e)es; see Tke spots were at first called peeps (1604) ;
Pink (b). from peeps, far peep ins, i. e. apples ( 1 600)
Pinnace. (F.-Ital.-L.) F.pinace M. E. a pip (Cursor Mundi).
pepiiiy
’
pinasse * the pitch-tree ; also a pinnace
, ; Pipe, a musical instrument formed of a
Cot. — Itftl. pinaccia , a pinnace (El-orio). long tube ; a tube, cask. (L.) M. iL.pipe ;

393
 ,
; , , , , , , ,

PIPKIN PIT
A.S .pipe. An imitative word but borrowed ;
E. Fries, mire, an ant. Teut. type *miron -.
from Late L .
pipa, pipe; from L .piparc, p. Wealso find the similar (but unrelated?)
to chirp. [So also Irish and Gael .piob, forms: Swed. myra Dan. myre, Icel. ,

Irish pib, W
pib\ Du. pijp, Icel. plpa,
.
maurr, an ant. Also Irish moirbh, W.
Swed. pipa Dan. pibe G. pfeife. J Of. L.
, ,
mor, pi. myr, Russ, muravei Gk. ^vppir]£, ,

pipln, Gk. nmifatv, to chirp. From the 1’ers. mur, mor an ant Corn, murrian ;

cry pi-pi of a young bird. ants.

Pipkin, a small earthen pot. (L., Piss. (F.) F. pisser supposed to be ;

with E. suffix. ) A dimin. (with suffix a Romance word, and of imitative ori-
-kin) of Y.pipe, in the sense of cask. This gin.
particular sense of pipe may have been Pistachio, Pistacho, the nut of a
imported ; it occurs both in F. and Du. ceitain tree. (Span. — L. — Gk. — Fers.)
see pipe in Cotgrave, pijpe in Hexham. Span, pistacho. — L. pistdeium. — Gk.
Pippin, a kind of tart apple. (F. — L. maraKiov a nut of the tree called maraierj.
,

— Gk.) Named from seed-pips; the old
sense of pippin was a pip; see Pip (2).
‘
Perhaps an apple raised from the pip or
seed ;’ Wedgwood. (So Arnold’s Chron.)
Cf. O. F. and Norm. dial, pepin, an apple
raised from seed.
Pique, wounded pride.
picque , pique , a pike, pike-man also a
*
pike [pique], debate, quarrel * Cot. The
— Fers. pistd, the pistachio-nut.
Pistil, in a flower. (L.) Named from
the resemblance in shape to the pestle of
a mortar. — L. pistillum a small pestle,
dimin. of an obsolete form *pis t rum, a
pestle. — L. pisttim, supine of pinsere to
( F. — L.) M. F. pound. -f-Gk. itrioaHv, Skt .push, to pound.
;
(^PIS.) See Pestle.
;
Pistol, a small hand -gun. (F. — Ital.)
F. pistole — Ital. pistola, ‘a dag or pistoll
’

same word as pike lit. ‘ a piercer,’ that

; .
;

which pierces. See Piko. Der. pique Florio. We also find M. Ital .pistolese 1 a ,

vb piqu-ant, pres. part, of F. piquer vb. ,

great dagger,’ in Florio and it is agreed ;

Piquet, a game at cards. (F. personal that the name was first applied to a
name ?) Littre says piquet was named dagger, and thence transferred to the pistol,
irom its inventor; but see Ilatzfeld. which even in FI was at first called a dag
Pirate. (F. — L. — Gk.) F .pirate. — L. (F. dague, a dagger). A
pistol is to a gun
pirdta. — Gk. vapar-qs, one who attempts, what a dagger is to a sword, p. The Ital.
one who attacks, a pirate. — Gk. ireipaoj, I pistolese ( — Late L pistolcnsis) means 1 be-
.

attempt. — Gk. neipa (for *7rep-ia), an longing to Fistola so also Ital. pistola
’
;

attempt. Sec Peril. is from Pistola now called Pistoja a town

,

Pirogue, a sort of canoe. (F. — W. in Tuscany, near Florence. The OldLat.

Indian.) I )efoe has periagua. — F. pirogue name of the town was Pistorium. See
(Span, piragua ). From the native W. Scheler.
Indian name said to be Caribbean.
; pistole, a gold coin of Spain. (F.—
Pirouette, a whirling round, quick Ital.) The name, however, is not Spanish,
turn. (F.) Y .pirouette, * a whirling about, but French, and the coins were at first
also a whirligig Cot. ;
Dimin. of the called pistolets. The name is of jocular
’

Guernsey word piroue a little wheel or origin. — F. pistolet a little pistol, also a
,

whirligig (Metivier). The latter part of pistolet ; Cot. Diez explains that the
the word simulates F. roue (L. rota), a crowns of Spain, being reduced to a smaller
wheel. Allied to M. Ital. pirolo, a peg, a size than the French crowns, were called
child’s top. Origin unknown. pistolets, and the smallest pistolets were
Pisces, the Fishes. (L.) L. pisces, pi. called bidets', cf. F. bidet, a small *

of pise is, a fish ; cognate with E. Pish. pistoll;’ Cot. — F\ pistole, a pistol; see
Pish! (E.) Of imitative origin; begin- above.
ning with expulsion of breath, and ending Piston. (F. — Ital. — L.) F\ piston , 1 a
in a hiss. pestell,’ Cot. also a piston. — Ital. pistone,
;

Pismire, an ant. (F. and E.) The a piston; pcstone, a large pestle. — Ital.
old name of the ant from the strong pestare, Late L. pis tare, to pound. — L.
;

urinous smell of an anthill. The first pistus, pp. of pinsere to pound. See
syllable is from F. pisser (below), p. The Pistil.
second is M. E. mire, an ant, prob. a Pit. (L.) M. E. pit, put ; A. S. pyU —
native word. Cf. Du. niter, M. Du. tniere, 1 s.puteus, a well, pit (Luke xiv. 5). Per-

394
 , , , , ,

PITAPAT PLAINTIFF
haps a spring of pure water, from L .putuSy Placable. (L.) L. pldcabilis easy to ,

pure, allied to purus see Pure.;

Dor. be appeased. — L. pldcdrey to appease.
pit, vb., to set in competition, from the Placard. (F. Du.) F. placard - .
,

setting of cocks to fight in a pit. plaquard 4 a placard, inscription set up ,

;

A Cot. — F.
1
Pitapat. (E.) reduplication of pat, also rough-cast on walls ;
weakened to pit in the former instance. plaquer , to rough -cast aKo to stick or ;

Pitch, (i ), a black sticky substance. (L.) paste on; Cot. 1 )u. plakkcn, to glue or —
M. K. pick ; older form pik A. S .pic. — I.. fasten up, formerly to plaister/ Hexham.
;
1

pic-, stem of pix, pitch. -f-Gk. maoa (for Prob. of imitative origin (Franck).
*7ritt-ya). Cf. Pine (1). Place. (F.— L.~ Gk.) F. place. -
Pitch (2), to throw, fall headlong, fix a Folk-L. *plattia L. platea also platPa, ; ,

camp. (L.) A palatalised form of pick to a broad way, a comtyard.— Gk. irKariia,
,

throw, Cor. i. 1. 204, esp. to throw a pike a broad way ; 1cm. of itXcitvs broad, A
or dart ;
also to plunge a sharp peg into place was orig. a courtyaul or square, a
the ground for fixing tents. M. K. piuhen pin zza. C f. 1 tal .piazza ( -- Y. place) . See
,

pt. t. piZite. (later ptgkt). See Pike. Plaice, Plate.

Pitcher. (F.-o. II. G.-L.) M.K. Placenta, a substance in the womb.
picker. — O. F. picker, also peckir Tvl F. (L.)
;
L. placenta lit. a flat cake.+Gk.
.
,

pickier, ‘ a pitcher ; a Languedoc word ’

nkanoiiSy a flat cake ; cf. 7rAaf, a fiat sur-
;

'ot. — O. II. G. pechiiri (G. beckcr). — I .ate face.

(

L. *biccarium, for L. bicurium, a wine- Placid. (F. — L.) F. placide ‘ calm

5

, ;

vessel ;
prob. from Gk. Pinos, (the same). Cot. — L. placidus, pleasing, gentle. — P.
See Beaker. placcrCy to please. See Please.
Pith. (K.) M. E. pithe. A.S pida } Plack, a third of a (Scotch) penny.
.

pith.-fDu. pit, M. Du. fitte, Low G. (Du.) From M. Du placke, ‘a French .

peddik. sous;’ Hexham. Also, ‘a spot.’ — M.

Pittance, a dole. (F.) M. E .pitaunce, Du. placke n, * to plaister ; see Placard. *

— F. pitance, ‘ meat, food, victuall of all Plagiary. (F. L.) F. plagiaire one — ,

sorts, bread and drinke excepted ; ’ Cot. who kidnaps ; also a book-theef ’ Cot. 1
;

Cf. Span .pitanza ; Ital. pictanza (which is — Yuplagidrim, a kidnapper. — L .plagium,

prob. corrupted by a supposed connexion kidnapping; plagidre, to ensnare. — L.
with pietd, pity) also Span pitar, to dis- plaga, a net.
; .

tribute or dole out allowances. p. Ducange Plague. (F.-L.) M.E.//<ar<p.-O.F.

explains Late L. pictantia as a pittance, plage , plague (F. plaic). L. pldga, a —
01 lg. a dole of the value of a picta which stroke, blow, injury, disaster.+Gk. rrArjyrj,
,

was a very small coin issued by the counts a blow, plague, Rev. xvi. 21, from nXjja-
of Poitiers (Piclava). y. Put we also find auv ( — *ir\i]Kyeiv), to strike cf. L. plung- ;

bate 1 j.pitlantia, which Thumcysen con- ere, to strike. Brtigm. i. § 569.

nects with Ital. pit-eito, F. pet-it , small, Plaice, a fish. (F. — L.) O. F. plaisc ,

allied to Piece. pin is. — I ..platessa, a plaice; so called from

Pity. (F. —10 M. E. pitce. — O. F. its flatness. From the base plat-, as seen
pile, pilct (12th cent.). — Tv. pietdtem , acc. in Gk. 7rAaTvy, fiat, broad cf. Place. ;

of pietds, devoutness. — L. pins devout. Plaid. (C.-L.) Gael, (and Irish)

Doublet, piety. Der. pite-ous for piaide y a blanket, plaid.
,
Allied to peal-
M. E. pito us, from O. F. ///^«j<Late L. laid, a sheep-skin. — Gael, (and Irish)
pietdsus, merciful. peally a skin. — L. pellis, a skin. See
Pivot, a pin on which a wheel, &c. Pell.
turns. (F. — Ital — L. ?) F. pivot. Formed, Plain, fiat, evident. (F.— L.) Y. plain.
with dimin. suffix - ot , from Ital. piva } a — planus tint. I

pipe. The Ital. piva meant (1 ) a pipe, (2) Plaint, a lament. (F. L.) M. E. —
a tube with fine bore cf. pivolo a peg. — pleinte. — O. F. pleinte. — Late L. planela,
; ,

Late L. pipa, a pipe ; allied to L. pipdre tor L planctus , lamentation. — 1*. planet us,
to chirp ; see Pipe, So Diez much pp. of plange re, to bewail
; See Plague.
disputed. plaintiff. (F. — L.) M. E. plaint if. -
Pixy, a fairy. (Scand.) Also picksy ; F plaint if ‘a plaintiff Cot. Formed .

Cornwall pisky. Of Scand. origin; cf. with suffix -if (L. -iuus)y from planctus ,
Swed. dial, pyske, a dwarf, goblin (Rietz). pp. of plangere (above).
395
 , , , , , , ; , , ; ;
,

PLAINTIVE PLATTER
plaintive. (F.-L.) F. plaintive , Dan. pladske (for
Cf. also G. platschen ,
fem. of F. plaintif ^ above). *platske), Swed. plaska (for *platska), to
%
Plait. (F.— L.) FromM. E.//a«7 sb., dabble ; from the Teut. base plat, to
,

a fold. — O. F. pleit, ploit , plet, a fold.— strike, seen in A. S. plattan to strike.

Late H type *plictum, for plic turn, short Plash (2), the same as Pleach.
form of plicituni by-form of L. plicattun, Plaster. (L. Gk.) M. E. piastre - ;

neut. of plicatus pp. of plicdix, to fold

,
A. S. plaster. [Also spelt plaister— O. F.
;

see Ply. Cf. Implicit ; and see Pleach. plaislrel] — L. emplastrum, a plaster for
Plan. (F.— L.) F. ‘ the ground- wounds, the first syllable being dropped.—
plat of a building;’ Cot. — F. plan, flat; Gk. €jjLTT\aarpov, a plaster, a form used by
learned form of F. plain. — L .planum, acc. Galen instead of (fxir\aorov, a plaster, neut.
of planus , flat. Properly, a drawing (for of tixirKaaros, daubed on or over. — Gk.
a building) on a flat surface. kfnrKdoofiv, to daub on. — Gk. €/*- (for <v),
plane (1), a level surface. (F. — L.) on 7T\daanv, to mould, form in clay or ;

F. plant, fem. of plan, flat (above). — L. wax. Here TTkaaotiv — *n\ar-yii.v allied
plana fem. of planus flat. to E .fold, vb.
plane (2), a tool also to render a sur-
; plastic. (L. Gk.) .plasticus. — Gk. — L
face level. (F. — L.) M. E. plane, a tool. rrXacrrucvs, lit for moulding. Gk. ir\daativ, —
— F. plane. — Late L. plana a tool for to mould (above).
planing. 2.We find also M. E. planen Plat ( 1 ), Plot, a patch of ground ; see
,

to plane. — ¥. planer. — L .pldnCu e, to plane. Plot (2).

— I,, planus, flat. Plat (2), to plait ; see Plait.
Plane (3 J, a tree. (F. — L. — Gk.) M.E. Platane, a plane-tree. (L. Gk.) L. —
plane. — F. plane. — L. piatan um, acc. of platan us. Gk. TiXaravos', see Plane (3). —
platanus, a plane. — Gk. TrAaravos, a plane Plate, a thin piece of metal, flat dish.
;

named from its spreading leaves. — Gk. (T\ L.) M. E. plate. O. F. plate pro- — — ;

Tr\arvs, wide, lirugm. i. § 444. perly the fem. of plat, flat. Late L. —
—
Planet. (F. L.— Gk.) M.E .planele. platta a lamina, plate of metal, fem. of
— O. F. planele. — L. planeta. — Gk. trAanJ- Folk-L. platius, flat. Cf. Span, plata
T^y, a wanderer also irKavrjs, a wanderer; plate, silver; but the Span, word was
;

the pi. v\avrjT€s means the wandering stars borrowed from French ; whence also Du.
or planets. —Gk. n\avdoyLai I wander.— Dan. plat , G. Swed. platt, flat.+Lithuan.
Gk. irXdvrj, wandering. platus, Gk. ir\arvs, broad ; Skt. prthus ,
Planisphere, a sphere projected on a large. (y^LET.)
plane. (L. and Gk., From L. planus, plateau, a flat space. (F.— L.) F.
flat; and E. sphere, of Gk. origin see plateau for O. F. platel, a small plate
; ,

Sphere. dimin. ofplat a plate. — M.plat, flat (above). ,

Plank, a board. ( F. — L.) M. K.planke. platform, a flat surface, level scaffold-

— N. F. (Picard) planke Norman planque ing ; formerly, a ground-plan, plan. (F. —
;

— h.planca , aflat board. Nasalised from L.) F. plateforme, a platform, modell; * ‘

the base plac-, flat see Placenta.

;
Cot. — F. plate, fem. of plat, flat ; forme ,
Plant. (L.) M
.M.plante. S.plante. form. A
See above and see Form. ;

— I , planta, a plant properly, a spreading

;
platina, a metal. (Span. F. L.) — —
sucker or shoot also, the sole of the foot. Span, platina named from its silvery ap-
; ;

From the base plat - ; see Place. pearance. —Span. plata, silver. Q.¥ .plate, —
plantain. (F.-L.) F. plantain.— hammered plate, also silver plate; see
L. plant dginein, acc. of plant ago, a plan- Plate.
tain. Named from its spreading leaf platitude. (F.— L.) F. platitude,
allied to Plant (above). flatness, insipidity. Coined from F. plat y
plantigrade, walking on the sole of flat see Plate. ;

the toot. (L.) From plant i-, for planta Platoon, a company of men. (F. L.)
, —
the sole or flat part of the foot grad-i, Earlier form peloton (Stanford). — F. pelo -
;

to walk. See Plant, Place. ton, a tennis-ball, also a group of men, a

Plash (1), a puddle, shallow pool. platoon. Dimin. of M. F pelote, a tennis- .

(E. ?) M.E. plasche Cf. M. Du. plasch ball see Pellet.

. .
;

a plash, pool plasschen in V water to

;
Flatter, a flat plate. (F.-L.) M.E.
plash or plunge in the water; Hexham. plater. A. F. Hater (Bozon). Formed —
39 6
 , , , , , ,
, , — y , L , ; ,-

PLAUDIT PLIGHT
(with suffix er) -
from O. F. plat, a plate ; Plelocene, more recent; Pleisto-
see Plateau. cene, most recent. (Gk.) From Gk.
Plaudit, applause. (L.) Formerly irkuoj-v, more, or ir\<ftrro-s, most and ;

plaudits or plaudity. — L. plaudite, clap tcatvos, recent,new. Tlktlcjv, n\ etaros are

your hands; 2 pers. pi. imp. of plaudere to comp, and superl. of iroXvs, much.
applaud. Plenary, full. (Late L.— L.) Late
Play, a game. (E.) M. E. play. A. S. L. plendrius, entire. — .plenus, full.+Gk.
plega , a game, sport also (commonly), a
;
vKrjpfjs, y, full; mpL-n\ij-pn, I fill.

tight, battle. Cf. A. S. plegian, to play, Allied to Full.

clap ; plegian mid handum, to clap hands. plenipotentiary, havingfull powers.
Not allied to plight (Franck). (L.) Coined from L. pleni-, for plena
Plea, an excuse. (F.— L.) M. E. plee, decl. stem of plena s, full and potenti ;

play. — A. F. plee (Bozon) O. ¥ pie, plai, ; .

for potens powerful ; with suffix - arius
y ;

occasional forms of O. F. plait plaid a , ,

see Potent.
plea. — Late \j.placitum, a decree, sentence, plenitude, fullness. (F.-L.) O.F.
&c. (with numerous meanings), orig. a plenitude. — L. plenitudo , fullness. L. —
decision, that which has seemed good. pleni- for plenus, full ; with suffix
L. placitum ncut. of placitus, pp. of
,
-tiido.
p lac?re to please. See Plead, Please.
, plenty, abundance. (F.— L.) M.E.
Pleach, Plash, to intertwine boughs plentee. — O. — L. pleni
F. plente , plentet.
in a hedge. (F. — L.) M.E. plechen tlitem, acc. . ofplenitas, fullness. — pleni-,
(). F. plescier, plessier, later plesser ‘to for plenus full. Der. plenteous M. E. , ,

plash, plait young branches,’ &c. ; Cot. plenteus, often spelt plentivous from O.F.
Late L. type *plectidre, later plessare to plentivos ; from O. F. plentif answering \

pleach. — Late L. type *plectia later to Late L. form plenitivus.

,

plessa a thicket of woven boughs. — L. Pleonasm. (L. -Gk.) h.pleonastnus.

plectere , to weave extended from base — Gk. irktovacrpibs, abundance. — Gk.
;

PLEK, to weave, whence also pliedre to nXfov&fa v, to abound, lit. to be more.—,

fold. See Ply. Gk. nkiov, neut. of rrkfcov, trkdajv, more,

Plead. (F. — L.) M. E. pleden. - O. F. comparative of nokvs, much, allied to
plaider to plead, argue. — O. F. plaid a
,
full. See Plenary.
plea see Plea.
; Plethora, excessive fullness, esp. of
Please. (F.— L.) M. E. plescn.— O.F. blood. (L. Gk.) L. plethora. — Gk. —
pie sir, plaisir, to please (F. plaire — L. irkrjOwprjy iullness. — Gk. irkijO-os, a throng,
.

placSre to please.
,
Allied to pldcdre , to crowd ; allied to rrkrjpTjs, full. See
appease. Der. plcas-anl from O. F. Plenary.
plesant pleasing, pres. pt. of plesir also
,
Pleurisy, inflammation of theplcura,oz
;

dis-p lease. membrane which covers the lungs. (F. — L.

pleasure. (F.-L.) An E. spelling - G k. ) F plcun'sie. — L. pleurisis also .

of F. plaisir , pleasure (like E. leisure for pleuritis. — Gk. irk^vpins, pleurisy. — Gk.
A.F. leisir). This F. sb. is merely the infin. nkfupdy a rib, side, pleura. Der. pleurit-
mood used substantively. — L. placcre see ic, from tt\ivpiT-is ; plcuro-pncumonia
;

Please. inflammation of pleura and lungs, from

Pleat, another form of Plait. TTVfvpuuv, a lung see Pneumatic. ;

Plebeian, vulgar. (F. - L.) O. F. Pliable, flexible. See Ply.

plcbeien (F. pUbtien formed, with suffix
) ; pliant. (F. L.) F. pliant, pres, pt —
-en (L. - anus ), from L. plebeius, adj., from of plier to bend ; see Ply. ,

plebes , more commonly plebs, the people. Flight fi), pledge; hence, as vb., to
Cf. Gk. rr\ij0os, a multitude. pledge. (E.) M. E. pliht, danger, also
—
Pledge, a security, surety. (F. O. Low engagement, pledge. A. S. pliht, risk,
G.) M7E. plegge , a hostage, security.— danger. Formed, with suffix -*(Idg. -/*-),
O. F. plege a surety (F. pleige). [Allied from the strong vb. pleon , (pp/eh-an),
to O. F. plevir , M. Y.pleuvir to warrant.] pt. t. pleah to risk; cf. pleoh , danger. +
— O. Sn x. plegan, to promise, pledge one- M. Du. plicht duty, debt, use plegen, to , ;

self; cf. 6. H. G. pflegan, to answer for be accustomed; G. pflichl, duty, from

(G. pflegen ), A. S. pieon, to risk, pleoh , O. 11. G. pjlegan (G. pflegen), to promise
risk (Franck). See Flight (l). or engage to do. Teut. root, *pleh
 , ,, , , ,,,. , ;

PLIGHT PLUMP
Der. plight vb., A. S. flihtan, weak borrowed from Late \j. piluccdre, whence
vb., from pliht, sb. Ital.piluccare to pluck out hair from L. ;

Plight as sb., a fold, also

(2), to fold
state, condition. (F. — L.) Misspelt. In
all these senses, the sb. was formerly M. E.
plite. — O. F. plite fern, (given as plyte
in Godefroy, pliste , plyte in Roquefort),
state, condition. — L. plicita, fern, of plici-
tus, pp. of pliedre, to fold. It is the fem.
of plait see Plait and Ply.
; Plum. (L. — Gk.) A. S. plume, a
Plinth, the lowest pait of the base of
a column. (F. — L. Gk. ; or L.-Gk.)
F. plinthe. — L. plinthus. — Gk. irX'ivQos, a
brick, plinth. Perhaps allied to Flint.
;
pi/us, a hair; see Pile (3). Der .pluck,
sb., a butcher’s term for the heart, liver,
and lights of an animal, whence mod. K.
pluck , courage, plucky, adj.
Plug. (Du.) M. Du .plugge, I)u. plug,
a peg, bung. Cf. Low G. plugge , Swed.
plugg, G. p/lock, a peg, plug.
plum ; formed (by change of r to /) from
— L. prunum, a plum. See Prune.
Plumage. (F. - L.) F. plumage,
1
feathers ; Cot. — F. plume — L. piurn a,
’
.

Plod. Orig. to splash through

(E.) a feather see Plume. ;

water or mud hence, to trudge on ; Plumb, a lead on a string, as a plum-

laboriously, toil onward. From M. E. met. (F. — L.) Formerly plomb-, M. E.
plod, a puddle. Cf. Irish plod, pi0 dan, plom. — F. plomb, Mead, a plummet;’
a pool plodach, a puddle, whence plod-
;
Cot. — L. plumbum, lead. Cf. Gk. iib\v-
anachd, paddling in water Gael, plod, ; (3 o$,6 \vp 8 os, lead.
fj.
Der. plumb, vb., to
plodan a pool. Also 1 C. Fries, pludern to
, ,
sound a depth plumb-er, sb., F .plombier.
;

splash about in water Dan dial, pluddcr, ; plumbago, blacklead. (L.) L. plum-
Dan. pladder mud. Of imitative origin ;
bago, a kind of leaden ore. — L. plumbum,
cf. Plash (1). lead (above).
Plot (I), a conspiracy. Short for Plume. (F. — L.) F. plume - L.
(F.) .

complot (?) for the loss of com-, cf. fence pluma, a small feather, down.
;
Allied to
for defence, sport for disport. — F. complot vb. See Fly. Brugm. i. § 681.
1
a complot, conspiracy Cot. Ot un- Plummet. (F.-L.) M. E. plom met.
;
’

known origin Korting, § 2053. p. Or, — O. F. plommct\ M. F. plo?nbet\ dimin.

;

more likely, short for plotform variant of of plomb, lead; see Plumb (above).
platform a map or plan see platform. (1), full, round, fleshy.
; (E. or Plump
For plotform, see Gascoigne, Art of Ve- O. Low G.) M. E. plomp rude, clownish ,

nerie, 40; and cf. plat, a map Mirror for also plump sb., a cluster or clump. The
\
,

Magistrates). word seems to be E., especially if the prov.

Plot (2), a small piece of ground. (E.) E plim, to swell out, is an allied verb.
M. E. plotte. Kings ix. 26.] Cf. plump to swell (Nares).+M. Du.
[Cf. plat, 2 ,

A. S. plot, a plot of ground Cockayne’s plomp clownish, dull (a metaphorical use,

; ,

Leechdoms, iii. 286. Note Dan. plet, as from the notion of thickness) E. Fries, ;

in grasp let, a grass -plat. and Low G. plump, bulky, thick; Swed.
Plough. (E.) M. E. plonk plow, Dan. G. plump, clumsy, blunt, coarse. ,

also A. pldh,'m the sense plot of land.’ See Plump (3). Der. plump-er, a kind
‘

E. Fries. plog.+ Du. ploeg Icel. plogr of vote (to swell out a candidate’s chances
;

a plough Swed. plog, Dan. plov also O. against all the rest).
; ;

Fries, ploch G. pfing. [Lithuan. plngas

, Plump 2 ) straight down ward ( F — ( , .
.

Russ, plug" are borrowed from T» utonic. L.) Formerly plum, plumb Milton, ] \

Plover, a bird. (F. -L.) M. \L plover. P. L. ii 933. — F. d plomb, downright (cf.

— O. F. plovier, later pluvier. kormed Ital. cadere a piornbo to fall plump, lit. ,

from I.. *plnudrius, equivalent to L. like lead). — Y. plomb, lead. — L. plumbum,

pluuialis rainy. — L. pluuia, rain;
,
see lead. See below, and see Plunge.
Pluvial. These birds were said to be mo 4 Flump (3), vb., to fall heavily down.
seen and caught in a rainy season whence (E. ?). Of imitative origin. Cf. E. Fries.
;

also the G. name regenpfeifer (rain-piper) plumpen, to fall heavily, plempen, to

Pluck, to snatch. (E.) E. pink ken. plunge into water M
so also Du. plompen, ;

A.S. pluccian, Matt. xii. i.+Du. plukken G. plumpen, $we<\. plumpa, to fall heavily.
Icel. plokka, plukka (perhaps borrowed), Under the influence of this word the form
Dan. plitkke Swed. plocka, G. pfliicken. plumb ‘straight downward,* has become
, ,

Some think it not a Teut. word but plump. See above. ;

?. 98
 ) , , , , + , ; ’

PLUNDER POET
Plunder, to pillage. (G.) G. plun- Pneumonia. (Gk.) Gk. irvtvfiovia,
dern, to steal trash, to pillage from disease of the lungs. — Gk. irvtvfxov-, stem
;

plunder trumpery, trash,

sb., baggage, of nyajpcuv, for vkfvficvy, a lung, by a false
lumber ; orig. of Low CL origin cf. M. ;
connexion with irvtuv, to breathe (above).
l)u. plunderen, p louderen, to pillage, con- The Gk. •nXtv^v is allied to L. pulmo a ,

nected with Low G. plunnen plunden , E. ,

lung Lith. plauczei pi. the lungs.
; ,

Y ries.plunde, pliinne rags, worthless house- Poach (1), to dress eggs. (F. — O. Low
hold stuff. lienee to plunder is to strip a G. ?) Formerly poch. — Y. pocher\ Cot.
house even of its least valuable contents. gives ‘ ceuf pocht, a potched (poached) egg.’
Plunge. (F.-L.) F. plonger ‘to ,
The orig. sense was prob. ‘a pouched
plunge, dive;’ Cot. Formed from a Late egg, an egg so dressed as to preserve
i- e«
L. *plumbic are , not found, but verified by it in the form of a pocket. — F. poche a ,

Picard plonqucr to plunge see Diez, s. v. ;

pocket; see Pouch. See Scheler’s ex-
piombare. A frequentative form from L. planation.
plumbum lead ; cf. piombare to
Ital. , Poach (2), to intrude into preserves.
throw, hurl, fall heavily like lead, from (F. — L. ) M . F .pocher C ot. explains pocher
;

piombo ,
lead. See Plump (2). le labeur d'au/ruy by to poch into, or ‘

Pluperfect. (L.) Englished from L. incroach upon, another man’s imploiment,

pius qua mperfectum by giving to /to the , practise, or trade.’ The old sense was to ‘

F. pronunciation, and dropping quarn. thrust or dig out with the lingers/ Cot. (if
The lit. sense is more than perfect/ 1
this be the same word) or rather, to put ;

applied to a tense. — L. plus more quam, the thumb into. Cf. prov. Pi. poach to
, ; ,

than perfection, perfect. See Perfect.

; tread into holes Picard pocher tater un ; ,
‘

Plural. F. - L.) M. E. plural - O. F. fruit avec le pouce, peuc her, ‘presser avee
(
y

plurel (F. pluriel ). — L. piin alls, plural, le pouce Corblet. Perhaps from L. ;
’

expressive of more than one. — L. plur pollicem acc. of pollex the thumb; cf. , ,

stem of plus more. Allied to Gk. -nkticuv, O. F. pochicr ponder the thumb.
, But ,

more, irkiajs, full ; and to Plenary, partly from Poke (2).

llrugm. ii. § 135. Pock (1), a pustule. (E.) Small pox =-
Plurisy, superabundance. (L. mis- small pocks where pocks is pi. of pock. ;
,

formed.) Shak. uses plurisy to express M. E. pokke a pock, pi. pokkes. A. S. poc ,
,

plethora; so also Massinger and Ford. a pustule. Pi. Fries, pok, pokke Du. pok, ;

Formed from L. pluri fiorn plus more, G. poche a pock. Cf. Gael, pucaid a , ,
,

by an extraordinary (prob. a jocular) con- pimple, Irish pucaid a pustule, pucadh a

, ,

lusion with pleurisy. swelling up, Gael, poc to become like a bag ,

Plush. F. — L ) {
F. peluchcy shag, (from Pi.). ‘

plush;’ Cot. (Cf. Span pehtsa, nap, Ital. Pocket, a small pouch. (F. — Scand.)
.

peluzzo soft down.)

, From the fern, of a M. E. poket. — Norman dial. *poquettc,
1 ,ate L. form *pi/uceus, hairy, not found. — dimin. of O. Norman poque (see Norman
L. //to, hair. See Perruquo, Pile (3). dial, pouque Metivier), the same as F. ,

Pluvial, rainy. (F.-L.) F. pluvial. poche a pocket, pouch. — Icel. poki, a bag ,

— 1 pluiiidlis rainy. — L. pluttia rain. — cf. M. Du. poke, a bag (Hexham). See
, ,

L. plu-it, it rains. Cf. Skt./to, to swim. Poke (1).

From Idg. *//«, weak grade of -y'PLEU, to Pod, a husk. (Pi.) Of doubtful origin.
swim cf. Gk. irktetv, to swim.
; Cf. M. Du. puden, Miuskes/ Hexham;
Ply. (F. — L.) M. YL.plien to bend, to Westphal. puddek, a lump, a pudding;
mould as wax (hence, to toil at). — F. plier Low G. puddig, thick prov. E. poddy , ; ,
‘
to fould, plait, ply, bend
;
Cot. — L. ///- fat and round puddle short and fat. See
*
; ,
to*, to fold.+Gk. ir\cic€iv, Russ, pleste, Pudding and Pout.
G. flechten to weave, plait.
, (-^PLEK.) Poem. (F. — L. — Gk.) M.Y .poeme, Cot.
Der. pliant bending, from E. pliant
,
— L. poema. — Gk. irotTjjia, a work, com- ,

pres. pt. of plier pli-ers or ply-ers pincers position, poem. — Gk. noitiv, to make.
; ,

for bending wire; p liable (F. pliable').

poesy. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. poesie.
Pneumatic. (Gk .) Gk. irvtvfuiTiKbsj — M. F. poesie.— L. poesin acc. of poesis, ,
relating to wind or air. — Gk. nvedfia (stem poetry. — Gk. noiTjat a composition, poem.
s,
nvfv/MT -) , wind, air. — Gk. irvttiv (for — Gk. irotfiv to make.
,

wif-w), to blow. Allied to Neese. poet. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. Y.poete. - L.

399
 ;. , ., e ,
.; , ,,

POIGNANT POLL
poita. — Gk,iro«7T77s,amaker. — Gk. rroin-v, hen, because the pole-cat slays capons ; see
to make; with of the agent.
suffix -tijs Chaucer, C. T. 12789. Cf. the pronuncia-
Poignant. (F.-L.)
F. poignant ,
tion of poul-try from A. F. poletrie and
, ;

stinging, pres. part, of poindre, to prick.— see Catchpoll.

\a. pungere, to prick. Polemical, warlike. (Gk.) From
point. (F. - L.) M. E. point. - O. F. Gk. iru\c jAifcoSy warlike. — Gk. 7roAf/ioy,
— L. punctum. war.
point , poind, a point, prick.
Sometimes from F. pointe — L. pumta. Police. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. police, ong.
,
f.

Both from the pp. of ptingere (above). civil government. — L. politia. — Gk. no\t-
Poise, Peise, to balance, weigh. (F. Tfia, polity, government. — Gk. TroXiTrjs,
— L.) M. E. poise n, pcisen. — O. F. poise r, a citizen. — Gk. woA is, a state, city. Re-
later peser, to weigh A. F. peiser. — L. lated to 7to\vs, much
; cf. Skt. purl, a ;

pensdre to weigh. Allied to O. F. pois, town.

,
Der. polic-y, O. F. policie < L.
A. F. peis a weight (now misspelt poids, politia poht-ic, from Gk. ttoXitlkos, adj.
, \

from a notion of its being derived from L. Der. acro-polis, metro-polis cosmo-polite. ,

pondus which is not the case). — Late L.

y Policy, a wan ant for money in the
pensum, pensa, a portion, weight L. pen- funds, a contract of insurance. F. — Late *, (

suniy a portion weighed out to spinners, a L. — Gk.) Confused with policy from ,

task. — L.pensus, pp. of pender to weigh. police, with which it has nothing to do. —
t

See Pendant. F. police (Hamilton; cf. M. Ital. potiza, a

Poison. (F. L.) F. poison, poison. — schedule, P'lorio). — Late L. politician ,
—
L. pot i one m, acc. of patio, a draught, esp. poledicwn , corruptions of polyptychum, a
a poisonous draught see Potion. register (a common word Dueange). — Gk.
; ;

Poitrel, Peitrel, armour for a horse’s iro\vnTvxov a piece of writing in many

bi east. ( F. — L.) M Y.poitral Cot; A F. folds, hence a long register ,
orig. neut. . ;

peitral. - L. pectordle neut. of pectordlis of no^inrTvxos, having many folds. — Gk. ,

belonging to the breast. See Pectoral. ttoAv-, much tttvxo-, crude form of rrruf ;

Poke it)? a bag, pouch. i^Scand.) M. a fold, connected with irTvaafiu,

leaf, layer,
E. poke. [Cf. A. S. *poca, pace a, pohha, to fold up. (Supp. to Diez.) P- Better
poheha poha, a bag.] — Icel. poki
, ;
M, Du. thus: the Port, form apdlice M. Span. ,

poke, a bag. p6li$a, M. Ital. puliza pUisa, prob. repre- ,

Poke (2), to thiust, push. (E.) M. E. sent Late L. apodissa, apddixa , cautio de ‘

poken pukken (whence Irish poc, a blow,

,
sumpta pecunia;’ Due. Cf. Poit. apodixe,
kick, Corn, poc, a shove, Gael, puc, to a plain proof. — Late Gk. an 65 €i£ts, a shew-
push). -f Du. poken E. Fries, pokern ing forth, a proof. — Gk. airoSeUi'vniy I point ,

frequent., to keep on poking about out. — Gk. dwo, from, forth; ddtevv^ty I
Pomeran. poken', G. pochen. From Teut. shew. (Korting, § 6258.)
base *puk ; of imitative origin. Der. Polish, to make smooth. (F. - L.) F.
pok-er. poliss-y stem of pres. pt. of polir. — L.
Pole (1), a large stake. (L.) M. E. poll re, to make smooth.
pole formed (by usual change of d to d)
, polite- (L.) L. polities, polished pp. ;

from A. S. pal, a pale, pole. — L, pains, of police to make smooth (above). ,

a stake; see Pale (1). Politic ; see Police.

Pole (2), a pivot, end of earth’s axis. Polka, a dance. (^Polish.) Said to
( F. — L. — Gk. O. F. pot — L. polunl , a cc. have been first danced by a Bohemian
)
of palus. — Gk. iroAos, a pivot, hinge. — Gk. peasant-girl in 183,1 and to have been ,

irekctVy to be in motion allied to Russ. named polka at Prague in 1835. — Pol.

;

koleso, a wheel. Q EL.) J3rugm. i. § <S - 2 Polka, a Polish woman. Another dance
Pole-ax, a kind of ax. (L. and E.) is called the Polonaise, with the same
From pole and ax. Cf. Westphal. pal-exe, literal sense another the Cracovienne lit. ; ,

from p&ly a pole. But formerly poll-ax a woman of Cracow ; another the Mazur-
from the Low G. pollexe from polle the ka, q. v. ,

poll, the head. See, accordingly, Polo (1) Poll, the head, esp. the back part (O.
and Poll. Low G.) Hence it means also a register
Polecat, a kind of weasel. (Hybrid.) of heads or persons, a voting-place, &c.
M. E. polcaty where cat is the ordinary M. K. pol a poll pol bi pol head by head, , ; ,

word; also pulkat. From F. poult, a separately. — Low G. polle M. Du. polle ;

400
 \ , , ; , L ;
;;
,

POLLEN PONDER
pol ,
boly head or pate/ Hexham ; Swed.
1
figure. (Gk.) Gk. troXls*, many *tfipov 9 ;

dial, jntll Dan. puld ^for puli'). Cf. E. for Upa, a base, from the base iB-, to sit
Fries. poly round, full, fleshy. Der. poll, see Sit.
to cut off the hair of the head. Also polynomial. (Gk. and 'Ll) Coined
poll-ard, a tree that is polled, leaving a to go with binomial.** Gk. ttoAv-, many
large knobby head ; also, formerly, a L. ndmen, a name, term.
clipped coin. Polypus, Polyp, an aquatic animal of
Pollen. (L.) L .
pollen, pollis, fine the radiate type. (L. — Gk.) polypus.
flour. Cf. Gk. iraXt], fine meal. — Gk. noXvnovs, many-footed. — Gk. itoXvt,
Pollock, Pollack, a fish. many; itovi, a foot, Cf. F. polype
(E.) Prob. ,

from E. poll ;
cf. ,
which
a Ital. and Span, polipo, L. polypUs (gen.
E. pollard is
name of the chub. See pollard under polypi) all false forms, due to treating the
,

Poll. Hence Irish pullog, a pollock Lat. ending -pus as if it were -p-iis ; .

Gael, pollag, a whiting. (Doubtful.) polysyllable. (Gk.) From poly- and

Pollute. (L.) L. pollfitus, pp. of syllable Cf. Gk. voXvavXXa^o^, adj.
.

polluere, to defile. Orig. to wash over, polytheism. (Gk ) From poly- and
as a flooded river. — L. pol-, allied to theism .

O. Lat. por towards; lucre, to wash; Pomade, Pommade. (F.-Ital.—

see Lave. L.) F. pommade, pomatum ; so called
Polo, a game. (Baltl.) It comes from
*
because orig. made with apples. — Ital.
Balti polo being properly, in the language
;
pomada pomata ‘ a pomado to supple
, ,

of that region, the ball used in the game/ one’s lips, lip-salve/ Florio. — Ital. porno
Yule. Haiti is in the high valley of the an apple. — L. pdmum, an apple, fruit.
Indus. Pomander, a globe-shaped box for
Polony, Bologna sausage.
a (Ital.) holdingointmentsorperfumes. (F. — .and
Ital. Bologna where they were made Arab.) Spelt pomander 8 );powaunder
(Evelyn). (Skelton). C(. M.Y. pomendier, a pom- ‘

Poltroon, a dastard, lazy fellow. (F. —
Ital. — L.) F pollf on, a sluggard; Cot.
.
— Ital. poltronc, a varlet, coward, sluggard;
cf. poltrate, to lie in bed. Ital. poltro , a
1
bed, couch ; orig. ‘ a colt/ also a varlet/
aundef;’ Palsgrave (prob. from E.)
and note M. Span, potna a pomander
(Minsheu), which is a fern, form, from
— pomo an apple, p. The suffix - ander is
for arnbre, amber. We find pomttin ambre
‘

Florio. Cf. F. potilre a beam, M. F. ,

for the pestelence’; MS. Harl. 237 8,
poutre, 1 a filly/ Cot. — Late L. pullitrum, p. 324, in Medical Works of the 14th
acc. of pullitrus, a colt ; Due —I. pullus, cent., cd. Henslow, p. 122. Cf. O. F.
a colt, foal. See Foal. For change of pamme d'ambre (Rom. Rose, 21008). — L.
sense, Pulley, Chevron.
cf. pdmttm an apple and see Amber.
, ;

Poly-, many. (L. — Gk.) L.poly-. — Gk. Pomegranate. (F. — L.) Q.F.pome
irv Au-, deck stem of iroXvs, much. +
Skt. grenate (also turned into pome de grenate
pttru much. Allied to Full. by confusion of the sense"! ; the same as
polyanthus, a flower. (I — Gk.) L. Ital. pomo granaio. — L. pdmum an apple
.. ,

polyanthus. — Gk. rroXvavOos y many-flow- grdndtum, full of seeds, from gran um, a
eral. — Gk. -noXv-, many; av$os, flower. grain, seed; see Grain.
polygamy. (F. — L. — Gk.) Y.poly - pommel, a knob. (F. — L.) M. E.
gamie. — L. polygamia. — Gk. voXvyapia, a pomel a boss. — O. F. pom el (later pom- ,

marrying of many wives. — Gk. 7roAt/-,mueh: ineau\, a pommel; lit. small apple.’ (

-7a.\xia, from yap-os, marriage. Dimin. from L pdmum, an apple. .

polyglot, speaking many languages. Pomp. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. pompe. — L.

(Gk.) Attic Gk. iroA^Aa^rroj.— Gk.iroAi/-, pompa. — Gk. nofinrj, a sending, escorting,
much, many; yXcurra — y\ wesea, tongue, solemn procession. — Gk. to send,
language see Gloss. ; Pond. (E.) M. E. pond, variant of
polygon, a many-sided plane figure, pound, an enclosure ; it means a pool
(L.-Gk.) —
L polygdnum. Gk. itoAt/- formed by damming up water; see Pound
yojtfov, neut. of rtoxdy&irw, having many (2). Cf. Irhh pant, (l) a pound, (2) a
angles. — Gk.iroAd-, many; ywia, a ft angle, pond.
from y6 w
a knee. , Ponder, to weigh in the miiid, con-
polyhedron, a many-sided solid sider. (L.) L. ponderate, to Weigh. - L.
401
 , , , a
, , ;

PONENT PORCELAIN
ponder for *pondes~, hinder part of a ship. Or F. poupe
stem of pondus a
weight. — L. pendere
from Ital. poppa, poop ; Hatzfeld.
,
to weigh. See is
Pendant. Poor. (F. — L.) From M.E. poure
Ponent, western. ( F. — L.) M.Y.ponent, ( = povre ), poor. — O. F. povre poor. — L. ,

‘the west;* Cot. — L. ponent -, stem of pauperem acc. oi pauper see Pauper. , ;

pres. pt. of pdnere, to lay, hence to set (as Pop. (E.) ‘To poppe coniectare;* ,

the sun). See Position. Levins. Of imitative origin allied to ;

Poniard. (F.-L. with G. suffix.) F. M. E. pottpen, to blow a horn; also to

;

poignant, a dagger. — F. poing (O. F. Puff.

poign the fist; with suffix -ard< G. hart
, Pope, the father of a church, bishop ot
(lit. hard). [So also Ital. pugnale , a Rome. (L. — Gk.) M. E. pope A. S. ;

poniard, from piigno fist Span, puiial a papa pope, with the usual change from a
, ; , ,

poniard, from puno fist, handful, hilt.] — to 0. — L. papa pope, father see Papal.
, , ;

fist. See Pugnacious. Popinjay, orig. a parrot. (F. — Bava-

Pontiff. (F.-L.) M. F. pontif ; F. rian and L. with modified suffix.) M. E. ;

pontifc. — L. pontifex, a Roman high- popingay, also spelt papeiay v = papejay).

priest lit.
;
‘
a path-maker ’ or ‘ road- The n is inserted as in passe-n-ger messe-n- ,

maker,’ but the reason for the name is ger. — E. papegai ‘ a parrot or popinjay ;
’
,

not known. — L. ponti representing Cot. Cf. Span, papagayo Port, papagaio , ,

path, a bridge facet ? to make. Of. Gk. a parrot; (whence Arab, babaghd a parrot),
; , ,

TTuvTos, sea. Brugm. i. § 140. p. But there is also O. F. papegau , a

Pontoon. (F. — L. -C.) F. ponton parrot (1 3th cent.), Ital. papagallo, a parrot,
a lighter, bridge of boats, ‘a wherry/ lit. a talking cock
*
and this is the older
;
’

Cot. — L. pontdnem, acc. of ponto a boat, form. [The change was due to the sub-
bridge of boats. The word is of Celt, stitution of jay (F. gai, geai) for ‘cock/
origin ; see Punt. because the jay seemed to come nearer
Pony. — L.) Cf. Gael, ponaidh, a
(F. than a cock to the nature of a parrot. Cf. ]

little horse, a pony; vulgar Irish poni, Bavarian pappel a parrot, from pappeln to
, ,

both borrowed from English. Lowl. Sc. chatter (— E. babble). similar name A
powney — O. Y.poulenet a little colt (Code-
.
,
is Lowl. Sc. bubblyjock (i. e. babble-jack),

froy' ; dimin. o i poulain, a colt, foal. — Late a turkey-cock.

L. acc. pulidnum , a young horse. — L. Poplar, a tree. (F.-L.) O. Y.poplier \

pull-us a foal cognate with E. Foal.

, ;
F. peuplier. Formed with suffix -ier ( — L.
Poodle, a dog. 'G.) G. pudel a ,
-arms) from O. F. *pople later peuple, ,

poodle Low G. pudel pudel-hund, allied

;
,
a poplar. — L. populum, acc. of pup ulus, a
to Low G. pudeln to waddle, used of fat ,
poplar.
persons and short-legged animals. Cf. Low Poplin. (F.) F. popeline, a fabric; at
G. pitdel-dikk unsteady on the feet ,puddig,
,
firstcalled papeline, A. n. 1667 (Littre).
thick. Allied to Pudding. [Therefore not from Poppeling or Popper-
Pooh. (F.) M. Y. pouac, * faugh/ Cot. ingen, near Ypres, in \V. Flanders; as in
Cf. Icel./», pooh. Of imitative origin. N. and Q. 6 S. vi. 305.]
Pool (0, a small body of water. (E.) Poppy. (I ..'1 A. S. popigy also popecg\
M. K. polj pool. A. S. pol [ Irish poll pull, ; ,
from L. pap duer, a poppy (with change of
a hole, pit ; Gael, poll a hole, pit, bog, ,
suffix).
pool ; W. pwll, Corn, pol Manx poyl, ',
Populace. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. popu-
Yret.poull, a pool]. -f- Du. poel G. p>fuhl, , lace. —
popolazzo, popolaccio
Ital. the ‘

grosse, vile, common people ; Florio. —

9
O. H. G. pfuol. Teut. type *poloz cf. ;

Lith. bald a swamp. (The Celtic forms

, Ital. popolo, people. L. acc. populum. —
are borrowed.) The suffix -accio is depreciatory,
Pool (2), receptacle for the stakes at popular. (F.— L.) F. populaire. — L.
cards. (F. — L.) F. poule, (1) a hen, (2) populdris from populus, the people.
, adj.,
a pool, at various games ; the stakes being Porcelain. (F.-Ital. — L.) Named
the eggs to be got from the hen. — Late L. from the resemblance of its polished surface
pulla a hen fem. of L. pullus a young
; ,
to that of the univalve shell with the same
animal ;
see Foal. name. — F. porcelaine, pourcelaine the ,
*

Poop. — L. or F. — Ital. — L.) F.

(F. ;
purple-fish, the Venus-shell Cot. — Ital. ;
*

poupe,pouppe. — L .puppim, acc. of puppis ,

porcellana , *
the purple-fish, a kind of fine

402
 ,, , , , ,, , a , ,

PORCH PORTCULLIS
earth, whereof they make porcellan porpeys. — O. F. porpeis , a porpoise; now
. .

dishes;’ Florio. p. The shell is named obsolete (except Guernsey pourpeis ), and
from the curved shape of its upper surface, replaced by marsouin borrowed from G.
like a pig’s back. — Ital. porcella, a pig, meer-sclnvein (mere-swine). For *po?\-
dimin. of porco, a hog, pig. — L. poreurn, peis. — b. porc-um, acc. of porcus a pig , ;

acc. of porcus, a pig. See Pork. piseem, acc. of piscis, a fish. See Pork
Porch. (F. — L.) F. porehe. — I,, por- and Fish.
ticum acc. of portieus a gallery, porch , Porridge. (F.) Another form of ;

formed, with suffix -icus, from L. port-a pottage, which first became poddige (as
a door; see Port (3). preserv ed in Craven poddish ) and afterwards
Porcine, pig- like. i'L.) L port -hi its, porridge, just as the Southern E. erris/i is
.

adj., from porc-us a pig see Pork. ;

corrupted from eddish A.S. edisc ), stubble. (

Porcupine. (F.-L.) M.K

.porkepyn Similarly pot/anger (Palsgrave) was an old ,

3 syllables. — O. Y pore espin , Godelroy

.
form of porringer. Cotgrave has pot age,
;
‘

(now called porc-dpic \ [So also Span. pottage, poriidgc.’

pucreo espin, Ital porco spinoso.] — O. F. porringer. (F.) Formed from porrige
pore a pig
,
espin , by-form of espine a ( - porridge) by inserted n, as in messenger
;

spine, prickle. — I porc-u m, acc. of porous (F. messager ; with E. suffix -er. It means
\
')

spina a thorn; see Spine. But mod. a small dish for porridge (above).
Y. pore-epic was formerly /wr derived Port ( % demeanour. (F. — L.) M. E. 1

from spica spike, not spina, a thorn.

,
We
port. — F. port, the carriage, or demeanor ‘

also find 1C. porpin, short for porkepin of a man Cot. sb. due to the verb
; ;
’
A
whence porpint altered to porpoint, pork- porter, to carry. — L. port are, to carry.
,

point whence porpent-ine all these forms Allied to Fare. (V BER.) Der. port,
; ;

occur. vb., as ‘to port arms;’ and (probably)

Pore (O, a minute hole in the skin. (F. ‘ to port the helm ’ port-ed, P. 1 ,. iv. 980. ;

— L. — Gk ) F. pore. — L. ponun a cc. o f Also port-er, a beaier of a burden, sub-

. ,

poms. — Gk. 7ropoy, a passage, pore. A

lied stituted forM.Ii. portour, from Y .portcur.
1

to Fare. (V PER.) Hence porter, the name of a strong malt-

Pore (2), to look steadily, gaze long. liquor, so called from being the favourite
( 1 C.) M. E. poren. Cf. North Fries, porre, drink of London porters (1730) portfolio , ;

to stick, stir, provoke, IC. Fries, puren, a case large enough to carry folio paper
purren to stick, thrust, bore, stir, vex
,
in (cf. E. porte-feuille ), port-mautcau, E.
;

Low G. purren, to poke about, clean out portemantcau, see Mantle, Mantua port- ;

a hole, Du. porren to poke; Swed. dial. ly. port-Ii-ness.

pora, pura, para, to work slowly and Port (2% a harbour. (L.) M. E. port.
gradually, to do anything slowly (Rietz) A. S. port — 1 .. portus, a harbour; cognate
;

Norw. pora, to finger, poke, stir, thrust. with E. Ford. Closely allied to Port (3 '.
The idea seems to be that of poking about Brugm. i. § 514.
slowly, hence to pore over a thing, be slow port (3\ gate, entrance. (F. L.) F. —
about it. We
also find Gael, purr, to porte. — porta a gate. Allied to Gk.
push, thrust, drive, urge, Irish purraim, irupos, a ford, way; see above. Der.
I thrust, push fiom M. E pouren, poren port-er Y portier, L. porta rius ; port- at,
; . ;
,
.

cf. Lowl. Sc .porr, to stab. O. F. portal Late L. portdle.

Pork. ( F. — L. ) F. pore. — L. porcum port (4), a dark wine. (Port. — LA
acc. of porcus, a pig.+Lithuan. parszas Short lor Oporto wine. — Port. 0 porto i. e. ,

Irish ore (with usual loss of /), A. S.fearh, the harbour; where o is the def. art. (

a pig (whence E. farrow ). Brugm. i. Span, lo — L. ilium), and porto is from L.

§ 486. portum , acc. of portus, a harbour.
Porphyry. ('F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. portal ; see port (3) above.
porphurie , answering to an O. F. form portcullis . ( F. - L.) E. portcollsc. M .

*porpliyrie which Cotgrave gives only in — O. F. porte eoletee ( 1 3th cent.), later forte
,

the form porphyre. — L. porphy rites. — Gk. coulisse , or coulisse, a portcullis, lit. sliding
iropcpvpirrjs porphyry, a haul rock named
,
door. — b. forta, a door ; Late L. *cd/dticia,
from its purple colour. — Gk. 7roptyvpa, the (sc. porta), from coldtus, pp. of cdldre to ,

purple-fish. See Purple. flow, glide, slide; see Colander and

Porpoise, Porpess. (F.-L.) M. E. Cullis. We find the Late L. forms cold-
403
 L , ; ; , , ,,,
; ; , ;

PORTE POST
dissus, coldcius ,
effectually as to restrict F. pondre («L.
porta cdlacia, port-cullis ;

from the same source. pdnere) to the sole sense 4 to lay eggs,’
orte, the Turkish government. (F. whilst in all compounds it thrust it aside,
E .) The Sublime Porte is a F. transla- so that compausdre (F. composer) usurped
tion of Babi AH, the chief office of the the place of L. componere, and so on
Ottoman government, lit. ‘ high gate ’ throughout. Ilut note that, on the other ;

(Arab, bab, gate, ally , high). — F. porte

*
hand, the sb. position (with all derivatives'!
a gate. — L. porta, gate; see port (3) isveritably derived from the pp. of pdnere ;
above. see Position ;
and seeBepose.
Portend. (L.) L. portendere to pre- , Pose (2), to puzzle by questions. (F.—
dict; lit. to stretch out towards, point L. and Gk.) M. E. apposen, to question;
out. — por- (O. Lat. port-), towards;
. not really — F. apposer , but substituted
tendere to stretch.
,
Der. portent O. F. , for M. E. opposen, to oppose, hence, to
portent, L. portentum, neut. of pp. of por- cross-question see Oppose, ; Confused
tehdere. with appose, because of apposite , which
Porter (1), a carrier see Port (1).
;
see. See Appose in N. E. 1 ).
Porter (2), a gate-keeper see Port ; Pose (3), a cold in the head. (C.) In
( 3 )- Chaucer. A. S. gepos, a cough (where
Porter (3), a kind of beer ;
see Port ge- is a mere prefix). Borrowed from W.
(i ’• peswek or pds, a cough; allied to Irish
Portesse, Portous, a breviary. (F. casachdas Russ, kashele, prov. E. hoast,
,

— L.) M. E. portous porthors. ,

— O. F. a cough, Skt. has, to cough. (^/QAS.)
portehors a translation of the Latin name Position. (F . 1 — 0
F. position — L. .

portiforium. — F. porter to carry; hors ,

positionem , acc. of positio, a placing. — L.
forth (O. F. fors). — L. porta re, to carry; posit us, pp. of pdnere, to place, p. Pdnere
foris, abroad. is for po-sinere where po- stands for an
,

Portico. fltal. — L.) Ital. portico. — L. old prep. and sinere is to allow
, see ;

porticum acc. of porticus see Porch.

,
Site, Quite distinct from pose (1).
Portion. OF.-L.) F. portion. -L. positive. (F.-L.) F. posit if. - L.
acc. portionem, a share, from portio ; positiuus, settled. — L. posit-us, pp. of
closely allied to part-, stem of pars a part. ,
pdnere, to set, settle.
Hrugm. i. § 527. Posse. (L.) L. posse, infin. to be able
Portly ; see Port (r). used as sb., meaning ‘ power/ See Potent.
Portrait. (F. — L.)
M. F. pourtraict, Possess. (L.) L. possessus, pp. of
Cot. — M. F. pourtraict
1
‘
a pourtrait ,
possidere, to possess. The orig. sense was
pourtrait, pp. of pourtraire to portray ‘ to remain master.’ —
I.. pot-, as in pot-is,
(below). able, having power; sedere, to sit. Cf.
portray, ponrtray. (F. - L.) M. E. Potent.
pourtraien. — O. F. portrain, pourtraire Posset, a warm curdled drink. (F.)
to portray. — Late L. protrahere to depict M. E. possyt. — M. F. possette i a posset of
L .protrahere, to draw forward, to reveal. ale and mylke/ Palsgrave. Origin un-
— L. prd, forth ; trahere, to draw. See known cf. L. posca, sour wine and water.
;

Trace (1). [Irish pusoid, a posset, W. posel, curdled

Pose (1), a position, attitude. (F. — L. milk, posset, are borrowed from E.]
— Gk. ) Modern but important. — F. pose,
; Possible. ( F. - L.) F. possible. - L.
attitude. — F. poser, to
place, set. — Late L. possibilis that may be done. Cf. L. posse ,
,

pausdre to cease
,
also to cause to rest ; to be able see Potent.
;

(substituted for L. pdnere, the sense of Post ( 1), a stake set in the ground. (L.)
which it took up). — L. pausa, a pause.— M. E .post A. S. post. — L. post is, a post.
Gk. iraverts, a pause. — Gk. iravtiv to make , Perhaps something firmly fixed. — L.postus,
to cease; iravtcOat, to cease, One of short for positus, pp. of pdnere, to set.
the most remarkable facts in F. etymology See Position.
is the extraordinary substitution whereby post (2), a military station, a public
Late L. pausdre, coming to mean ‘ to letter-carrier, stage on a road. (F. Ital. —
cause to rest/ usurped the place of L. L.) Orig. a military post ; then a fixed —
pdnere , to place, with which it has no place on a line of road, a station ; then a
etymological connexion. This it did so stage, also a traveller who used relays of
4°4
 ; . , , , , , ,,
;
’ , , ; , ;

POST* POTION
horses, &c.— F. poste masc., a carrier, postscript. (L.) L. postscript,
messenger ; fem., posting, a riding post. — that written after. — L. post after;
which is ,

ltal. posta. — Late L. postus , fem. posta, scriptum neut. of pp. of scribere, to write.
a post, station. — L. posit us, pp. oi ponere Postulate, a self-evident proposition.
to place. (L.) L. postulatum, a thing demanded
Post-, prefix, (L.) Impost, after, behind, (and granted) ; neut. of pp. of postuldre ,
post-date ; from post and date. to demand. Derived from poscere , to ask.
posterior, hinder. (L.) L. posterior ,
Brugm. §§ 483(7), 502.
i.

comp, of posterns coming ,

after. — L. post, Posture. (F. L.) F. posture. — L.—
after. Der. posterior-s, i. e. posterior posit lira, arrangement. —I., positus, pp. of
parts. ponere, to put. See Position.
posterity. (F.-L.) M.F .posterity - Posy. (F.— L.—Gk.) In all its senses,
L. posteritdtem, acc. of posteritas, futurity, it is short for poesy . It meant a short
posterity. — L .poster/-, for posterns, coming poem esp. a short motto in verse on knives
,

after (above). and rings, Hamlet, iii. 2. 162; hence it

pOStern. O. F. posterle (F. — L.) ,
meant a nosegay, because the flowers
also spelt posterne (bychange of suffix) chosen for it enigmatically represented a
;
later poterne a back-door to a fort ,
4
posy or motto. It even meant a collection
Cot. — L. posterula a small back-door.— , of precious stones, forming a motto;
L. posterns y behind. Chambers, Book of Days, i. 221. See
posthumous, postumous. (L.) Poesy.
] postumus the latest-born hence, as sb.,
, Pot. (E.) M. E pot. A. S.polt. -fE.
;

a posthumous child. Written posthumus Fries. Du. pot Icel. pottr, Swed. potta ,

owing to a popular etymology from post Dan. potte Low G. pott. Also Irish pota, ;

humum, forced into the impossible sense Gael, poit, AY. pot, all from E. Also F.
ot ‘after the father is in the ground or pot, Bret, pod. Span, pote from Low G. ;

buried hence F. post h utne , Port, post- Teut. type *puttoz. lienee Ix>w L pottus
’
; ,

humo but Span, and ltal. postumo are also spelt potus (as if from L. potare, to
right, p. L. postumus = *post-tu-mus a drink). Der. to go to pot , i.e. into the
superl. foim of post, behind ; cf. op-tu-mus cooking-pot.
best. Potable, drinkable. (F.-L.) F.
postil, an explanatory note or commen- potable. — L. potd hi /is, drinkable. — L. pd-
tary on the Bible. (F. — L.) M
F. postille. tdre to drink potus drunken. -f-Skt. pd,
. , ; ,

— Late L. postilla a marginal note in a to drink. Allied to Gk. iruais, drink, nwf4 a t
,

Bible. Derived by Dueange from L. post drink.

ilia uerba, i. e. after those words, because Potash. (E.) From pot and ash ash ;

the glosses were added afterwards. obtained by boiling down burnt vegetable
Postillion. (F. - ltal. - L.) F. pos- substances in a pot. Latinised as potassa
it/Ion. — ltal. postiglione a post-boy. — ltal. whence potass-ium.
posta a post
,
with suffix - iglione *= 1,.
; Potation. (L.) From I.. pdtatio, a
- ilionem See post ( 2) above. drinking. — L. potat us, pp. of potare, to
Post-meridian, Pomeridian, be- drink. See Potable.
longing to the afternoon. (L.) L. pdme- Potato. (Span. — Hayti.) Span .patata,
ndidnus also postmerididnus the same. — a potato. — Hayti batata a yam.
, ,

L. post, after merldianus, adj., from inert-

; Potch, to tlnust ; see Poach (2).
dies, noon see Meridian. ; Potent. (L.) L. potent stem of
post-mortem. (L.) L. post, after ; potens powerful, pres. part, of posse, to be ,

mortem , acc. of mors, death. able, possum I am able. Posstwi is short

post-obit. (L.) L. post, after obi- for *pot -sum or %pote-sum from potis r ; ,

tum, acc. of obitus death. powerful, orig. 4 a lord allied to Skt. ;

*

postpone, to put off. (L.) L. post- pati-, a master, lord, Lithuan. -patis Russ.
ponere, to put after, delay. — L. post, after -pode in gos-pode lord. Brugm. i. § 158. ; ,

ponere to put.
,
Der. omnipotent. And see Despct.
post-prandial, adj., after-dinner. Pother, a bustle, confusion. (E.) Also-
(L.) From L. post prandium i.e. after pudder the same; from pttdder, vb., to , ,

dinner. For L. prandium , see Brugm. ii. stir, confuse, a variant of Potte".
§ 165. Potion. (F. - L.) F. potion. - L.
405
 , , , ; ; +
; , , , , . ; -
,;

POTTAGE POWER
potionem acc. ,
of patio, a draught. — L. answers to a Late L. *punctiare not ,

potus, drunken ;
sec Potable, Poison. found, but regularly formed from L.
Pottage. ( F — Low G .
. )
M . E. potage. punctus , pp. of pungere. See Pungent.
— F. potage formed with F. suffix -age
;
Pounce (2), fine powder. ( 1". — L.) F.
(L. - dticum ), from F. pot, a pot, of Teut. pome 4 pierre ponce a pumis stone;’
; ,

origin. See Pot. Cot. — Yj. pumieem, acc. of pumex, pumice;

Potter. (E.) To potter is to poke see Pumice. Der. pouncet-box
about, hence to stir, confuse, disorder, also Pound (0, a weight, a sovereign. (L.^
to do a thing inefficiently so also pother ; ,
Orig. a weight. M. E. fund A. S. pund, .
.

to poke, disorder (Bailey, Ilalliwell). pi. pund. — \ pondo, a weight, used as an

t .

These are frequentative forms of put to ,

indeclinable sb., though orig. meaning by ‘

thrust ; see Put. Cf. M. Du. poteren, ‘ to weight allied to poitdus a weight.
’
;
See
search one thoroughly,’ Hexham; Du. Ponder.
peuteren ,
to fumble, poke about ; Norw. Found (2\ an enclosure for strayed
pota, M. Swed. potta to poke. ,
cattle. (E.) M. E. pond. A. S. pund an ,

Pottle. F. — Low G.) M. E. potel. —

( enclosure. Hence pindar. Doublet,
O. F. potel, a small pot, small measure pond.
dimin. of F. pot , a pot. — Low G pott ste Pound (.',), to bruise in a mortar. (E.)
.

Pot. The d is excrescent. M. E. pounen also

potwalloper. (Hybrid.) Lit. ‘ one ponen as in comp, to-ponen to pound , ,

who boils a pot hence a voter who has a thoroughly. — A. S. punian, to pound.
;
’

vote because he can boil a pot on his own Pour. (Late L.) M. E pou/cn, poreu, .

tire. Wallop to boil fast, is from M. E. esp. used with out. [The orig. sense was
walopen, to gallop. Golding has ‘ seeth- to purify, clarify, esp. by pressure or
ing a-wallop,’ boiling rapidly; tr. of Ovid, squeezing out; cf. O.F .purer, to clarify,
f. 82. .See Gallop. also to pour out or drip so also dcpurer ; ,

Pouch. (F.— M. Du.) M. E. pouche. to clarify, to be clarified, to drip or inn

— O. F. pouche, variant of poche see out.] Late L. pit rare, to purify. — 1 punts ,

Pocket. pure; see Pure. So in Guernsey, J’o ‘

Poult, a chicken. (F.~ L.) M. E. 1’cidre qui pure dans 1’auge,' 1 hear the
pultc. — F. poulet , a chicken; dimin. ol cider pouring into the trough (Moisy).
poule a hen. — Late L pulla, a hen fern, Fourtray ; see Portray.
. ;

of pullus, a young animal. See Pool (2). Pout (1), to swell out, to sulk. (E.)
Der. poult-er afterwards extended to See below. [\V. fnvdtt , to pout, to be
,

poult- cr-er; poult-r-y ( fox poult-er-y ), A.F. sullen, is from E.]

poletrie. pout (2), a fish. (E.) A.S . iele-pftlan,
Poultice. (F. — L.) Gascoigne has pi., eel-pouts. The fish has the power of
the pi pultesses (Steel Glas, 997). — M. F. inflating a membrane above the eyes
*
putt-ice formed from M. F. pultc , ‘a hence A. S. -put-a — pout-er
,
From a .

poultice Cot. [Cf. M. Ital. poltiglia Teut. base *piit-an-, to swell out. Cf. Du.
;
’
,

‘
a pultis,’ Florio.]— Late L. pulta, a kind puit a frog, from its rounded shape puit- , ;

of pap from pult as in L. putt -is, gen. of aal an eel-pout puist a pimple (from a
; ;

puls , a thick pap, or pap-like substance. shorter base *pii-) Swed .puta, a cushion ;

Gk. iroXros, porridge. (from its shape ; Swed. dial, pitta, to be

Poultry ; see Poult. inflated). Cf. Piov. pot pout a full lip; ,
,

Pounce (1), to seize with the claws. fa de pots to pout (Mistral). Cf. Pudding. ,

(F. — L.) Orig. a term in hawking; a Poverty. ^F.-L.) M. E. pouertee

hawk’s claws were termed pounces; cf. ( = povertee). — O. F. povertc , later povretl,
O. F. ponce a fist. ,
A
pounce is also a punch poverty (F. pauvretd). — L. paupertatem ,

or stamp (Nares) ; a pounson was a dagger acc. of pauperl as, poverty. — L. pauper
(Barbour). Cf. Gascon pounchoun ; O.F. poor. See Pauper.
poinc-on punch-on (Ital. punz-onc Span.
,
Powder. (F.~ L.) M. E. poudre ,
.

punz-on), a punch, sharp point. Cf. Ital. F. poudre, O. F. poldre, piildre. Formed
punzone, * a bodkin, a goldsmith’s pouncer with excrescent d from L. puluerem, acc.
or pounce ; ’ Florio. From the base seen of puluis dust. See Pulverise.
in Ital. punz-ellare , to prick, goad, Span. Power. (F. — L.) M.E poer; later .

punz-ar to punch. The Span, punzar po-w-er, the w being inserted. — A. F. poer .

406
 ,, , n ;,, , , , , , , ;
.
,

POX PRECENTOR
O. pooir (mod. F pouvoir), to be able ; Dan. Swed. pmtik, show, parade M. Du.
F . . ;

hence, as sb., power. — Late L. potere, to pryken, to make a show. From a Teut.
be able for L. posse, to be able.
;
See type *prenkan~, str. vb. (pt. t. *prank, pp.
Possible, Potent. *prunkano£).
Pox ;
see Pock. prank (2), a trick. (E.) An act done
Praam, Pram, a flat-bottomed boat. to shew off, a tiick to make people stare ;

(Du. — Slav.) Du .praam; M. Du .frame, fromPrank (1).

— Pol. and Bohem .pram. Prate. (E.) M. E. praten. Cf. M.
Practice. (F.-L.-Gk.) [Formerly Swed. pt ata Dan. prate, to prate, talk ;

practise from the verb to practise — O. F. Swed. Dan. prat talk

, M. Du. and Low .
;

practiscr pratiser. — Late L. practicare.] G. praten, to prate

,
Du.praat, talk. Of ;

The M E. form of the sb. was praktike — imitative origin from a base *prat Per.
. . ; .

M. ¥ practique
. ,
practice. — L .practica, fern, pratt-le, the frequentative form.
of practicus. — Gk. npaKTiKus ,
fit for busi- Prawn. (F. ? - L. ?) M. E. prane ,

ness ;
whence 17 -npaKTiicq, practical science, Prompt. Parv. Hardly (through a lost
experience. —Gk. (
= Trpaaauv *7rpaK-yttv), A. F. form) from L. perna, a sea-mussel
to do, accomplish. Per. pradition-er , cf. M. Ital. parnocchie 4 a fish called ,

formed by needlessly adding -er to the shrimps or praunes blorio. ;

’

older term practician, from .¥ practicicn, M .

Pray. { F. — L.) E. preycn — A.F M . .

i
a practicer in law ; Cot. ’
and O. F. preier {¥. prier). — L. precari,
Praetor, Pretor, a Roman magis- to pray. See Precarious. Per. pray-er
trate. (L.) L. pnetor, lit. a goer before, M.E. preiere , O. F. preiere from I.. pre-
leader ; L. pm, before
for *prcc-itor. — ;
car ia, fern, of p recurms, aelj.

*itor, a goer, from ire , to go. Pre-, beforehand. (L. or F. — L.) M. F. ;

Pragmatic. (F.-L.-Gk.) F prag- pre-, L. pm-, from L. pm, prep., before. .

viatiquc belonging to business. — L. prag- For *prai a locative form.

,
Hence
matic us. — Gk. Trpory/xciTOcds skilled in numerous compounds, many of which, ,

business. — Gk.
7rpaypa irpayfiar -, stem of like precaution are of obvious origin.
,

( *npaK-pa), a deed, thing done. — Gk. Preach. (F.-L.) M. K. prechen .-

upaaotiv (~*npaK-yuv), to do. See Prac- O. ¥ .precher, prescher (precher — L. pne-
tice. dieare, to declare. .See Predicate.
Prairie, an extensive meadow. (F.— Prebend. (F. - L.) O. F. prebende
L.) F. prairie, a meadow. — Late L. (F. prtbende). — L. pnebenda a payment,
prataria meadow-land. — L. pratum,
stipend from a public source; orig. fern, a
meadow 7
. of gerundive of pmbere, to afford, give.
Praise, sb. (F.-L.) .¥.preis, price, 0
L. pm, before, habere to have whence — , ;

value, merit (hence, tribute to merit). — L. pmhibere, to hold forth, give, contracted
kretium, price, value. Per. dis-praise. to pmbere. Per. prebend-ar-y.
Prance. ( K. ) M.E. prance , praunccn Precarious. (L.) L. precari-us, ob-
used of a horse it means to make a show, tained by prayer or as a favour, doubtful,
;

shew off apparently an A. F. adaptation precarious; with suffix -ous. — L. precari,

;

of M. K. pranken to trim. Cf. Dan. dial. to pray. — L. prec-, stem of prex a prayer,
,

prandse , p) anse to go proudly, as a -f G. fragen, to ask ; Goth, fraih-nan,

prancing horse; pransk proud; Swed. A. S. frignan, to ask ,
Lith. praszyti ; ;

dial, pranga, to shew off. So also M. Du. Russ, prosite Pers .pursidan\ Skt .pracch, ;

pronken , to make a show, to strut about to ask. (VPKFK.) Brugm. i. § 607.

how G. prunken. See below 7
. Precaution. (F.— L.) From Fre-
Prank (1), to deck, adorn. (E.) M.E. and Caution.
pranken to trim ; allied to obs. ,
E. prink Precede. (F.-L.) O.F. preceder
to trim (Nares). Frink is a nasalised (F pn ct!der). — L. pnecedere,
.
(
to go before.
form of prick ; cf. Lowl. Sc. preek, to be — L. pm, before; cedere, to go. See
spruce, prick - 7ne - dainty, finical, prink Cede. T>er.preced-ent ;
pre-cess-ion, from
primp , to deck, to prick. Prank is an the pp. pmcess-us.
allied form to these ; see further under Precentor. (L.) L. pmcentor, the
Prick. So also M. Du. proncken , to dis- leader of a choir. L. pm, before; and —
play one's dress, pronekepinken, protickc- cantor , a singer, from cartere, to sing ; see
prinken , to glitter in a fine dress ; Low G. Cant (1).

4°7
 , ,, , , , , ;;
, , , ;

PRECEPT PRELIMINARY
Precept. (F. - L.) O. F. precept. - general classes into which things can be
L. preeceptwn, a prescribed rule. — L. pr*s- divided. — L. preediedre, to declare (above).
ceptus pp. of pmcipere , to take before- Predict. (L.) L. pradictns , pp. of
hand, give rules. — L. pne, before; capere , prcedicere , to say beforehand, foretell. — L.
to take. Der. precept-or. pric, before dice?e, to say. See Diction. ;

Frecinot. (L.) LateL . pnccinctum, Predilection, a choosing beforehand.

a boundary. — L. prcccinctus pp. of pree - (L.) From L. pt\e, before; dilectio ,
tinge re, to gird about. — L. /w, in front choice, from diligere, to choose ; see
cittgere to gird.
, See Cincture. Diligent.
Precious. (F. -L.) (). F. precieus Preface. O. F. preface. —
(F. — L.)
(F. pricieux). — L. pretiosus valuable. — L. L. preefdtio, a— L. pncfitns,
preface.
pretium price, value. See Price. spoken before, pp. of prafdri, to speak
Precipice. (F.- L.) F. precipice. - before. — L. p?‘te, before, fdri, to speak.
L pr&cipitium, a falling headlong down;
.
See Fate.
a precipice. — L. pnecipit decl. stem of Prefect, a governor. (F. — L.) M. E.
praceps headlong.— L. before; and prefect. — O. F. prefect (F. p?fet). — L.
capit-, decl. stem of head. Der. prefectus, one set over others pp. of proe- ;

precipitate, from L. pnecipitdre, to cast ficere ,

to set before. — L. pr<e- } before ;

headlong. facere, to make, See Fact.

set.

Precise. - L.) O. F. precis strict.

(F. Prefer. (F. — L.) O. F. preferer. — I..
— L. prateis us,cut off, concise, strict; pp. prteferte , to set in front, prefer. — L. prtc,
of pncclderc, to cut off. — L .pree, in front before; ferre to bear, set. See Fertile.
cade re, to cut. See Cm sura. Prefigure. (F.-L.) From Prc- and
Preclude. L. pracliidere , to
(L.) Figure.
shut off, hinder access to. L. pra, in — Pregnant,
fruitful, with child. L ^

front ; claude re (pp. clusns), to shut. Der. Milton, P. L. ii. 779. In Dirtctly
preclus-ion from the pp pneclihtts.
,
Cf. .from L. priEgnantan acc. of preegrians, ,

Conclude. pregnant. Fragnam has the form of a

Precocious. i,L.) Coined (with suffix pres. part, of an obs. verb *prcPgud 1 e, to
-ous) from L. pnecoci-, decl. stem of preecox , be before a birth, to be about to bear. —
prematurely ripe. — L.pra before coqucre, L. pree, before; *gndre, to bear, of which
, ;

to cook, to ripen. See Cook. the pp. gndtus or ndtus is used as the pp.
Precursor. (L.) L. precursor, a of the inceptive infin. tiasci to be born. ,

forerunner. — JL. pree, before cursor a See Natal. ;

runner, from curs -us, pp. of cur? ere, to Prehensile, adapted for grasping.
run. See Current. (L.) Coined with suffix -ile (L. -ilid)
Predatory, given to plundering. (L.) from L. prehens -us, pp. of prehendere ,
L. pneddtdrius, plundering. — L. preedator prendere, to lay hold of. — L. pne, before ;

a plunderer. — L. pneddri to plunder. — J ,obsolete hendere , to grasp, cognate with

preeda , booty, p. Preeda — *pnehed-a, E. Get, q. v.
that which is seized beforehand; from Prejudge. (F. - L.) O. F. prejuger.
pree, before, and hed-, base of - hendcrc to —
L. p?'i£ iudied re to judge beforehand.—
,

seize, get, cognate with get ; see Get. L. pree , before; iudiedre , to judge, from
(So also prendere * pre-henderei) y. Irish iudic-, stem of index, a judge. See
spreidh , cattle, W. praidd, flock, herd, Judge.
booty, prey, are from L. prada. prejudice. (F — L.) O.F .prejudice.
Predecessor. (L.) L. predecessor. — L. preeindicium, a judicial examination,
— L. pree, before decessor, one who retires previous to a trial, also a prejudice. — L.
;

from an office, from decessus, pp. of decid- pree, before; indicium, judgment, from
ere, to depart. — L. de, from ; cedere, to go. iudic-, stem of mdex, a judge.
See Cede. Prelate, a church dignitary. (F. — L.)
Predicate. (L.) From pp. of pree- Q. F. prelat — L. prceldtus, set above .

diedre, to publish, proclaim, declare. — L. used as pp. of preeferre to prefer (but ,

pree, before; diedre, to tell, publish, allied from a different root). — L- pree, before;
Xo dicere, to say. See Diction. ldtus n borne, set,,pp. of tollere, to lift, bear.
predicament. (L.) .prcedic&men- See Tolerate. L
tum, a term in logic, one of the most Preliminary, introductory. (F.-L.)
408
 , , . , -; , , , , L , -

PRELUDE PRESIDE
Coined from pre -,prefix, before ; and M.F. form of A.F .purpenst, pp. of purpenser, to
4
liminaire , set before the entry of, dedi- meditate on, with prefix pur- (F. pour-)
catory/ Cot. From L. pro*, before; and from L. prd.
limindris, adj., coming at the beginning preponderate. (L.) From pp. of
or threshold. — L. Itmin stem ot limen, L. praponderdre , to outweigh. — L. pra,
threshold. See Limit. before; ponder&re to weigh; see Pon-
Prelude, an introduction. (F. — L.) der.
M. F prelude 4 a prclndium, preface, pre-
. , Preposition. (F. L.) O. F. prepo- —
amble Cot. — I .ate L. *praludium. — L. sition.— L. acc. prapositionem a setting
;
'
,

praludere to play beforehand, give a before; a preposition (in grammar). — L.

prelude. — L. pra, before; Ittdere to play. prapositus , pp. of praponere to set before. ,

See Ludicrous. — L. pra, before; ponere, to place. See

Premature. (F.~ L.) From Pre- Position.
and Mature. Preposterous. (L.) .praposter-us, L
Premier.^ (F.-L.) F. premier, first. inverted, hind side before ; with sufifix -ous.
— \*. primdrium acc. of primdrius chief. — , ,
L. pra, before; posterus later, coming
— primus first. See Prime (i). ,
after. See Post-.
Premiss, Premise. (F.-L.) Prerogative. (F.-L.) A.F. pre-
Better premiss than premise. — O. F. rogative a privilege. — prarogdtiua, a .

(F. prdmisse ), in use in the 14th previous choice, preference, privilege.—

century (Littre).— L. pramissa ( sen tent ia L. pra, before ; rogdre to ask. See ,

being understood), a premiss, lit. that Rogation.

which is sent before or stated beforehand. Presage. (F.-L.) O. F .presage.
Fern, of preemissus pp. of pramittere, to L. prasdgium, a divining beforehand. — L.
,

send before. — L. pra, before; mif fere, to prasdgire, to perceive beforehand. — L.

send. See Missile. Der. premis es, s. pra, before sdgire, to observe, perceive. ;

pi., the adjuncts of a building, fir^t stated See Sagacious.

in full, in a lease, and afterwards referred Presbyter. (L.-Gk.) L. presbyter.
to as the premises or otherwise, due to Gk. irptaflvTepos, an elder; orig. elder,
;
i
—
the custom of beginning leases with pre - comparative of rrpeoPvs, old. Cf. L. 1

irises setting forth the names of the prisons, ancient.

grantor, grantee, and things granted. Also
premise vb., with accent on 1.
,
Premium. (L.) L. premium, profit
Prescience. (F. L.) OS. prescience.
— h.prascieniia, foreknowledge. — L. pra,
before scientia knowledge. See Science. ;

lit. a taking before;’ for *pra-imium.

" Prescribe. (L.) 1.. prase> There, to
— L. pra, before; cmere, to take. Cf. beforehand, prescribe; pp. pre- write
Exempt. script us (whence prescription). — L. pra ,
Premonish, to warn beforehand. (F. before; scribe re, to wiite. See Scribe.
— L.) Coined Irom pre-, before (for L. Present (I), near at hand. (F. — L.)
pra ) and monish , a cormpted form of O. F. present.— \i. prasent-, stem o i pra-
;

M.E. monesten to warn, Wyclif, 2 Cor. sens, i.e. being in front or near. — L. pra,
vi. 1. See Admonish. Der .premonit- in front ; -sens, for *es-ens, being, from
ory, from I., pramonitor, one who warns -V^ES, to be. Cf. Absent. T>er.presenf-ly;
beforehand, from pramonere, to warn presence , sb., O. F. presence, L. pre-
beforehand. sent ia.
Prentice, present (2), to give. (F.-L.) O. F.
short for Apprentice,
q.v. presenter — L prasentdre, to place before, . .

Prepare. (F. - L.) M. F. preparer hold out, offer. — L. present-, stem of pra- ;

Cot. — L. prapardre to make ready before- sens (above k ,

Der. present , sb., a gilt.
hand.— L. pree, before; pa rare, to pre- Presentiment. (F.-L.) M.V. pre-
pare. See Pare. sentiment, a fore- feeling ; ’ Cot. — L .pra-
4

Prepense, premeditated. (F. — L.) senti-re to feel beforehand. — L. pra,

1. As it from M
F pre -, beforehand ; penser before ; sentire, to feel. See Sense.
.
,

to think. — L. pra, beforehand; pensdre, Preserve. (F.-L.) O. F. preserver,

to weigh, ponder, frequent, form of pen to preserve. — L pra, beforehand; serudre ,
dere, to weigh ; see Pendant. 2. But in to keep. See Serve.
the phr. malice prepense, it is an altered Preside. (F. - L.) O. F. presides to
409
 , , , LO , , L
, , —;
, , . , , , \ , , , ,
;
.

PRESS PRIDE
preside, govern. — prasidcre, to sit be- . beyond and natural ; adj., from nature.
fore, preside over. — L. pra, in front See Nature.
sedere to sit.
,
See Sedentary. Pretext. (F.—L.) M. F. pretexte, a
Press (1), to squeeze. (F. L.) M. E. — pretext. — L. pratextum , a pretext ;
orig.
pressen. — Y .presser. pressure, frequent, neut. of pratextus, pp. of pratexere, lit. to
of premere (pp. pressus , to press. Der. weave in front. L. pra front ; texere , — m
press , sb. press-tire.
:
to weave. See Text.
Press (2), to hire men for service, make Pretty- (E.) M. E. prati A. S. pra- ;

men serve as sailors, &c. (F.—L.) Press tig, prattig, patig, 01 ig. deceitful, tricky;
is a corruption of the old word prest hence clever, cunning, the usual M. E.
ready ;
whence prest-money ready money ,
sense. Formed with suffix -ig from A. S.
advanced to a man hired for service, prat deceit, trickery. Cf. Lowl. Sc. pratty,
,

earnest money ; (now

also imprest a verb pretty, tricky, from prat a trick (G. Doug- ,

impress), to give a man earnest money. las'. +Icel. prettr, a trick pretla to cheat; ;

When it became common to use compul- E. Fries, pret, a trick, prettig, jocose, droll,
sion to force men into service, it was con- pleasant M. Du. pratte , perte, Du. part,
;

fused with the verb to press. Prest money a trick, deceit. Of uncertain origin.
was money lent. — .Y.prester (Y preter), .
Prevail. (F. - L.) O. F. prevail 1 p. ,

to lend, advance money. — L prastare, to .

pr. of prevaloir to prevail. — L. praualere ,

stand forth, come forward, furnish, offer, to have great power. — L. pra, before, ex-
give. — L. pra, in front; stare, to stand. cessively ualere, to be strong. See Valid.
;

See State. Der. press-gang im-press , ,

Der. prevalent from L. praualent-, stem
im-press-ment. of pres. pt. of praualere to prevail. ,

Prestige. (F.—L.) F. prestige an Prevaricate. (L.) From pp. of I,. ,

illusion, fascination, influence due to fame. praudriedri, to straddle, hence to swerve,

— L. prcisligium, a deception, illusion, shuffle, shift, quibble. — L. pra, before, ex-
jugglery. For *pricstrigium , the 2nd r cessively ; udric-us, straddling, from udrus,
being lost (Brug. i. § 483). — prastring- crooked. See Varicose.
.

ere , to bind fast, to dull, dim, blind.— L. Prevent. (L.) The old meaning was
pree before stringere , to
; bind. See to go before * cf. M. F. prevenir, to pre- ‘
;
‘

Stringent. vent, anticipate, forestall Cot.— L. pra-

Presume. (F.-L.) M.K presumen. .
uent-us, pj). of prauenire, to go before. —
— O. F. presumer. — L. prasumere, to take L. pra before , uenire, to come. See ;

beforehand, presume, imagine. — I.. pric, Venture.

before; sumere, to take; see Assume. Previous. (L.) L. praui-us, on the
Der. presumpt-ion &c. (from ,
the pp. way befoi e, going before with suffix -ous. ;

preesumpt-us). — L. pra, before uia, a way. ;

Pretend. (F. L.) O. F. pretendre. Prey, sb. (F.-L.) A.F. preie (K.
— L. pnetetidere to spread before, hold proie ) — L. prada, prey. See Predatory
out as an excuse, allege, pretend. — L. pra, Der. prey vb.
before; tendere, to stretch. See Tend (1). Prial, three of a sort, at cards. (F. — L.)
Der. pretence misspelt for pretense (O. F.
,
contraction of pair-royal (see Mares). A ;

pretensse, f., Godefroy), from the fern, of Price. (F. — L.) M. E. pris. — O. F.
Late L. prcctensus, used for L pratentus, pris, also spelt preis, price, value, merit. —
.

pp. of pratendcre. L. pretium, price. See Precious.

Preter-, prefix. (L.) L. prater be- Prick. (E.) M. E. prikke, prike sb. ,

yond comparative form of pice, before; A. S. pricu priea, a point, prick, dot
; ,

see Pre-. prician to prick. M. Du. prick, D11. +

Preterite. (F. - L.) M. E. preterit. prik a prickle Dan. prik, Swed. prick, ;

— O. F. preterit m., preterite fem. — L. a dot, mark E. Fries., Low G. prik.

, ;

preeteritus pp. of preeterire to pass by.

,
Also Du., E. Fries., Low G. prikken , to
J ..prater, beyond ire, to go. ;
prick Dan. prikke, Swed. pricka to dot. ; ,

Pretermit, to omit. (L.) L prate r- From a Teut. base *prik, to prick, dot.
.

mittere to allow to go past. — L. prater, Der. prick, vb. ; prick- le, sb., from A. S.
beyond; mittere, to send. See Missile. pricel.
Der. pretermiss-ion from the pp. Pride. (F. - L.) M. E. pride, prude.
Preternatural. (L.) From Y. prater. A. S. pryte pride , ;
regularly formed (by
410
 ,, , , ; , , . , , —
,;;

PRIEST PRISON
fhe usual change from u to y) from A. S. primus first genitus pp. of gignere (base , ; ,

prut. proud, of F. origin. See Proud. gen-), to beget, produce; see Genus.
Priest. (L. - Gk.) E. freest; A. S. M
primordial, original. (F.-L.) F.
.

prcost Contracted (like O. Y.prestre, O. primordial. — L. prtmordidlis, original.—

.Sa x. prestar, G priester) from I presbyter.
.
E. priwordium origin. — 1 .. prim -us, first ,

Cf. Pt ester John .’ See Presbyter ordiri to begin, allied to ordo , order.
'

Abnormal; perhaps presbyter was ap- primrose. (F. — L.) As if from F.

prehended as *prebyster. prime rose, first rose; L. prima rosa.
Prig ( i), to steal. (E.) Cant prygge, to Such is the popular etymology ; but, his-
ride, ride off with a horse which a man has torically, primrose is a substitution for
to take care of; prigger of prauncers, a M. E. primerole, a primrose. Dimin. of
horse-stealer see Harman’s Caveat, pp. Late L. primula, a primrose (still preserved
;

4 2, 43, and p. 84, col. 3. Modification of in Span, primula the same). Again, ,

prick to spur, to ride ; Spenser, F. Q. i. primula is a derivative of primus, first.

i. 1. Sec Prick. Thus the word rose was only associated
Prig (2), a pert, pragmatical fellow. with primrose by a popular blunder.
(E. From the verb to prick in the sense
) prince. (F. — E.) Y prince.— prin- .
4
to trim, adorn, dress up. Fowl. Sc. prig- cipally acc. of princeps, a chief, lit taking .

me-dainty prick -me- da in ty, a prig. See the first place.’ — L. prin -, for prim-us,
,

above. first capere to take ; see Capital. ;

Prim, neat. (F. — L.) O.Y.p/ im, masc., principal. (F.-L.) F principal.
prime, fern., prime, forward, also prime E. principalis, chief. — L .princip-, stem of ,

masc. and fern., thin, slender, small, as che- princeps, a chief (above).
principle. ( F - L.) The / is an E.
’
tchx primes smooth or delicate hair
,
4
;
.

Cot. 'Fhe sense is first-grown, small, deli- addition, as in syllable. F principe a — .

cate.— L. primus first (below \ The piinciple, maxim; orig. beginning. — E.

,

word was perhaps confused with prink to principium, a beginning. — L. princip ,

deck see Prank.

;
stem of princeps taking the first place ,

prime (1), 4first, chief. (F. — I..') F. see prince (above).

prime pioperly prime,’ the first canonical Print, sb. (F. — L.) M. E. printe
hour. — L. prima fern, of primus , first. prente , preinte short for empreinte bor-
, ; ,

Primus is for *prismus and is related to rowed liom M. E. empreinte, a stamp,

,
4

pris-ais , ancient, pris-tinus , primitive, print Cot. See Imprint. Der. print, ;
’

and to prius adv., former. Brngm. ii. vb. re-print.

, ;

§ 165. Cf. A. S. for-ma, liist, fiom fore Prior (1), former. (L.) I/, prior
(see Former) Gk. npw-ros, first, from former. Used as comparative of the su-
;

7rpu Skt. pra-ta-ma-, iiist.

;
Der. prim- perl. primus see Prime. ;

ary prim- ate, O. V. primal , L. acc .prim-

;
prior (2), head of a priory. (F.—L.)
atom, from primus a chief man. M. 1 C. prion r. — A. F. priour F. prieitr. ;

prime (2), to make a gun quite ready. — E. priorem, acc. of prior former, hence, ,

(F — E.) Cf. prime to trim tiees prime, a superior; see above.

. , ;

first position in fencing; and esp. the phr. Prise, Prize, a lever. (F.-L.) 'Prise,
‘to put into prime older.’ A peculiar use a lever Halliwell. Hence to prise open ;
* 4

of prime (1). a box,’ or corruptly, 4 to pry open.’ E. —

primer 0, an old game at cards. (Span. prise , a grasp, tight hold (hence, leverage).
- ,.) Span, primero , lit. first.’ — E. pri - Orig. fem. of pris, pp. of prendre, to
1
'

mdrius, chief see Premier. ;

grasp. — L. prehendere , to grasp. See
primeval. (E.) Coined from Y. prim- Prehensile.
us, first; ccu-urn, age ;
with suffix - at cf. Prism. (L. - Gk.) L. prisma. — Gk.
1.. prinueuuSy primeval. rpiapa (stem
7 it pia^ar-),
lit. a a prism ;
primitive. (F.-L.) F. primitif — piece sawn off. — Gk. irpUiv, for *7Tpicrtiv,
1., primitiuus, earliest of its kind. L. — to saw. (Gk. ^rrpis.) Der prismat-ic. .

primil-us, adv., for the first time. L. — Prison. (F.-L.) F. prisun, F. O

primus, first. cf. Ital. prigione a prison. — L. prison ; ,

primogeniture. (F.-L.) M. Y. pri- prensionem, acc. of prensio, a seizing, acc.

mogeniture, 4 the being eldest;’ Cot. — L. seizure. — L. prensus for prehensus pp. of ,

primogenitus, first-born. — L. primo-, for prehendere, to seize. See Prehensile.

 , , , ;; , , , , ;

PRISTINE PRODIGY
Pristine, ancient. (F. — L.) M. F. Problem. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F. pro-
pristine. —L pristinus, ancient ; allied to bleme F. prob lime. — L. problema. — Gk.
;

L pris-cus, former, and to prime (i).

vp 60 \rjfxa, a thing thrown forward, or put
Private. (L.) forward as a question for discussion. — Gk.
l^pnudtus, apart; pp.
of prludre, to bereave. — L. pnuus, single np6 , forward 0 \rjfui, a casting, from 0 aK- ;

lit. put forward, sundered from the rest. \av, to cast.

Privet, a shrub. (F. ? — L. ?) Privet Proboscis. (L. — Gk.) L. proboscis.-
is of unknown origin. Privet also occurs Gk. tTpoPofTKis, an elephants trunk or
as a spelling of private , and one of the * feeder.’ — Gk. npo, in front; 06 <nt*iv, to
names of privet is privy, spelt priuie by feed ; see Botany.
Tusser ; but there is no sure connexion. Proceed. (F. — L.) O. F. proceder. —
We also find, for privet, the names prim L. procedure, to go forward. — L. pro, before
,

pt imprint, prime print perhaps print cedere to go. See Cede. Der. process
;

may have arisen from primt , i. e. primed (mod. F. procls) ; process-ion.

of trimmed. Prob. named from being Proclaim. (K.— L.) F. proclamcr,
>
formally cut and trimmed cf. prime , to ‘to proclame;
;
Cot. -*L procldmdre, to .

cut trees (Halliwell). See Prim and call out. — L. pro, forth; cldmdre to cry
Prime (1). out. See Claim.
Privilege. ( F. - L.) O. F. privilege. Proclivity. (L.) From L. procli-
— L. primlegium (i) a bill against a uitds a downward slope, tendency. — L.
, ,

person, (2) an ordinance in favour of one, proc Units, sloping forward. — L. pro for- ,

a privilege. — L. priui-, for priuus single ward ; cliuus , a slope. (yG\LEI.) ;

Cf.
leg-, stem of lex , law. Acclivity.
privy, private. (F. — L.) O. F. prive Procrastinate, to postpone. (L.)
(F. prive), private. — L. prindtus, private From pp. of L. prdcrastindre to delay, ,

see Private. put off till the morrow. — L. pro, forward,

Prize (i\ a thing captured from the off; crastinus belonging to the morrow, ,

enemy or v\on in a lottery. (F. — L.) F. from eras, morrow.

prise a seizure, also, a prize see Prise.
, Procreate. (L.) L. procredtus , pp.
;

Prize (2), to value highly. (F.— L.) of prdcredre, to generate. — L. pro, before,
M. E. prisen. — F. priser to esteem. — O. F. foith ;
eredre, to produce. See Create.
pris {F.prix^, a price, value. — L. pretinm , Proctor. (L.) M. K proketour\ short .

value. See Price. form of procuratour. — (). F. procurator. —

Prize (3), the same as Prise. L. acc. procurdlorem see Procurator. ;

Pro-, prefix. (L. or Gk. or F. — L.) I..
pro-, piefix, before; cf. also pro (=•- prod),
an abl. form, used as a prep. Also Gk.
irpo-j prefix ;
tt/nj, prep., before cf. Skt.
pra, before, away. See pre-, prefix pri-
; Procumbent, prostrate. (L.) L. pro-
cumbent-, stem of prdewnbens pres. pt. of
prdcumbere, to sink forwards. — L. pro,
;
forwards; cumbere, to recline, allied to
;
cubdre to lie down. See Covoy.
,

or, pri-nie, pri-vate prow, pro-vost &c.

, ,
Procurator. (L.) I,, procurator, a
Proa, Froe, Prow, Prau, a small manager, deputy. — L. prdcurdre', see
ship. (Malay.) Malay prahu prdu, a ,
below.
general term lor small ships. procure. (F. - L.) F. procurer. - I ..
Probable. (F.-L.) F. probable. -I,. prdcurdre, to take care of, manage. — L.
probdbilis, that may be proved. — L. pro- pro, before; curare to take care, from
bdre, to test, prove, 01 ig. to try the citra, care. Sec Cure.
goodness. ••L. probus, good, excellent. Prodigal. (F.-L.) O. F. prodigal. —
See Prove. Late Lat. prddigd/is due to L. prohibits,;

probation. (F.-L.) F. probation. lavish ; for *prod-agus. — L. prod-, forth ;

— L. acc. probdtioncm a trial, proof. — L. and agere, to do, act. See Agent.
probdtus, pp. of probdre to test. , Prodigy. OF*.— L.) Englished from V.
probe. (L.) A
coined word ; cf. Late prodige, a prodigy, wonder. — L .prodigium,
L. proba, a proof. — L. probdre, to test ; see a token, portent, prophetic sign. 0 . Per-
above. haps for *prddagium, i. e. a saying before-
probity. (F.— L.) F. probitt, honesty. hand, from prod ( pro ), before, and *agium,
— L. probitatem, acc. ofprobitas, honesty. — a saying, as in ad-agium\ see Adage.
L. probus, honest, excellent. Brugm. i. § 759.
 , , , , e ; ,
; , , -

PRODUCE PROLOCUTOR
Produce, vb. (L.) L. producer , to offspring. — L. pro-, forth ;
genus, kin. See
bring forward. —
L. pro, forward ; diicere ,
Genus.
to lead. See Duke. Der. productive, Prognostic, a presage. (F.-L.-Gk.)
don (from the pp. below). M. F .prognostique\ Cot. — Y.prognosticon.
product,sb. (L.) L. productus , pro- — Gk. ir poyvoioTiKov, a token of the future.
duced pp. of producere (above).
;
— Gk. irpo, before; yvruOTueds, good at
Proem. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. Proeme, knowing. See Gnostio.
‘a proem, preface ’ Cot. — L .procemium. — Programme, Program. (F.-L.-
;

Gk. irpooifjuov , an introduction. — Gk. irpo from F. programme ,

Gk.) Now spelt as if ;

before; of/tos, a way, path, from y'EI, (1706), from L. pro- formerly programma
to go. gramma. — Gk. TTpuypapp.a, a public notice
Profane, impious. (F. — L.) Y. profane. in writing. — Gk. irpo, beforehand ypapipa, ;

— L. profanus, unholy; lit. before (i.e. a writing, from yparpuv, to write.

outside of) the temple. — L. pro , before Progress, advancement. (F. — L.)
fanum , a temple. M. F. progrez (Y.progrts). L. progressum, —
Profess. (F.— L.) We
find M. Y,. pro- acc. of progressus an advance. — L. pro - ,

fessed, pp., Englished from O. F. profes gressus, pp. of progredi to go forward. —

masc., professe, fem., professed — L. pro- Y.prd, forward ; and gradi, to walk.
. See
f css us, pp. of profiteri, to avow. — L. pro Grade.
forth falert to speak ; see Confess.
; ,
Prohibit, to check. (L.) From L.
Profrer. (F. — L.) From O. Y.profrir, prohibitus, pp. of prohibere , to hold before
porofrir (Godefroy"), to proffer. — O. F. one, put in one’s way, prohibit. — L. pro,
por-, prefix (L. pro-) and ofrir, ojfrir befoie ; habere to have, keep.
;
See,

from L. offer re, to offer. See Offer. Habit.

Proficient. (L.) L. proficient stem Project, sb a plan. (F. - L.) M. F. ,

of pres. pt. of prdficere , to make progress, project {b projet), a project, purpose. — 1>. .

advance. — Y. pro , forward facere to make. protection, neut. of prmectus pp. of pro-
; ,

See Fact. icere ( proiiiere ), to ding forth hence (in ;

Profile. (Ital. - L.) Ital. profto, a Late L.) to purpose, plan. — h.prd, forth ;
sketch of a picture, outline (Florio). — L. iaccre, to cast. See Jet ).

pro before, in front ilum a thread (Ital.

; f Prolate, extended in the direction of
,

thread, line). Ike mod. F. profit the polar axis. (L.) Y. prdldtus, extended.
is also from Ital. profilo. — L. pro, forward; lat us, carried, pp. of
Profit. (F. - L.) M. Y. profit. - F. pro- tollere, to lift, bear. See Tolerate.
fit. — L. projection neut. of projectus, pp.
, Prolepsis, anticipation. ^L. Gk.) L. —
0 i prcijice> e, to make progress, be profit- proiepsis. — Gk. irpuKrjifti, lit. a taking be-
able. See Proficient. forehand.— Gk. rrp6 , befoie; brjipis, a seiz-
Profligate. (L.) L. profiTgdtus cast ing, from \i)\p-opai, fut. of \apfidvfiv, to
down, abandoned, dissolute ; pp. of prifil- seize. See Catalepsy.
/tare, to dash down, — L. pro, forwaid; Proletarian, a citizen of the lowest
Jiigere. to strike, dash. See Afflict. class, useful only by producing children.
Profound, deep. (F.-L.) Y.profond. (L.) brom L. proletarius, one who served
— L. profundum, acc. of profundus, deep, the state by help of his children only.
— Y.prd, forward, hence downward fund- — L. proles, ;
!
offspring (below).
us, bottom, allied to Bottom. D^v. pro- prolific. F.-L.) Y.prolifique, fruit- 1

fund- ity, M. Y profonditi. .

ful.— L. proli deck stem of proles off- ,

Profuse, lavish. fL.) L. profusus, pp. spring -ficus, from fa cere, to make. ;

of profundere, to pour forth. — L .pro, torth Perhaps L. proles — pro-oles, from pro, -

fundere, to pour. See Fuse (i). before, and *olere, to'*” grow, whence
Progenitor. (F.-L.) Formerly pro- ad-olcscere. to grow up cf. sub-oles, ;

gc nitour. — M. F .progenit cur. — L progeni- ind-olcs. See Adult.

torem, acc. of progenitor an ancestor.— Prolix. t F. — L. ) F prolixe. — L. prd
, .

L. prd, before; genitor a parent, from the lixus, extended. Lit. ‘ that which has
*
base of gignere, to beget. (^GEN.) See flowed forth or beyond bounds; from
Genus. pro, forth, liquere, liqui, to flow. Cf.
progeny. (F.-L.) O. F. progenie. — e-lixus, soaked. See Liquid.
L. progeniem , acc. of progenies, lineage, Prolocutor, the chairman of a con-

4*3
 , , ,, , ; , ,

PROLOGUE PROPER
ference. (L.) L. prolocutor an advocate prongue in Levins (1570). The M. E.
— L. prolocutus, pp. of proloqm , to .speak pronge, a pang, sharp pain, is the same
in public — L. pro publicly ,
loqui, to word. Cf. M. E. prangelen, to constrain
;

speak. See Loquacious. (Ilavelok). Also Du. prangen, to pinch,

Prologue, a preface. (F.-L.-Gk.) oppress ; M. Du. prangen, to oppress,
F. prologue. — \..prdlogum acc. ofprologus. shackle, constrain prange, a muzzle, ;

— Gk. irpoKoys, a fore-speech. — Gk. 7rpu, shackle, collar Low G. prangen, to press, ;

before A/jyos, a speech.

; See Logic. push hard prange, a stake G. prange r, ; ;

—
Prolong, to continue. (F. L.) M. E. a pillory Goth, ana-praggan \ = -prangan ), ;

prolongen. — F. prolonger. — L. prolongs re, to press. All from a Teut. base sprang,
to prolong. — L. pro-, forward longus, to press, nip, push.
;

long. See Long. Doublet, purloin. Pronoun. (F. L) Coined from L. —

Promenade, a walk. (F. — L.) Formed pro, for and E. noun suggested by F. ; ;

with O. F. suffix -ade (<L. -ata) from O. F. pronom L. pronomen , a pronoun. See ,

• promoter, to walk. — Late L. promindre, Noun.

to drive forwards. — L. pro, forwards Late Pronounce. (F. -L.) ; prononce r. W
L. minare to drive, lead from L. mindri, — L. prdnuntidre, to pronounce, lit. tell
, ;

to threaten. See Menace. forth. — L. pro, forth; nuntidre to tell.

Prominent, projecting, forward. (L.) See Nuncio. Der. pronunciation, from
L. prominent stem of pres. pt. of pro- L. pp pro nuntidt-us, with suffix -ion-. .

mitiere, to project forward. — L. pro for- Proof, a test, evidence. (F. — L.) For-
ward ; -minere, to project. See Me- merly profe (1551); altered from M. E.
nace. preef, preoije. — F. preuve, a trial Cot. — ;

Promiscuous, mixed, confused. (L.) Late L .proba, a proof. — L. probdrs to test.

For L promise uus, mixed. — L pro, forward See Prove, Probable.
.

(here of slight force) miseere, to mix. Prop. (E.) M.E proppe. [Also Irish
; .

See Miscellaneous. propa Gael, prop , a prop, support; bor- ,

Promise, an agreement to do a thing. rowed from E.] Cf. xx. prop, a stopple ; D
(F. — L.) Formerly promos. — F .prom esse, M. Du. prop proppe, a prop, a stopple/ ,
1

4
a promise;’ Cot. — L. promtssa, fern, of Hexham proppen, to prop, stay, or bear ;
4

pro missus, pp. of p r emitterc, to send or up/ Hexham Low G. propp, a plug, G. ;

put forth, to promise. — L. pro, forward pfropf a cork, also a graft. All from a
*

mittere, to send. See Missile. Der. Teut. base *prup, to stop up, to support.
4
promiss-o-ry. ^[ In the sense of graft/ the G. pfropf
Promontory, a headland. (L.) L. is due to L. propdgo see Propagate. ;

prdmonturium a ridge, headland. Prob. Propagate. (L.) From the pp. ot

from pro min ere, to jut out see Promi- L. prdpdgdre (or pro-), to peg down, pro-
;

nent, and cf. Mount. pagate by layers; allied to propdges ,prdpdgo

Promote, to advance, further. (I,.) (or pro-), a layer, and from the same source
From L. promot-us, pp. of promouere , to as compdgcs, a fastening together. — L. pro,
move forward. — L. pro , forward ; mouere , forth ; pdg-, base of pangere to fasten, set ,

to move. See Move. (hence, to peg down). Der. propagandist,

Prompt. (E.-L.) F. prompt. — L. a coined word ; from the name of the society
promptum, acc. of prompt us, promtus, entitled Congregatio de propaganda fide,
brought to light, at hand, ready, pp. of constituted at Rome, A. D. 1622. And
promere, to bring forward ; for %prdd-imere see Prune (1).
— L. prod, forward emere, to take, bring. Propel, to urge forward. (L.) L. prd-
;

Cf. Exempt. pellere, to drive forward. — ¥. pro, forward;

Promulgate. (L.) From pp. of L. pellere, to drive; see Pulse (1). Der.
promulgate to publish. (Of unknown propuls-ion, from pp .propulsus.
origin.) Propensity, an inclination. (L.)
Prone. (F. — L.)
M. F. prone. - L. pro- Coined from L. propensus, hanging down,
num, acc. of pronus ,
inclined towards. inclining towards; pp. of propendere, to
Pronus is prob. allied to Gk. np-qvrjs, hang down or forward. — L. pro, forward,
headlong ;
cf. Skt. pravatia inclined to, pendere, to hang. See Pendant.
prone. Proper, onc”s own, peculiar, suitable.
Prong, spike of a fork. (E.) Spelt I
(F. — L.) M. E. propre. — F. propre. — L.
414
 , L , , , ,
;. , . , , , . , ,

PROPERTY PROSTHETIC
profrium of propritis,
,
acc. one’s own. Proscenium, the front part of a stage.
Prob. from pro priuo. —.Gk.) L. proscenium. — Gk. irpo-
(L.
property. (F.-L.) M. Y.propertee. cncrjviov the place before the stage ^or
—O property property (Littre), also scene). — Gk. irpo, before; <ncT)vq, a scene.
propriety, fitness. —L
.proprietdtem acc. of See Scene.
proprietas , property, ownership also pro- Proscribe. (L.) L. proscribes, lit.
;

priety of terms. — .proprius, one’s own. to write publicly; pp .proscriptus (whence

Prophecy. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. IL.pro- proscription) — L. pro, publicly; scrlhere,
phecie sb. — O. Y prophecie variant of pro- to write. See Scribe.
, . ,

phetic, a prophecy. — L. prophetia. — Gk. Prose. (F. - L.) F. prose. — L. prosa,

irpo(prjTcta a prediction. — Gk. 7Tpocprjrrjs, a for prorsa ordtio
} direct speech hence, ;

prophet (below). Dot. prophesy, vb. unimbelhshed speech fern, of prorsus, ;

prophet. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. pro- forward, short for prouersus lit. turned ,

pkete. — Y. propheta. — Gk. irpofprjrrjs, one forward. — L. pro forward ttersus pp. of ;
,

who declares, an expounder, a prophet.— uertere, to turn. See Verse.

Gk. 7Tpo, publicly, lit. before <prj-pi, I Prosecute. (L.) From ;

speak with suffix -tijs of the agent.

; (-^ pp. of prosequi, to pursue. — L. pro, for-
BHA.) Allied to Fame. ward seqttt, to follow. See Sequence. ;

Propinquity, nearness. (F. - L.) Doublet, pursue.

(). F. propinquity. — L. propinquitdtem Proselyte, a convert. (F.-L. — Gk.)
acc. ol propinquitas nearness. — L. pro- O. F. proselite. — L. proselytum acc. of
, ,

pinquus near. — L. prope, adv., near.

,
pf'oselytus. — Gk. npo(TT]\vTos, one who has
Propitious, favourable. (L.) For L. come to a place, a stranger, a convert
propitins favourable.
,
Prob. a term in to Judaism; Acts ii. 10 — Gk. irpocrip- .

augury, with the sense 1 dying forwards.’ — X°P a i> I approach, 2 aor. vpoarj\6av
L. pro-, forward; petere to seek, orig. to ( = Trpoari\v9ou).^Gk. irpus, to; ipx^pai, I
,

fly. See Petition. Der. propitiate from come. [Gk. tpxopai and rf\v0ov are from ,

pp. of L. propitidre to render propitious.

,
different roots the latter goes with i\tv- ;

Proportion. F — L .) F. proportion (TofjLai, I will come from y'LEUDH.]

I . ;

— L. acc. proportioned from proportion Prosody. (F.-L. — Gk.) Y.prosodie.

comparative relation. — L. /nT, before, in — L. prosodia. — Gk. -npooevdia, a song sung
relation to portio a portion
;
see Por- to an instrument, a tone, accent, prosody,
, ;

tion. (or laws of verse). — Gk. irpos, to, accom-

Propose. (F. — L. and Gk.) Y> pro- panying (pSrj, an ode. See Ode. ;

poser, lit. to place before. — L. pro before Prosopopoeia, personification. (L. - , ;

F. poser to place, from Gk. See Pose. Gk.) L. prosopopoeia, — Gk. wpoacoiroiroua
Proposition. (F. — LA F .proposition. personification. — Gk. rrpoownoTioiuv^o pei-
— L. acc. propositidnem, a statement. — L. sonify. — Gk. a person;
npooajiro-v, a face,
propositus, pp. of prdponere , to put forth. rrottiv, make, npvoanrov is from npvs,
to
— L. pro, forth; pdnere to put. . towards, and wir-, stem of unf/s, face, appear-
propound. (L.) The d is excrescent ance. See Pros-, Optic, and Poem.
formerly propoitne propone. ,
— L. prdponcre Prospect. (L.) L. prospectus, a view.
'above). — L. prospectus pp. of prospicere to look ,

Propriety. (F. — L.) Vl.Y .propriety, a forward. — L. pro forward specere, to look. ;

property, also * a comely assortment,’ Cot. See Species. Der. prospectus -L. pro -
— L. acc. proprietdtem from proprietas , spectus , a view.
property ;
also, propriety. — L. proprius , Prosperous. (L.) L. prosper adj.,
one’s Doublet, property.
own. prosperous with suffix - ous
; Cf. L. pro-
Prorogue. ( F. - L. ) O. F. proroguer. sperus, by-form of prosper. Lit. according ‘

— L. prdrogdre, to propose an extension of to one’s hope.’ — L. pro, for, according to ;

office, lit. to ask publicly hence, to defer. ;

sper-, weak grade of sper- for spies, hope.
— L. pro, publicly ; rogdre, to ask. See Der. prosper, vb. ; O. F. prosperer, L. pro-
Rogation. sperare, to prosper ; from prosper adj. ,

Pros-, towards. (Gk.) Gk. irpos, to- Prosthetic, prefixed. (Gk.) Modern ;
wards; fuller form irpcm extended from ,
as if for Gk. *irpo(y0cTiK6s, lit. disposed to
*7>o, before. + Skt. prati, towards, from add due to Gk. trp6aO€T-o y, added, put
;

pra, before. See Pro-. to. — Gk. 7rpos, to; $€-t6s, placed, put,

4 5 l
 , , , , ,

PROSTITUTE PROW
yerbal adj. from the base 0€-, to place. See thrust forth. — L.
fro, forth; trudere (pp.
Thesis. trusus), to thrust. Der protrus-ion (from .

Prostitute. (L) prdstituta, f. pp. the pp.). Cf. Intrude,

of frostituere, to expose openly, prostitute. Protuberant. (L.) From stem of
— L.prd, forth; statucre, to place, causal of pres. pt. of protflberare , to bulge out.—
stare, to stand. See State. L. pro, forward ; tuber, a swelling. See
Prostrate. (L.) L. prdstrdtus pp. of Tuber.
prosternere, to throw forward on the Proud. (F.— L. ?) M. E. prud, later
ground. — L. pro, forward; sternere to ,
proud ;
older form prut. A.S. prut,
spread. See Stratum. Der frostrat-iou. proud; whence the Icel. prudr, proud, is
.

Protean. (L.— Gk.) From L. Proteus supposed to have been borrowed cf. Dan. ;

(misdivided as Prote-us), a sea-god who prud, stately, p. A late word in A. S. ;

often changed his form. — Gk. ri/wret/s, and prob. merely borrowed from O. French,
a sea-god cf. npcjTos, first, chief.
;
— O. F. prod, prud, fem. prode, prude f
'
Protect. (L.) From L. prdtectus, pp. valiant, notable (taken in a bad sense),
of protegere, to protect lit. cover in front. See further under Prowess. Der. pride.
;

— L. piv, in front tegcre, to cover. See Prove, to test, demonstrate. (L.) The
;

Tegument. usual old sense is to test or try. — A. S.

Protest. (F. — L.) F. protester. — L. frofian [Cf. O. Y.prover, later prouver, .

protestor! to protest, bear public witness, ‘to prove, try, essay, veritie Cot.] — L. ;
’

— L. fro, forth, in public; testdn, to probdre, to test, try the goodness of. — L.
witness, from testis a witness. See Testa- probus excellent.
,
See Probable, ,

ment. Provender. (F. -L.) The finals is

Prothalamium. (L. — Gk.) Late L. an O. F. addition. — O. F. provendre

*frothalamium. — Gk.*TrpoOaXapuov, a song (Godefroy), usually provende ( provender, ,

written before a marriage; a coined word, also, a prebendary; Cot. — Late L. pi‘a- ’

— Gk. rrpo, before; OdXapos, a bedroom, benda, an allowance of provisions, also

bride-chamber. Coined to accompany a prebend ; see Prebend.
epithalamium q . v. Proverb. ( F. — I ,.) F. proverbe. — L.
Protocol, the first draught of a docu- prduerbium, a common saymg. — L. pro,
ment. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. F. protocole, ‘ the publicly; uerb-um, a word, cognate with
first draught or copy of a deed.’ — Late L. E.Word.
protocol!urn. — Late Gk. irpcuTuKoXXoi', ex- Provide. (L.) L. prouiderc (pp. pro-
plained by Scheler to mean orig. a first utsus), to foresee, act with foresight. L. —
leaf, glued on to MSS ,
in order to register prd, before uidere , to see. See Vision,
;

by whom the MS. was written, &c. By a Der. provident provision. ,

decree of Justinian, certain MSS. were to Province. (F.-L.) F. province. — L.

be thus accompanied by a fly-leaf. It prouincia a territory brought under ,

means * first glued on,* i. e fastened on at Roman government. (Of doubtful origin.)
the beginning. — Gk.irpwro-s, first; KoXXdv, Provision. (F.— L.) F provision.— .

to glue, from teuXXa glue. npu/Tos is a L.

,
acc. prouisionetn , foresight, fore-
superl. form from np6, before; see Pro-. thought, purveyance. — I prouis-us, pp.
protomartvr. r Y. — L. - Gk.) M. F. of prouiderc to provide for. See Provide.
protomartyre. — Late L proto martyr. — Gk. Provoke. (F. L.) Y.frovoquer\ Cot. —
TTpcuropiapTup, lit. ‘ first martyr.’— Gk. v/w- — L. prouocdrc, to call forth. — L. pro,
to-s, first (above) ; naprvp, a martyr; see forth uoedre, to call. See Vocal.;

Martyr. Provost, a prefect. (L.) A. F .provost ;

prototype. (K. - L. — Gk.) F. proto- [cf. M. F. prevost, 1 the provost or president
type. — L. acc. prototypum. — Gk. ntporro- of a college;’ Cot.] A.S. prdfost. — L.
rvirov, a prototype, neut. of irpooroTunos, preepositus, a prefect, one set over. — L.
according to the first form. — Gk. irpwro-s, preepdnere, to set over. — L. free, before;
first (above) tvjtos, a type ; see Type.
;
ponere to put. See Position.
Protract. (L.) From L. frotradus, PrOW, front part of a ship. (F.— L.—
pp. of frotrahere, to draw forward, also Gk.) O. F. prone (F. proud), prow. [Cf.
to extend, prolong. — L./;v, forth ; trahere Ital. proda.] L. prdra , a prow; the 2 nd —
to draw. See Trace ( 1 ), Portray. r disappearing to avoid the double trill (as
Protrude. (L.) L. pro trudere, to also in Prov. Span. Port, proa, Genoese
416
 , p ,; b , , L , , ,;

PROWESS PSYCHICAL
prua).~ Gk. irp$pa, the prow. — Gk. w 6 ~, prduidens, foreseeing, pres. pt. of prdui-
before, in front. See Pro-. dere, to foresee. — .pro, before ; uidere, to
Prowess, bravery. (F.-L.) M. E. see. See Vision.
prowes pruesse.—O. F. prouesse, prowess
, Prune (i), to trim trees. (F. ?— L. ?)
formed with suffix -esse L. -ilia trom v < : Very difficult. to M. E. proinen, prunen,
O. F. prou (F. preux), valiant, 0 Etym. . dress oneself up smartly, trim ; Gascoigne
disputed ; we also find O. F. prod prud, ,
has proyne to prune off shoots. ,
But
proz, prous pru , ;
Prov. proz ,
Ital. prode, these are two distinct words I. The
valiant, notable (whence Ital. p/odezza M. E. proinen, to trim, esp. used of a bird
prowess). Also O. F. sb., advantage dressing its feathers, is from O. F. poroign-,
(whence M. Y„prow, advantage). Although a stem of poroindret used in the same sense
(). F. /m/was used to translate L. probus ,
from L. pro, prefix, and ungere to anoint. ,

the spelling with shows there is no con- 2. Proine to prune trees, is from O.F.
,

nexion between these forms. *y. Scheler *por-roignier, from L. pro prefix, and ,

explains il from L. prod-, as occurring in roignier to prune L. % rot undidre, to <

prod-esse, to benefit ; so that prod was make round. See Bound.
taken to mean * for the benefit of’; and Prune (2), a plum. (F.-L.-Gk.)
we even find F. prou used as an adverb, as F. prune. — L. prunum . — Gk. npovvov ,
inprou ‘much, greatly, enough;’ Cot.
,
shorter form of trpoipLvov, a plum.
Prod is the old form of pr6, before. prunella, prunello, a strong
Prowl. (O. Low G.) M. E. prollen ,
woollen stuff, orig. of a dark colour.
to seaich after continually. ‘
I prolk, I go (F. —
L — Gk.) F. prunelle a sloe (with
here and there to seke a thyng Pals- ;
’
ref.to the colour) ; whence prunella is a
grave. ‘
Prollyn , scrutor. Prollynge or , Latinised form. Dimin. of F. prune
sekynge, perscrutacio ; Prompt. Paiv. It ’
(above
also meant to rob, plunder. lake the Prurient. (L.) L. prurient-, stem of
word plunder prob. meant ‘to filch pres. pt. of prurhe, to itch, orig. to burn.
,
it

trifles/ or ‘to sneak after trifles’; from Allied to E. Freeze. Brugm. i. § 562.
Low G. prull, prulle a trifle, thing of Pry, to peer into, search inquisitively.
,

small value (Premen). Cf. Du. prut, ‘a (F. — L.) E. print. — O.F. prier, preer M .

bawble ’ (Sevvel), prullen ‘ lumber, lug- to pillage to search for plunder]. — Late
, [

gage, pelf, tnimpery, toys’ (id.); pnillen- L. preddre to plunder, also to investigate ; ,

kooper ,
a ragman (Calisch) ; E. Fries. Due. — L. prerda, prey ; see Prey.
prulle pruU a trifle.
,
Root unknown. Psalm. (L. — Gk. ) M. E. psalm , for-
Proximity. F. — L.) F. proximite. merly salm. A. S. sealtn. — L. psalmus —
( .

— L. proximitdtcm , acc. of proximitds, Gk. \pa\fi6 s, a touching, twitching the

nearness. — L. proximus very near a strings of a harp; also a song, psalm.-
, ;

superl. form from prope, near. See Pro- Gk ipdWtiv, to touch, twitch, twang a
pinquity. harp. Der. psalmod-y , F. psaltnodie, L.
Proxy. (Late L. — L.) Palsgiave has psalmodia Gk. ipaKfupbia, a singing to the
prockesy short for procuracy. — Late L. harp, from ydij, a song see Ode.
; ;

procuratia used for L .procurCitio, manage- psaltery, a stringed instrument.

ment. — L. prdcurare, to manage, to pro- (F. — L. — Gk.) O. F. psalterie (12th
cure. See Procure. cent.). — L. psalterium. — Gk. \pa\r-qpiov a
Prude, a woman of affected modesty. kind of harp. — Gk. \fnKrijp, a harper.—
(F. — L.) F. prude, M. F preude, orig. in Gk. if/aX-Ktiv, to twang a harp ; with
.

a good sense, chaste; used (but not suffix -ttjp of the agent. Der. psalter,
originally) as the fem. of F. preux, O. F. O. F. psaltier a book of psalms, L. ,

preu, excellent, which at first had but one psaltirium, (1) a psaltery, (2) a psalter.
form for the masc. and fem. (Godefroy). Pseudonym. (F. — Gk.) F. pseudo-
Perhaps the forms preudomme preude - ,
nyme ( 1690). — Gk. yj/cvS&vvfjLOf, adj., called
femme arose from misunderstanding the by a false name. — Gk. if/tvS-os, falsehood
O. F. phrases preu d'omme and preu de (p<v 6 /;s f false), from to lie; ovvpia,
femme (Tobler). O. F. preu is a variant a name.
of (). F. prod, prou see Prowess. ; Pshaw, (E.) An imita-
interjection.
Prudent. F. prudent - L.
(F. — L.) . tive word
pish, pooh. ; cf.
prudett/em, acc. of pruJens contr. form of , Psychical, pertaining to the sonl. (L.
 , , . ! , , , ;;; ,, , , ;

PSYCHOLOGY PUKE
— Gk.) From L. psych teas. — G k. ipvxwus, puddig, thick, stumpy ; Westphal. puddek,
belonging to the soul or life. — Gk. \pvxh, a lump, a pudding. Apparently from
soul, life, orig. breath. — Gk. \pvx*w, to a Teut. base *pud, to swell out, similar to
blow. *put; cf. A. S. pud-uc, a wen (Toller) ;
psychology. (Gk.) Gk. ^u X o-, for and see Poodle and Pout. p. Cf. also
ipvxTJi soul, life \oyta from Aoyoy, a dis- Irish putog a pudding, Gael. putag\ W.
;
-

course, from \lyuv, to speak. poten, a paunch, a pudding ; Com. pot,

Ptarmigan, a bird. (Gael.) For- a bag, pudding also W. pwtyn , a short ;

merly termigant — Gael, tarmachan Irish round body, Gael, put, a buoy, inflated ;

tarmochan The/ was probably due to skin; all borrowed words. See Pout.
f
a notion of a Greek origin ; but Gk. irrap- Puddle (1), a small dirty pool. (E.)
puKTj means milfoil ’ ‘
M. E. podel. Dimin., with E. suffix -el,
Puberty. (F. - 1,.) F. puberty youth. of A. S. pudd, a ditch, a furrow (Toller'.
— L. pubertalent, acc. of pubertas age of puddle (2), to make thick or muddy.
maturity. — L. pubes, the signs of manhood, (E.) From the sb. above.
hair. Allied \opu-pus,pu-er, a boy. Der. Puerile. (F. - L.) M. F. pueril (1 5th
pubescence sb. due to pubescent-, stem of cent.). — L. puenlis , boyish. — L. puer , a
,

pres. pt. of pfibescere, to arrive at puberty. boy.

Public. (F. — L.) F. public, masc., puerperal, relating to child-birth.
publique fem. ; Cot. — L. publicus, belong- (L.) I rom L. puerpera fem. adj., bearing
ing to the people also potiblicos poplicos a child. — L. puer, a boy ; and parere , to
; ,

Jn inscriptions). — L. popithis, the people. bear sec Parent. ;

publican. (L.) M. E. publican. — L. Puff, to blow. (E.) M. E. puffen of ;

piiblicanus, a tax-gatherer, Luke iii. 12 imitative origin. +G. puffen, to puff, pop, ;

orig. an adj., belonging to the public Dan. puffe to pop, Swed. puffa to crack,
revenue. — L. publicus (above). push W. pwff, a puff (from E.). ;

ublication. (F. — L.) Y .publication. puffin , a bird. (E.) From its puffed
E acc.publicationem — \..publicdtus, pp. out appearance, or from its swelling beak.
. .

of publicdre to make public. — L. publicus Pug, a monkey, a kind of dog. (E.) ,

public. Orig. an imp, or little demon (Hen Jonson)

publish. (F.-L.) M. E pub lishen. see Nares, s. v. puck. .
later form of A
An analogical formation founded on F. puck. Cf. Dan. dial. puge, a i puck/ sprite
;

publier , to publish. — publicdre (above). and (perhaps) Dan. dial, pugge , a toad.
PUC6, the name of a colour. (F. — L.) A pug-dog is a dog with a short monkey- ‘

Lit. * flea-colour.’ — Y. puce, a flea couletir like face;’ Wedgwood. ;

puce, puce; O. F. pulce. — L. pulicem, acc. Puggry, Puggery, a scarf round the
of pftlex, a flea, Said to be the same as hat. (Hind.) Hind, pagri, a turban;
puke which was also the name of a dark- Yule.
,

brown colour, but the form puke is difficult Pugilism. 'L.) From L. pugil, a
to explain. The Picard and Walloon form boxer. Allied to L pugnus, Gk. irvy-fiy, .

of puce was puche the fist.

Puck. (E.) M. E. pouke. A. S .puca pugnacious. (L.) Coined from L.
(Napier) ; whence Irish puca, an elf, sprite pugnaci-, decl. stem oipugnax, combative.
\V. pwca, pwci.+ Icel. pilki, an imp. — L. pugndre , to fight. — L. pugnus, the
Pucker, to gather into folds. (Scand.) fist.
Paiticularly used of the folds in the top of Puisne, Puny. (F.-L.') Puny L for
a poke or bag, when gathered together by puisne a law-term, implying inferior in ,

drawing the string tight. So also M. Ital. rank. — A. F. and M. F. puisni, puny, 1

saccolare to pucker, from sacco a sack

,
younger, born after * Cot. — L. post nCxtus,
, ;

and E. purse, as to purse up the brows.’ born after. See Natal.

‘

Cf. Norman F. pouque for F. poche a Puissant, mighty. (F. - L.) F. puis- ,

pouch, bag. See Poke (1). sant, powerful. Cf. Ital .possente, powerful.
Pudding, an intestine filled with meat, From *possient- for *possent- stem of a ,

a sausage; hence, a sort of light food, barbarous L. *possens, substituted for L.

made of flour, eggs, &c. (E.) M. E. potens powerful. ,

pudding, poding. Cf. Low G. pudding, a Puke, to vomit. (E. ?) Prob. of imita-
pudding pudde-wurst a black-pudding tive origin, partly suggested by spew . Cf*
,
;

418
 , . , .,
;; , j , , ;
,

PULE PUN
G. spuckcn , to spit; O. 4
I ', escoupir, to is for *pel-no cf. Gk. mK-vapat
;
*1 draw ,

spit, sput, esput a spitting. near quickly;’ llrugm. ii. § 612.

Pule, to chirp, to whimper. (F. — L.) F pulse (i), a throb. (F. — L.) F .pouls,
Cot. — L. pulsum, acc. of
1
pianltr cheep as a young bird, to pule
,
to *
the pulse ;
’

or howle Cot. In Gascon, pioula. Cf.

;
’
pulsus the beating of the pulse. — L .pulsus,
Ital. pigolare to chirp, moan. Imitative , pp. of pellere (above).
words allied to L. pTpildre , ptpdre, to
; Pulse (2), grain or seed of beans, peas,
chirp see Pipe.
; &c. (L.) M. E. puls. — L. puls, a thick
Pull. (E.) M.E.pul/ni; A.S.pulZian, pap or pottage made of meal, pulse, See.
to pull, pluck. Low G. pulen to pick, + (hence applied to the pulse itself). +Gk.
pinch, pull, pluck, teai Dan. dial, pullc. ;
ttoAtos, porridge. Der. poultice q. v. ,

Cf. also Low G. pullen to drink in gulps , Pulverise, F. - 1..) M. ¥ .pulverizer'.

l

(cf. E. to take a pull). Cot. — Late L. pulverizdre, to reduce to

Pullet. E. polete. — O. F
(E. - L.) M dust; L. puluerdre, the same. — \,.puluer-
poletc later poulette , fern, of F. poulet,
,
(for *pulttes-), stem of puluis, dust. Allied
a chicken, dimin. of F. poule a hen. — Late , ! to pollis pollen, fine meal, palea chaff
,

1,. pulla, fern, of pullus, a chicken. See Gk. TraXrj, meal, dust.
Pool (2). Puma, a quadiupcd. (Peruvian.) Peruv.
Pulley. (F.F. puma. -L. -Gk.?j From
poulie ,
a pully
£
Cot. Cf. ha\. puleggia; Pumice. (F. - 1 .) [A. S. pumic-stdn,
Late L. poledia a crane; Due. Perhaps pumice-stone.] , M. E. pomice. — M. F.
from Late L. *polidia orig. pi. of *poli- pumice. — L. putttic-, stem of piimex,
,

dium<i Gk. *Trco\'if)iov a little colt, dimin. pumice. From an Idg. base *poim-, whence
,

of itcvKos, a colt. Cf. O. F. poulier, a also A .S.fdtn, foam from its foam-like ;

pulley, answering to Late Gk. 7xoj\dpiov, appearance. See Foam.

a little colt. 0 The M. E. foims are . the same as Pommel. Pummel,
poliue (- polivl riming with drive), Ch. , (1), a machine for raising water. Pump
also poleyne Prompt. Parv. The latter (F. — Tent.) M. K. pumpe. — F. pompe. —
,

form is from F. poulain, 1 a foie, a colt, G. putnpe, also plumpe, which is like-
also the rope wherewith wine is let down wise an imitative form. Cf. piov. G.
into a seller [cellar], a pulley-rope * Cot. plutnpen to pump. p. The G. plumpen ; ,

— Late L. pulldnus a colt. — L. pullus also means to plump, fall plump, move
,

a young animal see Pullet. So aLo K. suddenly and violent!}, from the plunging
;

pulley answers to mod. F. poulie. y. The nction of the piston. It is therefore allied
transference of sense causes no difficulty to E. Plump (2), of imitative origin. 7.
thus M.F.poutre a filly, also means a beam, , even find prov. E .plump, to pump, We
and F. chlvre , a goat, also means a kind Corn, plumpy, to pump; also Du. poinp,
of crane the names of animals are applied Swed. pump, Dan. pompe Russ, pornpa
;

to contrivances for exerting force. Cf. also a pump, all borrowed words and (the ;

I .ate L. poldnus a pulley or pulley-rope, imitative forms) Span, and Port, bomba,
,

also a kind of sledge, ff Diez derives E. a pump, a bomb.

pulley from F. poulie and then, con- (2). a thin-soled shoe. (F. — L.—
, Pump
versely, F. poulie from E. pull. This is Gk ) So called because used for pomp or
very unlikely. G. Paris {Romania, July, ornament; cf. F. d pied de plomb el de
'yS, p. 486) suggests Gk. *iro\i 5iov dimin. pompe with a slow arid stately gate,’ i. e. , ,
‘

of 7t 6 \os, a pivot, axis; see Pole (2). gait Cot. See Pomp. ;

Pulmonary, affecting the lungs. (L.) Pumpion, Pumpkin, a kind of

pnlmdndrius, affecting the lungs. — L. gourd. (F. — L. — Gk The old forms are .

pulman-, stem of pultno, a lung.+Gk. pumpion and pompon — M. F. pompon , a .

‘

7rA < vfxcey a lung.

,
See Pneumatic. pumpion or melon ; * Cot. ; cf. Ital .popone
Pulp. (F. — L.) F. pttlpe - 1 pulpa, (Florio^ — L. pepdnem, acc. oi pepo a large , ; }

pulp of fruit, pith. melon. — Gk. Ttiitwv, a kind of melon, eaten

Pulpit. (F. - L.) O. F. pulpite - L. quite ripe. — Gk, iriiuav, mellow, from irerr- .

pulpitum a scaffold, stage for actors.

,
rf iv, to ripen; see Cook.
Pulsate, to throb. (I..) From pp. of Pun. (Ital. ?— L. ?) Of uncertain origin.
L. pulsare, to throb, beat; frequent, form \lso used, at first, in the forms punnet and
of pellere L. peldo * ndigrion. Perhaps the latter represents
(pp. pulsus), to drive.
9
 , , , ,, — ;, ,

PUNCH PUPA
IXtX.punUgHo,* cavil, orig. a small point. — which was made print, or seale* upon it,

Ital. pun to, a point. — L. punctum a point. See Pun- with a puncheon or stamp.
Punch (i), to perforate. (F.-L.) M.E. cheon (1). f So also M. Ital. punzone
punchen to prick ; which seems to have means both puncheon or bodkin, and
been coined from the sb .punchion,punckon, puncheon or wine- vessel.
pitnsoun a dagger, awl. See Puncheon ( i \
, Punchinello ; see Punch (4).
Punch (2), to beat, bruise. (F. — L.) Punctate, dotted. (L.) Coined from
Short for punish M. E. punchen and L. pund-um a point; with suffix -ate
; ,

punisehen are equivalent (Prompt. Parv.). (I,, -dins). — L. pundus pp. ofpungere , to ,

See Punish. prick see Pungent. ;

Punch (3), a beverage. (Hind. -Skt.) punctilio. (Span. — I,.) Span, ptin-
So called from consisting offive ingredients, tilfo a nice point of honour; dimin. of ,

spirit, water, lemon-juice, sugar, spice in- punto a point. — L. punctum, a point ; see ; ,

troduced from India, by way of Goa men- Punctate, Point. ;

tioned A.D. 1669. — Hind, panch five. punctual. ( F. — L.) M. F. ponetuel,

Skt. paticha, five. See Five. The punctuall Cot. — Late L. pundudlis — 1
;
*
.

Hind, short a is pronounced like E. u in punctn-m, a point see Point. ;

mud it occurs again in pundit punkah.

; punctuate. (L.) From pp. of Late
,

Punch (4), a short, hump-backed fellow L. punctudre, to determine, define. — L.

in a puppet-show. (Ital. — L.) A contrac- pundu-m, a point (above).
tion for Punchinello, which occurs A.D. 1666 (L.) punciura, a prick. puncture.
(Nares). This is a corruption of Ital. pul- — L. pundus, pp. of pungere, to prick.
cinello (by the change of / to //, the Ital. ci Pundit, a learned man. (Skt.) Skt.
being sounded as E. chi), rulcinello is the pamfita- (with cerebral n<I), adj. learned, ,

droll clown in Neapolitan comedy; we sb., a wise man, scholar. — Skt. pattd,
also find Ital puttcinella, * punch, buffoon,* to heap up or together.
. See note to
Meadows. A
dimin. form of Ital. pulcino Punch (3). ,

a young chicken cf. pulcclla a young

; Pungent. (Iv.) L. pungent-, stem ot
,

girl ;
from L. pullus the young of any pres. pt. of pungere, to prick, pt. t. pu-
,

animal, allied to puer a boy. See Pullet. pug i, pp. pundus.

,
(Base PUG.)
The lit. sense of pulcinello is little chicken Punish. ( F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. pu- ;

thence, a little boy, a puppet, Confused nischen. — F. puttiss-, stem of pres. pt. of
with prov. E. punch short, fat, which is punir to punish. — L. phnire, to punish. — ,

(perhaps) allied to Bunch. Judy is for I.. poena, penalty. — Gk. ttoivtj , penalty.
Judith once a common name.
,
See Pain.
Puncheon (1), a punch or awl. (F.— Punkah, a large fan. (Hind. — Skt.)
L. ) M. E. pun chon, punsoun — Gascon Hind. pankhCi, a fan allied to pankha
.
; ,

ponnchoun M. E. poinson (F. poinfon), a wing, feather, paksha a wing. Allied ,

t
a bodkin, also a puncheon, a stamp,’ &c. to Skt. paksha -, a wing. Cf. Pers. pankan,
Cot. Cf. Span, punzon , a punch, Ital. a sieve, a fan. See note to Punch (3).
punzone a punch, bodkin, also a wine-
, Punt (1), a flat-bottomed boat. (L. — C.)
barrel.— L. pundionem acc. of pundio A. S. punt. — L. ponto, a punt (also a
,

a pricking, puncture. The gender of this pontoon) a word of Gaulish origin. ;

word was changed from fern, to masc., From Celtic type *qonto- cf. L. con tus ;

whilst at the same time the sense was <Gk. kovt 6 s, a punting-pole, whence prov.
changed from pricking to pricker.* — L. E. qiiotit, quant a punting-pole.
‘
’
*

pundus pp. of pungere, to prick see Punt (2), to play at a game at cards
, ;

Pungent. See also Puncheon (2L called basset. (F. — Span. — L.) F .ponte,
Puncheon ( 2 ), a cask. ( F. — L.?) F rom a punt, a punter, a red ace, ponter to ,

Gascon pounchoitn, a punch or awl punt. — Span, punto, a point, also a pip at ;

M. F. poinson (F. poinfon), a bodkin, cards. — L. punctum, a point. See Point.

‘

also a puncheon [steel tool], also a stamp, Or immediately from Spanish.

mark, print, or seale ; also, a wine-vessell Puny ; see Puisne. ;
*

Cot. This is a difficult word but I con- Pupa, a chrysalis. (L.) L. piipa, a
;

clude that the O. F. poinson (F. poinson) girl, doll, puppet (hence, undeveloped
remains the same word in all its senses, and insect). Fern, of pupus a boy ; allied to ,

that the cask was named from the * mark, putus, puer, a boy. (^ PFU.)
420
 , , , ,\ , , ;,

PUPIL PURPLE
pupil (i), a scholar, ward. (F. — L.)
designate one at great purity who aimed
O. F. pupile, F. pttpille (masc.). — L. pfi-
of life ; See below.
pillum acc. of pupillus an orphan-boy, purity. (F. — L.J M. E. puretee. * F.
,

ward diinin. of pupus a boy (above).

;
purett * purity; ’ Cot. — L. acc. puritdtcm,
, ,

pupil (2), the central spot of the eye. pureness. — L.p?7 rus, pure.
(F.— L.) F pupille (fem.). — L. pupilla,*
.
Purl (i\ to flow with a murmuring
little girl, also pupil (name due to the sound. (E.) Cf. M. E. prille pirle, a ,

small images seen in the pupil). Fem. of whirly-gig (toy). So also Swed. porla, to
pupillus (above). purl, bubble as a stream a frequent, form ;

puppet. (F.-L.) M. E. popet. — M. F. from a base pur-, imitative of the sound.

poupette, ' a little baby, puppet * Cot. See Purr, Purl (4). ;

Dimin. of F. pupa see Pupa (above).

; Purl (a\ spiced beer. (F. — L.) In
Puppy, (0 a whelp; (2) a dandy. (F. Phillips, ed. 1706. But it should be
— L.) 1. F. poupce a baby, a puppet pearL It was a term in cookery thus
,
‘
;
’
;

Cot. Here ‘baby’ really means 'doll,’ suae perlt is sugar boiled twice, bouillon
but it is clear that, in E., the term was peril, jelly-broth. Cf. G. perleti, to pearl,
applied to the young of an animal, esp. of rEc in small bubbles like pearls. See
a dog. The F. poupSe (as if<L. *pitpata) Pearl.
is a derivative of L. pupa see Pupa Purl (3), to form an edging on‘ lace, in-
;

(above). dandy,’ puppy vert stitches in knitting. (F.— L.)

2. In the sense of *
F re-
represents M. F. poupin,popin, spruce, trim quently misspelt pearl. Contraction of
(as if<L.*//7/ 7 >/«j); from the same source, purjle. M. F. pourftler, to purfle, em- —
Der. pup , short for puppy. broider on an edge. — F. pour (L.ptv}, con-
Pur-, prefix. V F. — L.) O. F .pur-, F. fused (as often) with F. par (I,, per),
'

pour-, pour (Span. Por), for; a curious thioughout Jil a thread, from L ./Hum,
, ; ,

variation of L. pro, lor Thus pur- and a thread. See Pile (1), Profile.
pro- are equivalent; and pur-vey, pro-vide Purl (4% to upset. (E.) letter pirl ;

are doublets. from M. E. pirle, a whirligig, formed by

Purblind. (F.-L WE.)
Ong.pure- the frequent, suffix -/ from the imitative
blind, i.e. wholly blind, M. E. pur blind word pirr, to whirl. See Purr, Pirouette.
Rob. of Glouc. p. 376. See Pure and So also Ital. pirlare, ‘to twirle round;*
Blind. It afterwards came to mean Florio. See Purl (1).
partly blind, prob. through confusion with Purlieu, the border of a forest, &c.
the verb to pore as Sir T. Elyot writes (F.~L.) Formerly pourallee altered to ,

pore-blind. (Similarly
parboil, to boil purlieu by confusion with F. lieu, a place
thoroughly, came to mean to boil partially.) also spelt purley. The O. F. pouralee
Pure wholly, Tw. Nt., v. 86. poralee is a soit of translation of Late L.
Purchase, vb. (F. — L.) M. F.. pur- perambuldtio which meant all that ground 1

chasm, purchacen. — O. F. purchacer, to near any forest, which, being made forest
pursue eagerly, acquire, get. — (). F. pur by Henry II., Rich. I., or king John, were
(Ir .pour), from L .pro; and O. F. chacer; {sic) by perambulations granted by Henry
see Chase (1). HI., severed again from the same* ; Man-
Pure« (F.— L.) F. pur, masc., pure, wood's Forest Laws. The etymology is
fem., pure. — L. punts, pure. Cf. Skt. pu, from O. F .pttr (F. /<wr)<L. pro, and
to purify. (y'PEU). O. F. alee, a going, for which see Alley.
purge. (F. — L.) F. purger. - L. pur- Purloin, to steal. (F. — L.) O, F. pur-
gdre, to purify. I .. purgare = *pur-igare loignier.porloignier, to prolong, retard, de-
(Plautus has expurigatio). — L. pur-us lay (hence to keep back, detain, filch).—
pure ; agere, to make. L. prolong^ re, to prolong. — L. pro, for-
purify. (F. — L.) F. purifier. — L. ward; lotigus, long. See Long. Doublet,
purificdre to make pure. — E. pftri-, for prolong.
piirus, pure \facere, to make. Der. purl- Purple. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E pttrpre .

fiaat-ion . (with r). — F. porfrre later pourpre, 0 .

Purim, an annual Jewish festival; the purple. — L. purpura, the purple-fish.—

fea»st of lots. (Ileb.) Heb. pfirim, lots; Gk. nofxpvpa, the purple-fish; cf. Gk.
pi. of pur, a lot. See Esther ix. 26. wop<pvp€os, purple, orig. an epithet of the
Puritan. (L.) A
coined word, to surging sea. Gk. irop<ptpuv, reduplicated —
4 21
 , , , , ;, , , , , , ;

PURPORT PUTRID
foim of <pvpuv, to mix up, porueien (purveicn, porveien), to provide. stir violently, ,

allied to Skt. root bhur, to be active. — A. F. purveier, purveer (O. F porvoir, .

Purport, to imply. (F.-L.) O. F. F. pow'voir) to provide. — L prduidcre to , ,

pu /porter pourporter, to declare, inform provide. See Provide.

,

(hence, imply) we also find purport sb., ; purview, a proviso. (F. — L.) Now ,

tenor (Roquefort). — O. F. pur F. pour, applied to the enacting part of a statute , ;

from L. pro according to porter to carry, so called because it orig. began with purveu
, ; ,

bring, from L. portdre. For the sense, cf est, it is provided. — O. F. porveu, pp. of
import. See Port (i). O. F. poi-voir (F. pourvoir), to provide. —
Purpose (i), to intend. (F. — L. L. prbuidere, to provide (above).
Gk.) O. F purpose r, a variant of proposer
.
Pus, white matter from a sore. (L.) L.
to propose, intend. — L. pro before ; and pus (gen. ptiris ), pus.+Gk. irvov, matter , ;

F. poser, to place see Pose (i). Skt. puya -, pus, from puy
;
to stink. ,

Purpose (2), intention. (F. — L.) M.E. Allied to Foul. (y^PEU.) Brugm. i. §113.
purpos — O. F. pourpos a variant o fpropos,
. Push. (F.-L.) M. E. possen pussen .
, ,

a purpose. — L. proposition a thing pro- — O. F. pousser, poulser, to push, thrust. —

posed, neut. of pp. ofproponere^ to propose. L. pulsdre, to beat, thrust, frequent, of
— L. pro , before ponere to place. See pellere, to drive. See Pulsate.
; ,

Position. Pusillanimous. (L.) I.. pusillani-

Purr, Pur. (F ) An imitative word for m-is, mean-spirited ; with suffix -ous. — L.
various sounds, chiefly of the murmuring of pusill-us, mean, small; animus, courage.
a cat. Cf. Scotch pirr a gentle wind K. Pusillus is related to piisus small
,
cf. ; ;

buzz ;
Irish bururus a gurgling sound. putus, a boy. ,
(y'PEU.)
See Purl ^1), Purl (4), and Pirouette. Puss, a cat, hare. (E.) Prob. an imita-
Purse. (L. — Gk.) M.E. purs also tive word, from the spitting of the cat. ;

pors. A. S. purs Eng. Studien, xi. 65. We find also Du .poes, Low G. puus,puus-
,

[Also te.-Q.F. /ww, later bourse a katte, Swed. dial, pus, Norw. puse, puns ,

purse.] — Late L. a purse. — Gk. Irish and Gael, pus (from E.) And even
fiupor], a hide, skin of which purses were S. Tamil pusei a cat; pusha in the Cash-
; ,

made. Dqt. purse, vb., to wrinkle up, like gar dialect of Afghan. Lit h. puz, a word ;

a purse drawn together. to call a cat.

Purslain, Purslane, a herb. (F.- Pustule. (F.-L.) F. pustule.- L.
L ) M. E. purslane porseleyne. — M. F. pustula, another form of pusula, a blister,
,

parcelnine, pourcelaine purslane; Cot. pimple. Perhaps allied to Gk. (>vea\is ,

Formed from L. porcilCica purslain (Pliny) a bladder, <pvoaco, I blow. ,

usually spelt portuldca. Put. (E.) M. E. putten A. S potian, ; .

Pursue. F. - L. ) O. F. porsuir ( to push, thrust; [whence also Gael, put,

suir, poursuir; mod. Norman F. porsuir , to push, thrust W. p7vtio Corn, pool, to ;

mod. F poursuivre, to pursue. — O. b'.por push, kick]. Du. poten to plant, set ,poot,
. , +
pur <L. pro; and j/«><Late L. sequere, a twig, M. Du. pole, a scion, plant (see
for L. sequi, to follow. Der. pursu-ant Franck) N. Fries, putje Dan. putte, to , ; ,

bom the pres. pt. of O. F. pursuir; pur - put, place; Swed. dial .pulta, to push.
suiv-ant from the pres. pt. of poursuivre
, Putative, reputed. (F.-L.) Y.puta- ;

pursuit from F. poursuite, fern. sb. answer- tif — L putdtiiius presumptive. — L .putd-
, .

ing to L. prdsecuta fern, of the pp. of L. tus, pp. of putdre, to think, suppose. The
prosequi, to pursue. 01 ig. sense was to make clean, then to
Pursy, short-winded. (F. — L.) M.E. make clear, to come to a clear result. — L.
purcy, also purcyf (Palsgrave). — M. F. putus, clean. (yTEU.)
pourcif (Palsgrave), variant of poulsif, Putrefy. (F.-L.) M. F. putrefier;
‘ pursie, short-winded, ’Cot. — M. F. poulser as if from L. ^pulrificdre but the true , ;

F./0«rj(?r,to push, also to pant see Push. L. forms are putrcfacere, to make putrid, ;

Purtenance. (F.-L.) ShortforM.E. putrefieri, to become putrid. — I,, put? i-s,

apurtenance see Appurtenance. ; putrid (below) facere , to make. ;

Purulent. (F.-L.) F. purulent. — L. putrid. (F. — L.) M. F. putride. — I

purulentus full of matter. — L. piir~, stem putridus , stinking. — L. putri-, decl. stem
,

of /VJj, matter ; see Pus. of puter, putris, rotten ; cf. putrSre to be

Purvey. (F. — L.) M.E. purueien. rotten, piitere, to stink. See Pus.
422
 , , L ;
, , - ,

PUTTOCK QUADROON
Puttock, (F. and E.) G. quaken Icel. kvaka, Dan. qvctkke to
a kite, hawk. ,
.

M. E. The surname Puttock was croak, quack. Cf. L. coaxare to croak,

puttok.
also sometimes spelt Pntthawk.— Prov. E. Gk. n 6 a{y a croaking.
putt, for poult a chicken and E. hawk quack (2), to cry Up a nostrum. (Du.)
;
.

See Poult. Due to the older word quacksalver hence, ;

Putty. (F—I jow G.) M.Y.poMe, cal- to act as a quack-salver or a quack. —

cined tm, also putty; orig. a potful (of Du. kwakzalver, a quacksalver. — Du.
bits of broken metal) ; cf. M. K. pottein ,
kwakzalven, vb., to apply salves in a
bits of broken metal, pottin solder. All ,
trifling way. Cf. Du. kwakken, to croak,
from Y.pot, a pot, of Germanic origin. See which came to mean Go tiifle, linger’
Pot. (Franck); and Du. zalfy a salve; see
Puzzle, a difficult question. (F. L. — Salve.
and Gk.) Orig. a sb., and short for op- Quadragesima, forty days of Lent.
posal, spelt both opposayle and apposayle in (L. L. quadrdgnima, lit. fortieth ; fern,
)

Lydgate, with the sense of question. These of quadragesitnus ; older form quadra -
are from the verb oppose like deni-al from gensumuSy fortieth. — L. quadraginta forty.
, ,

deny &c. ,
SeePose 2). — L. quadra- related to quattuor, four;
( ,

Pygmy- (F.-L.-Gk.)
M. F. pygmi, -gittldy allied to Gk. -kovto. 'for *ttKovra^,
adj., dwarf-like; Cot. — pygmaus, adj., and to L. deceniy ten. See quadrate.
.

dwarf-like from pi. Pygrncei, the race of

; quadrangle. (F.-L., F. quad-
Fygmies. — Gk. Uvypuitot, pygmies, fabulous rangle.— quadranguluniy sb., neut. of
dwarfs of the length of a Trvyprj, i.e. about quadranguhiSy four-cornered. — L. quadr-
13-t in. (from the elbow to the knuckles). related to quattuor four angtduSy angle.
, ;

— Gk. •nvyyd], a fist see Pugilist. ; Sec Angle (i).

Pylorus. (L. — Gk.) L. pylorus. — Gk. quadrant. (L.1 M.K. quadrant. - L.
7TvXwpvs, the lower orifice of the stomach, quadrant-y stem of quadraiiSy sb., a fourth
entrance to the intestines orig. a gate- ; part. Extended from L. quadr (above).
keeper. — Gk. *-nv\a-fop 6 s (Prellwitz) quadrate. (E.) L. quadrdtus pp. of ,

from irvAa = ttvX-tj, a gate ; fupos (cf. ovpos ) quadrare to make square. — L. quadr-,
,

a keeper, watcher, allied to Wary. allitd to quattuoryiowT'y seePour. Brugm.

Pyramid. (L. 7 Gk.) Formerly py - ii. § 168.
ramis. — L. pyramis (stem pyramid-). — quadrennial. (L.) For quadrien -
Gk. nvpafjLis (stem 7rvpapid-), a pyramid. nialy adj. —
L. quadricnui-inn a space of ,

Prob. of Egyptian origin. four years; with suffix -al. — L. quadri-,

Pyre. (L. — Gk.) L. pyra. - Gk. wpa , belonging to four; annus a year; see ,

a funeral pile. — Gk. irvp, fire allied to E. ;

Annals.
Fire. quadrilateral. (IO l^quadr/later-
pyrites. (L.-Gk.) L. pyrites. - Gk. uSy four-sided ;
w lth suffix al. — L. quadri-
nvpiTTjSya flint, pyrites; 01 ig. an adj., (above); later-, for * tales-, stem ot latus,
belonging to fire. — Gk. -nop, fire, a side. See Lateral.
pyrotechnic, belonging to fireworks. quadrille. (F. -Span.-L.) Formerly
(Gk.) Coined from Gk. irvpo-, for -nop, a game at cards for four. — F. quadrille,
fire Tcx^t/cdy, artistic, from r ix vrh an art
; » (1) fern., a troop of horses ; (2) masc.,
see Technical. but orig. fem., a game at cards. The
Python, a large snake. (L. Gk.) — former answers to Ital. quadriglia M. ,

L. python a serpent slain by Apollo near Ital. squadriglia a troop but the latter
, ;

Delphi. — Gk. TLvOojv (the same). — Gk. to Span, cuadrilla a meeting of four ,

Uv 9w t a former name of Delphi. persons. — Span, cuadra a square. — Late ,

—
Pyx. (L. Gk.) Shortened from L. L. quadra fem. of quadras, square.
,

pyxisy a box. — Gk. ni/f/s, a box. — Gk. quadrillion, a million raised to the
nv£o$y box-wood. Allied to Box (1), fourth power. (L.) Coined by prefixing
Box (2). L. quadr - i.e. four, to -illion, which is
m-illion without the m.
Q quadroon. (Span. — L.) For quart-
Quack (1), to make a noise as a duck. roon. — Span cuarteron, the child of a creole
.

(E.) M. E. queke ,
as a duck’s cry ; an and a Spaniard ; one who is, in a fourth
imitative word. + Du. kwaken kwakken , ,
part, a black also a fourth part. — Span.
;

423
 , , , , , ; +
-
;,

QUADRUPED QUARRY
cuarto y a fourth part. — quartum of quality. — L. qualitatcm acc. of qu&litas
,

quartus fourth quartern.

, ; see sort, kind. — L. quali-Sy of what sort.
quadruped. (LA L. quadrupedus ,
Allied to E. Which,
four-footed; quadruped- stem of quadru- ,
qualify. (F. — L.) F. qualifier. — Late
/<?>,quadripes ,
four-footed. — L.quadru - ,
L qttaUjicare y to endue with a quality. —
.

four times ; a foot ;

see quadrant. L. qudli-s, of what sort ; faceiv, to make.
quadruple. (F.~L.) F. quadruple. Qualm. (E.) M. E. qualm, usually ‘a
— L. quadrupling, acc. of qaadruplus ,
pestilence/ A. S. civealm, pestilence.
four-fold. —L. quadru- (above); -//z/r, O. Sax. qualm, destruction, death; O.II.G.
signifying 4
fold ’
;
see Double. qualm, destruction. [Perhaps not the
Quaff, to drink in large draughts. (E.) same word as Du. kwalm, thick vapour.]
Spelt quaught (Palsgrave) ; quaft (Sir T. Teut. type *kwalmoz masc. from H’wal, , ;

More). A
Southern form of Fowl. Sc. 2nd grade of *kwel-an-, to die. See
waitcht, to quaff from waucht sb.
; ,
a Quell.
draught. -0 . Northumb. *zvaht =- A. S. Quandary, a perplexity. (I,. Gk.) -
iveaht ‘moistened*; from weccan, vb. to Orig. a morbid state of mind; Knt. of
moisten. Allied to Du. wak, moist. See burning Pestle, i 1. It probably arose
*

Wake ( 2) . from condarye for hypo-condarye , a morbid

Quagga, a quadruped. (Kaffir.) A state of mind. *
I, seeing him so troubled,
Xosa- Kaffir word. — Kaffir iqimra (W. T. a^ked him what newes . had put him . .

Davis) where the r is guttural. See N.

;
in so great a hypo-condarye Blackhall, ;
*

and Q. 9 S. v. 3. Brief Narration, ab. 1640 (Spalding Club),

Quagmire. (E.) Spelt quake-mire in p.175. See Hypochondria. (II. B.)
Stanihurst 1. c. quaking bog.
; Quantity. (F. — L.) M. E. quantitee.
Quaigh, Quaich, a cup. (C.~ L.) — F. quantity. — L. quantitdiem, acc. of
Gael, cuach. — L. caucus, a cup. quantities quantity. — L. quanti-, for quan- ,

Quail (1), to cower. (F.-L.) Not tus, how much. Related to quatn and
from A. S. cwelan to die, though perhaps to quis, who. Brugm. i. § 413.
sometimes confused with it. But the same uarantine. (F. — L.) O. F. quaran Q
word as prov. E. quail, to curdle, used of tine (Roquefort), usually quarantaine, a
milk. See Prompt. Paiv., and Way's space of forty days. — F. qua route, forty. —
note. The M. E. quailen, to curdle, coagu- E. quadragintd, forty; see Quadra-
late, is from O. F. coailler , quailier F. gesima. ,

caiUer , to coagulate, to curdle (see Supp. Quarrel (i\ a dispute. (F. — L.) M.E.
to Godefroy). — L. coaguldre see Coagu- qiterele. — O. F. querele, later querelle ;

late. Cf. Ital. cagliare, to curdle; also, L. querela a complaint. — L. queri to ,

to lack courage, to quail; M.Ital. quag- complain. See Querulous.

Hare, the same (Torriano).
Quail a bird. (F. - Low L.— Low
(2),
G. 1 quaille . — O. F. quaille F.
M.E.
caille.— Low L. quaqui/a,a. quail. M.Du.
quackel, Du. kwahkel, a quail. — M. Du.
Quarrel (2), a square-headed cro3s-bo\v
(F.-L.) MAL.quareL—O.Y. quarrel,
bolt.
,
M.F. quarreau, a diamond, square tile,
— cross-bow bolt. — Late L. quadrellus, a
quarrel. — L. quadms, square see Quad- ;

quacken, Du. kwaken to quack. From ,

rate.
the noise which the bird makes. See quarry place where stones are
(T), a
Quack. dug. (F.— L.)
Formerly quarter ; M. E.
Quaint, neat, odd, whimsical. (F . — L.) quwrtre, a place where stones are squared.
M E. queint aLo quoint , coint , commonly
.
,
— 0 F. quarriere, a quarry F. carribx. —
.
;

with the sense of ‘ famous.’ O. F. and — Late L. quadrdria a quarry for squared
M. F. coint, ‘ quaint, compt, neat, fine ; * stones. - L. quadrare to square. - L. quad-
,

Cot. — L. cognitus, well-known, pp. of sense was suggested rus, square. ^[ The
cognoscerc, to know see Cognisance, by L. quadratarius a stone-squarer, also
;

Der. ac- quaint a stone-cutter (merely).

.

Quake. (E.) M. E. quaken, ewakien. Quarry (2), a heap of slaughtered

A. S. cwacian, to quake; cf. c weecan, to game. (F. — L.) M.E. querre. — O. F.
wag; E. Fries, kwakkelen, to be unsteady, curee, cuiree intestines of a
(F. curte ) ,

Der. Quak-er (A. d. 1650) ; see Ilaydn. slain animal, the part given to hounds
• (F. — L.) M. E. qualitee — F. . so called because wrapped in the skin. — F.

424
 , , ,, , , , , ,,

QUART QUERN
cuir, a skin, hide. — L. corium, hide. See Quay, a wharf. (F. — C.) Formerly
Cuirass. hay, key M. E. key* keye. — M. F. quay
\

Quart, the fourth of a gallon. \ F. — L.) (F. qtiai ),‘ the key of a haven ; ’ Cot. Bret. —
M. E. quartc. — F. quarte. — L. quarta (i. e. kaJ, an enclosure, a quay; W. cae, an
pars), a fourth part; fern, of quartus , fourth, enclosure, hedge. Celt, type *kagi-\ allied
Related to L. qualtuor four. Brugm. i.
,
to Haw, Hedge.
§ 279. Quean, a woman
used slightingly. ;

quartan. — L.)
F. quartaine, re- (F.) A. S. ewene.
(F. O. II. G. quena, a +
curring on the fourth day (said of a fever), wife Goth, kwind. Tcut. type *kweudn-
;
t

— L. quartana Qfebris ), a quartan fever; Also Irish ben, W. Inm, a woman; Russ,
fem of quartdniis, belonging to the fourth, jena wife; Idg. type *g(w)end. Cf. Gk.
,

— I., quartus , fourth (above). 71^77, Pers. zan. See Queen. Brugm. i.
quarter. (F. — L.) M. F. quarter.— §670.
O. F. quarter quarticr.— L. quartarius
, Queasy. (Scand.) .E qitaysy queysy M .
,

fourth part. — L. quartus fourth. causing or feeling nausea. — Norweg. kveis,

quartern, lourth of a pint. (F.— L.) sickness after a debauch; I cel. itfnr kveisa,
Short for quarteron. M. K. quarteroun. — colic. Cf. Icel. kveisa a whitlow, boil;
O. F. quarteron, a quartern. — Late I.. Low G. quese, a blister qitesen-kopp a ; ,

quarterbnem, acc. of quarter0, a fourth brain-disease in sheep; L. Fries, kwase,

part. — Late L. quarterns from L. quartus, a blister, boil, worm causing giddiness in
,

fourth. sheep.
quartet, quartette. (Ital.-L.) Queen. (E.) Differing in gradation
Jtal. quartetto quartette is a F. spelling')
<
from quean, which spelling is restricted to
;

dimin. of quarto, fourth. — L. quartus the use of the word in a lower sense. A.S.
fourth. cwaiy a woman; O. Merc. kwdcn.+ Icel.
quarto, having the sheet folded into kvdn, wife; Goth, kwens, woman. Teut.
four leaves. (L.) From L. phr. in quarto, type ^kuueniz, fem. Idg. type *^ 7 v)eni~, ;

in a fourth part; where quarto is abl. of cf. Skt. -jam-, wife. Brugm. i. § 677.
quartus fourth.
,
(VGwEN.)
Quartz, a mineral. (G.) G. quarz , Queer. (J ow G.) A cant word — Low .

rock-crystal ;
M. II. G. quarz G. queer across cf. qitere obliquity. In
.
;

Quash.. (F. — L.) M. E. quaschen — Awdelay’s Fraternity of Vagabonds, p. 4,

.

O. F. quasser later casser, to break, quash. a quire fellow ’ is one who has just come
‘

— L. quassdre to shatter; frequent, of out of prison; cf. Low G. in der quere

,

quota e (supine quassutn), to shake. Hggtn, to lie across, lie queerly. So also
Quassia, a South- American tree. (Per- G. quer, transverse; querkopf, a queer
sonal name.) Named by Linnaeus (like fellow. G. quer answers to O. II. G.
dahl-ia from Dahl ) from Quassi, a negro iwer, transverse, Icel. jverr (whence E.
of Surinam, who pointed out the use of thwart ). See Thwart,
the bark as a tonic in 1730. Quassi is a Quell, to subdue. (E.) M. E. qucllen,
common negro name. to Kill. A. S. cwellan, to kill cauhal of ;

Quaternary, consisting of fours. (F. cwelan to die.+Du. kwellen, Icel. kvelja ,

— L.) F. quaternaire. — L. quaterndrius. Swed. qvalja, Dan. qz\ele, to torment,
— 1.. quatemi pi., four at a time. — L. choke
,
all causal forms. Teut. type
;

quattuor, four. *kwaljati - ; from *kwal, 2nd stem of

quaternion. (L.) L. quaternion -, *kwel-an -, to die. See Quail (ll.
stem of quaternio, a band of four men; Quench. (E.) M. E. quenchen. A.S.
Acts xii. 4. — L. quatemi, pi. ; see above, ewene an to extinguish; causal of A.S.,

—
quatrain. (F. L.) F. quatrain, a cwitican (pt. t. cwanc), to go out, be ex-
stanza of four lines. ••F. quatre, four. — L. tinguished. Cf. O. Fries, kwinka, to be
quattuor, four. extinguished.
Quaver, vb. (E.) Frequent, of quaye, Querimonioug, fretful. (L.) From
M. E. quauen (u * v), to quake. Allied L. querimonia, a complaint. «• L. queri, to
to M. E. quappen , to throb, palpitate, complain ; with Idg. suffixes - mdn-jd
Compare Quake. Der. quaver sb., a Quern, Kern, a handmill for grinding
,

note in music, orig. a trill, shake. And grain. (E.) M. E. querne. A. S. cweom
see quiver (1). cwyrn orig* ‘ that which grinds/ ;
Du. +
425
 , , , , , , , , ;
, , , , , ,;

QUERULOUS QUINSY
kweeni ,
Icel. kvern Dan. quanta Svved. and of Teut. origin. + Low G. kiil, a goose-
qvarn, Goth, Teut. type kwaimus . quill (Berghaus) ; Westphalian kwiole
*k 7vernuz. Cf. also Russ, jemorve, a mill- (Woeste) ; G. kiel, kit or kiLM. H. G.
stone Lith. girna stone in a hand-mill.
; Quin (2), to pleat a ruff. (F. L.) —
Bragm. i. § 670. From O. F. cuillir (F. cueillir), to gather,
Querulous, fretful. (L.’i L. quemlus, pluck also used in the sense of to pleat
;

full of complaints. — L. queri to complain, ,

see Rom. Rose, 1219, and Chaucer’s
-f- Skt. fvas f to sigh. Brugm. i. § 355. translation. —
Folk-L. *colligire for L. col- %

Query, an enquiry. (L.) For quart, ligere, to cull, collect. See Cull. Allied
i. e. enquire thou. — L. quart, imp. sing. to the Guernsey word enquiller ,
to pleat
2 pcrs. of qtiarere to seek ; for *qiues-ere, (Metivier).
as in L. quctsof I beg. Brugm. ii. § 662. Quillet, a sly trick in argument. (L.)
quest, a search. (F. — L.) O. F. Short for L. quidlibet, anything you choose.
qucste F. quete. — L. quasita {res), a thing
;
— L. quid, anything ; libet, it pleases (you\
sought fem. of pp. of quartet, to seek.
; Quilt, a bed-cover, &c. (F. — L.) M.E.
question. (F. — L.) F. question. — L. quilte. — A. F. and O. F. cuilte, a quilt
acc quastioncm an enquiry. — 1>. quas 1 2th cent.). — L. culcita, a cushion, mat-
, ^
base of qucerere to seek with suffix - tion -. ;
tress, pillow, quilt.
Queue, a tail. (F.— L.) F. queue, a Quinary, consisting of fives. (L.) L.
tail. — L. caiuia, a tail ;
see Caudal. quindrius arranged by fives. —
L. quint,
Quibble* (L*) Dimin. of a sar- five at a lime. For *quinc-ni, from quin-
quilt,
casm (Ash) ; which is a weakened form of que, five. Cf. bhii, two at a time. See
quip. See Quip. Five.
Quick, living, lively. (K.) M. E. quik. Quince. (F. — L. — Gk.) Formerly
A. cwic 11. +1 )u. kwik, Icel. kvikr,
S. cwic, quence, quyns. (Cf. M. F. coignasse, the ‘

Dan. qvik, Swed. qvick, O. II. G. quec. greatest kind of quince,’ Cot.) Merely the
Teut. type *kwikuz or *kwikwoz, allied to pi. form of M.E. quyne, come, or coin,

the shorter Teut. type *kwiwoz as in Goth. a quince. — O. F. coin F. coing, a quince.
kwius, living; cf. Irish beo W. byw, I.. ,
[The same as Prov. codoing cf. Ital. ;

uiuus Lith. gywas, Russ jivoi, alive; Gk.

,
cotogna, a quince.] — L. *cotoniu?n, for
Qtus, life ; Skt.jiv, to live. Brugm. i.
§§ 85, *cydonium (the Ital. cotogna being from
;

Der. quick- silver A. S. cwic- L. cyddnia, a quince). — Gk. tevdewtov firjKov,

3 1 8, 677. ;

stolfor . a quince, lit. a Cydonian apple. — Gk.

quicken. (E.) M. E. quikncn, orig. KvScuPia, Kvhcvvts, Cydonia, one of the chief
to become alive. — A. S. cwic, alive. cities of Crete.

Quid, a mouthful of tobacco. (E.) Quincunx, an arrangement by fives.

Merely another form of cud M. E. quide ;
(L.) Applied to trees arranged like
cud. See Cud. the spots on the side of a die marked
Quiddity, a nicety, cavil. (L.) Late 5 ; L. quincunx. — L. quinque five; uncia, ,

L. quidditds the nature of a thing. — L. an ounce, small mark, such as a spot on

quid, what i. e. what is it ? Neut. of quis,
;
a die see Uncial.
;

w ho ;
see Who. Quinine, extract of Peruvian bark. (F.
Quiet, adj. (L.) L. quietus, quiet ; orig. — Pciuv.) F. quinine, formed with suffix
pp. of *quiere, only used in the inceptive -ine (L. -ina), from F. quina Peruvian
form quiescere, to be still. Cf. quits, rest. ,
bark. — Peruvian kina or kina-kina said
Allied to 0
Pers. shiyati *, a place of to mean
. bark,’ esp. that which we call 1

delight, home ; Pers. shad, pleased ; and Peruvian bark.

to E. While. Brugm. i. §§ 130, 675; Quinquagesima. (L.) L. quinqud-
Horn, § 767. Der. quiet sb. and vb. gesirna (dies), fiftieth (day) ; fem. of quin-
quietus, sb. ; quiescent from stem of pres, qudgesitnus .fiftieth. L. quinqud- , for quin- —
pt. of quiescere . que, five, allied to E. Five ; -gesimus , for
Quill (1 ), a feather, pen. (E. ?) M. E. *-gensimus, allied to decern, ten ; see
’
quille .
4
Quylle a stalk, Calamus Quadragesima.
,
So also quinquan- ;

Prompt. Parv. Quill also meant the faucet gular, having five angles ; quinqui-ennial
of a barrel, or a reed to wind yam on. lasting five years.
This is a difficult and doubtful word, not Quinsy. (F. - Gk.) Formerly also
found at an early date. Apparently E., squinancy . — O. F. quinancie (Supp. to
426
 , ; , ; , , , , , ,,,,

QUINTAIN QUOTE
Godefroy, csquinance)
s. v. also squin - L. ciira ;
see Cure. Cf. E. Fries, kure,
ancie (x6th cent.) ; s quittance, ‘the squin- kiirke a ,
whim.
7
ancy or squinzie; Cot. Formed (some- Quit, freed, free. (F. — L.) Orig. an
times with prefixed s » O. F. es- y L. ex very) , adj., as in * quit claim.’ M. E. quyt, quit
from Gk. uwaytev, lit. a dog-throttling, also quyte free; adj. — O. F. quite, dis-
applied to a had kind of sore throat. — Gk. charged, released, L. quitus free. — Late
kvv - , stem of kvojv, a dog; ayx-tw, 1 ° quiltus, altered forms of Late L. quietus
choke. at rest, hence, free. Cf. Late L. quieta
Quintain. (F.-L.) M. F. quintaine, clamant ia, A. F. quite claimt E. quit ,

a post with arms, for beginners to tilt at. claim quietum clam are, quitum clamare,
;

The form of the word is such that it must to quit a claim; quiet are, quitdr s ,qtiittare,
be allied to L. quintana , a street in the to free from debt. See Quiet. Der. quit,
camp, which separated the fifth maniple vb., F. quitter , O. F. quiter from the ,

from the sixth ; where was the market and adj.; hence quitt-ance O. F. quitance , ,

business- place of the camp. Doubtless Late L. quitantia, quictanlia acquit ;

.

this public place was also the scene of Cf. Coy.

martial exercises and trials of skill; the quite. (F. — L.) M. E. quite an ad- ;

Latc L. quintana means (i) a quintain, verbial use of the M. E. adj. quite , free,
also (2) a part of a street (space) where now spelt quit ; see abo\e.
carriages could pass. — I,, quintdnus, from Quiver (1), to shiver. (E.) Allied to
quintus fifth. For *quinc-lus t from quin -
,
obsolete adj. quiver, full of motion, brisk ;
que, five. See Five. A. S. ewifer ,
m the comp. adv. cwifer-llce
Quintal, a hundred-weight. (F. — eagerly. Cf. M.Du. kuyven, kuyveren, to
Span. — Arab. — L.) F. quintal (Cot.). — quiver (KiliarD ;
E. Fries, kwifer lively, ,

Span, quintal. — Arab, qintar a weight of kzvifern, to be lively.

100 lbs. Not a true Arab, word; but Quiver (2), a case for arrows. (F.—
formed from L. centum , a hundred. O. H. G.) O. F. cuivre cuevre coivre , , ,

Quintessence, pure essence. (F. — L.) a quiver. — O. Sax. cokar\ cf. O. H. G.

Lit. ‘fifth essence.’— I
. ,
kohhar (G. kocher), a quiver; A. S. cocer,
quinta essentia
fifth essence (in addition to the four a quiver. Teut. t)pe *kukuro-, whence
elements). See below and Essence. Med. L. cucurum , a quiver.
;

Quintuple, (F. — L.) F.

five-fold. Quixotic. (Span.) Named from Don
quintuple. — L. * quint uplus, a coined word. Quixote or Quijote a novel by Cervantes. ,

— L. quint u-s, fifth, for *quinctus ; from Quoif; the same as Coif.
quinque, five; -plus, i.c. -fold; see Double. Quoin, a wedge. (F. — L.) The same
Quip, a taunt, cavil. (L.) Formerly as F. coin ; see Coin.
quippy ; Drant’s Horace, bk. ii. sat. 1.— Quoit, Coit,
a ring of iron for throwing
L. quippe, forsooth (ironical). For *quid- mark. (F. — L.?) M. E. coiie, oyte
at a .
;

pe\ Frugm. i. § 585. Der. quibble. cf. Lowl. Sc. coit to push about, justle. ,

Q uire ( 0 , a collection of sheets of Prob. from O. E. coitier, qnoitier, to press,

paper. (F. — L.) Spelt ewaer in the Ancren push, hasten, incite, urge on (which prob.
Riwle. — O. F. quaier (13th cent.), later also had the sense ‘ to hurl Of unknown
quayer cayer mod. F. cahier. — Late L. oiigin. Cf. Prov. coitar to hasten, urge.
,

quatemum a collection of four leaves (we Quorum. (L.) It was usual to nomi-
lind Late L. quaternus , glossed by A. F. nate members of a committee, of whom
quaer in Wright’s Voc. i. 116); whence {quonwi) a certain number must be present
also Ital. quaderno, a quire. Allied to L. to form a meeting. — L. quorum of whom ;

quattuor four. [The suffix - num is lost gen. pi. of qui, who. Allied to "Who.
,

as in F. enferiiQva L. infernuniJ] Not Quota, a share. (Ital. — L.) Ital. quota,

from L. quaternio , which could not thus a share. — L. quota {pars), how great a
suffer loss of the acc. termination -ttionem. part ;
fem. of quotus how great. — L. quot,

_ (2), a band of singers; see how many; allied to qui, who; sec
CEoir. Who.
Quirk, a cavil. (M. Du. — F. — L.) quote. (F. — L.) Form erly also cote.—
M. Du. kuerken a cunning trick,’ Hex- ‘ O. F. quoter, coter , to quote. — Late L. quo-
ham. Dimin. of M. Du. kure Du. kuur , ,
tare, to mark off into chapters and verses,
a whim, also a cure. — F. cure, a cure. — for references ; hence, to give a reference.

427
 , I ,,

QUOTH RACK
— L. quotus, how many, how much, with BftCfi (i), a swift course, (Scand.)
allusion to chapters, &c. ; see above. M. E. ras (North) ;
[rees (South), from
Quoth, he said. (E.) Properly a pt. t A.
ras , a running, race.
S. rcts\. - Icel,
Mr E. quoth quod. - A. S. cwceG, pt* t. of Tent base *rds~. Hence it is not for
,

cwedan to say.+Icel. kvad, pt. t. of kveGa, *rans t i. e. a running (as in Noreen).

,

to say ; Goth, kwath pt. t. of kwithan , to

,
Race (2), afaraily. (F. — Ital.) F. race .

say. Der. quotha, for quoth he. - Ital. razza, raza } also M. Ital. raggia ,
Quotidian, daily. (F.-L.) Y.quoti - ‘a race, broode,' Florio. Of doubtful
- L. quotidianus daily. -L. ,
origin; but answering to L. type *radia,
for quotas, how many ; dies, a day. Thus allied to radiare , to radiate. (Korling,
quotidianus = on however many a day, on § 6613.)
any day, daily. Race ( 3^> a root. (F.— L.) * A race of
quotient. (F.-L.; orL.) F. quotient, ginger;' Wint. Ta. iv. 3. 50.~O.F- rats,
the part which falls to each man’s share; faiz f a root.-L. radicem, acc. of radix,
Cot. — L. * quotient -, the imaginary stem a root. See Radix, Radish,
of L. quotiens, how many times; which is Raceme, a cluster. (K — L.) t.racPme,
really indeclinable. -L. quot, how many. -L. racemum , acc. of racemus a cluster.
See Quote. Rack
(i), a grating above a manger, an
instrument of torture. (E.) In some senses
R. the word is doubtless English cf. M. E. ;

rekke, a rack for hay. In the particular

Rabbet, to cut the edges of boards so sense to torture,' it may have oecn bor- ‘

that they overlap and can be joined. (F. rowed from M. Du. racken, to rack, to
— L ) M. E. rabet, sb., Prompt. ^Parv. torture. The radical sense of rack is to
f

‘
Rabetynge togedyr of two bordys’; id. extend, stretch out; hence, as sb., rack is
Apparently from O. K
raba Ire, to abate, a straight bar (cf. G. rack , a rail, bar) ;
diminish; hence, to thin down. — re * (L. hence, a frame-work, such as the bars in
4
,

?'*’*)» again ; and abatre , to abate ; see a grating above a manger, a frame-work
Abate. Confused with h raboter to plane . use d for torture, a bar with teeth in which
;

from F. rabot, a plane ; cf. Rebate.
Rabbi, Rabbin, sir. ( L. — Glv. — I Ieb.)
1 rabln, John i. 38. — Gk. pafS/Si, — I Ieb.
. to its full value, or nearly so. Allied words
rabbi, literally my master.* — Heb. rub,
*
great; as sb., master; and i, my.-Ileb.
root rdbab , to be great. (The form rabbin
is French.)
a cog-wheel can work. On the rack^in
great anxiety ; a rack-rentis a rent stretched
are Icel. rakkr, straight, rekkja, to strain,
M. Du, racken, to stretch, reach out, to
mck ; Swed. rak, straight, G. rack, a rack,
rail, recken to stretch; esp. LowG. rakk,
,

Rabbit. (Walloon — M. Du.) M. E. a shelf, as in E. plate-rack . Cf. Goth.

rabet, — Walloon rabett (Remade). Dimin. uf-rakjan, to stretch out. Rack is used
of M. Du. robbe, dimin. robbeken, a rabbit in many senses ; see rack (2), rack (3), See.
(Kilian). f The true E. name is cony. Rack (3), light vapoury clouds, mist.
Rabble.(M. Du.) From the noise (Scand.) See Hamlet, ii. 2. 506 Antony, ;

made by a crowd. -M. Du. rabbelen, to iv. 14. 10. M. E. rak,- Icel. rek, drift,
chatter; Low G. rabbeln to chatter, , motion, a thing drifted cf. skprek, the rack
;

babble. The suffix -le gives a frequentative or drifting clouds. —

Icel. reka to drive,
force; rabble* that which keeps on making thrust, toss; cognate with A. S. wrccan ,
a noise. Cf. Rap and seeRapparea.
; to drive. See Wreak. Cf. Swcd. skeppet
Rabid, mad. (L.) L. rabidus, mad. — vraker^t)\Q ship drifts.
L. rabere, to rage, rave. Cf, Rage. Rack (3), to pour off liquor, to clear it
Raca. (Chaldee.) Matt. v. 22. Chaldee from dregs or lees. (F. — L. ?) Minsheu
rekd, worthless; hence, foolish.
.
(1637) speaks of ‘ rackt wines.’ - M. F.
RaCCOOJl, Racoon. (N, American raqui\ whence vin raqui, * small, or corse
Indian.) Spelt rackoon in Bailey (1735). wine, squeezed from the dregs of the
The native \V. Indian name. 1 Arathkone, grapes, already drained of all their best
a beast like a fox;' glossary of Indian moisture;' Cot. Cf. Languedoc raqua ,
ords subjoined to A
Historic of Travaile to glean grapes; raquo, skin of grapes
into Virginia, by W. Strachey (pub. by the (D'Hombres) ; Span, ras con, sour; ras car,
Hakluyt Soc. in 1849). to scrape. Prob, of L. origin ; see Rascal.
428
 , , ;;
. , ,

RACK RAIN
Rack same as wrack in the
(4)» the ; rdfy rcefr , a roof, cognate with O.H.G. rdfo ,
j)hr. ‘to go to rack and min’ ; see a spar, rafter. Allied to Gk. opexpos, a roof,
Wrack. k pi<pw, to cover. (^REBH.) Not
Rack (5) Arrack. ; see allied to A. S. hrof, a roof,
Rack 6) ( a neck of mutton ( E.)
, A. S rafter, a beam to support a roof. (E.)
.

h raced, the back of the head ( occiput ) A.S. rafter An extension of the word .

see Soraner, and Vocab. 463. 21. % We above.

also find rack (7), for reck, to care rack ; Rag. (Scand.) M. E. ragge. We only
(S), to relate, from A. S. racu, an account A.S. raggie, for *raggige, rough, find
shaggy as if formed from a sb. *ragg~. —
rack (9), a pace of a horse, i. e. a rocking ;

pace; see Bock (2). Also rack (10), a Norw. ragg, rough hair, whence ragged ,

track, cart-rut, from A. S. racu, a track. shaggy (E. ragged ); Swed. ragg, rough
Racket (1), Raquet, a bat with a bair, whence raggig shaggy; Icel. rogg, ,

net-work blade. (F.— Span. — Arab.) M.E. shagginess, raggadr, shaggy. Orig. sense
rakel borrowed from O. F.
; cf. M. F. shagginess,* whence the notion ol untidi-
;
‘

raquette.** Span. raqucta a racket, battle- ness. t

The resemblance to Gk. foucos, f
dore. — Arab, rdhat the palm of the hand a shred of cloth, is accidental. Der. rag-
(hence the game oi fives, which preceded stone, i.c. rugged stone; rag-wort, i. e.
rackets). To this day, tennis is called in ragged plant.
F. pautne, i. e. palm of the hand, though Rage. ( F. - L.) F. rage. - 1.. rabiern,
now played with bats. acc. of rabies rage. — L. rabere to rage. ,

Racket (2), a noise. (E.) Of imitative And see Rave.

origin d. rattle, rap. So also Gael, racaid,
; Ragout. (F.-L.) F. ragodt, a sea-
a noise Irish racan noise Gael, rac , to soned dish. — F. ragofiter to coax a sick
; , ; ,

make a noise like geese or ducks. man’s appetite. — F. re-, again; a, to;
Racoon ;
see Raccoon. gottter to taste. — E. re - ; ad gustdre, to , ;

Racy, of strong flavour, spirited. (F. — taste. See Gust (2).

Ital. ; with E. suffix .) Racy = indica- Raid. (North E. Northern form A
tive of its race, due to its breed, bee of E. road. Cf. Icel. rei(S, a riding, a
Bace (2). See Road. road.
Radiant. (L.) From Stem
(l), a bar. (F.-L.) M. E. rail.
of pres, Rail
pt. of L. radidre, to shine, — Not found in A. S. — 0. 1‘. reille, a rail,
E. radius a ,

ray. bar; Norman dial, raile . — L. regain , a

Radical ; see Radix. bar. See Buie. Cf. Low G. regel, a rail,
Radish. (F. — Prov. — L.) F. radis cross-bar Swed. regel a bar, bolt ; G. ; ,

(not a true F. word, but borrowed from riegel, 0. II. G. vigil, a bar, bolt; ail
Pioven^al). — Prov. raditz a root. — L. from L. ,

radicem see Radix. *|[ Or the F. radis

; Rail (2), to brawl, scold. (F.) F.
is from Ital. radicc . railler, to deride; O. F. raille, sb.,
Radius, a ray. (L.) L. radius , a ray. mockciy. Origin unknown. Der. raill-
Doublet, ray (1). ery, F. raillerie banter.
Radix, a root (L.) L. radix (stem Rail (3), a bird. (F. — Teut.) O. F.
rddlc-), a root.+Gk. /5a5c£, a branch, rod raalle\ M. F. rasle, ‘a rayle/ Cot.; F. ;

pddafxvosy a twig. See Boot and Wort. rdle. (From its cry.)
Der. radic-aly L. rddTcdlis. Rail (4), part of a woman’s night-dress.
Raffle, a kind of lottery. (F. — G.) (,E.) See Halliwell and Palsgrave. M.E.
M. K. rajle , a game at dice. — M. F. rafle rejel. — A. S. hrccgl hregl , a dress, robe,
raffle, a game at three dice O. F. rajley swaddling-clothes.
;
0. Fries, hreil, veil; +
a gust of wind ; F, rafter, to snatch up. — O. II. G. hregily a garment. Teut. type
G. raffeln, to snatch up; frequent, of *hragilom, neut.
raffen, to snatch away, carry off hastily. Raiment. (F. — L. and Scand.; with
See Bap (2). F suffix.) Short for arrai-ment\ see
Raft. (Scand.) M.E. rafty a spar, Array.
beam; orig. sense ‘ rafter.’ — Icel. raptr Rain. (E.) M.E .rein. A.S. regn, also
(raftr)y a rafter, beam (where the final r is ren (by contraction). +Du. regen, Icel.
merely the sign of the nom. case) Dan. Dan. Swed. rtgn, G. regen, Goth. rign f
;

rafty a rafter, a beam. Allied to lcel. rain.

429
 , , , , , , ,,,-
,

RAINDEER RANCH
Raindeer ;
see Beindeer. ramm. Cf. Icel. ramr ,
strong. Der. ram
Raise. (Sound.) M. E. reisen. — led. vb., to butt, push, thrust ram-rod, ;

reisa, to make to rise, causal of risa (pt. Ramadan, a great Mohammedan fast.
t. reis ,
to rise ;
so also Dan. reise Swed. ,
(Arab.) So called because kept in the ninth
resa, to raise. See Bise, Bear (i). month, named Ramadan. — Arab, rameuidn
Raisin. (F. — L.) M . E. reisin . — O. F. pronounced ramazdn in Turkish and Per-
raisin a grape; also a bunch.— Folk -
, sian. As it is in the ninth month of the lunar
L. racimum , for L. racemum , acc. of ? <zr<F- year, it may take place in any season but ;

wwj, a cluster. it is supposed to have been originally held

Rajah, prince. (Skt.) Skt. rdjd, the in the hot season. The word implies con-
(

nom. case from the stem rajan a king. suming fire ’ from Arab, root rained, it
;

Cognate with L. rex Begal. ;

see was hot. (Devic, Richardson.)
raj poo t, a prince. (Hind. — Skt.) Hind. Ramble. (E.) Frequentative of M. E.
rajptit a prince; lit. ‘son of a rajah.’ —
, ramien (?), prov. E. rame, to rove, to gad
Skt. rdj-d, a king putra son. ; ,
about (Yks.) cf. E. Fries, ramen rumen
; ,

Rake (i), an implement. (E.) A.S. to rove, ramble. The b is excrescent, and
raca a rake.
, +
Du. rakel, a rake, Dan. ramble is for prov. E. rammle , to ramble
rage, a poker, Swed. raka, an oven-rake (Whitby Glossary\
(with base rak -) also icel. reka, a shovel,
; Ramify. (F. —
L.) F. ramifier to put ,

G. rechen, a lake with base rek-). Allied forth branches (hence, to branch off). L. —
to Goth, rikan (Teut. type *rek-an-, pt. t. rami-, for ramus, a branch, bough ;
fit are,
rak), to collect, heap up. Cf. Icel. raka for facere, to make. With I/, ramus , cf.
vb., to rake. Der. rake vb. , Gk. paSafivos, a twig. 529. Brugm. i.
§
Rake (2), a dissolute man. (E.) Not Ramp, Romp, to bound, leap pro- ;

M. E. rakel rash, oddly corrupted to rakc- perly to climb, scramble, rear; also to
hell (Trench, Nares),and finally shortened sport boisterously. (F. Teut.) M. E. —
to rake . But really (see N. E. D.) from rampen, to rage cf. ramp ant (F. ramp-
;

rake and helL 1

Suche a feloe as a manne ant), rearing, said of a lion.— F. ramper
should rake helle for Udall. ’
;
1
to creep, run, crawle, climb ’ Cot. Orig. ;

Rake (3), the projection of the extremi- sense to clamber ; cf. M. Ital. rampaie
‘ ’
,

ties of a ship beyond the keel, the inclina- to clutch, rampo, a hook. According
tion of a mast from the perpendicular. to Diez, the Ital. rampare (Prov. rapar)
(Scand.) ‘ In
sea-language, the rake of a is a nasalised form from Low G. rappen,
ship is so much of her hull or main body, to snatch hastily, Dan. rappe, to hasten ;
’
as hangs over both the ends of her keel ; cf. G. raffen, to snatch; sre Bape (i N .

Phillips (1706). Evidently from rake , vb., But Korting derives Ital. rampa a grip,
to reach, extend ( Halliwell). — Swed. dial. from Low G. ramp (Liibben), Bavar.
raka to reach, raka fram , to reach over,
, rampf, a cramp, seizure ; which is allied
project; Dan. ragefrem to project, jut out. to rampf, 2nd grade of O. II. G. rimpfan ,
Cf. Icel. rakr Swed. rak straight. Allied
,
to cramp. Cf. Bipple (2).
to Back (1). Rampart. (F. — L.) Also spelt ram -
Rakehell, a vagabond see Bake (2). pi> c, rampler, rampar. — M. F. rempart,
;

Raki arrack. (Turk. —

Arab) Turk. rempar, a rampart of a fort. — M. F. ran
rdqt ,
arrack. —c
Arab. araq arrack; see parer to put again into a state of defence.
, ,

Arrack. — L. re-,again im- {in), in ; pardre, to

;

Rally 1 ), to re- assemble. (F. — L.)

(
F. get ready. See Pare.
rattier — F. re-, again
. attier to ally ;
: s:e Ramsons broad-leaved garlic. (E.)
f
Ally. Cf. prov. F. ratter, to rally, grow A double plural; for rams-en-s . Here
convalescent ;
dial, de la Meuse (Labour* ramsen — A.S. hramsan ramsons; a pi. ,

asse). form, from a sing. ^ra/zwrt.+Swed. rams-

Rally (2), to banter. (F.) also We Ifik (lok * leek) Dan. rams ; Lithuan. ;

find the sb. rallery , 4 pleasant drolling,’ kermusze, wild garlic; Irish creamh W. ,

Phillips, ed. 1706. This is, of course, eraf garlic; Gk. fcpojxvov, an onion v Stokcs-
another spelling of raillery ; and rally is Fick. p. 98).
merely another form of rail (2), from F. Ranch, Rancho, a rude hut. (Span.
rattler , to deride. See Bail (2). — Teut.) Common in Mexico. — Span.
Ram. (E.) A. S. ram.+ Du. ram , G. rancho ,
a mess, set of persons who eat
430
 , ,,; , , , ; ;;
,,
:

RANCID RAPE
and drink together formerly, a ranke/
;
4
Dan. ransage. — Icel. rann, a house, abode
Minsheu. Prob. borrowed from Prov. sak-> related to sakja , to seek. The Icel.
renc, a rank O. F. reng ; see Bank,
; rann stands the same as
for *razn , and is
Bange. A. S. am, a cot, Goth, razn, a house ; see
Rancid. (L.) L. tancidus, rancid. Cf. barn. Cf. A. S. rasn, a plank, beam
L. rumens, stinking, as if from an infin. and see Seek, Cf. Norman dial, ran -
* ranee re, to stink. saquer, Gael, rannsaich, from Scand.
rancour. (F.-L.) M. E. rancour. — llansom, redemption. (F. — L.) M.E.
A.F. rancour . — L. rancorem acc. of rancor, ransoun (with final n). — O. F. raenson
spite, orig. rancidness. See above. later randon, a ransom. — L. redemptionem
Random, said or none at hazard. (F. — acc. of redctnftio, a buying back. — L.
Teut.) M. E. randon esp. in phr. in ;
redemptus, pp. of rc dim ere, to redeem ; see
randon, in great haste. — O. F. randon , the Bedeem. Doublet, redemption .

force and swiftness of a great stream Rant. (Du.) M. Du. randlen to dote, ,

whence phr. h randon in great haste, with

,
he enraged also spelt randen see Kilian.
;

impetuosity from O. F. raiu.hr to run

; ,
Cf. Westphal. rantern, to prate.
swiftly. So also Span, de rendon de rondon , , Rantipole, a romping child. (Low G.)
rashly, impetuously. — G. rand, a brim, Cf. M. Du. wrantigh, E. Fries, wrantcrig,
edge, verge, margin; whence Ital. a randa, Low G. wrantig peevish, quarrelsome
with difficulty, exactly (lit. near the verge). and Poll. See Frampold.
Cf. G. bis am rande voll full to the brim. , Ranunculus. (L.) L. ranunculus, a
The sense of O. F. randir has reference to little frog ; also, a plant. Double dimin.
the course of a full or brimming river. -f of 1 ana, a frog.
A. S. rand, Icel. rond, Dan. rand, rim, Rap (i\ to strike smartly; a smart
verge Swed. rand, a stripe. See Bind.
; stroke. (Scand.) Dan. rap, a rap, tap;
Range. (F. — O. H. G.) The sense to ‘
Swed. rapp a blow Swed. rappa, to beat
, ;

rove arose from the trooping about of

’
cf. G. rappeln to rattle. Of imitative
,

ranks of armed men. — F. ranger (O. F. origin allied to Battle, Backet (2).
;

renger), to range, rank, order, array, lit. Rap (2), to snatch, seize hastily. (E.
N
i

to put into a rank.* — F. rang (O. F. reng), M. E. rapen to hasten, act hastily. Cf.
4
,

a rank below). ( M. Du. rapen, to rap up, gather/ Hex-

4

rank (l), a row, line of soldiers, clnss. ham Du. rap, quick Icel. hrapa to
; ; ,

( F. — O. I T. G.) M. E. reng, renk. — O. F. fall, tumble, hasten, hurry Swed. rappa, ;

; eng (F. rang), a rank, row, list, range.— to seize, snatch, Dan. rappe to make ,

O. H. G. hnne, a ring, ring of men, hence haste; Swed. rapp, Dan. rap, quick,
a row or rank of men. Sec Bing. brisk G. raffen, to snatch. From Teut.
;

Rank 12), coarse in growth, very fertile ; base *hrap-. Chiefly in the phrase to
also rancid. (E.) The sense 4 rancid is ’
rap and rend. And see Bapt, Bape (1).
due to confusion with O. F. ranee, musty/ 4
Rapacious. (L.) Coined from L.
Cot., which is from L. rancidus But M.E. . rapaci -, for rapax, grasping. L. rapere, —
rank means strong, forward from A, S. to grasp. Brugm. i. § 477.
;

ranc strong, proud, forward. Du. ran k

,
+
Rape (I ), a seizing by force. (F. - L.)
lank, slender (like things of quick growth) A. F. and Norm. dial, rape, rap cf. Late ; ;

Icel. rakkr (for *rankr), straight, slender, L. rappuSj rapus (for L. raptus). O.F.
Swed. rank, long and thin, Dan. rank, erect. rapt — L. raptum, acc. of raptus a rape. .
,

Rankle, to fester. (F. — L. — Gk.) — L. raptus pp. of rapere , to seize.

A. F. rankler, to fester O. F. draoncler Cf. O. F. raper, Gascon rapa, to seize,
; ,

raoncler, rancler (so that it once began p. But, apparently, confused with M. E*
with d; see Godefroy). — O. F. draoncle rape haste, hurry, a common word; see
raoncle rancle, an eruption of the skin. — ChauceFs lines to Adam Scrivener. — Icel.
,

Late L. dracunculus dranculus (1) a hrap, ruin, falling down, hrapaftr, a hurry,
, ,

little dragon
; (2) a kind of ulcer (as hrapa, to hasten Swed. rapp, Dan. rap, ;

dragons were supposed to be venomous). quick see Bap (2). Der. rape, vb. ;

— Late L. draco, a dragon. See Dragon. Rape (2), a plant. (L.) M.E. rape.—
(Phil. Soc. Trans. 1891.) L. rapa, rdpum , a turnip, a rape.+Gk.
Ransack. (Scand.) Icel. rannsaka, to pairvs, a turnip, fia<pavts, a radish ; Russ*
search a house, ransack; Swed. ransaka, riepa, a turnip ; G. rube.
43i
 e ; ; ,. ; —
,

RAPE RAT
Rape (3), a division of a county, in form from rasum, supine of radere to ,

Sussex. (E.) Of uncertain origin. It scrape see Rase (below) ; and Rash (2).
;

occurs in Domesday Book as rap and was , Rase, Raze, to scrape, efface. (F.-
spelt rope in 1380. Prob. from A. S. rap ,
L.) M.E. rasen ,
to scrape. F. raser— .

a rope used for measurement. See Hope. Late L. rdsdre ,

to graze, to demolish.
Rapid. (F. — L.) F. rapide — L. rapi- . — L. rdsunt y
supine of radere , to scrape.
dus quick, lit. snatching away. — L.
,
Allied to Rodent.
rapere , to snatch. See Rapacious. Rash. (1), headstrong. (E.) M. R.
Rapier, a light narrow sword. ( F. — rashy rasch y E. Fries, t ask cf. A. S. ;

Span. — O. H.G.) M. F. rapiere, rappiere, r&scan, to flash. +Du. rasch, G. rasch ;

also raspiere (Littre) ; it was considered Dan. Swed. rash, quick, rash ; Icel.
’
as Spanish. * Rapier , Spanische sworde ; ruskr, vigorous; N. Fries, radsk , quick.
Palsgrave, p. 908. Perhaps raspiere was Brugm. i. § 795, connects this word
a name given in contempt, meaning ‘a with O. H. G. rad, a wheel see Rotary. ;

rasper’ or poker; hence it was called Rash (2), a slight eruption on the body.
(F. — L.)
4
a proking-spit of Spaine’; Nares. Cf. O. F. rasehe, rasque , rathe.
Span. raspadera, a raker. — Span, raspar, The same as Prov. rasca , the itch. So
to rasp, scratch. — O. H. G. raspon, to rasp. called from the wish to scratch
it cf. Prov. ;

See Rasp. %
So Diez Littre rejects this ;
rasear to scratch, equivalent to a Late L.
probable solution. *nisicdre. — L. rasum, supine of radere ,
Rapine, t F. - L.) F. rapine, rapine, 4
to scrape. See Rascal.
ravine Cot. — L .rapina, robbery, plunder.
;
’
Rash to pull, tear violently. (F.~
(,3 ,

— L. rapere to seize. See Rapacious.

,
L. ) R asking off helmes F. Q. v. 3. 8.
4

;
*

Rapparee, an Irish robber. (Irish. M. E. araeeu, afterwards shortened to racen .

Irish rapoire, a noisy fellow, sloven, — O. F. esrachier (F. arracher \ to root up,
robber, thief; cf. rapal noise, rapach , ,
pull away violently. — L .exnldTcdre, to root
noisy. Cf. Gael, rapair a noisy fellow. ,
out. — L. ex, out ; rddiedre , to root, from
All perhaps from E. rabble (Macbain). rddu- stem y
of radix , a root. See
Rappee, a kind of snuff. (F. — O. H. G.) Radix.
K. rdpiy lit. rasped, reduced to powder ; Rash (4), a kind of serge. (F. — ItalA
pp. of rdper, to rasp see Rasp. ;
M. F. ras. serge. — Ital. rascia, * silk rash
Rapt, carried away. (L.) From L. Florio. From Rascia , a district in the S.
raptm, pp. of rapere. to seize see Milton, ;
of Bosnia.
P. L. iii. 522. But in What thus raps *
Rasher, a thin slice of broiled bacon.
you,’ Cymb. i. 6. 51, the word may be E.
4
(E.) Rasher on the coales, quasi rashly
See Rap (2). or hastily roasted,’ Minsheu. This is
) Used of birds
4
raptorial. (L of prey. right ;
cf. Rasked, burnt in cooking, by
— L. raptor-i from raptor , one who seizes being too hastily dressed;’ llalliwell.
with suffix -al. — L. rapere y to seize. See Rash (1).
rapture. (L.) Coined, as if from L. Rasorial. (L.) L. rdsdr-i-. from rdsor
*raptura, from L. raptus y pp. of ; apere. one who scrapes; with suffix al. — L.
Rare. (F. — L.) F. rare. — L. rdrum ,
rds-um, supine of radere , to scrape.
acc. of rants, rare. Rasp, vb. (F. - O. II. G.) M. E.
Rascal, a knave, villain. (F. — L.) M.E. raspen — O. F. rasper ( F. rdper) — O.H.G. .

raskaUle, the common herd, [It was a raspen, whence G. raspeln, to rasp. Cf.
term of the chase certain animals, not
; 0 H. G. h respan, to pluck, to rake
.

worth hunting, were so called. The hart, together. Cf. Rap (2).
till he was six years old, was accounted rasp-berry, a kind of fruit. (F. —
raseaylel] A. F. raskayle , a rabble also ;
O.H.G. and E. F ormerly called
; ) raspis,
*rascaille, whence mod. F. racaiUe, 1 the raspes, but this is merely a pi. form used as
rascality or base or rascall sort, the a singular. Named from its uneven sur-
scumme, dregs, offals,, outcasts of any face. So also M. Ital. mspo a ,
rasp, also
company/ Cot. Due to an O. F. word a raspberry.
cognate with Prov. Span. Port, rasear , Rat, (E.^ M. E. rat . A. S. nrf.+M.Du.
to scrape ; the orig. sense being scrap- ‘ ratte, Du. rat, Dan. Swed. rhtta, CL
ratte,
ings ’ ; e£ M. F„ rasque * scurfe ' ; Cot. y
ratte, rata Low L. ratus rata (whence F.
,

All from a Late L. *rdsicare y a frequent rat) Irish and Gael, radon Bret. rax. ,
 , , ; , ,. , ,
; ; , , , , ,;,,
;

RATAFIA RAVEL
Der. rat vb., to desert one’s party, as Also spelt ratan (Johnson). — Malay rdtan,
rats are said to leave a falling house. the rattan-cane.
And see Batten. Ratten, to take away a workman’s
Ratafia, a liquor. (F. — Arab, arui tools for offending the trades’ union.
Malay.) F. ratafia cf. tafia, rum-arrack. (F. — Low L. —
Teut.) Ratten is the HaL
— Malay araq tafia, the spirit called tafia ;
lamshire (Sheffield) word for a rat ; hence
x
where araq is borrowed from Arab. araq, applied to working secret mischief, which
arrack. is attributed to rats. ‘I have been rat-
Hatch, a rack or bar with teeth. (G.) tened I had just put a new cat-gut band
;

Also, a wheel with teeth ; iii clockwork. upon my lathe, and last night the rats have
It answers to G. ratsche (N. E. D.). G. carried it off;’ N. and Q. 3 S. xii. 192.
ratsche, a watchman’s rattle (Weigand). M. E. raton, a rat. — F. raton, dimin. of
Der. ratch-et , in watch-work, ‘the small F. rat see Rat.
teeth at the Rattle, to clatter. (E.) M. E. ratelen.
bottom of the fusee or barrel
that stop It inwinding up ; ’ Phillips.
A. S. *hmtclan, only preserved in A. S.
Rate (i), a proportion, standaid, tax. hratele hrceteiwyrt, rattle-wort, a plant ,

(F. — L.) A. F. rale , price, value. — L. which derives its name from the rattling
rata, fem. of ratiiSy determined, fixed, of the seeds in the capsules.+Du. ratelen ,
settled, pp. of rear, I think, judge, deem. G. rasseln , to rattle ; allied to Gk. apad-
Brugm. i. § 200. alvtiv, to shake. Cf. also Gk. KpcraXor,
Rate (2), to scold, chide. (F.~ L.) a rattle.
M. E. ratetiy Ch. C. T. 3463; araten, to Raught, pt. t. of Reach, q. v.
reprove. Also spelt retten aretten. — O.F. , Ravage, sb., plunder. (F. - L.) F.
refer, rateir, areter, aratter, to accuse, to ravage, ravage Cot. — F. ravir, to bear‘
;
’

impute; Norman dial, refer retter, to away suddenly. — Foik-L rapire L. raptre,
, ,

blame. — L. ad, to ; and reputdre to count. to seize. See Rapid. Der. ravage , vb.,
See Repute. *([ Not from rate (r). F. ravager.
Rath, early Rather, sooner. (E.) Rave. (F. — L.) M. E. raven — O. F.
;
.

Rather vs, the compai. of 7'ath, early, soon. raver, cited by Diez, s. v. rever, as a Lor-
A. S. hrafte, adv., quickly, krceO, adj., raine word hence the derivative ravasser ;

quick, swift; hence hrador, sooner. Icei. +

to rave, talk idly Cot.
1
Godefroy has ;
’

hratir, swift ; M. H. G. rad, hrad, quick O. F. resver, raver, rever to stroll about, ,

Du. rad, swift. Cf. O. Ir. crothim I shake. also to rave cf. F. rdver, dial, de la Meuse ;

Ratify. (F. — L.) F. ratifier. — Late L. (Labourasse). Allied to Span, rabiar, to

ratifiedre, to confirm. — L. rati-, for rat us rave, a verb formed from the sb. rabia
settled ;fiedre, for facere to make. See rage, allied to L. 1‘abies , rage. — L. rabere,
Rate (1). to rage ; see Rabid, This is the
ratio. (L.) L. ratio, calculation. — L. solution given by Diez; but see Korting,
ratus, pp. of reor, I think, deem. s. v. rabia ,

ration, rate 01 allowance of provisions. Ravel, to untwist, unweave, entangle.

(F. — L.) F. ration. — L. ratidnem, aec. of (M. Du.) The orig. sense has reference to
ratio (above). Doublet, reason the untwisting of a string or woven texture,
Ratlines, Ratlins, Rattlings, the ends of threads of which become after-
the small transverse ropes crossing the wards entangled. To unravel is to disen-
shrouds of a ship. (E. ; and F. - L.) Now tangle; to ravel out is to unweave. — M.
turned into rat-lines, as if affording ladders Du. rccvelen to ravel mod. Du. rafelen ;

for rats to get up by. But the old term E. Fries, rafeln to fray out, unweave
was raddelines, or raddelyng of the Low G. reffeln, to fray out. Cf. Du.
shrmudes Naval Accounts (J4S5-97), ed. rafely E. Fries, rafel, rdfel, a frayed edge.
Oppenheim, pp. 185, 207. Prob. the Also Norman dial, raviler to ravel
same as prov. E. raddlings long pieces of Pomeran. rabbeln , uprabbeln, to ravel out.
,

underwood twisted between upright stakes Of unknown origin; but cf. A.S. drafian{ or
(hence, mvr-lines of the shrouds) cf. Du. drdfian ?), to unravel, Gregory’s Pastoral
;

weeflijnen (weave-lines), ratlines. Cf. prov. Care, ed. Sweet, p. 245, 1 22. <(f
The .

K. raddle, a hurdle perhaps allied to rod. M. I)u. ravelen to dote (from O. F. rdver,
;
Palsgrave has ' radyll of a carte.’ see Rave), is a different word. Der. un-
Rattan, a Malacca cane. (Malay.) ravel.
 , , , , , ,

RAVELIN REAM
Ravelin, a detached work in fortifica- Re-, Red
^prefix, again. (F.-L.; or
tion, with two embankments raised before L.) L. re-, red-; commonly re-, except
the counterscarp. (F.— Ital.) F. ravelin. in red-eem, red-olent, red-dition red-ound, ,

— M. Ital. ravellino, revellhio (Ital. rivel- red-undant %

Hence a large number of
.

lino\ a ravelin. Origin unknown thought ; compounds, such as re-address , re-arrange,

to be from L. re-, back, uallnm , a ram- which cause no difficulty.
part ;
which is unlikely. Reach (1), to attain. (E.) M. E.
Raven a bird. (E.) M. E. raven.
(i), rechen pt. t. raghte raughte pp. raught.
, , ,

A. S. hrcefn hrefn.+T)w raaf, Iccl. hrafn

,
. — A. S. rdcan , riecean pt. t. rcehte.+X) u.
Dan. ravn G. rabe Teut. type * hrabnoz.
,
rei ken, O. Friesic reka G. reichen. The ;

m. Perhaps allied to Gk. Kup-a( y a raven,
L. cor-uus.
Raven (2), to plunder, to devour.
L.) Better spelt ravin. F rom M. K. ravine
sb., plunder. — O. F. ravine, rapidity, im-
petuosity (oldest sense plunder,’ as in L.).
— L. rapina, plunder see Rapine.
ravine, a hollow gorge. (F. — L.) F.
ravine , a hollow worn by floods, also a
great flood; O. F. ravine (above).
A. S. riecan is closely allied to the sb.
ge-riec, opportunity; giving as the orig.
(F. — sense 4 to seize an opportunity.* Teut.
type *raikjan -. (Distinct from A.S. reccan,
to stretch.) Der. reach, sb., which also
‘ means 4 a stretch in a river.’
; Reach (2), to try to vomit ; see Retch.
Read. (E.) M. E. reden. A.S. rCedan
(strong verb), to counsel, consult, inter-
pret, read with the remarkable pt. t.
;

ravish, to seize with violence. (F. - reord% [Also as a weak vb., pt. t. rddde ;

L.) M. E. rauischen. — F. raviss-, stem prob. by confusion with rctdan, to dispose

of pres. pt. of ravir, to ravish. — Folk- L. of, to govern.] Allied to Goth, garedan,
rap ire, for L. rapere to seize. ,
to provide, Icel. rdda (pt. t. red), to advise,
Raw. (E.) M. E. raw. A. S. hreaw, G. rat hen (pt. t. rieth ), to advise. Teut.
//r^.+Du. raauw Icel. hrdr Dan. raa, ; type *r(edan-. Perhaps allied to L. re-rl,
Swed. rd O. H. G. rdo, G. roh. Teut.
;
to think. Der. riddle (1), q. v.
types Virmvoz, *hnewoz. Allied to L. Ready. (E.) M. E. redi with change
;

crudus, raw, Skt. krura -, sore, cruel, hard ;

of suffix from A.S. riede, ready; orig.
also to Gk. tcptas (for *Kp€fas), raw flesh, 4
equipped for riding,’ or 4
prepared for a
Skt. kravya-, raw flesh Lat. cruor, blood ; ;
raid ’
[ready ~ 4 fully dressed,* is common
;

Russ, krove , Lith. kraujas Irish cru, W. ,

in Tudor E. ] usual ioTm ge-nede. — A. S.
;

crau , blood. Brugm. i. § 492. (VKREU.) rad, 2nd stem of ridan, to ride. So also
Ray(i). (F.-L.) O. F. ray; F. rau G. he-reit, ready, from reit-en, to ride;
— L. radium acc. of radius, a ray. See Goth, garaids, Icel. g-reitir, ready; cf.
Radius. Goth, raidjan to order, appoint. And ,

Ray (2), a fish. (F. — L.) O. F. raye, cf. G. fertig ready, from fahren
,
to go.
F. rate. — L. rdia, a ray. See Ride.
Ray (3). a dance. (Du.) M. Du. rey, Real ( 1 ) actual. { F. — L. or L.) Either
, ;

a dance ; Du. rei, a chorus. from O. F. reel (F. riel\ or directly from
Rayah, a person, not a Mohammedan, Late L. redlis belonging to the thing itself.
,

who pays the capitation -tax, a word in use — L. res, a thing. Der. real-ist.
in Turkey. (Arab.) It may be explained Real (2), a small Spanish coin. (Span.
as 4 subject,* though the orig. sense is 4 a — L.) Span, real lit. a 4 royal coin. — L. ,
’

flock,’ or pastured cattle. — Arab, raiyah, regdlis. royal see Regal. ;

raiyaif), a flock, subject, peasant from ; Realgar, red arsenic. (F.-Span.-

ray, pasturing, tending flocks. Cf. Ryot. Arab.) F. rlalgar. — Span, rejalgar, red
Raze, the same as Rase (above). sulphuret of arsenic. — Arab, rahj al-ghdr ,

razor. (F.— L.) F. rasoir, a razor, powder of the mine, mineral powder.—
lit. a shaver. — F. raser to shave; see , Arab, rahj, powder ; al, the ; ghdr, a
Rase. cavern, mine.
Razzia, a sudden raid. (F. — Algiers.) Realm. (F. — L.) M. E. roialtne,
F. razzia razia ; borrowed from the Alger-
,
realme. — A. F. realme (F. royaume ), a
ine razia, which is a peculiar pronunciation kingdom answering to a Late L. *regdli-
;

of Arab, ghdzia, a raid, expedition against men. — L. regdlis , royal ; see Regal.
infidels (Devic). — Arab, ghdzi, a hero, a Ream. (F. — Span. — Arab.) M. E.
leader of an expedition. reeme. — O. F. raime (F. rame), a ream or

434
 , , , , , , , , , ,,, . ,, , , ;

REAP RECEPTACLE
bundle of paper. — Span, resma a ream. — Rebel. (F.-L.) The verb is from the
Arab. risma[t ) ,
pi. rizam a bundle. sb ,
and the sb. was orig. an adj. M. E.
Reap. (E.) M. E. repen (pt. t. rep, pp. rebel, adj., rebellious. — F .rebelle, rebellious.
ropeti). O. Merc, reopan A. S. repan, — L. rebellem, acc. of rebellis, renewing
pt. t. r<rp ,
pt. t. r&pon. [But a com-
pi. war. — L. re-, again bellum , war = O. L. ;

moner form is A. S. ripan (pt. t. rap pp. duellum, war; see Duel. Der. rebel 4 >. ,

ripen); whence A. S. rip, K. ripe ;

see and vb. ; rebell-ion, -ious.
Bipe. The co-existence of these two Rebound; see Bound (1).
strong ve“bs remarkable.] The A. S.
is Rebuff, a repulse. (Ital.) In Milton,
repan is from a Teut. base *rep-, whence V. L. ii. 9 36. —
rebuffo , ribuffo, a
Ital.
Du. repel a flax-comb (see Hippie (i)), check. — 1
Ital. rilmffare, to check, chide ;
’

and Swed. repa, to rip up (see Bip). The Florio. — Ital. ri- (L re-), back buffare , a ;

A. S. rtpan is from a Teut. base *reip- word of imitative oiigin, like E. puff; see
whence Bipe and Hope. Puff.
Rear (I
',
to raise. (E.) M. K reren. Rebuke, to reprove. (F. — L.) M.E.
A. S. varan to rear the exact equivalent ;
rebuken A.F. rebuker. — O. F. (Picard)
;

of Icel. re isa, to raise. Teut. type *raizjdn- rebuker to defeat (a plan) O. F. rebukier ; ,

(cf. Goth, ur-raisjan to raise up) ; whence ,

rebuchier (Godefroy). — O. F. re - (L. re-),
A. S. ricran by Verner’s law. See Baise.
,
again, back and O. North. F. bucquer,
;

Causal form of risan to rise (pt. t. ids — ,

huskier, 0 F. buschier to beat, orig. to
.

Goth. rats). Doublet, raise. ait trees, to lop. This verb is from O. F.
Rear (2 the back part. (F. — L.) M.E.
),
busche F. bfiche, a log Late L. busca a
, ; ,

rere, chiefly in adv. arere arrere in the ,

log. Cf. Picard busker buker, to strike, ,

rear. — O. F. Here, backward; whence beat (Corblet) Walloon busquer bitquer , ; ,

ariere (F. arritre \ behind, backward.— to strike, buque a log (Sigart) ; Norm, ,

L. retro, backward; whence ad retro > F. dial, bilquettc, a billet. Ong. ‘to lop, to
arrilre. See Betro-. cut back.’ For O. F. rebuker see Chardry,
Rear (3), insufficiently cooked. (E.) Vie des Set Dormans, l. 1589.
M. E. rere. A. S. hrer, half- cooked. Rebus, a representation of a word by
Rearmouse ;
see Beremouse. pictures. (1,.) Thus Bolton was repre-
Rearward, the rear-guard. (F.—L. sented by pictures of a bolt and a tun. — L.
and G.) The old spelling is rereward ,
rebus, by tilings, i. e. by means of things
M. E. rerewarde, i. e. guard in the rear. abl. pi. of res, a thing. See Boal (1).
See Bear (2) and Ward. Rebut. (F. — L. and M. PI. G.) O. F.
Reason. (F.-L.) M. E. resonn rebouter to repulse. — L. re-, again M.II.G.
.
;

— A. F. and O. F. reison (F. raison).

re i sun. bozen. to beat see Beat. ;

— L. ratidnem, acc. of ratio, calculation, Recall. (L. and Scand.) PTom L.

reason. See Batio. re-, back and call, of Scand. origin.
;

Reave, to rob. (E.) M. E. reuen Recant. (L.) L. recantare to sing ,

K = reven) ;
pt. t. rafte , refte pp. raft ,
reft. back, echo; also, to recant, recall. — L. re-,
A. S. reafian to despoil, lit. to strip ;
cf. back cantare, to sing. See Cant (1).
;

A. S. reaf clothing, a robe, spoil, plunder. Recede. (L.) L. recedere, to go back.

— A. S. reaf, 2nd grade of strong verb — L. ; e- back cedere to go see Cede. ; , ;

reofan, to break. + Icel.

raufa, to reave, Receive. (F. — L.) A. F. receiv a
rauf spoil, fiom rauf, 2nd grade of rjufa, stem of receivre, O. V. re^oivre. — L. reci-
to break up, violate ; G. rauben, to rob, pe re, to take back. — L. re-, back ; capere,
raub, plunder. The strong verb is of the to take. See Capacious.
Teut. type *reuban - (pt. t. *raub). Cf. L. Recent. (F. — L.) M.F. recent (F.
rampere, to break. Brugm. i. § 701. — L.
recent) recent-, stem of recens, fresh,
Rebate, to blunt a sword’s edge. (F. — new, orig. * beginning anew/ — L.re-, again;
L. ) O. F. rebatre, to beat back again.— -cent-, a stem allied to Russ po-chin-ate, to .

F. re - (L. re-), back O. F, batre, F. battre begin, O. Irish cit -, first ; and to Gk. naivos,
;

to beat see Batter (1).

;
new (Prellwitz).
Rebeck, a three-stringed fiddle. (F.— Receptacle. (F.-L.) F. riceptacle.
Arab.) O. F. rebec, also spelt rebebe ;
— L. receptaculum a place to store away. ,

M. Ital. ribecca , also ribebba, a rebeck. — — L. recept-us, pp. of recipere ; see Be-
Arab, rabdb , rabdbait), a rebeck (Devic). ceivo.

435
 , y , -

RECEPTION RECOUP
reception. (F.-L.) F. reception. — Reclnse. (F.-L.) M.E. recluse,
L. acc. receptionem , a taking back. — L. orig. fem. — O. F.
fem. of recluSy recluse ,

receptus as above.
; pp. of reclorre, to shut up. — L. recludere,
Recess. (L.) L. recess us t a retreat. — to unclose ; but in late Lat. to shut up. —
L. recessus pp. of re-ccdere, to recede.
,
L. re-, back ; claudere , to shut. See
See Recede. Clause.
Recheat, a signal of recall, in hunting. Recognise. (F.~ L.) Formed from
(F. - L.) From A.F. rechtt ,
variant of O. F. the sb. recognisance (Chaucer, C.T. 13260).
a place of refuge, a retreat (Gode-
recet y — O. F. recognisance , an acknowledgment.
froy). — L.
receptum, acc. of reap/us, a — O. F. recognis-anty pres. part, of recog-
retreating, retreat. — L. receptus , pp. of noistre (F. reconnaltre ). L. re-cognoscerc , —
reciperey to receive ;
see Receive. to know again. See Cognisance. Der.
recipe. (L.) L. recipe take thou; recognition (from L. pp. recognit-us).
imp. of recipere, to receive (above). Recoil, vb. (F. L.) M.E. recoilen . —
Recipient. (L.) L. recipient stem — A. F. remitter F. reculer, ‘ to recoyle,
\

of pres. pt. of reciperty to receive. retire;* Cot. Lit. to go backwards. — F.

Reciprocal. (L.) From L. recipro- re-y back cnly the hinder part.
;
L. re-, —
4
cttSy returning, alternating. directed Lit. back ; culum , acc. of cuius , the hinder
backwards and forwards ; * from L. * re-co-, part.
backwards (from re-, back) ; and *pro-co - Recollect, to remember. (F. L.) —
forwards, whence proculy afar off. Brugm. Lit. to gather again ; * from re
‘
again,
ii. 5 86. and collect ; sec Collect.
Recite. ( F. - LA M. F. reciter. — L. Recommend, to commend to another.
recitdre , to recite. — L. re again citdre, to ;
(F.— L.) From Re- and Commend;
quote ; see Cit3. imitated from F. recommander , ‘ to recom-
Reck, (E.)
to regard. M. E. rekken ; mend ; * Cot.
often recchen. re<. can, racean (for
A. S. Recompense, to reward. (F. L.) -
*rak-jan ) ; but the pt. t. in use is rdh-te, M. F. recompense r, ‘ to recom pence ; * Cot,
from an infm. recan (for *rok-jan), from — L. re-y again cornpensdre , to compen-
;

the strong grade *rdk-. -f- Icel. rcekja\ sate ; see Compensate.
O. Sax. rdkjan , to reck, heed. Formed Reconcile. (F.-L.) O. F. recon-
from a sb. with base rac- t strong grade cilier. — L. re-, again; conciliare, to con-
roc-, care, which exists in the cognate ciliate ;
see Conciliate.
M. H. G. ruoch , O. H. G. ruok, care, heed Recondite, secret. (L.) L reconditus,
(whence the M. II. G. ruocheti , O. H. G. put away, hidden, secret pp. of recondere, ;

ruohhjan to reck), p. The Teut. stem *rdk- to put back again. — L. back conderc ; ,

is the strong grade of *rak-, as seen in to put together, p. The L. condere (pt. t,
Icel. roky a reason, A. S. ram, account, condidi) is from con- ( cum), with, and the
reckoning, O. Sax. ?*aka t a business, weak grade of ^DliE, to place, put.
affair, O. H. G. rahha. Der. reck-less, Brugm. i. § 573.
A.S. recedeas ; cf. Du. roekehos, G. Reconnoitre, to survey. (F.-L.)
7 ‘iuhlos. O. F. reconoistre, M. F. recognoistre ‘to ,

reckon. (E.) M. E. rekenen. A.S. recognise, to take a precise view of ; Cot. ’

ge-recenian, to explain allied to ge-rcccan, ;

— L. re-cognoscerc, to know again. See
7 -eccan , to rule, order, direct, explain, ordain, Recognise.
tell. + Du. (whence Icel. reikna
rekenen ; ,
Record, (F.-L.) M.E. recorden .

to reckon, Dan. regne, Swed. rdkna are }

O. F. recorder. — L. recorddre recorddri to , ,

borrowed) G. rechnen O. II. G. rehhanon,

; , recall to mind. — L. re-, again cord-, stem ;

to compute, reckon, p. AIL secondary of cor heart. t

See Heart.
verbs ; allied to the sb. seen in A. S. racu, Recount. (F.-L.) F. racontcry to
an account, Icel. roky neut. pi., a reason, teil ,
relate. — F. re- (L. re -) ,
again ; aconter,
ground, origin, O. H. G. rahha a thing, ,
to account ;
from a (L. ad), to, and conter,
subject. See Reck. to count. See Count (2). Recount
Reclaim ;
from Re- and Claim. re-ac-count .
Recline. L. recltnare, to lean
(L.) Recoup, to diminish a loss. (F. — L.
back, lie down. — L. re-, back; * dinare, and Gk.) Lit. to secure a piece or shred.
to lean. See Lean (i) and Incline. — F. recoupe , a shred. F, recouper, to cut —
 , , , , . , , ,, ,, ; ,, ,

RECOURSE REDOUNO
again. — L. re-, again; and F. confer, to Recuperative, tending to recover.
cut ; see Coppice. (L.) L. recuperdthius , (properly) recover-
Recourse. (F.-L.) F. recourse L. able. — L. recuperdre, to recover. See
recttrsutn acc. of recursus, a running
back Recover.
from po. of rccurrere to run back. — L. Recur. (L.) L. recurrere, to run back,
back ; currere, to run see Current. ;
recur. — L. re-, back; currere , to run; see
Recover. (F.— L.) O. F. recovrer, re- Current.
cu vrer (F. recouvrer ). — L. recuperdre to Recusant, opposing an opinion. (F. —
recover, also to recruit oneself. A difficult L.) F. recusant 4
rejecting,’ Cot. ;
pres,
of rdenser. — L. recusare, to reject,
1
v ord peihaps orig. to make good again,
;
‘ pt.
from Sabine cupnts good, of which the oppose a cause or opinion.— L. re-, back ;
orig. sense may have been desirable,* from cciussa, a cause. See Cause.
‘

I.. cupere, to desire. Brugm. ii. § 74. Red. (E.) M. E. reed (with long vowel).
Recreant. (F. — L.) O. F. recreant A. S. read.^r Du. rood, Ieel. raubr, Dan. ,

faint-hearted pres. pt. of recroirt to be- Swcd. rod, (L roth, Goth, rauds.
;
Teut.
lieve again, also to give up, give back type % raudoz. Further allied to Gk.
(hence, to give in). —Late L. reerfdere to tpvOpos, Irish and Gael, ruath, \V. rhudd, ,

believe again, recant, give in. — L. re-, L. ruber { for *rudhro-), red cf. Russ, rttda, ;

again credere, to believe see Creed.

;
Skt. rudhira blood. Note also the lcel.
;

Recreation. (F.—L.) M. F. recrea- strong verb rjd6a (pt. t. rauti), to redden ;

tion. — L. recredtidnem , acc. of recredtio, A. S. reotian, to redden; Teut. type *reu-
orig. recovery from illness (hence, amuse- dan-, pt. t *raud. (<^REUDH.)
ment). — L. recreatus, pp. of recredre to Reddition, a restoring. (F.-L.) F. ,

revive, refresh. — L. re-, again; creare to reddit ion. — L. ; eddiiidnem, acc. of redditio ,

make. See Create. a restoring. — L. reddere, to give back. — L,

Recriminate. (L.) From L. re red-, back dare, to give. See Date (l). ;

again and criminatus, pp. of crimindrt,

; Redeem, to atone for. (L.) Formerly
to accuse of crime, from c run in-, for redemc. Coined from L. red back, and -
,

crimen, a crime. See Crime. emere to buy. [Cf. M. F. redimer, 1 to

Recruit. (F. — L.) F. recrutcr to levy redeem ;’ Cot. — L. redimere, to buy back.]
troops (Littre). An ill-foixned woid, Der. redemption (from the pp. redemptus).
fiom recrute, mistaken form of re erne, Redgum, a disease of infants. (E.)
fem. of recrit, pp. of recrottre to grow M. E. reed gounde, lit. 4 red matter (of a ’

again. F. recrue, sb., means * a levy of soie) Piompt. Parv. From A. S. riad, ;
4
troops,’ lit. new-grown.’— L. recrescere red gund, matter of a sore. , ;

to grow again. — L. re-, again; crescere, Redintegration, renovation. (L.)

to grow ;
see Crescent. From L. redintegriitio, restoration, — L.
Rectangle, a four-sided right-angled red-, again integer, whole, entire.
;
See
figure. (F. — L.) F. rectangle, adj., right Integer.
angled (Cot.). — I., rectangulus having a , Redolent, fragrant. (F.-L.) M. F.
right angle. — L. reci-tis, right; angulus, — L. redolent-, stem of pres. pt. of
redolent.
an angle. Rectus wn» orig. the pp. of regere, redolere ,
to emit odour. —
L. red-, again ;
to rule. See Regent and Angle (1). olere, for *odere, to be odorous ; see
rectify. (F. — L.) F. rectifier. - Late Odour.
L. rectificdre to make right. L. recti-, — Redoubt, ail intrenched place of retreat.
for rectus right (above) ; -ficare forfacere,
, (F.— ltal.~ L.) Ill spelt; through con-
to make. fusion with redoubtable . F. redoute. — Ital.
rectilinear. (L.) From L. rectiline -
ridolto, a place of retreat. Ital. ridotto, —
us, formed by straight lines. — L. recti-, ridutto, pp. of ridtirrc, to bring home. —
lor rectus, right, straight ;
linea, a line. L. reducere, to bring back. L. re-, back ; —
rectitude. ( F. - L.) F . rectitude. - dticere to lead. See Duke.
1 /. rectitudo , uprightness. — L. recti- Redoubtable. (F.-L.) M.F. re-
(nbove) ; with suffix tUdo
- doubtable, terrible. — O. F. M. F.
redouter ,
Recumbent. (L.) L. recumbent-, stem redoubter, to fear. See Re- and Doubt.
of pres. pt. of recutnbere, to recline where ; Redound. (F.-L.) F. redonder.~L.
(itmbere is a nasalised form allied to cubare , redundare, to overflow. — L. red-, again,
to lie down. See Incumbent and Covey. back unda, a wave. See Undulate.
;

437
 , , , ; ,, \;, , , , , , , ;;;

REDRESS REFRESH
Redress. (F. — L.) F. redresser , to A. S. gerefa, an officer ; orig. sense perhaps
put straight again. — F. re-, again ; dresser numberer/ registrar (of soldiers)
‘
for ;

to erect, dress see Dress. ;

*ge-rofja. From - rdf a host (as in secg-
Redstart, a bird with a red tail. (E.) rdf a host of men) cf. O. H. G. rnova, ;

From Bed ;
and start a tail (A. S. steort). a number, Not allied to G.graf. Der.
Reduce. (L.) - borough-reeve ; port-reeve ; sheriff, q. v.
Orig. to bring back.
L. reducere to bring back. — L. re-, back Refection, refreshment. (F. — L.) ;

dil cere, to lead. See Duke. Der. reduction M.F. refection, a repast. — L. acc. refcc-
(from the pp. reduct-us). tionem, lit. a remaking. — L. refectus pp. of
Redundant. (L.) From stem of pres, reficcre to remake, restore. — L. re-, again
pt. of L. redundare, to redound. See facere to make. See Faofc. ,

Bedound. Refel. (L.) L. refellere to refute, ,

Reechy, dirty, (li.) J.it. ‘smoky;’ shew to be false. — L. re-, back; fallen ,

palatalised form of reeky cf. Low. Sc. to deceive see Fallible. ;

reekie smoky.
,
See Beek. Refer, to assign. (F. — L.) O. F. referer
Reed.. (E.) M. E. reed. A. S. hreod (F. rtftrer). — L. refer re, to bear back, re- ,

+
a reed. Du. riet G. riet, ried Teut. late, refer. — L. re-, back ; ferre , to bear
;
.

type *hrendom, neut. see Fertile.

Reef (t), a ridge of rocks. (Du.) For- Refine. (F. — L.) Coined from re- and
merly riff. — Du. rif, a reef. +
Icel. rif, a fine (1), but imitated from F. raffiner to ,

reef, allied to rifa, a fissure, rift ; Dan. rev refine, comp, of L. re-, again, L. af--ad, ,

a sand-bank (revie, a shoal, revue to split); to, and F . fin, fine. Der. refine-ment ; cf.
,

Swed. refva ref, a sand-bank, a cleft, gap. F. raffinement .

,

The Du. and Icel. riv, Dan. rev, may Reflect. L.) L. refiedere, lit. to bend
represent a Teut. type *rebjom n. perhaps back, hence to return rays, &c. — L. re-,
,
;

allied to Bib. Cf. Norw. ribbe a moun- back flectere to bend ; see Flexible. ;

tain-ridge. Reform. (F. — L.) F. reformer, to

Reef 2), a portion of a sail. (Du.) shape anew. — L. re-, again; formare, to
<

M. E. riff. — Du. reef, ‘a riff in a sail,’ form see Form. ;

Sewel; M. Du. rif rift a rcef.+Icel. rif,

, ,
Refract, to bend back rays of light.
a reef in a sail Dan. reb Swed. ref reef
; (L.) L. refract us, pp. of refringere, to
,

Low G. reff, riff, a small sail Pomeran. bend back. — L. re-, back; rangere, to
; f
raff, a little extra sail, bonnet. break see Fragile. Der. refract-or-y, ;

Reek, vapour. (E.) M.E. reke. O.Merc. a mistaken form for refractary, from L. re-
rec, vapour O. Fries. ;r/’.-f-Icel. reykr, fractdrius, stubborn, obstinate. Also re-
;

Swed. rok, Dan. rog ; Du. took, G. ranch frangible, a mistaken form for refringible ; .

Teut. base *rauk -. b rom *rauk 2nd grade Refrain (1), to restrain, forbear. (F. -
of Teut. *reukan-, to smoke as in A. S. L.) M. E. refreinen. — O. F. refrener, to
;

reocan , Icel. rjuka , O. H. G. riohhan, G. repress; Cot. — L. rffrmdre, to bridle,

riechen . Brugm. i. § 217. hold in with a bit. — L. re-, back frenurn, ;

Reel (1), a small spindle for winding a bit, curb. The orig. sense offrenurn is
yam. (E.) M. E. rele A.S. hreol, a reel. prob. due to a derivation from I „ frend-
;

+ E. F ries. N. Fries, reel.

rel\ Kluge ere to champ as if for *frend-num. If ;

derives A. S. hreol from a form *hrdehil so, it is allied to Grind, Prob. ,

but this would give A. S. hrel ; see Eng. sometimes confused with F. refreindre
*
M ,

Stud. xi. 512. Der. reel, vb., to wind, to bridle/ Cot. this is from L. refringere, ;

turn round, stagger. to break back (below).

Reel (2), a Highland dance. (Gael.) Refrain (2), the burden of a song.
Gael, righil, ruidhil, ruithil a reel. (F. — L.) F. refrain
,
so aLo Piov. ;

Reest, the wood on which a plough- refranks, a refrain, refranker reftenher, to

coulteris fixed. (E.) Also wreest (wrongly repeat. So called from frequent repetition ;

rest. A. S. reost. the O. F. refreindre to pull back, is the

Reeve (1), to pass a rope through a ^me word as Prov. refrenher to repeat
ring. (Du.) Du. reven, to reeve. — Du. both are from L. refringere to break back
reff, a reef in a sail because a reeved rope
;
refract, hence, to repeat — L. re-, back;
is used for reefing see Beef (2).
;
frangere to break ; see Fr igile. ,

Reeve (2), an officer, steward. (E.) Refresh. (F. - L. and G ) M.E. re-
 , , ; , , ; . ;;,;; , , , . - ,

REFRIGERATE REGRET
fnschen . — O. F. refreschir Cot. - L. re-, F. regarder, to look, look at, view. L. —
again O. H. G. frisc (G. frisch ), fresh.
;
re-, back ; F. garder to guard, observe ;
See Fresh. of 0. II. G. origin ; see Guard.
Refrigerate. (L.) From pp. of L. re- Regatta. (Ital.) Orig. a strife, con-
frigerdre to make cool again. — L. re-,
,
tention, hence a race, rowing-match.—
again ; frlgerdre to cool, from frlgus ,
Ital. regatta, rigatta, ‘a strife for the
told. See Frigid. maistrie;’ Florio. — M. Ital. rigattare , to
Reft, pp. of reave see Beave. contend for the mastery, to wrangle, to
Refuge. (F.-L.) M.E. refuge. — F. haggle as a huckster does. So also Span.
refuge. — L. refugium an escape. — L. regatear, to haggle, retail provisions, to
,

refugere to flee back. — L. re-, back rival in sailing. Of unknown origin.

fugere , to flee see Fugitive.
; Regenerate. (L.) From pp. of re-
refugee. (F.-L.) M. F. refugic, pp. generdre, to produce anew. — L. re-, again ;
of se refugier, to take refuge. — F. refuge getterare, to produce, from gener-, for
(above). *genes-, stem of genus, kindred. See
Refulgent. (L.) From L. refulgent Genus.
stem of pres. pt. of refulgere, to flash back. Regent. (F.-L.) M.F. regent, a
— L. re-, back; fulgere to shine. See regent, vice-gerent. — L. regent-, stem of
Fulgent. pres. pt. of regere, to rule. Allied to Gk.
Refund, to repay. (L.) L .refundere, upiyav, to stretch, Goth, uf-rakjan to ,

to pour back, also to restore, give back stretch out, Skt. rj, to stretch, raj, to
(see below). govern. (y'REG.j See Bight. Biugm.
refuse, to deny a request. (F. L.) — i. § 474*
p
M. E. refuscn. — O. F. refuser (the same as regicide, slayer of a king slaying of ;

Port, rcfusar, Ital. refusare, to reject). It a king. (F. — L.) M.F, regicide (Min-
answers to a Late L. type * refusare, formed sheu). — L. regi-, for rex, king, allied to
as a frequentative of refundere to pour ,
regere, to rule -cida, a slayer, from
;

back, also to lestore, give back (whence cadere, to slay. Also: from L. regi (as
to reject). — L. re-, back ; fundere, to pour before), -cldittm, a slaying, from ccedere.
see Fuse (i). p. We
may also note E. regimen. (L.) L. regimen, guidance.
refuse , sb., O. F. refits, refuse ; cf. O. F. — L. regere to lule, direct.
,

f
mettre en refus, aire refits a, to abandon,
1
regiment. (F.-L.) M.F .regiment,
reject (Godefroy). a regiment of souldiers/ Cot. also, a ;

refute, to oppose, disprove. (F. — L.) government. — L. regimentum, rule, govern-

M. F. refitter. — L. reftit are to repel, rebut. ment. — L. regere, to rule.
region. (F. - L.) M. F. region. - L.
*
'Hie ong. sense was prob. ‘ to beat back ;

see Confute. regidnem, acc. of regio, tenitory. — 1..

Regain. (F. — L. and O. H. G.) F. regere, to rule, govern.
regagncr. — L. re-, back; and F. gagner Register. (F.-L.) M.F. regislre ,

to gain. See Gain (i). ‘

a record ;
7
Cot. — Late L. registrant more ,

Regal. (F. — L.) regal, royal; Cot. correctly regestum a book in which things
— L. regdlis, adj., from reg-, stem of rex, are recorded (L. regent tit ur) — L. reges-
a king. Allied to L. regale, to rule. Cf. tum, neut. of pp. of regerere, to bring back,
Skt. rajan a king O. Irish ri. Brugm.
; record. — L. re-, back; gerere, to carry.
1. §§ 135, 549 c. Der. regal-ia, insignia See Gerund. Cf. L. regesta pi , a register.
of a king ; neut. pi. of regdlis Regnant, reigning. (L.) L. regnant-,
Regale, to entertain. (F. — Ital.?) M.F. stem, of pres. pt. of regnare, to reign. — I,.
regaler, to entertain. Not allied to regal, regnum kingdom. — L. regere, to rule.
,

as Cotgrave suggests; but the same as See Begent.

Span, regular, to make much of, pamper ReffreSS, return. (L.) L. regressus
orig. to melt (Diez). 1. Diez derives it sb. — L. regressus, pp. of regredi, to go
from L. regelare, to melt, thaw ; from L. back. — L. re-, back; gradT, to go. See
re-, back, geldre, to freeze (see Gelid). Grade.
2. Ilatzfeld derives F. rtgaler (ultimately) Regret, sorrow. (F. L. and Scand.) —
from Ital. regalare, to give presents to F. regret , grief ; regretter, to lament (Cot.).
from Ital. gala, mirth. See Gala. The oldest form of the verb is regrater.
Regard, vb. (F.-L. and O.H. G.) Of disputed origin; see Scheler. The
439
 1 , , , ,, ,, , , \ ,

REGULAR RELIC
most likely solution is that which derives ex, much, very, and gaudere to rejoice.
O. F. regrater from L, re-, again, and the See Gaud.
verb which appears in Icel .grata, Swed. Rejoin. (F. — L.) Lit. to join again;
grhta, Dan. grade, A. S. grcttctn Lowl. Sc. in legal language, to answer to a reply. —
greit to weep, bewail.
,
Sec Greet (ah F. rejoign-, a stem of rejoindre to rejoin.
Cf. ‘
mone as a chylde dothe for the - L. reiungere, to join again. — L. re -,
wantyng of his nourse or mother, je again; tungere, to join. See Join. Der.
regrete Palsgrave.
;* rejoinder, which is the F. infin. mood used
Regular. (L.) L. reguldris, according as a sb., as in the case of attainder
to rule. — L. regulct, a rule; regere, to rule. Relapse, to slide back into a former
See Regent. state. (L.) From L. relapsus, pp. of re-
Rehearse. (F. — L.) M. Archersen. lain, to slide back. — L. re-, back; lain to
— O. F. reherser , rehercer, to harrow over slide; see Lapse.
again ; hence, to go over the same ground. Relate, tell. (F. — L.)
to describe, K.
— L. re-, again ; O. F. fiercer to harrow, relater, ‘to relate Cot. — Late L. reldtdre,
;
’

from herce sb., a harrow. See Hearse. to relate. — L. reldtus used as pp. of referre ,

Reign, 9b. (F. L.) M. E. regne —
M. F. regne. — L. regnum, kingdom. —L.
regere to rule., See Regent.
Reimburse, to refund. (F. — L. and
Gk.) Adapted from F. rembourser by
— . to relate (but from a different root). — L.
re-, again ; lotus, for t lotus, borne, pp. of
tollere, to bear. See Tolerate.
Relax. (L.) L. relaxdre, to relax. — L.
re-, again laxdre to slacken see Lax.
; ;

substituting L. re-irn- for F. rem- (With Doublet, release.

the same force). L. re-, again ; im- — relay (i), a set of fresh dogs or horses,
(for in), in; F. a fresh supply. (F. — L.) Orig. used of
bourse, a purse. See
Purse. dogs and horses. — F. relais, a relay;
Rein. (F. -L.) M. E. reine. — O. F. chiens de relais chevaux de relais dogs or , ,

rebie, rein of a biidle. (The same as Ital. horses kept in reserve; Cot. The orig.
redina, Span, rienda, transposed form of sense is a rest,’ and chiens de relais are ‘

redina.) — Late L. *retina, not found, but dogs kept at rest ; cf. d relais at rest, that 1

a short form allied to L. retinaculum, a is not used/ Cot.; and see relais in
rein. — L. retinere, to hold back. — L. re-, Godefroy. — O. F. relaissier, to relinquish,
back; tejiere, to hold. See Retain. — L. relaxdye, to loosen, let loose, allow
Reindeer, Raindeer, a kind of deer, to rest; see Lax. Cf. Italian cani di
(Scand.) M
E. raynedere. Formed by rilasso, dogs kept in reserve (late edition
adding deer see Deer) to Teel, hreinn of Florio by Torriano, 1688). ,

a reindeer; cf. also O. Swed. ren, a rein- Relay (2), to lay again. (L. and E.)
deer, A. S. hrdn. [We also find Dan. From re- and lay. Sec Lay (1).
rensdyr, Du. readier, G. renntkier.] Teut. Release. (F.—L.) M. E. re lessen, re-
type *krainoz a true Tent, word, as the lesen. — O. F. relessier (M. F. relaisser ) to
; ,

forms shew. p. Diez refers ns to Lapp relax. — L. relaxdre , to relax; see Relax.
raingo, but this is merely a bad spelling Relegate, to consign to exile. (L.)
of Swed. renko, i.e. rein-cow. The true From pp. of L. relegdre, to send away,
Lapp word is pdtso, a reindeer; nor can remove. — L. re-, again, back; legdre, to
the Icel. word have been suggested by send, appoint ; see Legate.
Lapp reino, a pasturage for rein-deer; Relent. (F.-L.) Altered from F. >a-
Ihre, Lexicon Lapponicum, p. 374. lentir, to slacken, to relent (cf. L. relen-
Reins, the lower part of the back. (F. tescere, to slacken). — F. ra for re-a- (L.
— L.) O. F. reins, — L. rents, pi., kidneys, re-ad) L. lentus slack, slow, allied to
;

reins. lenis, gentle, and to E. lithe See Lenient .

Reject. (F.—L.) M. F. rejecter (16th and Lithe,

cent.; F. rejeter-, oldest spelling regeter) Relevant. (F.—L.) The orig. sense
— O. F. re-, back geter, getter, to throw, is ‘ helpful ; hence, of use for the matter
;
*

from L. iaetdre ; see Jet (1 ) in hand. — F. relevant pres. part, of relever,

.

Rejoice. (F.—L.) M. E. reioisen — to raise up, assist, help. — L. releudre, to

.

O. F. resjois-, stem of pres. pt. of resjo'ir raise again. — L. re-, again ; leudre, to raise,
fmod. F. rijouir), to gladden, rejoice. — L. from leuis , light. See Levity.
re-, again; O. F. esjoir, to rejoice, from L. Relic, a memorial. (F. — L.) Chiefly
440
 ; , ,, , ;; , , , , ,

RELICT REMUNERATE
in the pi. ;
M. E. relikes . — F.
rcliques, s. word. — L. re-, back manddre, to send ; ;

pi., — L. reliquids acc. of see Mandate.

‘reliques;* Cot.
reliquia pi., remains. — L. relinqaere to Remark, to take notice of. (F.— L. ,

leave behind. — L. re-, back; lin qu ere, to and Teut.) F. remarquer to mark,
leave. See Relinquish, Licence. note, heed. — L. re-, again marquer, to ;

relict, a widow. L. relicta fem.

(E.) ,
mark, from marque sb., a mark ; see
of relictus, pp. of relinquei r, to leave Mark (1).
behind (above). Remedy. ( F. — E. )
M.E. remedie. —
Relieve. — L.) M.E.
releuen («=
(F. A. F. remedie ,
0 F.
. rernede , mod. F.
releven). — F. relever, to raise np, relieve. — reinede. — L. remedium a remedy; that ,

E. re ’euare 10 raise again ; see Relevant

,
which heals again. — E. re-, again ; mederi,
Der. relief M. E. relef, O. F. relief (F.
\
to heal. See Medicine.
relief ), a sb. due to the verb re lever. Remember. (F.-E.) O.F. reme?n-
Religion. (F. - L.) F. religion Cot. ;
l) 7'er.m*la. remetnordri, to remember. — L.
— L. acc. religionem, from religio piety; ,
re-, again manorare, to make mention of,
;

allied to religens fearing the gods, pious.

,
from manor, mindful. See Memory.
Re-ligens is the opposite of neg-ligens , Remind, to bring to mind again. (E.
negligent see Neglect.
;
Allied also to and E.) From Re- and Mind.
di-ligent and to Gk. akkytiv, to reverence.
, Reminiscence. (F.-L.) M. F. re-
Relinquish. (F. - L.) O. F. relcn- miniscence. — L. rcmintecentia, remem-
quis pr. pt. stem of relenquir to leave brance. — E. reminiscent -, stem of pres. pt.
(Godefroy) — L. relinquere, to leave be-
. of reminisd, to remember. — L. re-, again ;
hind see Relic.
;
and base of me-min-i, I remember. Allied
reliquary, a casket for relics. (F. — L.) to Gk. fit-fioi'-a, I yearn, Skt. man, to
4
F. reliquaire , a casket wherein reliques be think. (VMEN.)
kept;’ Cot. — Late L. reliquidrium (same Remit, to abate. (L.) JL. remittere
sense). — L. reliquid-, orig. stem of reli- (pp. retnissus) ,\o send back, slacken, abate.
quirt, relics see Relic (above;.
;
— L. re-, back; mittax, to send; see
relique ; the same as Relic. Missile. Der. remiss, adj., from pp.
Relish, orig. an after- taste. (F. — I,.) remissus , remiss-ion.
M. E. reles , an after-taste, Sir Cleges, Remnant. (F.-E.) M.E. reman-
208. — O. F. reles, relate, that which is left aunt. — O. F. re man ant. — L. remanent
behind; also a relay; see Relay (1). stem of pres. pt. of remanere to remain , ;

Reluctant. (E.) From stem of pres, see Remain.

pt. of reluct arc, relnctdri to struggle ,
Remonstrate. (L.) From pp. of
against. — L. re-, back lucldri, to struggle, ;
Late E. remonstrate to expose, to produce
from lucta, a wrestling. Allied to Gk. arguments against. — E. re-, again; mon-
kvy-ifav, to bend, writhe in wrestling strdre, to show, from monstrum, a portent;
Eith. lugnas, flexible, Skt. ruj, to bend, see Monster.
break. (y'LEUG.) Remorse. (F.-E.) M.F. remors ;

Rely, to repose on trustfully. (F. - E.) Cot. — Late L. remorsus remorse. — L.

\\ e find ‘ to relye their failhe upon * remorsus pp. of rcmcnicre, to bite again,
,

where relye « fasten. — F. relier to bind to vex.— L. re-, again; mordere, to bite;
up, or together. — E. religare, to fasten. L. see Mordacity.
re >, back ; ligdre , to bind ; see Ligament. Remote, distant. (L.) L. remotus ,
% But much influenced by E. lie, vb., to pi),of remouere, to remove see Remove. ;

repose, though this would have required Or from M. F. remote, f. remove, re- ‘

a pp. retain Der. reli-ance .

.
moved,’ Cot. ; from L. pp f. remota.
Remain. (F.-LA O. F. pres. s. (/*) Remount, to mount again. (F.— L.)
remain M. F. impers. vb. it remain-t, F. remonter. — F. re-, again tnonter to
cf. ;

it remains. [The infin. remaindre is mount see Mount (2). ;

preserved in E. remainder used as a Remove. (F. — L. ) M.F. remouvoir,

,

sb.] — L. reman-eo I remain reman-et Cot. See Re- and Move.

y ; ,

itremains remanere to remain. — L. re-,

; ,
Remunerate, to recompense. (L.)
behind ; rnanSre, to stay. See Mansion. l rom pp. of remunerate, remiinerari,
Remand, to send back. (F. — L.) M.F. to reward. — L re-, again ; muuerdre, to
remander. — L. remanddre, to send back bestow a gift, from muner- (for *munes-),
44 l
 , ,, , , , , , , , , , , ;,,;

RENAISSANCE REPEAT
stem of miinus a gift, also, an office. See Der. renuncial-ion, F. renonciation from ,

Municipal. L. pp. renuntidtus.

Renaissance, revival of learning. Renovate. (L.) From L. renoudtus,
(F. — L.) M.F. renaissance ‘a new birth,’ pp. of renoudre to renew. — L. re-, again
Cot. — L. re-, again nascent ia, birth, from ;
nouare to make new, from nouus new.
nascent -, stem of pres. pt. of nasci, to be See Novel.
born. See Natal. Renown, fame. (F. — L.) M. K.
Renal. (F. — L.) M.F. renal. — rcnonn. — A. F. renoun renun O. F. , \

rendlis, adj. ;
from rates, s. pi., reins. See renon (12th cent.). [Cf. Port, renotne
Reins. Span, renombre , renown.] — O. F. renomer
Renard; see Reynard. to make famous. — L. r*-, again; ;/<?;;//-
Rencounter, Rencontre. (F. — to name, from nomett a name; see
IO F. rencontre, a meeting. — F. rencon- Noun.
to meet. — F. ;v-, again encontrer Rent ; (1), a tear ;
see Rend,
to meet, encounter ; see Encounter. Rent (2), annual payment. (F.— L.)
Rend. (E.) A. S. M. E. renden . M. E. rente. — F. rente. [Cf. Ital rendita, .

rendan, to cut or tear.+O. Fries, renda ,

rent.] — Late L. rendita nasalised form of
,

to tear;North Fr. renne, ramie to tear L. reddita, fern, of pp. of reddere, to render;
apait. Der. sb., from pp. see Render.
Render. (F.-L.) M.E.^/afow.-F. Renunciation. (F.-L.) M.F. r*-
rendre — L. reddere to give back.— L. nonciation renunciation Cot. — I.. acc. y
‘ ;
’

ra/-, back ;
to give; see Date (1). remintidtionem prop, an announcement.
y

rendezvous. (F. — L.) Y .rendezvous, — L. renun / idt-us, pp. of renuntidre , orig.

4
a rendevous, place appointed for the to announce; see Renounce,
assemblie of souldiers ' Cot. — F. rendez
;
Repair (1). to iestore, amend. (F. — L.)
vous<L. reddite nos render yourselves; ,
M. K repardre , to recover,
repaver. — L.
imperative pi. of reddere (above). repair, make ready anew. — L. re-, again;
Renegade, Renegado. (Span. - L.) pardre to get ready; see Pare. Der.
,

Span, renegado an apostate, one who has reparable, M.F. reparable, I,, repardbilis
denied the faith orig. pp. of renegar, to
;
repar-at-ion , M. F. reparation.
forsake the faith. — L. re- y again negdre, ; Repair (2), — L.) M.F.
to resort to. (F.
to deny. See Negation. repairer to haunt ; Cot. Older form re-
Renew. 'L. and E.) From L. re-, pairier (Burguy). — L. repat riare, to repair
again and E. new .
; to one’s own country. — L. re- back patria y y ;

Rennet (1), the prepared inner mem- native country, from patri- y for pater , a
brane of a calf's stomach, used to make father.
milk coagulate. (E.) M. E. renet from ; Repartee, a witty reply. (F.-L.) F.
M. E. rennen, to run prov. E. run, to a reply
;
Cot. Orig. fern, of repartie , *
;
’

congeal, coagulate. See Run. Hence reparti, pp. of M. F. repartir to re-divide, ,

rennet is also called runnet (Pegge’s Ken- to answer thrust with thrust, to reply. — F.
ticisms) also erning (Derbyshire), from
;
re-, again partir to part, also to rush, ;

A. S. irnan, to run. So also M. Du. rinsel, dart off, burst out laughing. — L. re-,
runsel rentiinge , curds, or milk-runnet,’
‘
again partire , to share, from parti-, for ;

from rinnen topresse, curdle; ’ Hexham,

,
4
pars a part. See Part. ,

Cf. G. rinnen to run, curdle, coagulate. Repast, a meal. (F. L.) O.F. repast, —
Rennet (2), a sweet kind of apple. (F. later repas. — Y. re-, again; pastum, aec.
— L.) Formerly spelt renate, from an odd of pastus food, from pauere, to feed. See ,

notion that it was derived from L, renatus. Pastor.

born again — F. reinette, rainette, a rennet
! Repay. (F. — L.) O.F. repaier — O. F. ; .

the same as rainette, a little frog from re- (L. re-), back; paier, to pay; see ;

the speckled skin. Dimin. of F. raine, a Pay.

frog. — L. rdna, a frog. Cf. Ranunculus. Repeal. (F. — L.) Altered from O. F.
Renounce. (F. — L.) F. renoncer. — rapeler, F. rappeler, to repeal. — O. F. re-
L. renuntidre, to bring back a report, also (L. re -) ; apeler, later appcler, to appeal,
to disclaim, renounce. — L. re-, back, See Appeal. Repeal- re-appeal.
again ; nuntidre , to tell, bring news, from Repeat. (F. — L.) Formerly repete. —
nuntius , a messenger. See Nuncio. M. F. repeter, Cot. — L. repetere, to attack
442
 ,-
, , -, , , , -

REPEL REPTILE
again, reseek, repeat. L. re-, again ; petere — ,
lay up, store. — L. re-, again ; ponere to
to attack; see Petition. Der. repel-it- place see Position.
;

ion. Reprehend, to reprove. (L.) L. re-

Repel. (L.) L. repelltre , to drive back. prehendere , to hold back, check, blame.—
— L. rc-, back; pellere, to drive; see L. re-, back; prehendere to seize, to hold.
Pulse. Der. repulse from pp. repulsus ,
. See Prehensile.
Repent, to rue. (F. — L.) V.repentir Represent. (F.-L.) O.F. repre
to repent. — L. re-, again; pccnitere , to senter. — 'L. representare, to bring before
cause to repent ; see Penitent. again, exhibit. — L. re-, again; preesentare,
Repercussion. (L.) From He- and to present; see Present (2).
Percussion. Repress. (F.-L.) From F. re-,
Repertory, a treasury. (F.-L.) M.F. again, and presser to press ; but used with
,

? cpertoire. — L.
epertorium, an inventory.
; sense of L. reprim ere (pp. repressus) to
— L. repertory a finder, discoverer. — L. press back, check. — L. re-, back ; pretnere ,
reperne, to find out. — L. r£-, again parirc ;
to press ;
see Press.
(Ennius), usually parere to produce; see Reprieve, vb. (F. — L.) [A doublet
Parent. of reprove .] M. E. repreven, to leprove,
Repine. (L.) Compounded of L. re-, reject, disallow ; to reprieve a sentence is
again ;
and pine to fret see Pine (2). ;
to disallow it. — O. F. repreuve, 3rd pres,
Replace. I F. — L. and Gk.) From re- sing, indie, of reprover (F. rtpi'ouver), to
(F. re-, L. re-), again ;
and Place. repiove; see Reprove. Cf. Schwan, §
Replenish. (K.-L.) O .Y.repleniss-, 34 s (4)-
stem of pres. of replenir , to fill up
pt. Reprimand. (F.-L.) F. rtpnmandc,
again; now obsolete. — L. re-, again; Late foimeily reprimende, a reproof Cot. — ‘
;
’

L. *plenire, to fill, from L . plenus, full, L. reprimenda a thing that ought to be

,

replete, full. (F. — L.) M. F. replet, repressed ;

hence, a check. Fem. of the
inasc. ;
replete, fem., full. — L. replet us, gei undive of reprimere, to repress; see
filled up; of re-plere to fill again. — L. Repress.
pj). ,

ie again plere to fill ; see Plenary.

;
Reprisal. (F.-Ital.-L.) M. F. re-
Replevy, to get back detained goods prcsaille a taking or seizing on, a reprisal. ,

on a pledge to try the right in a suit. F. [The change of vowel is due to obs. verb (

— Teut.) F. re (L. re-), again; O. F. reprise, to seize in return from F. repris , ;

plevir, to be surety. See Pledge. pp. of reprendre L. reprehendere, (here) <

Reply. (F. - L.) M. E. replien - to seize again.] — ltal. ripresaglia, booty. — .

O. F. replier, the old form afterwards re- M. ltal ripresa a taking again fem. ol ri- , ;

placed by the learned ’ form rfpliqtter, to preso, pp. of riprendere, to reprehend, also
‘

reply — L. repliedre, lit. to fold back as a to retake. — L. reprehendere to seize again,

;

law term, to reply. — L. re-, back; pliedre, also, to reprehend see Beprehend, ;

to fold. Der. replica, a repetition ; from Reproach. (F.-L.) F. reprocher, to

ltal. replica a sb. due to L. repliedre , to
,
reproach. Cf. Span, reprochar, Prov. re-
repeat, reply. propchar, to reproach answering to Late ;

Report. (F. — L.) M. E. reporten — F. L. %repropidre, to biing near to, impute .

reporter, to carry back. — L. reportdre to, reproach. — I,, re-, again; propi-us ,
to carry back. — L. re-, back; portdre, to nearer, comp, of prope, near. See Pro-
carry; see Port (1). The E. sense ‘to pinquity. translation of L. obicere A
relate’ is due to F. rapporter, O. F. objicere '), to bring near or cast before one, (

raporter with prefix ra-

;
L. re-ad. to reproach. <
Repose. (F.-L. and Gk.) F. reposer, Reprobate. (L.) I,, reprobdtus, re-
to rest, pause ; Late L. repausdre to pause, proved, rejected pp. of reprobdre, to reject
, ;

rest. — L. re-, again pausdre , to pause, upon trial. — L. re-, back probdre , to test.
; ;

from pansa sb., due to Gk. iravois, a pause. See Probable.

,

IT Important ; this is the verb which seems reprove. (F.-L.) M. E. reproven,

to have given rise to poser and its com- also repreven. — Q. F. reprover (F. riprou-
pounds. See Pose. ver), to reprove, condemn. — L. reprobdre,
Repository, a storehouse. (F.-L.) to reject, reprove (above).
M. F. repositoire a storehouse. — L. reposi Reptile, crawling; usually, as a sb.
torium. — L. repositus, pp. of reponere, to (F.-L.) F. reptile, 4 crawling ; Cot. — L, ’
 , , , , , ,, ; , ,;;;- , ,

REPUBLIC RESIST
reptilem , acc. of reptilis creeping. — L. ,
scinder, to cancel; Cot. — L. rescindere , to
reptus , pp. of repere , to creep. +Lithuan. cut annul. — L. re-, back ; scindere , to
off,

reploti , to creep. cut. Allied to Schism. (^SKHEIIX)

Republic. (F. — I..) M. F. republique, Rescript. (F.-L.) M. F. rescript, a
t
the commonwealth ;
Cot. — L. respublica,
* reply in writing. — L. rescriptum , neut. of
a republic. — L. res , a matter, state ;
pub pp. of rescribere , to write back. — L. re-,
licet)fem. of publicus public. See Real. back ; sertbere , to write ; see Scribe.
Repudiate. (L.) From pp. of I,. *?- Rescue, Vb. (F. - L.) M. E. rescouen.
pudidre to reject. — L. repudium a casting
,
— O. F. rescourre, to rescue, save. [The
off, divorce. Perhaps from L. re-, away same word as Ital. riscuoterel\ — Late L.
base of pudere , to feel shame; cf. resctilcre (a.d. 1308); for re-excutere, to
pudor, shame, pro-pudium , a shameful drive away again. — L. re-, again; ex,
action. away ; quatere , to shake ; see Quash.
Repugnant. (F.-L.) M. F. repugn- 4f The M. E. sb. was rescous, from O. F.
but, pres. pt. of repugner ‘to repugne, ", reseousse <
Late L. pp. fem. rescussa .

thwart;’ Cot. —
L. re-pugndre to fight Research* (F. — L.) Compounded of
against. *- L. /**-, back pugndre , to fight ;
Re-, again, and Search. Cf. Norman
see Pugilism. dial, recerche research.
Repulse. (L.) FromL. repulsa, sb., Resemble. (F. — L.) O. F. resembler.
a refusal or repulsa re vb. — I,, repuls-us ,
; ,
— O. F. re-, again ; sent bier to seem, be ,

pp. of repellere\ see Repel. Cf. Norman like. — L. re-, again ; simuldre , to make
dial, repulse r, to repulse. like ;
see Simulate.
Repute. (F. - L.) M. F. - L.
reputer. Resent. (F. —
L.) M. F. se resentir (or
reputare to repute (lit. reconsider). — L. ressentir), to have a deep sense of. L. re-, —
ay-, again putdre , to think
; ;
see Pu* again sentire, to
; feel. See Sense. Der.
tatire. resentment.
Request. (F.-L.) O. F. requeste. - Reserve. (F. — I..) O. F. reserver. — L.
L. requTsila a thing asked, fem. of pp.
,
reseiudrc, to keep back. L. re-, back; —
of requirerc to ask back. — L. re-, back;
,
serudre, to keep see Serve. ;

and quarere to seek. See Quest. reservoir. (F.— L.) F. reservoir. -

require. (F.-L.) M.E. requeren ,
Late L. reserudtdrium a store-house,
but also require)*. — M. F. requerir F. O formed from reserudre, to reserve. Cf.
requerre with I pr. s. requier — L. . Late L. sanatorium, a store-house
requirere (above). Der. requis-ite, from ^
Lewis}.
pp. requisitus . Reside. (F. — L.) M. F. resider, to re-
Requiem. (L.) The Mass for the side, stay. — L. or remain
residere, to sit
Dead was called requiem because it began behind. — L.
back sedere, to sit
re-, see ; ;

‘
Requiem seternam dona eis.’ — L. requiem Sedentary. Der. resid-ertce.
acc. of requies , repose. — L. r<?-; quics, residue. (F.-L.) O. F. residu.-l*
rest. See Quiet. residuum, a remainder, neut. of residuum,
Requite. (F.— L.) Also spelt requit, — L. residere (above).
remaining.
Temp. iii. 3. 71. From and qitit see ; Resign, to yield tip. (F. — L.) M. F.
Quit. resigner.— L. resigndre, to unseal, annul,
Rered0S| a screen at the back of a resign. — D
re-, back; signdre, to sign,
thing, esp. of an altar. (F. — L.) From from signurn, a sign, mark. See Sign.
M. E. rear and F. back, from L.
; Resilient. (L.) L. resilient -, stem of
dorsum back. See Rear (2) and Dorsal. pres. part, of re silire, to leap back. — L.
Reremouse, Rearmouse, a bat. re-, back ; satire to leap. See Salient.
,

(E.) A. S. hreremus, a bat from the ; Resin, Rosin. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. F,

flapping of its wings. — A. S. hreran to recyn recine. — M. F. resine , ‘ rosin ; Cot.
,
’

agitate, allied to kror adj., stirring, quick y

Norman dial, rosine. — L. retina , Jer. li. 8
mils, a mouse. Cf. prov. TL. flitter-mouse, (Vulgate). — Gk. fativr), resin, gum from
a flutter-mouse or bat. And cf. Uproar. treesw See Piellwitz.
IT Perhaps a popular etymology cf. early ; Resist. (F.-L.) O. F. resister. — L.
A. S. hreatha-mus, a bat ; Epinal Gl. 978. resistere , to stand back, withstand. — L. re-,
Rereward ; see Rearward. back; sistore, to stand, from stare, to
Rescind, to repeal. (F.-L.) F. re- stand ;
see State.

444
 , , ; , ,, ,, , , ;

RESOLUTE RESUSCITATE
Resolute. (L.) L. resolutus , pp. of halting-place,’which (like O. H. G. rasta)
resoluere (below). is from Teut. root *ias, to dwell, as seen
resolve. (L.) L. resoluere to loosen, ,
in Goth, raz-n, a house. See Ransack.
melt; hence to separate into parts (also, Ilrugm. i. § 903 c.
to decide, resolve). — L. re-, back soluere ; Rest (D, to remain, be left over. (F. —
to loosen; see Solve. Der. resolut-ion L. ) F. restcr to remain. — L. restore, to
(from pp. resolutus'). stop behind, remain. — L. re back; stare ,

Resonant. (L.) From resonant-, stem to stand; see State. flT Distinct from
of pres. pt. of L. resondre , to sound back, rest (1), repose.
echo, resound. — L. re-, back; sondre to Restaurant. (F.— L.) Mod. F. re-
sound, from sonus sound. See Sound (3). staurant, lit. ‘restoring;’ pres. pt. of
Resort, to betake oneself to. (F.— L.) restaurer, to restore, refresh ; see Re-
M. F. resortir, res sort ir, * to issue, goe store.
forth againe, resort;’ Cot. Orig. a law Restharrow, a plant. (F. and E.)
term; tc appeal. — Late L. resort ire, to For arrest-harrow, because its tough roots
resort to a tribunal cf. resorttri to re- ;
stop the harrow. Cf. the F. name arrtte-
turn to any one. — L. re-, again ; sortiri to ,
bocuf, lit.
1
stop-ox.’
obtain; so that re-sortiri is to re-obtain, Restitution. (F.-L.) F. restitution.
gain by appeal. — L. re-, again; sorti-, for — L.
restitutidnem, acc. of restitutio a
sors, a lot ; see Sort. restoring. — L. res tit dins, pp. of restituere,
Resound. (F. - L.) O. F. resoner to restore. — L. re-, again; slatuere , to
(12th cent.). — L. resondre see Re- set up, place, causal of stare, to stand ; see
sonant. State.
Resource. (F.-L.) M.F. resource, Restive. (F. — L.) Confused with rest-
later ress ouri e, 'a source; Cot. — F.
new *
less, but it really means stubborn, refusing
re-, again; source, source; see Source. to move. — M.F. restif, ‘ restie, stubborn,
Respect, sb. (F. - L.) F. respect, drawing backward;’ Cot. — F. rester, to
Cot. — L. respectum, acc.
*
respect, regard remain see Rest (2).
;
Hence E. rusty
of respect us, a looking at. — L. respectus, in the phr. to turn rusty — to be stubborn.
pp. of respiccre, to look at, look back Restore. (F. - L.) O. F. restorer also ,

upon. — L. re-, back specere to see ;

see , ; restaurer. — I., restaurdre, to restore. — L.
Species. Der. respect, vb. respect-able ; ,
re-, again *staurare to set up ; see
; ,

respect-ivc also dis-respect

; . Store. Brugm. i. § 198.
respite, delay, reprieve. (F. - L.) Restrain. (F.-L.) 0 F. restraign-, .

O, F. respit a respite. Orig. sense regard,

, as in restraign ant, pres. pt. of restraindrt
respect had to a suit on the part of a (F. restreindre ), to restrain. — L. restring-
judge. — L. acc. respectum , respect (above). ere, to draw back tightly, bind back. — L.
Respire, to breathe, take rest. (F. — L.) re-, back; stringere to bind; see Strin- ,

F. respire r. — L. respfrdre to breathe gent. Der. restraint, from O. F. re-

again or back. — I,, re back; spirdre to strainte, fern, of pp. of restraindre.
breathe see Spirit.
; restrict. (L.) From L. restrictus , pp.
Resplendent. (L.) From L. re- of rcstringere, to bind back (above).
splendent-, stem of pres. of resplen-
pt. Result, vb. (F. — L.) M.F . resulter,
dcre, to glitter. — L. re-, again splendere ;
‘
to rebound or leap back ;
also to rise of,
to shine ; see Splendour. come out of ;
’
Cot. — 1.. resultdre, to re-
Respond. (F. - L.) O. F. respondre. - bound ;
frequent, of resilire, to leap back
L. respondere (pp. responsus), to answer. see Resilient. Der. result-ant.
— L. re-, back ; spondere, to promise see ; Resume, to take up .again. (F. — L.)
Sponsor. Der. response, from O. F. re- M. F. resumer. — L. resumere — L. re-, .

spons, an answer, from L. responsum, neut. again; sumere , to take; see Assume.
of pp. responsus. Der. resumpt-ion (from pp. resumpt us).
Rest (1), repose. (E.) A. S. rest, rast, Resurrection. (F. - L.l O. F. resur-
rest. Cf. Du. rust, Dan. Swed. rast, Icel. rection. — L. acc. resurrectionem. — L.
rost (the distance between two resting- resurrectus pp. of resurgere, to rise again. ,

places), Goth, rasta (a stage), O. H. G. — L. re-, again; surgere y to rise; see

rasta, G. rast rest. The A. S. rest, fem., Surge.
,

answers to Teut. type *rast-jd, orig. ‘ a Resuscitate, to revive. (L.) L. resus-

445
 , , , , , , , , , e , , ,

RET RETROSPECT
citalus, pp. of resuscitdre, to revive. — L. retenu, pp. of retenir, to retain ; see Re-
re again, shs-, up, and c itare, to rouse ; tain.
see Cite. —
Retire. (F. Teut.) M. F. retirer, ‘to
Ret, to steep flax. (M. Du.') M. Du. retire, withdraw;’
Cot. F. re-, back; —
re ten, reeten , to steep flax; Du. reten. iirer, to pull see Tier, Tirade.
;

Cf. Pomeran. roten Swed. rota, Norw. , Retort, a censure returned ; tube for
7 ‘byta to ret
,
also Du. rete, rente, Low
;
distilling. (F. L.) —
M. F. retort pp.
G. rate E. Fries, rotten retting-pit. Lit ‘
twisted, violently returned/ retorte ‘ a
‘
to make rotten ;
’
formed by mutation lymbeck/ Cot. ; lit. a thing twisted back.
from Teut. *raut\ forwhich see Rotten. — M. F. retort, pp. of retordre to twist ,

Cf. Du. roo ten to , ret. back. — L. retorquere to twist back.—

Retail, sb. (F. — L.) To sell by retail L. re-, back ; torquere to twist ; see
isto sell by small pieces. — O. F. retail a Torture.
shred, paring, small piece. — O. F. retailler, Retract. (F.-L.) M. F. retracter,
to shred, cut small. F. re- ( =L. re-), — O.
to revoke ;’ Cot. — L. reh'addre, frequent,
*

again tailler to cut see Tailor.

; , of retrahere, to draw back. — L. re-, back
; ;

Retain. (F.-L.) F. retenir. - L. re- trahere, to draw: sec Tract (i).

tine re, to hold back; pp. retentns. — L. retreat, sb. (F.—L.) M. E. retrete. —
re-, back tenere to hold ; see Tenable. O. F. retrete later retrait a retreat, fem.
;
, ,

Der. retent-ion (from the pp.). of retret pp. of retraire , to withdraw. — L.

Retaliate, to repay. (L.) From pp. retrahere, to draw back (above).
of L. retdliare to requite allied to tdlio,
, Retrench. (F.—L.?) M. F. retren-
;

retaliation in kind, as in lex tdlionis the cher, 1 to curtail, diminish * Cot. — L. re-, , ;

law of retaliation. — L. tali-, decl. stem of back and O. F. trencher, to cut see ; ;

tCxlis, such, of such a kind. Cf. Gk. rrj- Trench.

\ikos, of such an age. From the Idg. base Retribution. (F.-L.) M. F. retri-
td-, allied to Gk. to, K. tha t. See That. bution. — L. acc. retributionem, requital. —
Retard, to delay. (F. — L.) F. retarder L. retributus pp. of retribuere to pay ,

to hinder. — L. retarddre to delay. — L. re-, back. — T,. re-, back,

tribuere, to pay see ; ;

again ; tarddre to make slow, from tardus , Tribute. ,

slow. vSee Tardy. Retrieve, to recover. (F. — L. and

Retch, Reach, to try to vomit. (E.) Gk.) Formerly retreve. — O. F. retreuve ,

A. S. hrdean, to clear the throat, hawk, 3rd pers. sing, indie, of retrover, later
spit. — A. S. hrdca, spittle; cf. hrdcgebrcec, retrouver, to find again. —I., re-, again;
hoarseness. +Icel. hnekja, to spit from O. F. trover, to find see Trover. ; ;

hrdki, spittle. Prob. of imitative origin. Retro-, backwards. (L.) I,, retro,
Retention. (F. — L.) M. F. retention, backwards a case of a comparative form ;
1
retention Cot. — L. acc. retentidnem, a from re- or red-, back.
;
’
The suffix -tro
holding back. — L. retent-us, held back, (- trd ), in ci-trd, ci-t7 ’d, answers to Goth.
pp. of retinere see Retain. ; -frd in Pa-fro, thence; sec Brugm. ii. § 75.
Reticent, silent. (L.) From stem of See Rear (2).
pres. pt. of L. reticcre to be very silent. — Retrocession. (F.-L.) F. ritro-
,

L. re-, back, very ; and tacere, to be silent. cession. — Late L. retrdcessione?n, acc. of
See Tacit. retrocessio a going back. — L. retrocess-us,
Reticule. (F.-L.) F. nHicule a nrt pp. of retracedere, to go further back. — L. ,

for the hair, a reticule. — L. reticulum, retro, backwards cedere, to go ; see Cede. ;

a little net; double dimin. of rete, a net. Retrograde, going backward. (F. -
Formerly also ridicule (both in F. and L.) O. F. reti'ograde. — L. retrogradu* ,

E.), by confusion with Ridicule (Littre). retrograde (used of a planet). — L. retrd-

Cf. prov. F. ridicule, a reticule, dial, of gradi, to go backwards. — L. retro, back-
Verdun (Fertiault). wards ;
gradi to go ;
see Grade.
retina, the innermost coating of the retrogression. (L.) Coined from
eye. (L.) Neo-Lat. retina so called ; pp. of L. retro-gradi (above).
because resembling network. Coined from Retrospect. (L.) From L. retrd-
reti-, for rete, a net. spectus,(unused) pp. of retrospicere, to
Retinue. (F. — L.) M. E. retenue. — look back. — L. retro, back; specert, to
O. F. retenue, a body of retainers ;
fem. of look.

446
 , , , ; ;; , . ,

RETURN RHAPSODY
Return, vb. (F. — L.) F. retoumer revert. (F. — L.) M. F. revertir ‘ to ,

(Cot.).— F. re- (-L. re-), back; tourner, revert, returne;' Cot. L. reuertere —
to turn ;
see Turn. (above).
Reveal. (F. - L.) M. F. reveler ,
1
to Review. (F.—L.) From Re- and
reveale Cot. — L. reueldre to draw back
:
*
,
View.
a veil. — L. re-, back; uelum, veil see Veil. ; Revile. (F.-L.) M. E. reuilen \

Reveille, an alarum at break of day. revilen ) A. F. reviler (Gower \ — F. re-,

;

(F. — L.) [Cf. F. reveil a reveille, M. F. t

again ;
and F. vil (L. uilis), cheap see ;

resveil, a hunt *s-up, or morning-song for

* Vile. Lit. ‘
to cheapen.’
a new married wife, the day after the mar- Revise. ( F. — L. )
— L. O. F. reviser .

riage ; Cot.] ’
The E. reveilU was a tri- reutsere to look back upon, revisit. L. —
syllable, and represented F. reveillez wake re-, again uisere to survey, from ulsus
; , ,

ye, imper. plural of rlveiller to awaken , pp. ot tiidere, to see see Vision. ;

O. F. resveiller. — O. F. re- (L. re-, again) Revisit. (F.-L.) From Re- and
and esvetller to awaken, from I.. ex, out,
,
Visit.
and uigildre to watch (from uigil, awake).
, Revive. (F. — L.) F. revivre.— L. re-
See Vigil, The E. word is also spelt uluere, to live again, revive. — L. re-,
reveillez Brand, Pop. Antiq., ed. Ellis, ii.
;
ngain; uiuere to live; see Vivid. ,

1 76. The
F. rtveillez is used as a sb. (in Revoke. (F. — L.) O revocquer(Y.
the E. sense) in the dialect of Forez, near rtvoquer). — L. reuocdre, to recall. — L. re-,
Lyons (Graz). bnck uoedre, to call ; see Vocal. ;

Revel, a noisy feast. (F. — L.) M. E. Revolt, a rebellion. (F. — Ital.— L.)
renel {revel), sb. — O. F. revel, pride, re- M. F. revolte, 'a revolt;’ Cot. — M. Ital.
bellion, sport, jest, disturbance, disorder revolta (Ital. rivolta), a revolt; fern, of
(Roquefort). — O. F. reveler to rebel, hence, revolto, turned, overthrown, pp. of revol-
,

to riot. — L. rebelldre to rebel see Rebel. ver, to turn, roll back, overturn. — L. re-
, ;

Der. revell-er ; whence revel-r-y. uoluere, to roll back (below).

Revenge. (F.-L.) O. F. revengier, revolve. (L.) L. reuoluere, to turn
also revencher, to avenge oneself (P re- again, revolve. — L. re-, again; uoluere, to .

vancher) — F re- ( — L. re-), again O. F. turn see Voluble. Der. revolut-ion from
. . ; ;

vengier, venger; from L. mndiedre to pp. reuolutus. ,

vindicate see Vindicate. ; Revulsion. (F.-L.) M.F. revulsion ,

Revenue, income. (F. — L.) M. F. re-* a plucking away also the drawing of ‘
;

venu, m., and revenue, f. revenue, rent humours from one part of the body into
4
;

Cot. From revenu , pp. of revenir, to another;* Cot. — L. reuulsidnem , acc. of

come back. — F. re-, back ; venir to come. reuulsio, a plucking back. — L. reuulsus ,
— L. re-, back uenire, to come sec pp. of reuellere, to pull back. — L. re-,
; ;

Venture. back uellere, to pull, pluck. Cf. Con- ;

Reverberate. (L.) From pp. of L. vulse.

reuerberdre to beat back (hence, to re- Reward, vb. (F.-L. and O. IL G.)
echo).— L. re-, back; uerberare, to beat, A. F. rewarder O. F. regarder to look ; ,

from nerber, a scourge. back upon, regard (with favour) see ;

Revere. (F. — L.) M. F. reverer (F. Regard. Doublet, regard

rdvlrer), to reverence. — L. reuererl, to Revnard, Renard, a fox. (F.-
revere, stand in awe of. — L. re-, again; Teut. ) O. F. renard, regnard (F. renard).
uereri to fear, feel awe, allied to E.
,
— Low G. (M. Flemish) Reinaert the ,

Wary. Der. reverence, O. F. reverence, name given to the fox in the celebrated
L. reuerentia ; also rever-end. M. Flemish epic so called. Cognate with
Reverie, Revery. (F. - L.) F. O. H.G. Reginhart lit. ‘strong in coun- ,

reverie a raving, a vain fancy, a revery. — sel * from O. H.G. regin-, ragin -, an-
,
;

F. rever, formerly resver rdver, to rave. swering to Goth, ragin, judgment, counsel,
,

See Rave. and hart (E. hard), strong.

Reverse. (F. - L.) M. E. reuers Rhapsody. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. rap-
{revers). — O. F. revers. — L. reuersus, lit. sodie Cot. — L. rhafsodia. — Gk. faipwftia, ,

turned backwards pp. of reuertere to turn the reciting of epic poetry, part of an epic
; ,

backward. — L. re-, back ; uertere, to turn poem, a rhapsody, tirade. — Gk. p<pbo?,
see Verse. one who strings (lit. stitches) songs to-
 4 \

RHETORIC RICKETS
gether, a reciter of epic poetry. — Gk. Perhaps allied to G. rebe a , tendril ; from
stem of fut. of fianrew, to stitch together, the idea of clasping (Kluge).
fasten together ; 0)817, an ode see Ode. ; Ribald. (F. Teut.) M. E. ribald — ,

Rhetoric. (F.~ L.-Gk.) O. F. rhc- riband. — O. F. ribald (F. riband). — LowL.

torique Cot. — L. rhetorica, i. e. rhetorica
; ribaldus, a ruffian ; cf. Low L. ribalda, a
ars, the art of rhetoric fem. of rhitoricus , ; prostitute. Of Teut. origin. O. H. G. —
adj. — Gk. faTopttcos, rhetorical ;
adj. from hripa M. H. G. rtbe , a prostitute cf. O. F.
, ;

an orator, speaker. For fpTj-rap, riber, to be wanton. The suffix -aid

related by gradation to tipav, to speak is due to O. H. G. wall, power. Cf.
(for *flp-yuv). Allied to Verb. Korting, § 4019.
— —
RhetUtl. ( F. L. Gk. ) M. F rheume. .
Riband, Ribbon. (F.) M. E. riban,
— L. rkeuma.— Gk. c 0/ia(stem fievpuiT-),/
5 rebatt. [Also Irish ribin a ribbon ; Gael. ,

a flow, flux, rheum. — Gk. pev-aopat fut. of ,

ribean, a ribbon, fillet; from E.] — O. F.
few, to flow (for *op€f-€iv) +Skt sru,
;
m riban (F. inibaii), a ribbon (Littr^) ; Gas-
lo flow. Allied to Stream. (^SREU.) con and Languedoc riban Norman dial. ;

Der. rheumat-ic. riban Low L. rubdnus (a. D. 1367).

.

Rhinoceros. (L. — Gk.) L. rhinoceros. Origin unknown ; cf. Dan. vride-baand, a

— Gk. fiivoKepox, lit. nose-horned.’ — Gk. ‘
twisted band.
for faj nose; tcipas, a horn, allied Rice. (F. -Ital. — L.— Gk. O. Pers.) —
to Horn. O.F. ris, rice; F. riz.— Ital. riso. L. —
Rhizome, a rootlike stem. — Gk.) (F. oryza — Gk. 6pv£a,upv£ov, rice, grain. From
F. rhizome. — Gk. ftifapa, root. — Gk. an O. Pers. form, preserved in the Pushto
pi(ovi ' 9 to cause to take root. — Gk. /k'£a, (Afghan) wrijzey , 7 vrijey, rice ; wrijzdh ,

root. See Boot. a grain of rice (Raverty). Hence also

Rhododendron. (L - Gk." L. rhodo- Arab, uruzz ruzz, whence Span, arroz,
,

dend?vn. — Gk. f>oS65 tvdpov the rose-bay, f

rice. Allied forms are Pers. birinj Armen. ,

oleander. — Gk. /*o 5 o-, for fiodov, rose; brinj, rice ; Skt. vrihi-, rice. (Horn, § 208,
tievdpov, tree. Gk. frodov is of Armenian Vide.)
origin ;
see Rose. Rich. (E .) M. E. riche. — A.S. rice,

Rhodomontade ; see Rodomon- powerful, rich. [We aLo find O.F. riche,
tade. from O. Sax. rlkl, allied to O. II. G. rihhi,
Rhomb, Rhombus. (L.-Gk.) L. M. H. G. riche (G. retch ), powerful.]-!"
rhombus (F. rhornbe ). — Gk. fropflos, a thing Du. rijk, led. rlkr, Swed. rik, Dan. rig
twirled round, whirling spindle, a thing in Goth, reiks. Teut. type *rlkiz , powerful,
the shape of a whirling spindle, a four- from the base rlk- as seen in Goth, reik-s,
sided figure with equal sides but unequal a ruler cognate with the Celtic base rig-,
;

angles. —Gk. ptp&tiv, to revolve. Allied as in Gaulish rix a king (cf. O. Irish ri,
f

to Wrinkle (Prellwitz). See also gen. rig, a king, W. rhi, a chief) unless ;

Rumb. the Teut. base rik- is merely borrowed

Rhubarb. (F.- Late L.-Gk.) O.F. from the Celtic rig-. Cf. L. rix. gen. reg-is ,

reubarbe\ F. rhubarbs. — Late

L. rheu- a king. All from y'KEG, to rule (L. reg-
barbarum ( * rheum barbarum).
SeeRegeut. Erugm.i.§§ 135,549 c. — Gk. ere).
riches. (F.— O. II. G.) M .K.richesse
Rheum from
1
firjov fiappapoi', rhubarb ;
lit . f

the barbarian country.’ Gk. f>l ov is an a sing. sb. the pi. being richesses. — Y ;
.

adj. from /3 i, the rha-plant, rhubarb, which richesse wealth. — O. H. G. rihhi M. II. G. , ,

was also called Rha Pondcum. Rhd riche (G. reich ), rich (above). The suffix
took its name from the river Rha> i. e. the is F. -esse, K -itia.
Volga. And see Barbarous. Rick. (E.) Rick is from A. S. hrycce,
Rhumb ;
see Rumb. as in corn-hrycce , corn-rick. We also find
Rhyme; see Rim© (i). M. E. reek A.S. hreac a heap, a rick.+
, ,

Rhythm. — L. - Gk.) M.F. rithmc,

(F. Icel. hraukr a rick; Du. rook. Cf. O.
,

Cot. — L .rhythmus. — Gk. v<9 /n$s, measured /

5 Irish cruach , a rick ;
and see Ruck (2).
motion, time, measure. — Gk. fltuv, to flow. Rickets, a disease of children, ac-
SeeRheum. companied by softness of the bones and
Rib. (E.) M. E. ribbe. A.S. ribb. - great weakness. (E.) prov. E. word A
Du. rib, Icel. rif, Swed. ref-been (rib-bone), noticed about a.d. 1620; whence the
first
Dan. rib-been ;
G. rippe ; Russ, rebro. medical term rachitis was coined about
448
 , , , ,,
. , . , , ,,;

RICOCHET RIG
1650, with allusion to Gk. /5 axu, the spine. (.North-riding = North -th riding) — Icel.

Cf. prov. E. rickety , i. e. tottery, weak, pridjungr, the third part of a thing, third
unstable. Formed fiom M. E. wrikken part of a shire. — Icel .fridi, third cognate ;

to twist, wrest, still in use in the phrase with A. S. fridda third. See Third,
,

‘to wrick one’s ankle/ Allied to A. S. Three. So also Norw. tridjung, a third
wringan, to twist see Wring and ; part.
Wry. Cf. Du. wrikken Swed. ; icka, Rife. (Scand.) M. 1C. rif late A.S.
to be rickety; Swed. rickng rickety. , rif. — Icel. rifr, munificent, abundant; M.
Ricochet, the rebound of a cannon-ball. Swed. rif rife; Norw. m/.+M. Du. rijf
(F.) F. ricochet, ‘ the sport of skimming a abundant ;
Low G. rive, abundant, munifi-
thinne stone on the water, called a Duck cent, extravagant. Cf. Icel. reifr glad,

and a Drake;* Cot. Origin unknown. reifa, to bestow.

Rid (1), to free. (E.) M. E. ridden , Riff-raff, refuse. (F. — Teut.) M.E. rif
redden. hreddan to snatch awny,
A. S. , and raf things of small value, hence every
deliver. +0. Fries, hrcdda Du. redden ,
bit. — M. F. rif et raf every bit also ;

Dan. redde, Swed. tadda; G. retten. Teut. rifle et rajle. II no luy lairra rif ny raf,
‘

t)]>e *hradjan-. Cf. Skt. crath, to untie. he will strip him of all Cot. Here rif
Rid(2), to clear, esp. land. (Scand.) or rifle a thing ol small value, from
is
Prov. IC. rid. M. E. ruden (pp. rid).— ransack and rafle is from
rijler, to ride, ;

Icel.rydja (oiig. htyfi/a), to clear, clear M. F. raffler, to rifle, ravage. Both are
out; Dan. rydde to clear, grub up land. words ot Teut. origin, drawn together by
Teut. type * hrudjan from *hrud weak their sound, though of different origin. F.
grade of * hreuthan - (Icel. hrjdba ), to rijler is from Icel. hrifa (sec Rifle (1)) ;

stiip. Confused with rid (1). M. F. raffler is from G. raffen, to seize.

Riddle ( r), an enigma. (E.) Properly Rifle (1), to spoil, plunder. (F. — Teut.)
riddles and the pi. should be riddles-es.
;
M. F. rijler ‘to ride, spoile Cot. Norm,
,

M. E. rede Is. — A. S. rledels rdde/se, a ,

dial, rijler (Dumeril). Formed, with
riddle, ambiguity, something requiring frequentative -A, from Icel. hrifa , rifa ,
explanation. — A. S. rledan, to discern, ex- to catch, grapple, grasp ; allied to Icel.
plain see Read. -f- Du. raadsel for *raad-
; ,
hrifsa , plunder.
is do-, the A. S. -e/s being for -is/; G. Rifle (2), a kind of musket. (F.—
rath set, a riddle. We still say to read Tent.) Short for rijied gun, fiom the verb
a riddle i. e. to explain it.
, rifle , to groove. — O. F. / ifler, to scratch,
Riddle a large sieve. (E.) M. E.
(2), graze (^Godefroy). — Low G. rifeln to
ridil. \
hridder a vessel for winnowing
. S. ,
furrow, chamfer; E. Fries, rijfeln (the
corn; older form h rider (Sweet); the same), rijfel a groove Dan. rijie, to rifle,
;

suffixed -er and -// (- le ) being equivalent. groove, rifle, a groove Swed. reffla, to;

+0.11. G. ritera Irish treat hair, Gael. ; rifle. So also G. riefe , a furrow; riefen
criathar E. cribrum. Lit. sense
;
sepa- ‘
riefeln, to rifle (from Low G.). All allied
rater.’ All fiom Idg. root *krei, to to Rivel, and to Rive.
separate ; cf. Gk. Kpi-vtiv. See Critic. rift. (Scand.) Dan. and Norw. rift
Ride. (E .) M. E. riden pt. t. rood, pp. rift, rent. — Norw. riva Dan. rive, to tear.
,

riden. A. S. ridan, pt. t. rad, pp. riden. Cf. Icel. rift, a breach of contract. See
+ T >u. rijden, Icel. rit)a, Dan. ride, Swed. Rive.
r?da ; G. reiten. Rig (1), to fit up a ship. (Scand.) Spelt
Also O. Irish riad-aim ,
I drive, ride. rygge in Palsgrave. — Norw. rigga, to bind
(^RKIDIf.) Brugm. i.

§ 210. Der. road, rcad-y. up, wrap round, also to rig a ship rigg, ;

Ridge. (E.) M. L. rigge, rugge. A.S. sb., rigging. Cf. Swed. dial, rigga pd tfl
h ry<g, the back of a man or beast.+Du. harness a horse. Also Westplial. riggen,
1 "g, back, ridge, Dan. ryg, Swed. rygg, Du. rijgen, G. reihen to stitch together, ,

Icel. hryggr G. nicken, O. H. G. hnteki

;
orig. to put in a row ; cf. E. F'ries. rige,
Cf. 0 Irish croccenn,
.
(1) hide, (2) the back. rispe, a row. See (1). Row
Ridiculous. (L.) 'L.ridicul-us, laugh- Rig (2), a frolic, prank. (E. ?) also We
nblc; with suffix -ons. — L. ridere, to find rig, to be wanton ; riggish , wanton.
laugh. For wrig, and allied to wriggle see ;

Riding, one of the three divisions of the Wriggle. Cf. Norw. rigga, to rock E. j
;

county ot York. (Scand.) For th riding Fries, wriggen , to wriggle; Du. wrikken }

449
 , , , , ;
;,,, , ,, , , ; ; ,\ +
,,

RIG RIP
to stir to and fro, wriggelen, to wriggle which a different word from M. II. G.
is

and see Rickets. rim, O. II. G. rim (A. S. rim), in the

Big ( 3 )» a ridge. (E.) M. E. rig, sense of ‘number.’ From F. rime came
Northern form of rigge, rugge a ridge. also Ital. Span. Port, rima also Du.
See Ridge. rijm, Icel. rima , G. reim.
Bight. K. right.
(E.) M.
A. S. riht, Bime (2), hoarfrost. (F.) For hrime.
ryht ;
reht.+ Du. regt, recht
O. Merc. A. S. hrim, hoarfrost. +
Du. rijm , Icel.
Icel. rettr (for *rehtr), Dan. ret Swed. ,
hrirn, Dan. riim, Swed. rim. Allied to
njtf, G. recht , O. II. G. reht, Goth, raihts. Du. rijp, G. reif, hoar-frost.
Teut. type *rehloz ;
Idg. type *rektos, as Rimer, a tool for enlarging holes in
in L. rectus. Cf. W. rhaith, sb., right, metal. (E.) From A. S. ryman to en-
O. Ir. recht ;
Pers. ratf. See Begent. large. — A. S. riim wide. See Boom.
(VKEG.) Simple, to ripple, as the surface of
righteous. (E.) Corruption of M.E. water. (E.) To rimple is to shew
rightwis ; A. S. rihtwis, i. e. wise as to wrinkles. — A. S. lirympel, a wrinkle. —
—
what is right. A. S. riht right ; w*jr, A. S. hrump-, rump-, weak grade of
wise. hrimpan or rimpan to wrinkle. + Du.
Bigid. ff. - 1.. rig?re
(L. ) I. rigii/us , st
. r impel, a wrinkle, rimpelen, to wrinkle;
i

to be stiff. Brugm.
87 5. i. O. H. G. hrimfan M. H. G. rimpfen (cf.
§
Rigmarole. (Scand. ami K.-L.) G. rumpfen ), to crook, bend, wrinkle. (See
;

Well known lo be a coiruption of ragman - Fianck.) See Bumple.

roll orig. a deed with many signatures, a Bind. (E.) M. E. rind rinde. A. S. ,

long list of names hence, a long stupid rinde , bark of a tree, crust (of bread).
;

story. Lit. c coward's roll.* — Icel. ragmen ni, M. Du. and G. rinde, bark. Allied to
a coward, from ragr a coward, and mafir Rim. ,

( - mannr ), a man with the addition of

; Bing (1), a circle. (E.) M. E. ring.
roll for which see Roll.
,
The Icel. ragr A S. firing. Du. ring, Low G. ring, rink,
seems to be allied to Icel. argr, a coward, Icel. hringr , Swed. Dan. G. ring, O. H. G.
A. S. earg. Ju inc. Teut. type *hrengoz ; Idg. type
Rigol, a circlet. (Ital. — O. II. G.) In *krcttghos ; also *kronghos, as in O. Bulg.
Shale. — Ital. rigolo a little wheel (Tor- krqgu, Russ. krug{e ), a circle.
,
See Bank
riano) cf. riga, a line, a stripe. — 0. 11. G.
;
and Harangue.
riga, riga, a line, the circumference of a Ring (2), to sound a bell. (E.) M.E.
circle (G. reihe ). See Bow (i). nngen A. S. hringan to clash, ring; a .

Bile ; see Boil. weak verb, as in Scand. but English has ;

Bill, a streamlet. (LowG.) Cf. Low G. pt. t. rang, by analogy with sang from
rifle, E. Friesic and Dan. dial, rille, a sing, -f* Icel. hringja, Dan. ringe, Swed.
streamlet. Apparently for * rithcle cf. ; ringa. Cf. Icel. hrang, a din L. clangere, ;

A. S. ride, a stream; Low G. ride, a to clang.

stieam; G. -reide (in place-names). See Rink, a course for the game of curling,
Phil. Soc. Trans. 1888, p. 166. Norm, &c. (E.) A peculiar form of ring in the ,

dial, risle, rille the name of a river, sense of prize-ring, &c. Cf. Low G. rink,
written Ridula , Risila , Risla in old a ring.
charters (Robin, p. 432). Rinse. (F.) M. F. rinser, 1 to reinse
Bim. (E.) M. E. rim. A. S. rim a, a linnen clothes;’ Cot F. rimer from
verge, edge; cf. W. rhirn, rhimp rhimyn O. F. raincer (Littr^). Cf. O. F. rcincier
,

a rim, edge. Icel. + a strip of land. to rinse fGodefroy). Of unknown origin.

Perhaps allied to G. rand a rim, and to Riot. (F. - 0 II. G. ?) O. F. riote, a
, .

Bind (Kluge). Brugm. i. § 421. brawling. The same as Prov. riota, Ital.
Bime (1). verse, poetry, &c. (F.~ L. riotta, dispute, strife. Of unknown origin ;

— Gk.) Usually spelt rhyme by confusion see Korting. ,

with rhythm , but not before A. D. 1550. Rip. (Scand.; or F.— Scand.) M.E.
’
M. E. rime. F. rime , ‘ rime, or meeter ; ripen to grope, search into ; rypen vp, to
’
Cot. Cf. M. F. rithmc , rime, or meeter ; seek out (cf. E. rip up). Cf. O. F. riper,
*

id. Prob. from L. rhylhmus f rhythm to sciatch (Godefroy). — Norweg. ripa, to

of Gk. origin ; see Rhythm. Hence scratch, Swed. dial, ripa to scratch, pluck ,

also M. H. G. rim, in the sense of verse/ asunder (like E. rip open)

‘
Dan. oprippe
450
 , , ,;
, , , , , , ;-;,

RIPE ROAD
to rip up ; Swed. repa upp, to rip up, repa, Rite. (L.) L. ritus, a custom. +Skt.
to scratch. Allied to Du. repel, G. riffel, riti-,a going, way, usage ; from ri, to go,
a flax-comb; see Ripple (i). The Teut. flow. Cf. Iirugm. ii. § 498. Der. ritual,
base takes a double form ; see Reap ;
cf. from L. ritu *, decl. stem of ritus.
Ripe (below) and Rope. Rival. (F.-L.) F. rival. — L. riualis
Ripe. ( 1-0 M. E. ripe . A. S. ripe fit sb.,one who uses the same brook as another,
for reaping ;
cf. rip harvest.
,
— A. S. ripan, a near neighbour, a rival. L. rittus a —
to reap. + Du. rijp, G. rcif, ripe. See stream. Cf. Skt. ri to go, flow. ,

Rip, Reap. Rive, to tear. (Scand.) M. E. riuen

Ripple (i\ to pluck the seeds from \u=*v\. — Icel. rtfa, pt. t. reif, pp. rijinn
flax-stalks. (E.) M. K. ripplen , ripelen (>E. riven), to rive; Dan. rive, Swed.
to ripple ;
from the sb. ripple, a flax-comb rifva. Cf. Gk. ipthtiv, to dash down;
(Jamieson). Formed, with suffix -le, of L. ripa, a bank (.shore). See Reef.
the agent, from the weak grade, *rip-, of Rivel, to wrinkle. (E.) M.E. riuelen
A. S. rtpan to reap, cut ; see Reap. Cf.
,
(u ~ v). A. S. wrinkled (Eng.
rifeled,
Swed. repa, to ripple flax, orig. to scratch, Stud. xi. 66) ; cf. ge-rifliav, to wrinkle
a ;

rip ; see Rip (above). Du. repelen to + , frequent, form from the weak grade of
ripple, from repel a ripple, from M. Du.,
Teut. * reifan-, as seen in Icel. rifa, to
repen, to beat flax G. riffeln to ripple,
; , rive; see Rive (above). Cf. A. S. gerifod,
from riffel, a ripple. wrinkled; /Elf. Horn. i. 614.
Ripple (2), to cause or shew wrinkles River. (F.-L.) M. E. riuer (u — v).
on the surface, said of water. (Scand.) A — A. F. rivcrc, O. F. iviere. (F. rivilrei) 1

late word the same as Ripple (3) below.

;
The same as Span, ribera , a shore, strand,
The older word was Rimple, q. v. sea-coast, Ital. rivicra , shore, bank, also
Ripple (3), to grare slightly. (Scand.) a river; I. ate L. ripdria, (1) shore, bank,
1
Ripple rescindere ’ Levins (1570). Fre-
, ; (2) river. —Late ripdritts , belonging L
quentative of Rip (above). to a shore. —
L. ripa, shore, bank. Allied
Rise. (E.) M. E. risen. A. S. risan, to Rive.
pt. t. rds, pp. risen.-f-Du. rijzen orig. to Rivet. (F. — Scand.) F. rivet , 1 the
move, also in M. Du. to fall (contrary to welt of a shoe/ Cot. ; also a rivet (Littre).
the E. sense) ; Icel. visa O. II. G. risan, ;
— F. river to rivet, clench, fasten back.—
,

to move up or down, to rise, to fall Goth. ;

Icel. rifa to tack, sew loosely together
,

ur-reisan , to arise. Teut. type *reis-an- rifa saman to stitch together. Cf. Shet-
to slip away. Der. raise rear, vb. ,
land riv, to sew coarsely, Aberdeen riv ,

Risible. (F.-L.) F. risible. — L. risi- to rivet.

bilis, laughable. — L. risus, pp. of ride re, Rivulet. (L.) Dimin.from L riuulus,
to laugh. See Ridiculous. a small stream dimin. of rittus, a stream;
;

Risk. (F.— Ital. — L.) F. risque, peril lit. ‘flowing.’ Cf. Ital. rivolelto (Torriano).
Cot. Orig. a maritime word. — Ital. risco, See Rival.
peril; Florio; the same word (probably) Rix-dollar, a coin. (Du.-G.) Du.
as Span, risco, a steep abrupt rock whence ;
Hjks-daalder a rix-dollar, — G. reichs
the sense of ‘ peril/ as shewn by Span, ar- thaler, a dollar of the empire. — G. reichs,
riesgar, O. Span, arriscar, to venture into gen. case of reich empire, allied to G.
danger (lit. to go against a rock). The reich ,
rich ;
and thaler a dollar; see Rich
orig. sense of risco is cut off, sheer, like a and Dollar.
—
sharp rock. L. reseedre, to cut back, cut Roach, a fish.(F. — Teut.) M. E. roche.
off short (curiously verified by the use of — O. North. F. and Walloon roche, O. F.
the Como word resega, a saw, also risk ;
roce ( rosse — M. Du. rock, a skate
in Cot.).
Diez) ;
and cf. Port, risco, (1) rock, (2) cf. Dan. Swed. rocka, a ray; Low
7'okhc,
danger. — L. re-, back; secure, to cut see ; G. ruche, whence G. roche , a roach, ray.
Section. ('See further in Diez and Kort- Origin unknown. There is a remarkable
ing.) confusion between roach, skate, ray, and
Rissole, a minced-meat fritter. (F. - thomback. Cf. A. S. reohhe, a fish.
L.) F. rissole; O. F. roissole , roussole — .
Road. (E.) M. E. rood, rode (both for
Late L. type *russeola ; from L. russeus, ships and horses). — A. S. rad, a road, also
reddish, or rather brownish; from the a raid. —
A. S. rad, 2nd stem of ridan, to
colour. — L. russus, red. See Russet. ride. Sec Ride. Doublet, raid.

451
 ,\ , , , , +
,,,; n , , , ;.

ROAM RODOMONTADE
Aoam. (F. L.) M. K. romcn. — O. H. G. Ruodperht (G. Ruprecht 1. e.
Coined from O. F. romier a pilgrim to ,
Rupert). Lit. fame-bright,’ illustrious
‘

Home cf. O. F. rome /, a pilgrim, romerec

;
in fame. — O. II. G. ruod-, allied to Icel.
a pilgrimage ; Span, romero a pilgrim ;
hrodr, fame; (). H. G. perht = E. bright.
M. K. Rome-rennere, a runner to Rome, See Hobgoblin.
pilgrim also Late L. romens, Ital. Romeo
; Robust. (F. -
F. robuste - I L.) .

one who goes to Rome, a pilgrim. All robust us, strong. — O.

L. rob us (L. rdbur),
from L. Roma, Rome. strength ; orig. a tough tree, oak.
Roan. (F.) F. vouch M
cheval rouen, ;
i
ROC, a huge bird. (JL — Pers.) F. rock
a roane horse;’ Cot. Mod. F. rouan, (Littre). — Pers. rukh, the name of a huge
Span. roano, Ital. rovano (Fiorio). bird ;
also a hero.
Origin unknown, Sometimes derived Rochet, a fine white linen robe, like a
from the town of Rouen with which ,
surplice, worn by Bishops. (F. — M. II. G.)
Ital. rovano can have nothing to do. F. rochet, ‘a fiock a prelate’s rochet;’ ;

Roan-tree, Rowan-tree, the moun- Cot. — M. II. G. roc (G. rock), a frock, coat.
tain ash. (Scand.) Spelt roun-tree ra///- ,
+Du. rok, O. Fries, rokk, A. S. rocc, Icel.
/iw, rowan-tree in Jamieson. — Svved. ronn rokkr the same Teut. type *rukkoz.
, ;

M. Swed. runtiy ronn roan-tree; Dan. , Rock (j), a large mass of stone. fF.)
no/, Icel. reynir. The Ieel. reynir is for O. F. roke (13th cent.), also roque, roeque ;
*rey 8 nir<*raubnir, a derivative of raudr commonly rochc , a rock. The same as
red from the colour of the berries (No-
;
Walloon roc, Languedoc roquo, f., Prov.
recn). See Red. roca. Span. ro< a, Port, roca, roc ha ,
Ital.
Roar. ( K .) E. roren A S rarian M . . . .
, rocca, roctia, arock. Cf. Low L. roua
to bellow. +M. LI. G. reren cf. Lith. ; (Ducange). We
also find lr. and Gael.
I scold, Brugm. n. §§ 465, 741. roc (prob. from E. ), and Bret, rock (prob.
Perhaps of imitative origin. from F.). ALo A. S. stdn-rocc (nth c.).
Roast. (F.-G.?) M.E. yos ten. — O. F. Origin unknown.
rostir, to rost;’ Cot. (F. rotir.) — O.II.G.
*
(2), to shake, totter. (E.) M. E. Rock
rosten to roast. — O. II. G.
,
a grate, rok ken. A. S. rocc ian (C. Hall) N. Frie^. ;

gridiron. +Du. roosten to roast rooster rocke. Dan. rokke, to rock, shake, ;
+
a gridiron. Cf. also Irish n?j7 roast meat, Swed. dial, rukka to wag. Allied to , ,

Gael. ;w/, W. rhostio from E. Dan. rykkt\ to pull, ryk, a pull; Icel. ,

Bret, /w/rf, from F. rykkr, a hasty pull G. ruck, a pull, jolt ;

Rob ( I ). ( F. — O. II. G ) 1C. robben. M

Du. ruk, a jerk. Teut. types *rukkojan-, .

— O. F. robber more commonly rober, to *rukljan to jolt, jerk (Franck). The

,

disrobe, spoil, strip off clothing, plunder. base *rukk- may be related to *renkan-,
— F. robe a robe see Robe. ;
to shake, as seen in Swed. dial, rinka, to
Rob (2), a conserve of fruit. (F.— Span. shake pt. t. rank, supine mnkit) Swed. ;

— Arab.) F. rob, ‘the juice of black runka to shake. See Rietz. ,

whortleberries preserved Cot. — Span. { 3), a

;
*
distaff. (Scand.) Icel. rokkr, Rock
rob, thickened juice of fruit with honey. — Swed. rock, Dan. rok, a distaff. 4* G. rocken ;

Arab, rubb, a decoction of the juice of Du. rok rokke

‘
,
,

citrons and other fruits, inspissated juice, rocket (1), a kind of fire-work. (Ital.
rob ; Richardson.
’
— G.) M.Ital. rocchetto a bobbin towinde ‘

Robbins, Robins, ropes for fastening silke upon a squib of wilde fier Florio. ; ;
’

sails. (E.) Lowl. Sc. ra-band, rai-band. So named from its shape, resembling that
E. Fries. rd-band\ where ;</ = yard of a of a bobbin or a distaff. — M. II. G. rocke .

ship. Cf. Icel. rd, Dan. raa, Swed. ra, G. G. rocken, a distaff (above).
rahe yard and Band.
, ; Rocket (2), a plant. (F. — Ital. — L.) F.
Robo. lF. — O.II.G.) F. robe for- roquette. — Ital. ruchetta dimin. of ruca,
merly also robbe. - M. H. G. rottb, O. H. G. garden-rocket. — L. eruca, a sort of cole-
raup (G. raub ), booty, spoil ; hence, a wort whence also G. rauke , rocket. ;

garment taken from the slain, clothing. Rod, a wand. (E.) See Rood.
A. S. reap Icel. rauf sb. ; see under Reave. Rodent, gnawing. (L.) From ro-
Der. dis-robe. dent-, stem of pres. part, of rodere to gnaw. ,

Robin. (F. — O. H. CO F. Robin, Allied to Rase.

proper name; pet name for Robert . — Rodomontade, vain boasting. (F. -
452
 . , , , , , , ;;, ; , ,;

ROE ROOT
Ital.) F. rodomontcule. — Ital. rodomontata Rondeau. (F.-L.) F. fondeau a ,

a boast. Due to the boastful character of kind of poem, O. F. rondel see Roundel. ;

Rodomonte in the Orlando Furioso of Rood, the cross; a measure of land. (K.)
Ariosto, b. xiv. The same word as rod, which shoitened is

Roe ( a female deer. (K.) M. E. ro. from M. E. rood (also rod) a rood, a rod. .

A. S. ra, early foim rdha.+ Icel. rd, Dan. Iloth rood and rod are used as measures,
raa, Swed. ra, Du. ree, G. roll. Der. roe- though the former is restricted to square
buck. measure, and the latter to linear; both
Roe (2), spawn. (Scand.) I* or roan ;
senses are due to the use of a rod foi

the final n was dropped, being mistaken measurement. A. S. rod, a gallows, cross,
for the pi. suffix, as in s/ioon for shoes, properly a iod or pole. O. Fries, rode, +
eyne for eyes. M. E. rowue. — Icel.
gallows O. Sax rdda, cross, gallows Du.
hrogn , ; ;

Dan. rogn, Swed. roni roe.+G. > ogen roe foede, rod, pcich, wand; G. rut he, a rod ,

(whence F. rogue roe). ,

of land; O. II. G. ruota a rod, pole, ,

Rogation. (F.-L.) F. rogation. - E. 'rent, type *7 odd, fern., a rod, pole. The
acc. rogdtionan a supplication. — L. ,
shoit 0 in rod is due to the final d cl red, ;

///r, pp. of rogdrc to ask. ,

head, dead. The A. S. rodd is not older
Rogue, (K — C.) F. 'arrogant, than the 11th cent. Cf. Ratlines.
proud, presumptuous, rude, surly ; Cot. Roof. (FA M.E. rdf. A. S. hrbf.f’

Cf. E. togu-is/i y saucy. The orig. sense Du. roof a cabin, Icel. hi of, a shed. Cl.
was a surly fellow; hence a vagabond.— also lr. cro, a hovel \V. craw, a pig-sly ;

Bret. 7 ok / ^r airogant, proud.

,
Or from Bret, a ou, a stable. Tent, type *hrdfo-\
Low G. rook, a rook, a thief. (Doubtful Tdg. type * krdpo-.
see Scheler.) (i\ a kind of crow. (E.) M. E. Rook
Roil, Rile, to vex. (F. ?) The old rook. A. S. hrdt\+ Icel hrdkr, Dan. range,
word roil meant (1) to disturb, (2) to vex. Swed. roka, M. II. G. ruoih , O. ll.G.
.See Davies, Supp. Gloss. Of doubtful hruoh a jackdaw. Tent. t\pe *hrokoz, ,

origin ;
prob. French. Cf. O. F. roeillier masc. ; cf. Gk. icpwfaiv (for *Kpury-yuv), to ,

roillier, to roll, to give one a beating; caw. Of imitative origin; cf. Goth.
M. F. routlier to pummel. hrukjan, to crow.
Roistering, turbulent. (F. - L.) Rook (2 a castle, at chess. (E. — Span.
From the sb. roister a bully, turbulent — Pers.) M. E. rook. — F. iot. — Span.
,

fellow. — F. rust re, a ruflfin, royster, saw cie roque (cf. Ital. roico).— Pers. rokh, a 100k.
‘

’
fellow; Cot. By-form of O. F. juste, a Said to ha\e meant ‘warrior’ (Devic).
rustic, the r being epenthetic ; cf. O. F. Room, space, a chamber. (E.) 1 he old
ruistre, rutste, rustc, adj.. strong, vigorous, meaning is space, place. M. E. roum.
rude, violent (Godefroy). — L. rusticinn, A. S. rum ‘nxidon rum — they had no ;
’

acc. of rusticus mstic. See Rustic. room, Luke li. 7. We also find adj. rum,
Roll, vb. (F. -L.) M.E. rotten. — spacious, -f" Du. ruim, adj., spacious,
O. F. roler, F. voider. — Late L. rotiddre, ruim, sb., room ;
Icel. rutnr, spacious,
to revolve, roll. — L. rotula, a little wheel rum, space 1 )an. and Sw ;
ed. ? urn, adj. ami
dimin. of rota, a wheel. See Rotary. sb. Goth, rums, adj. and sb., G. raum,
;

Der. roll, sb., a scroll, O. F. role, L. sb. Tent, type *rnrnoz, adj., whence the
rotulus sb. forms are derived. Allied to L. rus,
Romance. (F. — L.) O. F. romanz, open country see Rural. Der. roorrty ,
;

romans, a romance. The form is due to adj., used for M. E. roum, adj.
late I,, adv. rorndnice, as in the phr. rd- Roost, sb. (E.) M. K. roost a perch ,

manice loqui = O. F. parler romanz, to for fowls. A.S. hrdst, the same.+M. Du.
speak Romance, i. e. the vulgar Latin roest a hen-roost; O. Sax. hrdst, the
dialect of every-day life, as distinguished woodwork of a roof. Cf. Lowl. Sc. roost,
from book-Latin. Rorndnice, i. e. Roman- the inside of a roof; the orig. roost was on
like, is from L. Rdmdnus, Roman. — L. the rafters inside a roof. Der. roost, vb.
Roma, Rome. Root (1 ), lowest part of a plant. (Scand.)
romaunt. O. F. romant, (F. - I..) M. E. — Icel. rot, Swed. rot, Dan. rod
rote.
oblique case of O. F. romanz a romance a root. For *wrol, cognate with L. radix ,

see above. Der. romant-ic . and allied to Goth, ivaurts, a root, A.S.
Romp; see Ramp. wyrt, a wort, a root; the initial w being
453
 ;;; , , , ,;;

ROOT ROULETTE
dropped, as is usual in Icelandic in the and Irish roth, W. rhod, Lithuan. ratas
G. ;

combinationwr (later vr\ Sec below. rad, a wheel. Also Skt. I'atka-, a chariot,
And see Radix and Wort. car. All from Idg. root RET, as in
Root (2), Rout, vh. to grub up, as O. Irish retli-im I run ; Lith. ritt-u , I roll,
f ,

a hog. (E.) A.S. wrdtan, to grub up turn round. Brugm. i. § 159. Der. rotate
(strong vb ) whence prov. E. wrout, the from pp. of L. rotare, to turn round.
;

same. Cf. A. S. wrot, sb., a swine’s snout Rote (1), routine, repetition. (F. — L.)
G. nissel, a snout. +
M. Du. wroeten, the M.E. hi rote with repetition, by heart;
same Icel. rota to grub up, Dan. rode, lit. in a beaten track. — O.F. rote (F. route),
; ,

Low G. written, O. II. G. rtiozzan. a way, a beaten track. See Route.

Rope. (E.) M. E. roop. A. S. rap, a Rote (2), an old musical instrument. (F.
cord, rope. -f Du. reep, lcel. reip, Svved. rep, — G.~ C.) O.F. rote a kind of fiddle; ,

Dan reb Goth, skauda-raip, shoe-latchet answering to O. II. G. hrota rota, a rote
; ,

G. reif, circle, hoop, ring, sometimes a Low L. chrotta. Of Celtic origin. — \Y.
rope. All from Teut. base *raip with cnvth, a violin ; Gael emit, a harp O. ;
* 4
the sense of strip,’ hence string.’ Per- Irish erot, a harp. (Stokes-Fick, p. 99.)
haps from the 2nd grade of lout. *reip~ See Crowd (2).
an, to cut; see Reap (Franck). And Rother, an ox. (E.) M.E. ruber.
cf. Ripe, Rip. Dei*. rop-y, stt ingy, glutin- Late A.S. hriiberu pi.; orig. hrytier, ,

ous stir-rup.
; briber and (in comp.) hrib-. IIrib-< ;

Roquelaure, a short cloak. (F.) Jirinti-, cognate with G. rind. Cf. also Du.
Named after the duke of Roquelaure (ab. rund. See Kluge and Franck.
1715). —
Todd. Rotten, putrid. (Scand.) M. E. roten.
ROSO. (L. — Gk. — Armenian .) A.S. rose. — Iccl. rotinn, Swed. rutten, Dan. raaden,
\

— L. rosa; borrowed from Gk. fiffiov, a rotten. The Iccl. rotinn is the pp. of a
rose (whence a form * /L5m >
rosa' ; lost strong verb %ijdta, to decay, orig. to
iEolic Ppodov (for *fp 6 bov). — Armen. soak, wet, allied to A. S. reotan, O. H. G.
7vard, a rose; wlience also Pers. gul. riuzan , to weep, sliecl tears cf. Lith. ;

Sec Julep. Dor. rhododendron (Gk. SeV raudoti, Skt. rud, to weep. (^KEUD.)
Spor, a tree). See Rot. Brugm. i. § 594.
Rosemary. (F. — L.) M.E .rosmarin. Rotundity. (F. — L.) F. rotonditi. -
— O. F. > os marin (Cot.). — L. nh marinas, L. rotunditatem acc. of rotunditds, round- ,

rdsmarinum, rosemary, lit. sea-dew; called ness. — L. rotundas round see Round. ;

ros marls in Ovid. — L. ros, dew marlnus, Rouble, Ruble, a Russian coin.
;

marine. Named from some fancied con- (Russ.) Russ, ruble, a rouble, 100 co-
nexion with sea-spray; altered to rosemary pecks. Perhaps from Pers. riipiya, a ru-
(as if for rose of Mary), pee (Miklosich). See Rupee.
Rosin ; see Resin. Rou£. (F. — L.) F. roup, lit. broken
Roster, a military register. (Du.) on the wheel hence a profligate, supposed ;

From Du. rooster a grate, gridiron hence, to merit that punishment. Pp. of rouer, to
, ;

a list in parallel lines; lit. roaster.’ — Du. turn round (L. rotare). — F. roue a wheel.
*

roosten to roast see Roast.

, ;
— L. rota a wheel. See Rotary. ,

Rostrum. (L.) L. rostrum a beak Rouge, red paint. (F.-L.) F. rouge,

,

pi. rostra, a pulpit for speakers in the red. — L. acc. rubeum red (whence F. rouge, ,
;

forum, adorned with beaks of ships taken like F. rage from L. rabiem ). Allied to
from the Antiates. For *rod-trum. — L. L. ruber, red. See Red.
roda c to gnaw, to peck. Sec Rodent. Rough.* (E.) M. E. rough rugh, row , ,

(Cf. claus-trum <

*claud-truw.) ruh See, A.S. ruh, rough, hairy; also ,

Rot, vb. (E A weak verb; the r//^.+Du. ruig, M. Du. ru, Dan. ru. Low
)

proper pp. is rotted but rotten is com- G. rung, O. II. G. ruh G. rauh. Cf.
, ,

moner, which is a Scand. form (see below). Lithuan. raukas, a fold, rukti, to wrinkle.
M.E. roten, pp .voted. A.S. ration pp. Distinct from raw. ,

rotod.+ Du. rotten, to rot; O. H. G. rozin Rouleau. (F.-L.) F. rouleau a roll ,

(also rozen), to rot. See further under of paper hence, cr.ins in a roll of paper. ;

Rotten. Dimin. of O. F. role , M. F. roule, a roll

Rotary, turning like a wheel. (L.) see Roll.
Formed from L. rota, a wheel. Gael. roulette, a game of chance. (F. — L.)
+
454
 , , , , , , , ; , , , ;

ROUN RUBBLE
F. roulette, a game in which a ball rolls on hedge-row. Teut. type *raig)wd, fem.,
a turning table dimin. of rouelle , a little
; from a root-verb * reihivan (pt. t. *raihu>) -

wheel ; see Bowel. whence also G. reih-e, a row, l)u. rij, M.

Rouii, Sound, to whisper. (E.) Du. rij-e, a row, (). If. G. riga, a line.
Shak. has round wuh excrescent d. M.E. Ulg. root *retkh, whence Skt. rekhd, a
roitnen. A. S. ; tin tan to whisper. — A. S. ,
line.
jv/w, a whisper. raunen to whisper; +G ROW (2), to propel with oars. < E.)
from O. H. G. r/7;/, a secret ; see Bune. M. E. towen.- A. S. rdzuan to row. -4- Du.
,

Sound. (K. — L ) O. F. rodrnl, F. rceijen , lcel. roa, Swed. ro, Dan. roe,
rond. — L. rotundus round. — L. >0/0, a ,
M.ll.G Allied to O. Ir. ram,
ruejen.
wheel. See Botary. L. remus an oar, Skt. antra-, a paddle,
,

roundel, a kind of ballad. (F. — L.) rudder, Lithuau irti, to row Gk. ipcrfxu s, ;

O. F rondel later rondeau , a poem

, a paddle, oar. Der. ruddet .

containing a line which recurs or comes Row 13\ an uproar. (Scand.) For
round again. — F. rond, round (above). rouse; for loss of final s, cf. pea cherry , ,

roundelay. (F.-L.) M. F. rondelet, sherry shay {chaise). See Bouse (2).

,

dimin. of O. F. rondel above. Piob. Rowan-tree; sec Boan-tree.

confused, in spelling, with E. lay, a song. Rowel. (F. - L.) M. V. rouelle a little ,

Souse (i), to excite, to wake up. wheel (on a bit or a spur). — l.ate L.
*
(Scand.) Exciter to stii up, rowse
‘
rotella
, dimin. of rota a wheel. See ; , ,

Cot. — Swed. rusa to rush, rusa upp, to Rotary.

,

start up Dan. ruse to rush. Cf. A. S.

; Rowlock, Bollock, Bullock, the
hreosan to rush, to fall down quickly
, place of suppoit for an oar. (K.) Spelt ;

from Teut. base Viretis -. orlok in the Liber Albus, pp. 235, 237.
Souse (2), a drinking-bout. (Scand.) A corruption of oar-lock. — A. S. drloc a
In Shak. — Dan. rttus, intoxication; Dan. rowlock. — A. S. dr oar; loc cognate with ,

save rttsen ud~ to sleep out a rouse, to G. loch , a hole. The orig. rowlocks were
sleep oneself sober; Swed. rus drunken- actual holes, and weic called also oar-
,

ness. +Du. roes, drunkenness. Prob. allied holes.

Royal. iF. — L.) real, roiaP — M.E
’
to East Friesic ruse noise, uproar, * row : .

rusen, to make a noise. (G. rausch a O. b real, roial royal). — L. regalis, .

drunken fit, is borrowed from some other royal see Begal. Doublet, regal. ;

Tent, dialect.] Otherwise, rouse is short Rub. (K.) M. E. rubben. Not in A. S.

for carouse to drink caroused to drink a
;
Dan. ruble, Norw. rubba K. Fries. + ,

route; N. E. D. rubben, to rub, scrub; Norw. rubben, rough,

Sout (1) a defeat, (2) a troop or crowd. uneven; E. Files, rubber ig, rough ; Du.
(F. -L.) route, ‘a rowt, defeature;
F. robbelig ‘rugged,* Sew el; also (from E.)
,

also a rowt, heard, llock, troope; also a Gael, rub to rub, Irish ritbadh , a rubbing,
rutt, way, path;' Cot. — L. rupta pp. of ,
W. rhwbio to rub. b uithei allied to
,

ruptus broken; from rumpere

,
This L. . Icel.rufinn, lough, Lith. rupds rough.
rupta came to mean (1) a defeat, flying Not allied to G. reiben rather to L.
mass of broken troops; (2) a fragment of rumpere and E. Beave.
an army, a troop (3) a way broken or cut ;
Rubbish, broken stones, waste matter,
through a forest, a way, route. (F. — O. 11. G.)
refuse. M.E. robows
route, a way, course. (F.~ L.) F. robeux Prompt. Parv.
,
pi. of an old form ;

route, a way, route ; see the word above. *robel, represented by mod. E.
clearly
routine, a beaten track, (F. — L.) F. rubble see below.;
Rubbish is, in fact,
routine usual course; lit. small path.
,
a corrupt form of the old plural of rubble .
Dirain, of F. route (above). rubble, broken stones, rubbish. (F.—
Rover, a pirate. ( I)u.) M. E. rover. - O. H. G.) Rubble, or rubbish of old ‘

Du. roover, a robber, pirate, thief, — Du. houses; Barct (1580). *

M. E. robell Pal- ,

rooven , to rob. — Du. roof spoil.+A, S. \

ladia, p. 13, 1. 340. This answers exactly
reaf, Icel. rauf G. raub, spoil ; see to an old form *robel, O. F. *robel, only
Beave. Der. rove , vb., to wander; found in the pi. robeux ‘
grete loode . A
evolved from the sb. of robeux;' cited by Way in Prompt.
ROW (1), a line, rank. (E.) M. E. rowe. Parv. A. F. robous (for * robe us), rubbish,
— A.S. raw , raw, a row; hegerdw , a Liber Albus, p. 579. Obviously the dimin.

455
 , ;
, , , \ ,

RUBICUND RUGGED
of F. robe in the sense of trash/ so well ‘ from ruffle, verbal sb. from riffle, vb.,
preserved in the cognate Ital. roba ‘a y
which was in early use. See Ruffle (1).
gowne, a robe, wealth, goods, gcare, trash, Ruff (2), thename
of a bird. (E. ?)
pelfe/ Florio. Cf. Ital. robaccia , old Said to be named from
the male having a
goods, rubbish robiccia, ;
trifles, rubbish ruff round its neck in the breeding season.
from roba. See Kobe. Put the female is called a reeve, which
Rubicund, ruddy. (F.-L.) F. rubi- points to formation by vowel-change from
— L. runicundus, very red. — L.
rotul. some different source.
rubere, to be red. See Red. Ruff (3), a fish. (E. ?) M. IS. ruffe.
rubric, a direction printed in red. (F. Origin unknown.
— L.) F. rubrique. L. ritbnra — red Ruff (4), a game at cards. (F.) A
earth; also a title written in red. — L. modification of O. F. roffle rottfle ronjle,
, ,

ruber red (above').

, M. F. ronjle, 1 hand-rufle, at cards/ Cot-
ruby, a red gem. (F. — L.) O. F. rubi, grave jouer h la ronjle * to play at hand-
; ,

rnbis\ F\ rub is (where s is the old sign ruffe, also to snore/ id. Cf. Ital. ronja, ruff;
of the nom. case). Of. Span, i ubi, mbin ron fare, to snort, to trump at cards. From
Port, rtt/ji/;/, Ital. rubino. — LateL. ruhintts, Tuscan roitfiare (F. ronjler), to snore,
a ruby; from its colour. — L. rubeus, red; snort; supposed to be from L. rein-Jldre ,

rubere, to be red. Allied to Red. to re-inflate (Korting). See Inflate. But

Ruck 0 ), a fold, crease. (Seand.) Iccl. it may be of imitative origin.

hrukka a wrinkle; cf. hrokkin curled,

, , Ruffian, a bully. (F. — Ital. — Teut.)
pp. of hrokkva, to recoil, give way, curl Walloon roifflaiiy M. F. rujien, nfflen ,

Nonv. rukka, a wrinkle. Cf. Swed. rynka ,

‘a bawd, pandar;’ Cot. — Ital. rujjiano
’
Dan. rynke a wrinkle. From Teut. base
,
roffiano,
1
a pander, ruffian, swaggrer ;
*htrnk - (Norcen). Florio. For *nffldnus, formed with L.
Ruck (2), a heap, small pile. (Seand.) suffix -anus from Low G. ruffeln to act
Norw. and M. Svved. ruka, a heap cf. Iccl. ;
a* pandar. See Ruffle (2).
hraukr a lick, heap; see Riek.
, Ruffle (1), to disorder a dress. (IS.)
Rudder. (IS.) M. IS. rode/, rather . Nl. IS. ruffelen , to entangle, run into knots;
A.S. roller, ta paddle. ITerc ro-')er rowing also (apparently) to rumple, Cursor Mundi,
implement; from row-an, to row. (Paddles 26391 . Allied to Euff(i) above. -fM. Du.
preceded rudders.) Du. roer (for toeder), ruyffelen , to ruffle, wrinkle, myffel a ,

an oar, rudder; Swed. rodei\ ror; Dan. wrinkle, a crumple IS. Fries, ruffelen,
;

ror; G. ruder. Sec (2). Row ruffeln to pleat.

,
From *ruf weak grade %

Ruddock, a red -breast. (L) A.S rud- of Teut. * reufan to break, tear; see
duc. Hence W. rhuddog. Corn, ruddoc, Reave. Cf. Lithuan. riffle, rough baik
a red-breast. See below. on old trees. Der. riffle sb. ,

ruddy, (is. I M. IS. rody, A S. rudig, Ruffle (2), to bluster, be turbulent.

ruddy. From A. S. *rud weak giade of (M. Du.) Obsolete. Rifflers were cheat-
reodo n, to redden, a strong veil), whence ing bullies, highwaymen, lawless or violent
also A. S. rdad, red see Red. ;
men (Nares). — M. Du. roffelcn,roffen, to
Rude. (F.-L.'. F. rude. — L rudem , pandar (Oudemans) Low G. ruffeln to
; ,

acc. of rudis , rough, raw, rude. pandar, ruffcler, a pimp, intriguant; Dan.
rudiment. (F.-L.) F. rudiment - ruffer a pandar. A rtffler and a ruffian
L. rudimen turn, a thing in the first rough are much the same. See Ruffian.
state, a first attempt. — I,, rudis rude. , Rug. (Seand.) Swed. ntgg, rough en-
Rue (1), to be sorry for. (IS.) M. K. tangled hair, cf. M. Swed. ruggig, rough,
reive n. A. S. hreowan (pt. 1. hreaiv).^ hairy; Icel. rogg, shagginess. Also Low
O. Sax. hrewart, O. II. G. hriuwan, G. G. rung, rough, rugen, to be rough (like
reuen. Cf. Icel. hryggr grieved, hrygd , ,
flocks of hair) ;
E. Fries, rug, rough, ruge,
ruth. Teut. type *hrewwan-, to pity. a roughness, arough side of a skin; ruger ,

Rue (2), a plant. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. a rough-hided or furry animal (e.g. a cat).
rue, — L. ruia. — Gk. rue; whence See Rough.
also G. mute, Cf. A. S. rude, rue. rugged. (Seand.) M. E. rugged also
Ruff (1), a kind of frill. (IS.) ‘ Ruffe rug^y, Ch. C. T., A 2883. The latter is
of a shirt Levins (1570). So called from
;
*
from M. Swed. ruggig, rough, hairy.—
its uneven surface; apparently shortened Swed. rugg, rough entangled hair (above).
45 6
 , , , ;, l , , ,

RUGOSE RUNAGATE
RugOSC, full of wrinkles. (L.) L. ru- Ruminate. (L.) From pp. of L. ru -
gosus, adj., from ruga a wringle. Cf. Lith. mindre ,
to chew the cud, ruminate. — L.
raukas, a wrinkle, runku , I grow wrinkled. rum in-, for rumen , the throat, gullet.
Brugm. ii. § 628. Allied to L. ru-gtre, to roar, bray, Gk.
Ruin. (F. — L.) F. mine. — L. rutna w-pv-yrj, a roaring, w-pv-opat, 1 Toar; Skt.
an overthrow. — L. mere, to rush, fall ru, to hum, biay, roar. (yHiEU ' See
down. Brugm. ii. § 529. Rumour,
Rule, sb. (F. — L.) M. F. re tile, riwle. Rummage, to search thoroughly.
— A. F. reule, O. F. nule, teulc (F. rig/e). with F. suffix.) Due to the sb. (Du. ;

— L. regula, a rule. — L. regerc to rule. rummage, 1. e. stowage. — Prov. (S. F.) ar-
,

See Regent. rumage (mod. Prov. arrimage ), stowage.

Rum (1), a spirituous liquor. (Prov. E.) — Prov. arrumer (mod. Prov. ar rimer), to
Called rumbo in Smollett, Per. Pickle, c. ii stow. — L. ad- and Prov. rum, from Du. ;

and c. ix this is short for the sailor’s ruim, a ship's hold. Sec Room.
;

word rumbowling, grog. Orig. called a sort of drinking-glass. Rummer,

Rumbullion in Barbadoes, a.d. 1651; (Du.) Used ior Rhenish wine. ‘Rhenish
from Devonsh. rumbullion , uproar, rum- rummers Di\ di n. — 1 )u. roomer, router ;
’
,

pus, wh'eh is prob. allied to Rumble. a wine-glass Low G. router, a large ;

Rum(-),stiange, queer. (Hindi.) Rum, wine-glass; hence G. router, a rummer.

l

gallant, a cant word Bailey (1737). Rum Du. roeuter is prob. Jrom Du. roan,
really means Gypsy’; hence good from boasting, praise
4
‘
* as if a glass to drink
’
;

a Gypsy point of view, but ‘suspicious’ in praise of a toast’; Fianck. Cf. G.

from an outsider’s point of view, lienee ruhm praise O. Sax. hrout also Icel. , ; ;

route bonze, rumgood wine. Rom

booze , hrotSr, praise. Abo M. Du toouter
means a husband, a Gypsy ’ rbmmani,
‘
;
(Hexham); which some explain as a
adj. Gypsy. This ( xypsy w oul rout answers
,
‘
Romish glass.*
to Hindi dom (with initial cerebral d, le- Rumour. ( F. — L. E. rumour. - M .

sembling r), a man of low caste Skt. ;

E. nuneur. — L. acc. runionm, from ; u-
ddmba -, ‘a man of low caste, who gains ntor a noise, murmur. Cf. L. rumitdre, to
,

his livelihood by singing and dancing;* spread reports. — ^/RLU, to make a hum-
Ben fey. ming Rumble, Ruminate.
noise. See
Rumbi Rhumb, a line for directing Rump. M. E. rutnpe. + Icel. (E.)
a ship’s couise on a chart a point of the ;
rumpr, Swed. rumpa, Dan. rumpe M. ;

compass. (F. — Span. — L. — Gk.) See D11. rompe body or corps,

,
‘
the bulke of a
Rumb in Phillips — F. rumb ‘ a roomb, or or a bodie without ahead,* Hexham Du. ;

point of the compasse, a line drawn directly romp Low G. rump tiunk (of the body)
; ;

from wind to wind in a compasse, travers- G. rumpf

boord, or sea-card;’ Cot. — Span, (and Rumple. (E.) The M. E. form is
Port.) rumbo a ship’s course represented rimplat, to rim pic. Ri tuple and rumple
by spiral lines on a globe). — L. rhombum, are from the same verb, viz. A.S. hrimpan
acc. of rho?n bus, a magician’s circle, a ( pp. gehrumpen ) to wrinkle see Rimple. , ;

rhombus. — Gk. puppns, a top, a magic Du. rompclen, routpen, to wrinkle; +M.
wheel, whirling motion also a rhombus. ;
rompe rimfel a wi inkle cf. G. rumpjen , , ;

See Rhomb. Rhomb meant revolution of to v\rinkle; O. FI. G. hnmjan str. vb. ,

the sphere, Milton, P. I., viii. 134; hence Run. 1 L-) M. E. rintten, pt. t. ran,
whirling or spiral lines, &c. No con- pp. rumten, ronnen A.S. rinnan pt. t. ; ,

nexion with Du. ruim, which merely means rann, pp. gerunnen also found in the ;

room or space, or sometimes the hold of a transposed form irnan, pt. t. am. 4- Du.
ship, i. e. its room or capacity. rennen, Icel. renna Dan. rinde, Swed.
Rumble, to make a low, heavy sound. rinna, Goth, rinnan G. rinner. See ,

(E.) Prov. E. rommle, rummle\ M. E. Brugm. i. § 67 ii. § 654. ;

romblen (with excrescent b). Frequent, Runagate, a vagabond. (F. - L.) A

form, meaning to repeat the sound rum
*
corruption of M.E. renegat, an apostate,
’

cf. L. rumor, a rumour Skt. ru, to hum. villain

; Ch. C. T. 5353. [The corruption ;

See Rumour. +
Du. rommelen. Low G. was due to a popular etymology from
and Pomeran. rummein Dan. rumle , to runne a gate run on the road, hence, to
,
,

rumble, buzz. be a Yagabond.} — O. F. renegat, a rene- ‘

 , , ; i , ,;

RUNDLET RUTH
gadoe;* Cot. — Late L. renegdtus pp. of water), to rustle. Cf. M. Swed. ruska, to
,

renegdre, to deny again, forsake the taith. rush. Perhaps the same as A. S. hryscan ,

— L. re, again ; negdre to deny ; see to be strident, to rustle.

Negation. Rush [2\ a plant. (E. or L.) M. E.
Rundlet, Runlet, a small barrel. rusche nsche reside. A. S. risce, resce, , ,

(F. — L.) formerly roiindlef; dimin. of a rush; oldest foim rise, -f* Du. rusc/i,
O.F. rondeUe, a little barrel, named from rush, reed; E. Fries. niske; Low G.
its rouudness. — F. rond round. — L. rotun-
,
rusk N. Fries, rusken, pi., lushes.
; Per-
dus, round. — L. rota, a wheel; see haps borrowed from L. ruscum, butcher’s
Bound. broom but this does not account for A.S.
;

Rune, one of the old characters used rise. More likely allied to E. rash, as if
for incised inscriptions. (E.) A learned of quick growth. Ct. Lovvl. Sc. rash a ,

term. A. S. run a rune, mystery, rush; also E. Fries, risk, quick, slender;
,

secret conference, whisper. Orig. sense Low G. rtischy quick. Der. bul-i ush (prob.
1
whisper or murmur, hence a mystery, for bole-rush, round-stemmed rush); cf.
’

lastly an incised character, because writing bull-iveed, knapweed.

was a secret known to few.+Goth. runa, Rusk. (Span.) Span, rosea de mar ,

O. H. G. runa, a secret, counsel O. Irish sea-ru^ks, a kind of biscuit rosea a roll

; ; ,

run \V. rhi tiy a secret. Idg. type *riind , (twist) of bread, also a screw. Cf. Port.
fern. Cf. Gk. tpivvaoj, I search out, rosea, the winding of a snake. Origin
tpevva, fern., an enquiry. unknown.
Rung, a round of a ladder. (E.) M. E. Russet. (F. — L.) M.E. russet. — M. F.
rouge, a stake. A. S. lining, a stake of a rousset ‘russet, ruddy;’ Cot. Dimin. of
,

cart, beam or spai.+M. Du. rouge, a beam F. rou a i^fem. rousse), reddish. — JL. russus,
of a plough G. mnge, a pin, a bolt
;
reddish. Allied to Gk. k-pi 0 -p6 s, red;
Goth, hrugga ( ~ lining a), a staff. Cf. see Red. Cf. Brugm. 1. § 759.
also Icel. rang, rib in a ship. Perhaps rust. (E.) Prov. E. rowst. A. S.
allied to Ring. The sense seems to be rust rust orig. redness. Allied to A. S.
, ;
4
rounded stick.’ rudu, ruddiness, and read, red.+Du. roes/,
Runnel, a stream. (E.) A. S rynel\ Dan. rust, Swed. G. rost. Teut. type
cf. ryne, a course, allied to ruuu-, weak *rmto- from Idg. */eudh-to- see Ruddy.
% ;

grade of rinneUy to run see Bun. ; Cf. Lith. rudis, rust; L. rdbigo ,
rubigo
Runt, a bullock, heifer. (Du.) From Polish rdza, lust. Brugm. i.
§ 759.
Dll. rund (Hexham). And see Bother. Rustic. (F. — L.) F. rnstique.-lu.
Rupee, an Indian coin. (llind. — Skt.) belonging to the country. — L.
rust it us,
Hindustani rftpiyah, a rupee. — Skt. riipya-, riiSy the country. Cf. Russ, raviina a ,

handsome, also ^as sb.) wrought silver.— plain, Zend ravan, O. Irish roe, a plain
Skt. rupa-y beauty. see Room.
Rupture. (F.-L.) F. rupture. - 1 ,. Rustle. (E.) Cf. A. S. ge-hrtixl a
ruptura, a breakage. — L. nipt -us pp. of ,
noise, tumult. Frequent, of Rush (1),
rumperc, to break (pt. t. rupi ). Allied to q. v. Cf. M. Du. ruyselen, to rustle,* ‘

Reave. (-y^REUP.) Brugm. i. § 466. Hexham Low G. and Pomer. russeln M.

; ;

Rural, belonging to the country. F. — Swed. ruska to shake, rush G. rauschen,

, ;

L.) F. rural. — L. rurdlis, adj.— L. rur-, ruschen, to mstle, to rush.

stem of riiSy country. See Rustic. Rut (1 'I, a track left by a wheel. (F.->
Rusa, a kind of deer. (Malay.) Malay L. ) F. route , 'a rutt, way;’ Cot. See
rusa, a deer. See Babirusa. Rout. Doublets, rout , route.
Ruse, a trick. (F. — L. F. ruse, a Rut (2', to copulate, as deei. (F. — L.)
trick. — F. ruser, to beguile; contr. from M. E. rutieti, to rut; from rut sb. — M. F. ,

O. F. reuser to refuse, recoil, escape,

,
nit, ruit, the rut of deer or boars.’ — L.
‘

dodge. — L. m
usdre, to refuse, to oppose rugttum acc. of rugitus, the roaring of
,

a cause. — L. re-, back; mussa, a cause. lions; hence, the noise made by deer in
See Recusant. rut-time. — L. rnglre, to roar (whence
Rush to move swiftly forward.
(1), M. F. ruir). See Rumour.
(E.) rusehen. -f* M. II. G. ruschen
M. E. Ruth, pity. (E.) M.E. reuthe. Formed
(G. rauschen), to rush, rustle, roar (as from A. S. hreow, s. f., pity (cf. G. reue ),
water) ; Du. ruischett to murmur (as
, by adding - th ; suggested by Icel. hryggt}
453
 ,, , , . , + , , ,

RYE SAD
hrygtS, ruth, sorrow. From A. S. hrcowan, wine. (F.-L.) Formerly also seek, mean-
to rue; see Huo (i). ing a ‘dry* wine. — F. sec , diy; vin sec ,
Bye. (K.) M. E. rcye. A. S. ryge, rye. sack. Cf. Span, seco, dry. L. siccum, acc. —
+ Du. rogge, Icel. rugr, Dan. rug, Swed. of siccus dry. Sherris sack = Span, seco
rag, G. roggen ; O. II. G. rocco. Cf. Russ. de Xere r; see Sherry.
rojie), rye ; Lithuan. ruggei pi. sb., rye. Sackbut, a kind of wind-instrument.
Byot ;
the same as Jtayah, q. v. tF. — L. — Gk. — Chaldee.) F. saquebute a ,

sackbut. Substituted, by some perversion,

for L. sambiica, Dan. iii. 5 YuIg.), which '
v

S. was a kind of harp. — Gk. oapPbKiq.—

Chald. sabld/'khd' a kind of harp, Cf.
Sabaoth. hosts. (Heb.) Ileb. tsev&dth, Span, saeabuihe a tube used as a pump; ,

aimics pi. of tsava \ an army. — Heb.

;
also, a snckbui, trombone. Explained,
tsava to go forth as a soldier. by popular etymology, as ‘that which
Sabbath. (L. - Gk. - Heb.) M. F.. exhausts the chest,* lrnm the exertion
sabat. — L. sabbat um. — Gk. adpParov. — used as if from Span, sacar, to draw out,
;

Heb. shabbdth, rest, sabbath, sabbath-day. exhaust, the same as M. F. saequtr, to draw
— Ileb. s ha bath, to rest. out hastily, lit. to draw out ol a sack, fiom
Sable, an animak (K. — Slavonic.) O.F. Ileb. saq, a sack hn he, maw, stomach, ;

sable. — Russ, sobolc the sable ; also a fur- chest.

tippet ;
Polish sobol As black sable Sacrament. (L L. saerdmentum '

was best liked, the word sable (in E. and an engagement, nnlitniy oath, vow in ;

F.) also means black.’ late L., a sacrament. — L. sac rare, to

4

Sabre, Saber. (F.-G.-Gk. ?) F. render sacred. — L. sacr-, for saccr, sacred

sabre. — G. sabcl (older form also sabel), (below).
a falchion. Said to be from Mid. Gk. sacred. (F.-L.) Sacred is the pp.
(a@ 6 s, crooked (Diez). We also find Russ. of M. E. saeren, to
conseciate, lender holy ;
sablia Pol. szabla, Ilungar. szablya, Serv. a veih now obsolete. — F sacrer , to conse-
sablja Wallaeh. sabie; all snpposed to be
,
crate. — L. sac? Cue, to const ciate. — L. sacr-,
bon owed words. for sacer, holy. From base sac- of L.
Saccharine. (F. - L. - Gk. - Skt.) [

sanci/e, to make holy. Brugm. ii. § 744.

F. saccharin, adj. from 1 ,. saccharon
; , (VSAK.>
sugar. — Gk. aaKyapov. — Skt. farfcara, sacrifice. - L. ) F. sac rifu e. — L. ( F.
gravel, candied sugar ; see Sugar. saenfmum a tendering sacred; cf.
lit.

Sacerdotal. ( F. - L.) F. sacerdotal. s aerified? e, to saciifice. — L. sacri lor

— L. sacerdotdlis belonging to a priest. — saccr, sacred -fuCire, for facere, to make.
;

L. sacerdbt -, stem of sacerdos , a priest, lit. sacrilege. (F.-L.) M. F. sacrilege.

‘ presenter of offeiings or sacred gilts’ — L. sacrilegium, the stealing of sacred
(Corssen). — L. saccr, saci ed ; dare, to give. things. — L sacri-, for nicer, sacred legere ;

Cf. dos (stem dot-), a dowry, from dare. to gather, steal see Legend. ;

Sack (l), a bag. (L. Gk. — Ileb.— — sacristan, sexton. (F.-L.) Sa-
Egyptian ?) M. K. sale. A. S. sacc. — L. eristan is rare ; it is commonly sexton,
saccus. — Gk. odtcicos. — Heb. saq, sack- M. E. sextdn. orig. a keeper of the sacred
cloth, a sack of corn. Prob. of Egyptian vestments, afterwards a grave-digger.—
origin cf. Coptic sok, sack-cloth (Peyron).
; A. F. sccrestcin, M. F. sac? is tain , 1 a sexton
From L. saccus are borrowed Du. zak , G. or vestry- keeper Cot. — Late L. sacrist-a, ;
’

sack, & c. Der. sack-cloth. a sacristan; with suffix -anus, — L. sacr-,

Sack (2), to plunder. (F.— L., &c.) for sacer (above) with suffix -fsta. ;

From the sb. sack, pillage. — F. sac, ruin, Sad. (E.) The orig. sense was sated ;

spoil. From the use of a sack in removing hence tired, grieved. A. S. sad, sated,
plunder ; Cot. has d sac, h sac , ‘ the word satiated. 0
Sax. sad, Icel. sadr, Goth.
.

whereby a commander authorizeth his saths G. satt

,
i-ated, full. Teut. type ,

souldiers to sack a place/ Cf. I.ate L. sac- *sa-doz, sated a pp. form. Allied to O. ;

care, to put into a bag; Late L. saccus, a Ir sd-ith , satiety, sa-lhech , sated ; L. sa-tiir ,
garment, a purse, L. saccus , a sack sec ;
full ;
Lith. so-tus , full, sodas, satiety; Gk.
above. a-oai . a-pevat, to satiate. f^SA, SA.)
Sack (3), the name of an old Spanish |
Brugm. i. § 196. Allied to Sate, Satiate.

459
 , , ;;

SADDLE SALIC
Saddle. I' .' M. F. sadcl. A. S. sadol. exw vrfas, to urge oil ships, Od. ix. 279.
+Du. zad:l, Icel. sodull, Swed. Dan. Sec Scheme.
sat/elf O. so/tel, O. I LG. satul. Teut. Saint. (F. — L.) M.K. seint, saint — .

type *s aduloz; possibly hoi rowed from a A. F. seint; F. saint. — L. sanctum, acc.
derivative of Idg. *sed, to sit, in some of sand us, holy. — L. s audits, pp. of sane be,
other Idg. language. Cf. O. Slav, sedlo ,
to render sacred see Sacred. ;

Russ. siedlo „ sella for *scdla, from sederc

,
i :
, Sainfoin. (F. L.) F. sainfoin, M.F. —
to sit but none of these exhibits the
) ;
samet-foin (Cot.); as if ‘holy hay.’ — L.
grade *sad. sanctum fmum, holy hay. Rut thought %
Sadducee. (L. -Gk.-Ikb.) L. pi. to icpresent sain foin, i. e. wholesome 4

Sadduaei. — Gk. pi. ZafiSotMrafcx. — Heb. pi. hay ’

— L. sanuni ftcnum ;
see Sane.
tseduqim; pi. of tstidoq, just, righteous.— Sake. (K.) M. K. sake, purpose, cause.
Heb. luidtu/y to be just. Some deiive it A. S. sacu, dispute, crime, law-suit
strife,

-f* Du.
4
from Tsaddq ( Zadok ) the founder of the orig. zaak, matter,
contention.’
sect, whose name meant the just.’ ‘
affair, business; Icel. sok, a charge, crime ;

Safe. (F. - L.) M.K. sauf.— Y. sauf Dan. sag, Swed. sak, G. sache. Teut.
safe. — L.
saluum, acc. of sa/uus, safe. See type *sakd, fern., stiife. Fi 0111 Teut.
Salvation. Cf. O. Norman dial. saj\ *sakan to contend, as in Goth, sakan,
safe. A. S. sacan , (). H. G. sakhan, str. vb. See
Saffron, a plant. (F.-Arab) A. F. Sok<3.
iffran, F. so/ ran. — Arab, .djanln ,
Saker, a kind of falcon a small piece ;

s a flron, of artillery. [ F. — Span. — Arab.) ^The

_ to <hoop. (E ) M. 1'. saggen gun was called aftei the falcon cf. musket.') ;

Not in A. S. Low CL sakken, to settle ^as — M. F. sacre, ‘ a sakei the hawk, and the ;

dregs); K. Flies, sakken, Du. zakken, to artillery so called ’ Cot. — Span, sacre, a;

sink; Swed. sac hi, to settle, sink down; saker (in both senses). — Arab, saqr, a
cf. Dan. sakke to have stem- way. ,
1 lardly hawk; Rich. Diet., p. 938. Engelmann
allied to sink. has shewn that the word is not of Lat.
Saga, a tale. (Scant!.) Icel. saga, a origin, as said by Diez. (Devic ; and
tale; ct. Icel. seg/a, to say. See Say (i), Kbrting, § 1642.)
Saw {2). Salaam, Salam. (Arab.) Arab.
Sagacious. L, scgCici-, (L.) From saldm, saluting, wishing peace a saluta- ;

deck stem, ot sagirjt, of quick perception ;

tion. — Arab. ra/w, saluting.-}- Heb. shaldm,
with suffix -oits. — i.. satire, to peiceive bv peace, from slidlam, to be safe.
the senses. +
Goth, sok-jan A. S. secern, to Salad. (F\ — Itah — L.) F. salade .—
seek. See Seek. Brugm. 1. § 1S7. M. ltal. salata a salad of herbs lit.
, ;

Sage 0 wise. F. - L (
F. , (
)
sage. - ‘salted;’ fern, of salato salted, pickled, ,

Late L *sabtus for L. -Safin ,

s\ whence pp. of salare, to salt. — ltal. sale, salt.—
nrsafins. unwise (Petronius) see Schwan. ; L. sal, salt. See Salt.
— L. safcrc, to be wise. See Sapid. Salamander, a reptile. ( F. - L. -
Sage a plant. (F. - L.) M.K. Gk.) F. sala/uandrc. — L. salamandra.
sauge.— O. F. sauge. — L. sain id, sage; — Gk. oaXafxavfipa, a kind of lizard. Of
fiom its supposed healing virtues. L. — Eastern origin ;
cf. Pers. samandar, a
saludie, to heal ; salmis, sate, hale, sound. salamander.
See Salvation. Salary, stipend. (F.—L.) F. salaire.
Sagittarius. (L.) L. sagit/drius, an — L.
saldrium, orig. salt-innnev, given to
archer. — L. sagitla, an arrow. soldiers to buy salt. — I., sal, salt. Sec
SagO, a starch. (Malay.) Malay saga Salt.
uigii, sago, pith of a tiee named rumbiya Sale. (K.) M.K. sale. A.S. sala.+
Sahib, sir, master; a title. (Hind.— Teel, sala, fern., sal, neut., a sale, bargain
Arab.) Hind. sahib.— Arab, sahib, lord, Swed. salu ; O. II. G. sala. Orig. sense
*
mastei companion. 4
Rich. Diet., delivery/ or a handing over as in
1

’
;
orig. ‘ *
;

p. 924. O. II. G. sala. Der. sell, handsel.

Sail, sb. (K.) M.K. seil. A.S. segel, Salic, Saliqne. (F.-o. II. G.) F.
seg/, a sail. + Du. zeil, Icel. segl. Dan. seil, Saliquc, belonging to the Salic tribe. This
Nwed. G. segel. Teut. type *seglom, neut. was a Frankish tribe, prob. named from
S.nse unknown; perhaps driver’ cf. Gk. ‘
;
the river Sala (now Yssel).
460
 ,\ , , , , , , , , , ,

SALIENT SALVE
Salient. (L.) From pres. pt. of E. *saltoz ;
cf. \Y. hall/, adj. salt, and L.
sail re, to leap, spring forward. 4-Gk. a\\o- salsns, salted. The
forms appear in sb.
ficu, 1 leap. (y'SAL.) Brugm. i.
§ 514 E. sal, Gk. a\y, Russ, sole also in Goth. ;

U • salt, G. salz, Du. zont also in O. Irish ;

Saline. (K. - L.) F. satin, fem. saline . salami, \Y. halen, kalan. (See Kluge and
adj.— E. salinus as in satin*, salt-pits.— PrellwitzA Brugm. i.

E. sal salt. See Salt. Saltation, dancing. (LA Rate; from

Saliva. (E. ) L. satiua spittle , ; whence E satidtio, a dancing — E. saltat us. pp. of
also O. Ir. suite, \Y. haliw ,
saliva. Der. salta re, dance, frequent. of satire
to ,
to
salir -ate. leap. See Salient.
Sallet, a kind of helmet. (F. — ltal.— Salt-cellar. (E. ;
and F.-EA For
EA Also salade. — M. F. salade a sallet, salt-sellar or salt \elar, when selar is an
head-piece. — Ital. (or Span, celada ), old woid for ‘
salt-holder ’
;
so that the
a helmet. — L. iidiita (cassia, an orna- prctix salt is superfluous. — A. F. saler ;

mented helmet. — L. cirldlus, pp. of at lore M.F. salierc, ‘a salt- seller ;

’
Cot. E.—
to engrave, ornament (steel). — L. oelum, solarium, salt-cellar (in lnte EA ; from E.
a chisel, graver. Allied to cadere to cut ,
saldri us, adj., belonging to salt. — I,, sal,
Brugm. See Caesura. i.
§ 944. salt. See Salary.
Sallow (I Sally, a kind of willow. ,
Saltire, in hcialdry,aSt. And row’s cross.
(EG M.K. w/w.-O. Mere. W/z (A. S. (F. ) -E A
cross in this position ( x ).—
w//z a willow pi. salas, later saigas,
, ;
().F. salteur, a saltire (Godefroy) M. F. ;

-f* I cel. self a, Swed. Dan. selje,

salg, salj saultoir, St Andicw s cross (Cot.). Also
< i . sahl-weide ,
0.11.0. salaha (whence M. F. sautoir, orig. a stiriup of a triangular
K saule') ;
also E. sahx, Gael, seileach shape A, also, a saltire (the cross being
Irish jaz/, saileath , \Y. /z<?/^' (pi.), Gk. named fiom the position of the stirrup's
ikucr), a willow. sides). — ! ate E. saltatorium, a stilrup.—
Sallow (2', pale. wan. (K.) M. E. E. sal/atdrius, belonging to leaping or
salon*. A. S. .Wzz, sallow, Du. zaluw
-f* ,
springing suitable for mounting a hoise.
;

Icel. Wr, C). II. G. W0, tawny 'whence — E. sailator, a leaper. — L. saltiire, fre-
I
4 '.
dirty'. Tent, type *salwoz. quent. of satire, to Lap. See Salient.
Biugm. i. 375 ( 9 )* Salt-petre, nitre. E. and F. - E. and ;

Sally. tF. — EA M. E. salien. — F. Gk.) \* or M.F . salpcstre, salt-petre (Cot.'.

saillir ,
to issue forth ;
also to leap. — E. — Eate E. salpctra\ E. sal peine, salt of
satire, to leap. See Salient. Der. ja//y, the rock. — E. sill, salt Gk. -ntrpa, a rock ; ;

sb ,
from F. saillie a sally, from the icm. see Salt and Petrify.
of pp. nzfY//. Salubrious. (E.) From E. salubri-,
Salmagundi, a seasoned hodge-podge. healthful. For * saint -Iris, i. e. healthful.
( h — ltal. — E
. F. salmigondis spelt jz*/- .) ,
— E. saliit-, stem of sains, health -bris, ;

m agondm Cotgrave, who describes the in adj. suffix (Brugm. ii. § 77). The L. sains
dish. Orig. 4 seasoned salt-meats.’ — ltal. is allied to saluus, safe, whole ;
see Salva-
salami pi. of salame salt-meat, fiom E. , tion.
jAY, salt conditi, pi. of condito seasoned,
; salutary. ( F. — L. ) F. salulaire. — E.
savoury, from L. conditus pp. of con dire, salatari healthful. — E. saint-, stem of
to pickle, season. sains, health ;
allied to saluus , hale.
Salmon. (F. — E.) M. E. salmon, sau - salute. salutdre , to wish
(L.) L.
mon.— O. F. sanmon A. F. salmon. — E.
;
health to, to greet. saint - (above). — I..
salmon cm, acc. of salmo, a salmon. Per- Salvage. (F. — E.) O. F. salvage, lit.
haps a leaper.’ — L. satire, to leap.
* ‘
a saving.’ — O. F. salver , F. sauver , to
Saloon. (F. - O. H. G.) F. large save.— L. saludre, to save. — E. saluus
room. — F. WA?, room. — O. H. G. jzz/ i^G. (below).
ifla/), an abode, hall, room. 4* Du. zaal, salvation. (F. — E.) O. F. salvation .

Icel. salr, A. S. sal, sele jaA?r, hall. Oi ig. — E. acc. saludtionem acc. of saludtio, a
,

‘
an abode * cf. Goth, saljan to dwell. ; saving. — L. saludtus , pp. of saludre, to ,

Salt. tE.) M. E. salt. O. Merc, salt, save. — L. saluus safe. Brugm. i § 860 c.
A. S. sealt, both adj. and sb. So also Salve, ointment. (E.) M. E. salue
C). Fries, salt, Icel. saltr, Dan. Swed. salt (— salve). A. S. sealf\ O. Merc, salb ,

Du. zont, all adjectives, from a Teut. type salf.+D u. zalf G.salbe cf. Goth, salbon ; ,

1
 \ , ; y ; y

SALVER SANHEDRIM
vb., to anoint. Teut. type *salba , fem. Sanatory. (L.) From L. sdndtor a ,

Allied to Gk. &iros, oil, fat (Hesychius) ; healer. — L. sdnare ,

to heal. — L. sanity
Skt. sarpis , clarified butter. Brugm. i. whole, sane ;
see Sane.
§ 56 2 - Sanctify. (F.-L.) F. sanctifier. -L.
Salver, a plate on which anything is santifiedre to make holy. — 1.. sancti
, -,

presented. (Span. — L.) In place of Span. for sanctus holy; -Jicdre> for facere , to
salva y a salver, a plate on which anything make. See Saint.
is presented ; it also means the previous sanctimony. (F.-L.) M.F. sancti.
tasting of viands before they are served up. monie. —
sanctimonia , holiness.
L. — L.
— Span, salvar, to save, free from risk, to sanctuSy holy ; see Saint.
taste the food or drink of nobles to save sanction. (K. — L.) F. sanction. — L.
them from poison. L. saltidre , to save — sanction em, acc. of sanctio , a rendering
(below). A
salver {salvo) is properly sacred. — I *.sanctus, pp.oi sanctre , to render
a plate or tray on which drink was pre- sacred See Sacred.
.

sented to the taster, and then to the drinker Sanctity. (L.) From L. sanctiids,
of a health; cf. Span, haccr la salva to ,
holiness cf. F. saintetc. — L.
; sand us,
drink one’s health, also, to make the holy ;
see Saint.
essay. sanctuary. (F.-L.) M. E. sein-
Sambo, the offspring of a negro and tuarie a shrine. — O. F. sainittarie (F.
,

mulatto. (Span. — L. — Gk.) Span, zambo ,

sanduaire). — L. sanctudrium a shrine. — ,

formerly famfio (Pineda), bandy-legged L. sanduSy holy (above).

also as sb., a sambo (in contempt). Late — Sand. (K.) A. S. sand. -F Du. zand ;
L. scambus.— Gk. crooked, said I cel. sandr ; Swed. Dan. G. sand; Bava-
of the legs. rian sam{b)d. Teut. types *sam{a)doz y m.,
Same. (F.) M. E. same. A. S. same. *sam{a)dom, n. Idg. type ;
*sa?n?dkos.
only as adv., as in sw 1 same sivd men, the Cf.Gk. dfjiaOo 9, sand.
same as men. just like men. The adj. use Sandal, shoe. (F. - L. - Gk.— Pers.)
isScand. from led. satnr, Dan. 8 wed.
;
F. sandale, sandalia pi. of sanda -
f. — L. ,

samme the same.+O. H. ( J. sam, adj.,

,
Hum. — Gk. oavd&Mov, dimin. of <rdvBa\vu 9
sama adv. Goth, sam a, the same (cf.
, ; |
a wooden sole bound on to the feet \s itli
samana together), Gk. 6 pus, Skt. sama
y
straps. Of Pers. origin ; cf. Pers. sandal,
same cf. Russ, samuii same. Allied to
; ,
a sandal.
Skt. .raw, with, Gk. &/ua, together, L. sirnul, Sandal-wood. (F. - L. - Gk. - Pers.
together, similis , like. - Skt.) F. sandal santal. — Late L. san- ,

Samite, a rich silk stuff. (F. — L. — Gk.) talum. — Gk. cdvraKov. — I’crs. sandal,
O. F. samit. — Late L. examitum. — I .ate chandaly chan dan. — Skt. chan dan a-,
Gk. l£anirov, a stuff woven with six kinds sandal, the tree.
of thread. — Gk. *£, six /u'ro?, a thread of ; Sandblind, half-blind. (E.) In Shake-
the woof. See Dimity. speare a corruption of sam- blind, half
;

Samovar, a tea-urn. (Russ.) Russ. blind. The prefix-- A. S. sdm half, cog-
samovar nate with L. semi y Gk. rjpu- see Semi-,
Sampan, a small boat. (Malay — Chin.) Hemi-.
Malay sampan. — Chin, sanpan (Yule). Sandwich. (ED Named from John
Samphire, a herb. (F.-L. ami Gk.) Montague, 4th Earl of Sandwich, died
Spelt sampler in Baret (1580). — K. saint 1
79 2, who used to have sandwiches brought
Pierre, St. Peter; whence herbe de saint to him at the gaming-table. — A. S. Sand-
Pierre , samphire. — L. sanctum acc. ofwic. Sandwich, a town in Kent.
,

sane t us, holy; Petrnm, acc. of Petrus Sane. (L.) L. sdnus, of sound mind, ,

Peter see Petrol.

; whole, safe. Prob. allied to Icel. son, G.
Sample. (F.-L.) M. E. sample. - siihne atonement (Kluge). ,

O. F. essample, exe tuple. — L. exemplum Sanguine. (F. - L.) F. sanguin ,

an example, sample see Example. bloody, of a sanguine complexion. — L.

;

Sampler. F. — L.) O. F. examplaire sanguineus adj. from sanguin - (for *san~

I
, ;

(XIV cent.), the same as exemplaire, a guen-)y stem of sanguis blood. ,

pattern. — L. exempldrium late form of Sanhedrim. ( Heb. — Gk.) Late Heb.

,

exemplar a copy. — L. exemplar is serving sanhedrTtiy borrowed from Gk crvvldpt^u,

y

as a copy. — L. exemplum (above). a council; lit. a sitting together. —Gk.

462
 \ , , ,

SANS SASSAFRAS
<ri/v, together; t&pa, a seat, from ££o/xa<, Sarcenet, Sarsnet, a thin silk. (F.
I sit ;
see Sit. — L. — Gk. — Arab.) O. F. sarcenet a ,
stuff
Sans.(F.--L.) F. sans, without ; O.F. made by the Saracens. — Low L. saracini-
sens.— L. sine without. — L. si ne , ,
if not, cum sarcen et — L. SaracSn us, Saracen see
y
.
;

except. Saracen.
Sanskrit. (Skt) Skt. samskrta , lit. Sarcophagus. (L.-Gk.) L. sarco-
‘
symmetrically formed,’ — Skt. saniy to- phagus, a stone tomb; made of a lime-
gether; krta, made, from hr, to make; stone which was supposed to consume the
cf. L. c retire, to make. See Create. corpse (Pliny). —Gk. aaptcotyayos, flesh-
Sap (i), juice of plants. (E.) A. S. consuming; hence lime-stone. — Gk. aapKo-,
sap. -f* Du. sap\ Low G. sapp ; (). H. G. for cdp£, ilesh; <pay(iv f to eat. See
safcf. (t. saft; I cel. safe, Not allied Sarcasm.
toGk.oruy; but perhaps borrowed from Sardine (i\ a small fish. (F.— L.~
L. sap a. Gk.) F. sardine. — L. sardina, sarda. —
Sap undermine. (F. — Late L.) Gk.
(2), to aaplivi), aapba, a kind of fish.
O.F. sapper F. safer. — O. F. sappe (F. Sardine (2), a gem. (L.-Gk.) L. sar-
safe), a kind of hoe. (Cf. Span. zapa, din us. — ( ik. aapfiivos Rev. iv. 3. Named ;

Ital. zappa mattock. ) — Late L. sappa, sap a, from Sardis, in Asia Minor (Pliny).
,

a hoe. Origin unknown ; Diez suggested sardius, a gem. L. — Gk.) Rev. xxi. i

Gk. <TKanavijj a hoe from atcdrrTftv, to 20. — L. sardius (Vulgate). — Gk. adpStos,
;

dig. crapfhov, a gem of Sardis (above).

Sapid, savoury. (L.) Rare. L .sapidn$> Sardonic, used of grim laughter. (F.
savoury. — L. sapere to taste; also to be — L. — Gk.) F. sardoniquty formerly sar-
Cf. 0.1 LG. int-seffen to taste, donic n, in phrase vis sardonien
‘
wise. ,
a forced ,

mark. Brugm. li. § 718. Der. in-sipid or carelesse mirth Cot. — L. Sardotticus
.
,

sapience. (F. — 1 ,.) F. sapience — L. usually Santonins. — Gk. oapbdvios, also

.

sapient ia, wisdom. — L. sapient stem of aapdovios, said to be derived from trap-
pres. pt. of sapere to be wise. ,
buviovy a plant of Sardinia ('Zdpbcd), said to
Saponaceous, *oapy. (L. - Tent.) screw up the face of the eater ; see Vergil,
Coined, as if from L. *$apdnticeus, from Eel. vii. 41.
L. saponem acc. of stipo, soap (Pliny),
, Sardonyx, a gem. (L. - Gk.) L. sar-
donyx. — Gk. aapbovv^, i.e. Sardian onyx.
j

See Soap.
Sapphic, a kind of metre. (L.-Gk.) — Gk. aaph-y for 'S.dpbus, Sardis, in Lydia;
L. sapphicus belonging to Sappho. — dvv£y onyx.
,
Sec Onyx.
Gk. 2a7T</>w, Sappho of Lesbos, died about Sarsaparilla. (Span.) Span, zarza-
593 n. c. parilla, a plant. (Span.) Zarza means
Sapphire. (F.-L.-Gk.-IIeb.) F. bramble,’ perhaps from Basque sartzia ‘
,

sap hir. — L, sapfhirus. — Gk. odiupcipos a bramble; parilla is generally referred to

,

a sapphire. — Heb. sappir (with initial rarilloy the name of a physician who pre-
samech ), a sapphire. Cf. Pers. safjir, scribed the use of sarsaparilla.
sapphire. Sarsnet ; &ee Sarcenet.
Saraband. (F. — Span. -Pers.) F. Sash (1), a case or frame for panes of
sarabande a Spanish dance. — Span, zara- glass. (F.— L.) Adapted from F. cftdssis,
,

banda, a dance of Moorish origin. — Pers. a frame of wood for a window,’ Cot. or ‘
;
4
sarband lit. a fillet for fastening a lady’s from O. F. chasse (F. chtisse) a case, shrine.
, f

head-dress.’ — Pers. sary head band, band. — L. capsaf a case. Set* Chase (3) and
;

Saracen. (L. — Gk. - Arab.) L. sara - Case (2).

cenus, lit. one of the Eastern people.— Sash (2), a scarf, girdle. (Arab.) For-
Late Gk. 'Xapairqvbs. — Arab, sharqin , pi. merly shash. - Arab, shash, muslin hence, ;

of sharqiy eastern. — Arab, sharq, east, a muslin turban (Dozy). Cf. Arab.
rising sun. — Arab, root sharaqa , it rose. shashiyaf), a little turban (Richardson).
Sarcasm, a sneer. (F.- L.-Gk.) F. Sassafras, a kind of laurel. (F.-
sarcasme. — L. sarcasmus — Gk. aap/caaphs, Span. — L.) F. sassafras. — Span, sasafras ,
.

a sneer. — Gk. oap/cdfav, to tear flesh, to from O. Span, sassafragia, the herb saxi-
bite the lips in rage, to sneer. — Gk. (7a/>*-, frage sassafras was so named from being ;

stem of <rdp£, flesh. Der. sarcastic , Gk. supposed to possess the like virtue. -«L.
era ptcaarifcds, sneering. saxifraga see Saxifrage. ;

4^3
 , , , , , ,
;, ;, , , ; , ; —

SATAN SAVORY
Satan. (Heb.) Heb. sdtan, an enemy. I sa/yrus. — Gk. odrvpos, a satyr, a sylvan
— Heb. root sdtan, to persecute. god.
Satchel, a small bag. (F. — L., &c.) Sauce. (F. - L.) F. sauce - L. salsa, .

O. F. sachet, a little bag. — L. saccellum a thing salted ; fem. of salsus, salted.

acc. of saccellus dimin. of sacctis a sack ,
See Salt. Der. sauc-er, orig. a vessel for
see Sack. sauce saucy, full of sauce, pungent.
;

Sate, Satiate. Sate is from (L.) Saunders, a corrupt form of Sandal-

sated, used as a short form of satiate in wood.
1
sense of satisfied.’ (Suggested by L. sat Saunter. (F. - L.) From A. F.
for satis satur full.) — L. sat idtits, pp. of
; }
sauntrer , to adventure oneself. I find
satiate, to sate, fill full. — L. sat satis , ,
mention of a man f qe sauntre en cwl*,’
sufficient; satur full. Allied to Sad. who ventures on the water, who goes to
Brugm. i. § 196. Der. satiety M. F. sea; Year-book of 11 Edw. III. p. 619.
satiety from L. acc. satietdtem fullness. ,
— A. F. s- for es-, out (L. ex) ami
Satellite. (F.-L.) F. satellite
1
a auntrer, for aventurer to adventure or ,

sergeant, catchpolc;’ Cot.— L. satellitem venture, from aventure an adventure. See

acc. of satelles, an attendant. Adventure. [A mere guess.]
Satin. (F. — L.) K. satin. (Ital. set ino, Saurian, one of the lizard
tribe. (Gk.)
Port, setim.) — Late L. sat inns, setinus From Gk. aavpa, aavpos, a lizard.
satin. — Late L. seta, silk; L. seta, saeta, Sausage. (F. — L.) Formerly sausige
a bristle, a hair. Brugm. i. § 209. Jor *sausiie); cf. Guernsey sauciche. F.
Satire. (F.— L ) F. satire. — L. sat ha, saucisse. — Late L. salsicia , fem. of salsiiius,
satura, a species orig. ‘ a of poetry ; adj. (Georges), made of salted or seasoned
medley.’ Derived from satura lanx, a full meat. — I.. salsus, salted. — L. sal, salt. See
dish, dish full of mixed ingredients; where Salt.
satura is fem. of satur, full. Cf. Sate. Sauterne, a wine. (F.) F rom Sauternc
satisfy. (F. - L.) O. F. satisficr in France, department of Gironde.
slater salisfairc). Formed as if from Late Savage. (F.-L.) M. E. sauage.—
L. * satisfied re, substituted for L. satis - A. F. savage O. F. savaige, salvage (F.
;

facere, lit. ‘to make enough.’ — L. satis, sauvage). — L. siludlicus, belonging to a

enough facere to make.
; ,
Der. satisfact- wood, wild. — L. silua, a wood. See
ion, from pp. satisfactus . Silvan.
Satrap, a Persian viceroy. (F. — L.— Savanna, a meadow-plain.
(Span.
Cik. —
Pers.) F. satrape. — L. satrapamA Carib.) Spelt zauana
R. Eden, ed. Arber,
;

acc. of satrapes. — Gk. aaTpdnrjs. — O. Pers. j

p. 1 48. Span, sabana said to be of
khsatra-pdvd, guardian of a province Caribbean origin (Oviedo). This sabana
from khsatra, province, and pa, to protect is different from sabana a sheet for a bed , ;

(Spiegel). Cf. Zend shoithra-pdn, pro- from L. sabana, pi. of sabanum, a linen
tector of a region (Fick, i. 305), from Zend cloth used as a fem. sing. — Gk. oaQavov
;
}
shoithra, a region, pan protector; Skt. a linen cloth, towel.
ksheira-, a field, region, from kshi, to Save. (F. — L.) M. E. sauuen (
—
dwell, and pd to protect. ,
sa liven). — A. F. saver, sauver; V. sauver.
Saturate. (L.) From pp. of L. satur- — L. saludre, to save. — L. saliats, safe.
are, to fill full. — L. satur, full. Cf. Sate. See Salvation.
Saturnine. (F. L.) O. F. saturnin - Saveloy, Cervelas, a kind of
(usually Satur nien), under the inlluence sausage. — Ital. — LA Formerly cer-
(F.
of the malign planet Saturn hence, melan- ; velas (Phillips). — F. cervelas M.F. ceivelat.
choly. —
Saturn us, Saturn; said to
L. — Ital. cervellato (Torriano), a saveloy;
mean the sower ‘
as if from satum ’
;
from its containing brains. — Ital. cnvello,
supine of serere, to sow (Festus) which ;
brain. — L. cerebellum dimin. of cerebrum,
,

is improbable. brain. See Cerebral.

Saturday. (L. and E.) A. S. Setter- Savin, Savine, Sabine, a shrub.
ditg also Satem-dctg, Sitternes dag, i. e.
, (L.) A. S. safitic. — L. sabina orig. Sabina ;

Saturn’s day a translation of L. Sdturni

; herba, a Sabine herb. The Sabines were
diJs ;
Du. Zaterdag.
cf. — L. Sdturnus, a people of central Italy.
Saturn A. S. dag, a day.
; Savory, a plant. (F. L.) - M. F.
Satyr. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. satyr*. L. savorie, a popular perversion of O. F.
464
 , , . , , ; )
;

SAVOUR SCALE
sarric (whence F. sarriette). — 'L.saturiia, scauberk scaberk, a scabbard; answering
,

savory. to O. F. escauberc, only found in the

Savour. (F. — L.) O. F. savour, later pi. escaubers (Godefroy). The F. word is
saveur . — L. sapdrem acc. ,
of sapor , taste, made up of O. F. escale, a scale, husk, case;
— L. sapere to taste. See Sapid. and -here, a protection (as in O. F. hau-
Savoy, a kind (F.) of cabbage. here, halbcrc, a hauberk). — O. II. G. scala,
brought from Savoy . a scale, husk, case; bergan, to hide, pro-
Saw (i\ a cutting instrument. (E.) tect. Thus scabbard — scauberk - scale-
M.E. sawe. A. S. -agu, lit. a cutter from ;
berk, with the reduplicated sense of ‘cover-
2nd giade of Teut. loot SEG -^SEK, to < cover,’ or protecting case. See Scale (i
cut. 4 I Hi. zaag, I cel. sog, Dan. sav Swed.
* and Hauberk.
s&g, G. sage. See Secant. Der. see-saw, Scabious. (F. —
L.) M. F. scabieuse, f.
a reduplicated form cf. scythe sedge. ; ,
— L. scabiosa {herb a), a plant supposed to
Saw (2), a saying. (E.) M.E. sawe. be good for skin-eruptions. — L, scabies, an
A.S. sagu, a saying; A.S. seegan to cf. ,
itch. See Scab.
say. Allied to Lith. pa-saka a saying. , Scaffold. (F. — L. and Gk. ?: M.E.
Doublet, saga. See Say. scafold. — ().
F. *cscafalt only found as
Saxhorn, a kind of horn. Named cscafaut eschafaut (also chafaut ), mod. F.
,

after the inventor, Adolphe Sax, a French- vchafaml, a scaffold. Short for es<adafalt
man; ab. 1840. ( Burguy), where es- represents L. tu, pi ep.

Saxifrage, a plant. (F. — L.) F. cf. Span, and Ital. catafalco, a funeral
saxifrage .— L. saxifraga spleen-wort; so
.
,
canopy, also a stage, scaffold (whence F.
named because it was supposed to break and E. catafalque). (3 The former part .

stones in the bladder. — L. saxi-, for saxum, of catafalco may be allied to Span, calar,
a stone frag-, base of frangere, to break,
;
in the sense ‘
to view.’ The latter part
Cf. Sassafras. is perhaps due to L. fala a kmu ot
Saxon, a Teut. race. (L. — Teut.) I. ate scaffold. (Doubtful.)
L. Saxones, pi., Saxons. — A.S. Seaxan, Scald (1), to bum. (F. — L.) M.E.
Saxons; because armed with a short sealden. — O. F. *escalder later euhauder, ,

sword. — A. S. seax, a knife, lit. ‘cutter;’ to scald (E. S hander). — L. excalddre , to

O. fries, sax; cf. L. saxum, a stone wash hot water. — L. ex,
in out, very ;
and
implement, Brugm. i. § 549 c. caldus - cahdus,
hot. See Caldron.
Say 0 ( ,
to speak. (E.) M. E. seggen, Scald scabby. (Scand.) Eor
pr. s. scy-eth, sei-th. A. S. seegan, North, scalled i. e. afflicted with
,
the seal! see
pr. s. S(rgde, pp. gestegd.
seg-eS, pt. I)u. t. + Scall.
zeggen, I cel. segja, Dan . stge, Swed. saga, Scald (3), a poet. (Scand.) I cel. skald,
G. sagen, O. 11 a poet, older form skald (Noreen).
. G, sagen. Cf. Lithuan.
sakyti, to say ; Gk. ewenf (for *<bv-Gfn-*), Scale ( a shell, a flake. (K. — 0 »

O. L. in-sec-e, imp. s., tell, say. See O. H. G.) M.E. scale. — O. E. escale (E.
Sweet, N. E. Gr. § 1293. c cale) — O. If. G. scala (G. schale). -f- A.S.
{

Say (2), a kind of serge. (F. — L. — Gk.) scealu scalti, a shell, husk, scale Dan. and , ;

O. F. sate , say. (Cf. Span, saya sayo, a Swed. skal, a shell, pod. From Teut. base ,

tunic; sayele, a thin stuff.) So called *skal, 2nd grade of str. vb. *skel-an-, to
because used for making a kind of coat cleave, divide; cf. Lith. skeldi, to cleave;
called in Latin saga , sagttm, or sagus Gk.rr/faAXctv,tostir up, to hoe. (^/SQEL.J ;

Late L. sagum (T) a mantle, (2) a kind of See Shale, Shell, and Skill,
,

cloth. — Gk. oayos, a soldier’s mantle; scale (2), a bowl or dish of a balance,
allied to crayrj, harness, adyfxa, a pack- (F. — Teut.) [Formerly also scole; cf. led.
saddle see Sumpter.;
skdl, a scale of a balance.) E. scale. — M .

Say (3), to essay; short for assay or O. F. t scale, a cup (Godefioy).

— led. ska/,
essay see Essay.
; Dan. skaal, Swed. skal, bowl Du. scha a/, ;

Scab. (Scand.) Dan. Swed. skab. scale, bowl. Allied to Scale (1) being ;

G. schabe A.S sccab, scad, scab, itch, from Teut. base skdl-, 3rd grade o(*skelan-.
;

Lit. ‘something that is scratched;’ cf. L. Scale (3), a ladder, gradation. (L.) L.
scabere, to scratch, scabies , itch. See scala, a ladder. L. scd-la <
*scan{t)-sla,
Shave and Shabby. i. e. *scan{d)-sla ;
from scandere, to climb.
Scabbard. (F. — Teut.) M.E. scaubert, See Scan. Brugm. i.
§ 414.

465
 , , ,; , , , , , ;
;

SCALENE SCARF
Scalene. (L.— Gk.) L. scalenus, adj. as in skant ,
a dole, skanta to measure
— Gk. <jica\.r)v 6 s, scalene, uneven. closely. Cf. O. II. G. sham, short. Der.
Scall, scab on the skin. (Scand.) From scant-y.
lcel. skalli, a bald head orig. a peeled ; Scantling, a cut piece of timber, a
head. Cf. Swed. skallig bald, from skala,,
pattern. —Teut. with L. prejixl)
(F. ;

to peel. Allied to Swed. skal, a husk; From O. North F. escantill072, for O. F.

see Scale (i). Der. scald (2) - stalled, eschantillon , ‘
a small cantle, scantling,
afflicted with scall. sample Cot. — O. F. es-, prefix, from L.
;
’

ScaUion, a plant allied to garlic. (F. ex can tel, a cantle see Cantle.
\
;

— L. — Gk. — Phoenician.) O. F. escalogne Scapegoat. Here scape is short for

a scallion see further under Shallot.
;
escape ;
see Escape.
Scallop, Scollop, a kind of shell-fish. Scapular, belonging to the shoulder-
(F. — Teut.) M
E. skalop — ( ). F. escalope,
. . blades. (L.) Late L. scapuldris. adj., from
a shell. — M. Du. schelpe (D11. schelp ), a scapulae pi. shoulder-blades. Der. scapu -
shell, especially a scallop-shell. Allied to lar-y, a kind of scarf (worn over the
Scale (1) and Shell. Der. scallop vb., ,
shoulders), Y .seaptilaire, Late L. scapu hire.
to cut an edge into scallop-like curves. Scar mark of a wound. (F. — L.~
(1),
Scalp. (Scand.) M.Il. scalp { Northern). Gk.) F. escare. — L eschara , a scar,
M.
— Icel. skdlfn M. Swed.
ska/p, a sheath ;
esp. of a burn. — Gk. terxapa, a hearth, fire-
Dan. husk, shell of a pea; also
dial. skalp ) place, scar of a burn.
M. Ital. scalpo y the scalp, a word borrowed Scar (2), Scaur, a rock. (Scand.) M.E.
from Teutonic. Cf. M. Du. schelpe a scarre. — lcel. sker, a skerry, isolated rock
shell (lunce, skull). See Scallop. Dan. skuer, Swed. skar. So called because
Scalpel, a small sharp knife. (L.) L. cut off from the main land ; see Shear.
scalpcllum dimin. of scalprum a knife. —
, , Scaramouch, a buffoon. (F. - ltal. -
L. sealpc re to cut. ,
O. II. G.) From Scaramoche , a famous
Scammony, a cathartic gum -resin. Italian zany who acted in England in 16/3
(F.— L. — Gk.) M. F. saimmonie. — I,. (Mount). Also cal led Scaramouchc which
scammdnia. — G. <TKap pavia, mca^a) via, was the F. spelling but his real name was ;

scammony, a kind of bind-weed. Scaraimn cia, of which the lit. sense is a ‘

Scamp. (F.-L.) Formerly a vaga- skirmish,’ being the same word as the
bond, or fugitive. — O. North F. e scamper, O. F. escarmoucJie, a skirmish. See Skir-
s' esc amper to flee; O. F. esc hamper, to mish.
decamp. — L. ex, out ; and campus, battle- Scarce. (F. — L.) M. E. scars — O. F. .

field. Der. scamp- er, to run or flee escars eschars , scarce, scanty, niggard (F.
,

away. £chars). —
Late L. scarpsus, short form of
Scan. (L.) Short for scand ; the d was cxcarpsus, used as a substitute for L. ex -
prob. mistaken for the pp. suffix — L. cctptus pp. of excerpere, to select; see
,

scandere, to climb also, to scan a verse.

;
Excerpt. Thus the sense was * picked out,'
+Skt. skand to spring up. Krugm. i.
,
select, scarce.

§ 635 * Scare. (Scand.) M. K. skerreti ,

to scare
Scandal. (F.-L. — Gk.) Y.scandale. from skerre adj., timid, shy. — lcel. skjarr,
— L. scandalum. — Gk. <TKavha\uv, a snare timid, shy ; allied to skirrask , to shun, lit.

also a scandal, offence, stumbling-block. to sheer off; see Sheer (2).

Orig. the spring of a trap, the stick which Scarf ( 0 , a light sash or band. (F.—
sprang up when the trap was shut, and on O. Low G.) Confused, as to sound, with
which the bait was placed ; usually called Scarf (2). The particular sense is due to
otcavSaXijdpov. — ^SKAND,
to spring up. O. North F. escarpe O. F. and M. F. es- ,

See Scan. Doublet, slander. charpe a scarf; Cot. — M. Du. scharpe,

Scansion. (L.) From L. scans to, a a scrip (Oudemans) Low G. schrap. Cf. ;

scanning. — L. scans us, pp. of scandere, to
scan ; see Scan.
Scant, adj. (Scand.) M. E. skant, in-
sufficient, —
lcel. skamt, neut. of skammr
short, brief; whence ska la. to dole out
(hence to scant or stint) ; lcel. skamlr, a
dole. In Norwegian, nt appears for ?nt.
E. Flies, scherpe, a scarf, which, like G.
schdrpe, is prob. from F. See below.
Scarf (2), to join timber together.
, (Scand.) From Swed. skar/, a scarf, seam,
m joint.+ Bavarian scharben, to cut a notch
in timber, G. scharben , O. II. G. scarbon,
to cut small. From Teut. *skarb, 2nd
466
 , , . ,;,
; ,

SCARIFY SCIATIC
grade of *skerd-an-, to cut, as in A. S. inquiring; pi. atMimicvt, the Sceptics, fol-
sceorfan, pt. t. scear/ to scrape. lowers of Pyrrho (3rd century, b. c.). Gk. —
Scarify. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. scarifier. axivTopaij I consider ; see Species.
— L. scarificare , to scarify, scratcli open Sceptre. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. sceptre. -
from scartfare, to scarify. — Gk. crKapt<pdopat , L. sceptium.— Gk. afcrjnrpov a stall to lean ,

I scratch. — Gk. <ricdpt(pos, a sharp pointed on, a sceptre. — Gk. oktj nrav, to piop ; also
instrument. Allied to L. scribert, to write, to hurl. Cf. L. sedpus, a shaft, stem.
and to K. Scribe. Schedule. (F. - L. - Gk.) Formerly
Scarlet. (F. — Pers.) O. F. escarlate ,
cedule. — M. F. schedule, cedule, ‘a sched-
scarlet. (Span. escarlaia, Ital. scar hitto.') ule, scrowle,’ C ot. ; F. cidttle. — I., schedula
— saqaldt , siqaldt, suqldt, scarlet
Pers. a small leaf of paper; dimin. oisiheda (or
cloth. Orig. the name of a stuff, which scida ), a strip of papyrus bark. Late Gk.
was ofttn of a scarlet colour cf. ‘ scarlet ; a tablet,borrowed from L. hence
is ;

reed,’ Ch. l’rol. 456. Hence Pers. the L. word must be from the kindred Gk.
saqlahin scarlet cloth, whence M. 1 C. ax'ify, a cleft piece of wood, from a\ C (tV y l

ciclatoun (Chaucer). The T urk ish iskerlat to ch a vc. See Schism.

scarlet, is merely borrowed from Ital. Scheme. (L.-Gk.'i Formerly schema.
scarlatto 1
Zenker). See Sui hit in Yule. — L. schima. — Gk. oxvpa, form, appear-
scarlatina, scarlet fever. Ital. — ance, also used as a teim in rhetoric. — Gk.
Pers.) Ital. scarlattina . — Ital. scarlatto JXV’f as hi c\rj-(j(u, fut. of
( to hold,
scarlet cloth (above') have (base fftX")- Cf. Skt. sah, to bear.
Scarp. ( F. — Ital. — Teiit.) F. escarpc. (yGSFGH.)
— Ital. scarpa , ‘a curtein of a wall;* so Schism. ( F. - 1 .. - Gk.) F. schisme.
called because cut sharp i. e. steep. — Du. ,
— L. schisma. — Gk. ox^opa, a lent, split,
scherp M. II. G. scharf, sc harp/, sharp;
; schism. — Gk. <rx*£* iv (base trx 1 ^-), to
see Sharp. cleave. + I,, scindere, Skt. chhul, to cut.
Scathe, to harm. fScand). From Icel. Frugrro i. §§ 586, 599.
skada, Sued, skada , Dan. .r/frwfe. A. S. + schist, slatc-rock. (Gk. N Gk. ax^a-
sceaCan (pt. t. scad ) G. Du. schaden ;
ros, easily cleft. — Gk. trx l f <tl' (above).
Goth. ga-skathjan (pt. t. ga-skoth). Cf. ( )k. School (ij. (F.-L.- Gk.') M. E. scole.
d-aKiyOris, unharmed. Der. scathe , sb., Icel. A. F. and O. F. school. — L. schola.
skafii. — Gk. ox^Xi], rest, leisure, employment of
Scatter. (E.) M. K. s cater01. North- leisure time, also a school. Oiig. ‘a
ern form of Shatter, q. v. -f- Gk. oatb- pause;* from oxo-, a grade of the base of
avvvpi, I sprinkle, orceb-aois, a scattering; *X ul/ 1 ° hold see Scheme. (y'SEGIl.)
i ;

Skt. skhad to cut. Cf. Squander. Der. schcl-ar, A. F. cooler scholi ast. ;

Scavenger. (F. -Teut.) Formerly from Gk oxoXtaarrjs, a commuitator.

scavager the n is intrusive.
;
The sense School (2), a she nl of fish. (Du.) Du.
has much changed; a scavager was an school visschen a shole of fishes,’ Sewel.
,
‘

officer who acted as inspector of goods Doublet of skoal. See Shoal (1).
for sale, and subsequently had to attend Schooner. (Scand.) Properly scooner,
to cleansing of streets. Scavage, i. e. in- but spelt as if deri\ed from Dutch, which
spection, is an A. F. word, with F. suffix is not the case, the Du. si keener being of
-age «L. dticum ) ; from O. F. escamu-er
-
K. origin. First called a scooner in 1713,
to examine, inspect. — O. Sax. skawon to ,
when the first schooner wrs so named in
behold ; cognate with A. S. scedwian , to Gloucester, Massachusetts, from the remark
look at. See Show. that ‘she scoons,’ i. e. glides swiftly. This
Scene. (D. — Gk.) L. scina , scema verb is the Clydesdale scon or scoon, to
(whence also F. scene'. — Gk. cKTji'rj, a glide swiftly, applied to stones with which
sheltered place, tent, stage, scene. Der. one makes ducks and drakes in the water.
‘ ’

proscenium. — Icel. skunda, to speed. See Shun.

Scent, vb. (F.—L.) A false spelling Schorl, black tourmaline. (Sued.)
for sent, as in Hamlet, i. 5 58 (ed. 1623). Swed. skorl (with sk as K. sh ). Perhaps
— F. sentir , ‘to feel, sent ;
*
Cot. — L. sen- suggested by Swed. skor, brittle.
tire , to feel, perceive. See Sense. Sciatic, pertaining to the hip-joint. (F.
Sceptic. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. sceptique . — I. - Gk.) F sciatique
. , adj. — J„. sciaticus ,

— L. scepticus. — Gk. OKrniitcbs, thoughtful, corruption of L. ischiadicus subject to gout ,

 , , , , ; , ;
,

SCIENCE SCORE
in the hips. — Gk.
iaxiadiKbs, subject to of Teut. *skeldan - to scold, blame, as seen ,

pains in the loins. — Gk. <Vx<a 5 -, stern of in O. Fries, skelda I)u. schelden (pt. t. ,

iirxia*, pain in the loins. — Gk. laxtov, the schold ), G. schelten (pt. t. schalt ), to scold ;

socket in which the thigh-bone turns. Der. cf. Dan. skielde, wk. vb., to scold. If the
orig. sense was to push,’ it is allied to O.
1
sciatic a, fem. of L. adj. sciaticus.
Science. (F. - L.) F. uience. - I,, Sax. skaldan, to push off (a boat).
v(ientia knowledge. — L. scicnt
, stem of Scollop ; see Scallop.
pres. pt. of scire, to know, orig. to discern. Sconce (I), a small fort, bulwark. (F.
Allied to Skill. Der. con -, prescience — L.) Also applied to a helmet, and even
.

Scimetar, Cimetar. (F. or Jtal. - to the head. — O. F. esconse, a hiding-place,

Pers v ) F. cimeterrc ‘a scymitar;’ Cot. sconce; orig. fem. of pp. escons. — L. ab-
,

Cf. Ital. scimitarra ‘a simitar,’ Florio. sconsa fem. of absconsus used (as well as , ,

Piob. from Peis, shim shir, shamshir ‘a absconditus) as pp. of abscondere, to hide;
,

ci meter,’ Rich. Diet., p. 909. Lit. lion's see Abscond.

claw. — Pers. sham, nail, claw ; sher, sconce (2), a candle-stick. (F. — L.)
lion. M. E. sconce, scons , a covered light, lan-
Scintillation. F. - L ) F. jv />////&-
<
tern. — O. F. esconse, a dark lantern (Roque-
/ww. — L. acc. scinti Ihitidncm, a sparkling. fort).— Late L. absconsa, a dark lantern;
— L scintillare , to sparkle. — I,, scintilla , from L. absconsus hidden. ,

a spark. Scoop. (F. — Scand.) M. E. scope, sb.

Sciolist. 'LA Formed, with suflix - A/, — (). F. escape (F. Scope), a scoop (Hatz-
from L. sciol u r, a smattcrer. — L. >r//n, feld). —Swed. skopa, a scoop. M. Du. +
knowing. — L. to know. See schoepe, M.
G. schuofe, a scoop; cf. G.
II.
Science. schopfcn to draw water, to scoop.
, From
Scion. (F. - L.) M. E. Sioun. - O. F. Teut. *skbp, 2nd giade of Tent. *skap as
non M. F.
,
F. /<?«, a scion, shoot
.r< ‘
in O. Sax. skeppian (for *skapjan), Du.
Cot. Orig. ‘a cutting.' — O. F. sier, F. scheppen, O. 11 G. scfnpfan (pt. t. siuof),
.

y ier, to cut. — L. sccdre, to cut.

r (But the draw up water.
to
Picard form is chion.) Scope. (Ital. — ( Ik.) Ital. stopo, a mark
Scirrhous, pertaining to a hard swell- to shoot at, scope; Florio. — Gk. oKoitos, a
ing. (L. — Gk.) From Late L. scirrhus, maik, a watcher; allied to Gk. (jiclirTopiai
sb., a form used for L. scirros, a hard swell- I see, spy, which is cognate with L.
ing. — Gk. fTKtppos otcipos, OKippcvpa, a hard
, specere see Species.
;

swelling. — Gk. atcipus, hard. Scorbutic, afflicted with scurvy. (Low

Scissors. (F. — L.) [Ill spelt, and L. ) From Low L. siotbutut, scurvy said ;

not from scinderc , to cut.] M. F. d wares, to be Latinised from M. I)u. schenr-en to ,

(i son res. — (). F. cisoires, shears; used break, tear, and hot, a bone (Weigand)
instead of ciseaux , sizars/ Cot. ‘
The which is doubtful. From L. scorbutus
were formed Low G. scharbock, schar-
latter is the pi. of (). F. cisel, chisel ; sec
Chisel. Both words are due to L. ardere,
buuk, scurvy M. Du. scheurbuyck (Du. ;

to cut ; see Caesura. No doubt the word

scheurbuik ), scurvy. These forms are due
was confused with L. scissor, which pro- to popular etymology, as the lit. sense of
perly means * a cutter/ hence, a tailor M. Du. scheurbuyck is rupture of the *

from L. scinderc, to cut. belly/ from scheuren to tear, and buyek

Scoff. (Scand. M. K. skof. Swed. dial. (mod. Du. buik), the belly. See Scurvy.
skoff- as in skoffs-ord n. pi., words of Scorch. (F. — L.) Orig. to flay Knt. ;

abuse, skoffsera to abuse O. Fries. dc la Tour, p. 6. — O. F escorcher lit. to

; ,

sthof, a scoff; Teel, skaup shop, mockery. flay (Ital. scorticare ). — L. ex, off cortic
, ;

Cf. M. Du. schoppen, schobben, to scoff, stem of cortex bark, rind, husk. Confused ,

lccl. skopa, to scoff; also Dan. skuffe to with M. E. scorklen, to burn, scorknen , to
,

deceive see Scuffle.

; The orig. sense parch cf. Norw. skrokkna, to shrivel, ;

was prob. a rub or a shove ; cf. Swed. skrokken shrunken allied to Shrink.
* * * ’
, ;

skuff, a push, G. sJtupfen to push sec Score. (Scand.) M. E. score properly

, ; ,

Shove. a cut hence twenty, denoted by a long ;

Scold. (Perhaps Frisian.) M. E. cut on a cut stick. — Icel. skor a score, cut ,

scolden\ also skalde scolde, sb., a scold. also twenty cf. Swed. sk&ra Dan. skaar,
, ; ,

The sb. is formed from *skald, 2nd grade score, cut. From Teut. *skor~, Icel. skor-,
468
 , , — ,
, , , ,
;

SCORIA SCRAPE
weak grade of sker-a, to cut, shear; see scoriata answers to L. excoridta , lit. flayed
Shear. off,hence a strip of leather for a whip, a
Scoria, slag. (L. — Gk.) L. scoria. — thong; pp. of excoridre, to flay oft, in
Gk. atcwpia dross, scum. — ( ik. cndlp, dung,
,
Late I.., to whip; see Excoriate.
ordure.+A. S. scearn dung. , Scout (1), a spy. (F. - L/ M. F
Scorn. (F. — L.) M. K. scorn. - O. F. scout e. — O l. escoute ,
a spy. — (). F.
enome scorn; Cot. — O. F. escorner, to cstou/er , to listen. — Folk-L. *ascolture,
humiliate, mock at orig. to deprive of ;
4
for L. auscultdre, to listen ;
see Ausculta-
horns;* from I., ru*, out, cornu a horn. ,
tion.
But much influenced by M. K. seamen, Scout ; 2), to ridicule an idea. (Scand )
to scoin, from O. escarnir, escharmr ,
Allied to Low!. Scotch scout, to pour out
to deride; from (). II. G. scernon , to a liquid foicibly, to shoot it out. — Icel.
deride, a vb. due to the sb. kw*/*, derision. shiita, shuti, a taunt; cf shot-yrbi, scoffs.
Scorpion. (K. — L. -Gk.', F. uorpion. — Icel. shut-, a weak giadc of the base of
— 1.. scorpionnn acc. of Scorpio, the same shjota to shoot.
,
Cf. Swed. shjuta, [ to F
a> scorpius. — Gk. ofcopnios, a scorpion, also shoot, (2) to shove; shjuta shulden pE, to
a prickly sea-fish. i^SKKKP.) ca>t the blame on; Dan. skyde, to shoot,
Scotch, to cut with narrow incisions. cast 1 blame on), repel. See Shoot.
(Scand.) To scotch is to cut slightly short : Scowl. (Scand.) M.K scoulen. Not
for scor-ch, an extension of score ; see Score. in A. S. — Dan. shule to scowl, cast down,

the eyes; allied to K. tries, and Low G.

1
4
\\ ith knyfe scortt he not the Boorde ;

Habees Rook, p. So. Confused with scliu/cn,\h\.siliuilen, to hide oneself, prov.

M. 1C.scorchcn ,
to flay, which suggested G. S( hulcn to hide the eyes, look slily,
its form. peep. From the sb. seen in F. Fries.
Scot-free, free from payment. (F. sc hut, Du .sihuil, Dan. skiul, sheltei, Icel.
Tout.) A. F. and O. F. escot [V. Scot), shjdl, shelter, cover. See Slieal.
payment, csp. a contribution to a common Scrabble, to scrawl. (Scand.) Lit. 4 to
fund, into which it is shot. — Icel. shot, a scratch or scrape;’ for ]>rov. K. scrapple,
shot, a contribution. I)u. sc hot, G. sc/ioss + , liequeiit. of saape. C f. Du. schrabbcn, to
a shot, a scot. From *skut-, weak grade scratch K. Flies, schrabbcn schrappen,
; ,

of Tout. *sheut-an-, to shoot. See Shoot. schrapcn, to scratch. See Scrape.

Scoundrel. (Scand.) Lit. a loathsome 4
Scraggy, lean, rough. (Scand.) Allied
fellow.’ Aberdeensh. sioonrc /; for * scun- to M. E. uroggy, covered with thin strag-
ners f, wlieie - el is an agential suffix. gling bushes. From prov. K. scrag,
From Low I. Scotch scunner, scanner, to a forked blanch, lean person; cf. scrog, a
loathe, also (foimcrly) to shrink thiough stunted bush. — Swed. dial, shragga, a weak
fear, act as a coward; so that a scoomel old man; cf. Icel. shrogg.digr sciaggy ,

is one who shiinks, a coward. See North Fries, shrog, a lean man Dan. skrog ;

Lai hour, Bruce, xvii. 65 1 The verb scun- . a carcase. See Shrug, Shrink.
ner is the frequentative of the North, form Scramble. (Scand.) Nasalised form of
of A. S. scun-ian to shun; see Shun. ,
prov. K. scrabble, to scramble, allied to
Cf. Swed. dial, skunna tig, Icel. skunda scrafflc, to scramble, scrapple to grub
to hasten. about; liequcntatives of scrape prov. E. ,

Scour to cleanse. (F.

( 1 ),
L.'» O. F. — scrap, to scrape.
escurer, to scour. Cf. Span, cscurar Scrannel, thin, weakly, wretched.
M. Itnl. scurare to scour, rub up. L. ,
— (Scand.) In Milton, Lycidas, 124. Prov.
excurare , to take great care of. L. ex, — E. scranny , thin, lean scrannel a lean ; ,

very curare to take care, from ciira care.

; , ,
person (Lincolnshire). — Swed. dial, skran ,

(Kdrting.) Or from M. Du. schueren . weak; Norweg. skran , thin, lean, dry;
Scour ( 2), to run along. (F. — L.) ( Ca- Dan. skranten sickly, weakly. ,
Cf. Swed.
milla scours the plain Pope. — O. F. ;
’
dial,and Norw. skrinn thin, , lean, weak,
escorre , escourre to run out (as a spy).—
,
dry.
L. excurrere. — L. ex, out currere, to run. ; Scrap. (Scand.) Icel. strap, scraps,
Scourge. (F.-L.) A.F. escorge; cf. trifles, lit.
4
scrapings/ — Icel. skrapa 3 to
(>. F. escorgiee (F. ScotirgSe ), a scourge. scrape.
Cf. Ital. scuriada ,
M. Ital. scoriata y a Scrape. (Scand.) Orig. to scratch
scourge, scoriare , to whip. The M. Ital. with something sharp. — Icel. skrapa, Swed.
 1 , y

SCRATCH SCRUB
skrapa ,
Dan. skrabe ,
to scrape. + Du. Scrimmage ;
see Skirmish.
schrapm . From
Teut. *$krap~, and grade Scrip (1), a small bag.
(Scand.) A. F.
of Teut. *skrepan - to scrape; as in A.S.
,
escrepey skrcppdy Swed.
a scarf. Icel. —
sc rep- an y pt. t. scrap. Cf. Russ. skrcbok\ sknippay a scrip. Orig. sense scrap/ ‘

a scraper. because made of a scrap of stuff; cf. N.

Scratch. (Scand.) Due to the con- Fries, skrapy a scrip.
fusion of M. K. skratten to scratch, with , Scrip (2), a piece of writing ; the same
M. 1 C. cnacchcn, to scratch, p. M. E. word as script (below).
skratten stands for s-kratlen where the , Script. (F. — L.) M. F. cscripty 1 a
s- (due to F. es-, L. «.r-) is intensive, and writing. — L. scriptum , neut. of pp. of
kratten is from Swed. kratla (below), y. scribe re, to write.
M. E. cracehen stands for f k ratsen. — Swed. scripture. ( F. - L.) M. E. scripture
kratsiiy to scrape, krats, a scraper. — Swed. a writing. — M.F. escripi ure. — L. script lira,
kratta, to rake, scrape; cf. Icel. krotay to a writing. — L. scriptiiSy pp. of scriberey to
engrave. From Teut. *kret-an- y to cut write.
r pt. t. *krat, pp. *krot-anoz). So also Du. scrivener. (F. L.) Formerly a -
krassen (for * krai sen \ G. kratzen 0 1 G. ,
. . scriven the suffix -er, of the agent, is an
;

ihrazzdUy to scratch. And see Grate (2). K. addition. M. E. soiuein ( — scrivein).

Scrawl. (Scand.) contraction of A — O. F. escrivain. —Late L. scrib<inum f
scrabble^ to write carelessly, Confused acc. of scribdntis, a notary. — I,. scriberet
with M.E. scrauletiy to crawl, a form of to write.
iraiul with prefix s ( -= F. es- L. ex) 0 . < Scrofula. (L.) L. scrofula a little ,

used with an intensive force. pig ;

whence the pi. scrdfulcCy used in the
Scream. (Scand.) M. IC. sc re men — . sense of scrofulous swellings perhaps ;

Icel. skrama ,
Swed. skrama,\ ).m. shnemmey from the swollen appearance of the glands.
to scare; oiig. to cry aloud. Cf. Swed. I)imin. of serdfa, a breeding sow. So also
skraHy a scream )an. skraale to roar.
; I
,
Gk. scrofulous glands; from
Screech. (Scand.) Cf. M. K. scrlken ;
Xoiposy .1 pig.
Lowl. Sc. scraik — feel, tkrakjay to shriek;
.
Scroll, a roll of paper. (F.-Teut.)
cf. Swed. skrika, to shriek, Dan. skrige.+ Dimin. (with suffix -/) of M.
E. scrowCy a
Cf. Shriek. — M. F. escrotte Cot. —
4
Gael, sgreuchy to shriek, scroll. ,
a scrowle ;
’

Screen. (F. scren.—

—Teut.) M.E . M. Du. schroode a shred, strip, , slipof
(). F. escren (Littre); e scran
y
‘a skreen/ paper; O. II. G. scrot (the same). Allied
Cot. (Mod. F. tferan.) Also found as to Shred.
as O. F .esc ratine (Godefroy). — G. schranne y Scroyles, rascals. (F. L.) In K. —
a railing, grate, p. In the sense of coarse ‘
John, 373.
11. O. F. csci'oellesy later
1. —
sieve,’ it is the same word so called be- ; escrouellcsy lit. ‘the king’s e\il/ i. c.
cause it screens (or wards off) the coarser scrofula; Cot. — Late L. *scrobellte ^only
particles, and prevents them from coining found as scroella)y scrofula, dimin. of
through. *scrobula } for scrofula ; see Scrofula.
Screw (1). (F. — Teut.) Formerly Transferred, as a term of abuse, from the
seme. — M. F. esc roue, ‘a scrue;’ Cot.; disease to the person said to be afflicted
O. F. escroe (Godefroy). V. icrou. Per- with it. (Sec Korting.)
haps from Low G. schruve ; cf. M. l)u. Scrub brush-wood. (Scand.) Dan.
( I ) ,

schroeve Du. schroef, G. schraube , a screw.

, dial, skntby brush- wood Norw. skrubba , ;

If The Icel. skrufa Swed. skrufy Dan. , the dwarf cornel-tree. See Shrub. Der.
skruCy are from Low G. ; and it is doubtful scrubby mean, orig. shrubby, stunted.
,

whether the Du. and G. words are really Scrub torub hard. (Scand.) M. K.
(2),
Teutonic. — Swed. skrubba, Dan.
scrobbcfiy to scrub.
Screw (2), a vicious horse. (E.) The skrubbe to scrub. , Low G. schrubben + ;

North E
form of shrewy q. v. Du. schrobben N. Fries skrobbey E. Frie>. ;

Scribble. (L. with E. suffix .) Formed

; schrubben. According to Franck, it is
from scribe with frequent, suffix -le\ the allied by gradation to Du. and E. Fries.
suffix giving it a verbal force. schrubben to scratch see Scrabble, ;

Scribe. L. sc riba, a writer. — L.

(L.) Scrape, p. It is also, perhaps, related to
sertberty to write, orig. to scratch or cut shrub Cf. E. broom from the shrub so
.
,
*
slightly. called Lowl. Scotch scrubber
;
a handful ,
 \ , -,
;; , .;:

SCRUFF SCUTIFORM
of heath tied tightly together for clean- &c. (F. — L.) The suffix -y ( » F. -ie) is
ing culinary utensils * Jamieson. ; the same as in butUr-y , pautr-y. The orig.
sense was that of ‘keeping the dishes. —
1
Scruff ; see Scuft.
Scruple. (F.-L.) F. sentpule, ‘a ( 3 F.
. escuelet ie , csculerie, the office of
little sharp stone . in a mans shooe/ Cot. . keeping the dishes (Godefroy). — O. F. es-
hence a hindrance, perplexity, doubt, also cuelle (F. cl tielie), a dish. — L. scutella, a
a small weight. — L. scrupulum acc. of ,
dish dtmin. of scuira, a flat tray.
;

scrupulus a sharp stone, diinin. of so itpus

, Scullion, a kitchen menial. (F.— L.)
(the same). Minsheu explains scullion ns being named
Scrutiny. (L.> \..scrutinium, a care- *
eo quod seutellas curat,’ thus associating
ful enquiry. — L. scrutari to search into ,
it with scullery. But there is no trace in
carefully, as if among broken pieces. — L. O. F. of any such form. Palsgrave has
sc ruta, s. pi., broken pieces. ‘
Scoulyon of the kechyn, souillon ; ’ and
Scud, to run quickly. (Scand.) Cf. Colgrave explains F. souillon by ‘ a
Dan. skyde to shoot ; skyde over stevn lit.
, ,
scullion.’ Perhaps this is the real source,
‘
to shoot over the stem,* to scud along the c being inserted by association with
skudsteen a stone quoit, called in Scotch a
,
scullery. — F. sotiiller to soil, to be dirty. ,

scudding dam. Cf. Swed. dial, skudda to ,

See Soil (2) and Sully.
shoot the bolt of a door. See Scuttle (3^, Sculpture. (l'.-L.) V. sculpture. -I,,
Scout 2 1, and Shoot.
( sculpt iu a, sculpture, lit. a cutting. — L.
Scuffle. (Scand.) The frequentative sculpt us, pp. ol sctilpere ,
to cut, carve
of Swed. skuffa, to push, shove, jog. allied to smlperc , to cut.
Cf. M. Du. schuffelen to drive on, also ,
Scum. (Scand.) Dan. skum froth; ,

to run or shuffle off, from Du. schuiven Swed. skum fruth E. Fries, schiim +Du.
, ; .

to shove. See Shuffle, Shove. schuirn G. schaum (as in meerschaum ).

;

Scuft, Scuff, Scruff, the nape of (VSKF.U, to cover.) Der. skim .

the neck. (Scand.) O. Icel. skopl (pron. Scupper. Scuppers, the holes
(F.) 1

*
skoft), hair of the head, mod. Icel. skott, through which the water runs off the deck ;
a fox’s tail N. Fries, skuft the nape of
; ,
Coles (1684). Phillips has scoper-holes
a horse’s neck.-f G. schopf, a tuft of hair ;
For scoop-er, i. e. lacier out of water ; from
O. H. G. scuft hair Goth, skuft, hair of , ;
scoop, vb., to lade out water. (The Du.
the head. Allied to Sheaf; cf. Icel. name is spiegat, lit. ‘spit-hole.’) See
ska uf a fox’s brush. Scoop.
Sculk, Skulk. (Scand.) M. E. Scurf. (Scand.) From Swed. skorf
skulken . — I )an. skulke , to sculk, slink ;
Dan. skurv, scurf ;
Icel. skurfur, pi.
Swed. skolka to play the truant. A -f- A. S. scurf scorf ;
Du. schurft ,
G.
derivative of Dan. skule, to scowl ;
see schorf. From * skorf-, weak grade of
Scowl. Allied to Icel. skolla , to sculk, *skerfan-, A. S. sceorfan to scarify,
a*> in ,

keep aloof. gnaw. Der.

um>-y. s<

Scull (1), Skull, the cranium. (Scand.) Scurrile, buffoon-like. (L.) L. scur-
skulle scolle. Named from
M. E. ,
its shell rilis, adj., fiom scun a, a buffoon.
like shape. — Swed. dial, skulle , variant of Scurvy, scabby, shabby. (Scand.)
skdllt, scull; Norw. skolt, scull. From An adj. formed from scurf (above). Hence
Teut. *skol, weak grade of *skelan - (pt. t. scurvy disease the scurvy, much confused
,

*skal ), to cleave, divide. From the form with F. scorbut the scurvy (Littr£). ,

*skal we have Swed. hufvudskalle the , Scutage, a tax on a knight's fee. (M.
scull (also hufvudskhf), and Dan. hjemc - Lat.) From Med. L. sciitdgium. — L. scu-
skal, scull ; see scale (2). tum a knight’s shield, orig. a shield. See
,

Scull a small light oar. (Scand.?)

(2), Esquire.
Perhaps named from the slightly hollowed Scutch, to beat flax. (F. -Scand.'
blades. See Scull (1). Cf. M. Swed. From O. F. escouche escuche, a scutch or ,

skolla, skhlla , a thin plate Swed. hufvud- ;

swingle. — Nonv. skoka, skuku, a scutch
skill scull (of the head)
,
vag-skal, scale ;
for beating flax.
(of a balance) ; skaltg concave. Der. , Scutcheon ;
see Escutcheon.
scull vb., to use sculls. Scutiform. (F. - L.) M. F. scuti-
Scull (3), a shoal of fish ;
see School (2). forme, shaped like a shield. — L. sciiti-, 101
Scullery, a place for swilling dishes, scutum, shield ;
forma form.
 ; . ; ; ; , , , ,;
,;

SCUTTLE SECULAR
Scuttle (i), a shallow basket or vessel. Allied to Russ. su\oi dry ; Lith. sausas , ,

(L.) A Northern form. Icel. skutill; dry Gk. a vos (for *aavaos)y dry; cf. Skt.
;

A. S. a vessel. — L. scutella, allied

scutel, fush, for *sushy to dry up. Idg. type
to scutula, a small tray ;
cf. scutra , a tray. *sausos. See Austere. Brugm. i. § 214.
See Scullery. Search, to explore. (F. — L.) M.E.
Scuttle (2), an opening in a hatchway serchetiy cerchen. — O.Y. cereher (F. clur-
of a ship. (F. — Span. — Teut.) O. F. cher) prov. F. sercher, dial, of Verdun
;

cscoulille, scuttle. — Span, escotilla, the hole (Fertiault). — L. circdrey to go round

in the hatch of a ship. — Span, escoiar to ,
hence, to explore. — L. circus , a ring ; sec
cut, hollow out, or slope out a garment Circus. Der. re-search ; cf. shark.
to fit the neck or bosom. — Span, escote, the Season. (F. — L.) M. E. seson. — O. F.
sloping of a jacket, &c. — I)u. schoot lap, ,
sesotiy seison , saison. [Cf. Span, sazo/i
bosom Low G. schoot Icel. sha ut see
; ; ;
O. Prov. sadonsy sasos Bartsch.] — Late L. f

Sheet, So Diez but Span, escotilla ; sationetHy acc. of satio, sowing-time, i. e.

is rather a dimin. from Low G. schott, spring, regarded as the chief season for pre-
a trap-door. Cf. E. shutter . Dor. scuttle ,
paring crops. — L. sains, pp. of serere to y

vb., to sink a ship by making holes in it. sow. The Span, word is estacioiiy Ital.
Scuttle (3)> t0 hurry along. (Scand.) stagione from acc. of L. stalio t a station,
;

Cf. Swed. dial. skutta to take a long f

hence a stage (period).
jump; also prov. E. scuddle (Bailey), fre- Seat, sb. (Scand.) Icel. sully a seat
quent. of scud see Scud and Shoot.; Swed. sale Dan. sude. — Icel. sat -, 3rd
Scythe. (E.) M. E. sithe. A. S. side, grade of sit/a, to sit see Sit. Der. seat, vb. ;

old form sigfie. Lit. ‘ cutter * from ; ^SEK Secant, a line that cuts another, or that
4“ Icel. st’gSr, Low G. segcd, segd ; cf. cuts a circle. L.) From secant -, stem of
<
V

O. H. G. segansa G. sense. See Secant. ,

pres. pt. of secure to cut. 4 Russ. siech\ to *

Se-, away, apart. (L.) L. se-, piefix; hew. Brugm. i. § 635. (y'SEK.) See
full form sed, without. Saw, Scythe, Sickle.
Sea. (E.) M. E. see. A. S. s 7 t
,
sea, Secede. (L.) L. shedere to go apart, ,

lake. 4-Du. zee; Icel. s<vr\ Dan. so Swed. ;

withdraw. — L. se- , sed, apart; cede re, to
sjo G. see Goth, sahvs. Teut. type go. Sec Cede. Der. setess-ion (from the
*samiz pp. secess -us).
Seal (1), a stamp. (F.— LA M. E. seel. Seclude. (L.) L. secludere to shut ,

— O. F. secly a signet V F. sceau).— L. off. — L. se (for sed), apart; claudere to ,

sigillum, a seal, mark; dimin. form allied shut. See Se- and Clause. Der. seclus-
to signum , a mark. See Sign. Der. ion, from the pp. seclus-us.
sealy vb. Second. (F. -L.) O. F. second — L. 1

Seal (2), a sea-calf. (EA M.E. sele. secundusy second, next following. — L.
A S. .r&?///.+Icel. selr ;
Dan. sad ;
Swed. sequity to follow. See Sequence.
sjul ;
O. H. G. selah. Secret. (F. — L.) M.E. sec re, sccree.
Seam (I). (E.) A. S. seam. 4- Icel. — O. F. secret ,
i
secret ;
9
Cot. — L. sect etus
saumr ;
G. saum ;
Du. zoom ;
Dan. Swed. secret, set apart pp. of set erne re, to sepa-
;

soul, Teut. type *saumoz m. } ; from root rate. — L. se, apart center e, to separate.
;

*seu-y *si 7u. (VSIW.) Cf. Skt. su-tra-, See Se- and Concern. Der. secrete, vb.,
a thread. See Sew (1). from J secretus ;
secret-ion.
Seam (2), a horse-load. Late L. — Gk.) ( Secretary. (F. L.) O. F .secretaire. —
M. E. sceniy A. S. seam. Borrowed (like — Late L. secretdrium, acc. of secretdrius,
G. saum) from Late L. sauma, late form a confidential officer. — L. secret-us secret
of sagrna, a horse-load, pack. — Gk. ady^a, (above).
a pack-saddle. See Sumpter. Sect. (F.-L A F. secte ‘a sect or
Cot. — Late L. secta, a set of
*
Seamstress, Sempstress. (E. ;
faction ;

with F. suffix.) A. S. seamestre, a seam- people, a suit of clothes, a suit at law. — L.

stress; with suffix -ess (< F. -esse < Gk. sec- (as in sec-utulus), base of sequi, to
-laoa). — A. S. seam a seam
,
(see Seam) follow, sue. Not from secure , to cut.
with suffix see Spinster.
-
estre ; Section. (F. LA F. section. - L. —
Sear, Sere, withered. (E.) M. E. sectidneniy acc. of secdo, a cutting. L. —
serey A. S. sear, dry searian, to dry up. ;
sect- us, pp. of secure, to cut. See Secant.
+M. Du. sore y Du. zoor, Low G. soor. Secular. (F.-L.) M.E. scculere. —
4 72
 , ,, ,,, , , , ,, , ;;
,

SECURE SEIZE
M. F. seculier ,
f
secular, temporall ; Cot. ’
Seek. (K.) M. E. seken. A. S. seam,
— L. seat /(Iris, secular, worldly. L. seen- — pt. t. soh-te , to seek, stiive after. -f Du.
him, sacu/um, a generation, an age, the strkja , srekja Dan. soge zoeken ;
Icel. ; ;

world. Goth, sokjatt G. suchen, Swed. soka ; ;

Secure. (L.) L. sa tints, free from Teut. type *sok-jan - from *sok - = Idg. ;

anxiety. — L. se -, apart from citra anxiety. *sag-, as in L. sagire to perceive, Gk.

; , ,

Doublets, sicker jz/jt. rjyionai, I consider;

,
cf. O. Ir. sagivt
Sedan-chair. (F.) Named from I seek for. Der. beseech.
Sedan, a town m France. Cf. F. sedan Seel, to close up the eyes. (F. — L.)
doth made at Sedan (Littre). M. F. siller, ‘to seal up the eie-lids;’ Cot.
Sedate, quiet. (1..) L. sedalus, pp. of Also spelt ciller. — O. F. cil, eye-lid. — L.
'’dare, to settle or make calm, causal of cilium, eye-lid; which is probably allied
sedet to sit. See below, to (Ik. rd Kv\a the paits under the eyes.
sedentary. (F. — L.) F. s/dentaire. See Supercilious.
— F.
sedent aritts ever sitting. — L. sedeni
,
Seem. (K.) M. E. semen. A.S. seinan,
]
of sedere, to sit. See Sit. (-yAsE I ).)
>res. pt. to satisfy, conciliate (hence, to suit, a sense
lirugm. i. § 574. due to the adj. seemly ; see below). For
Sedge. F ) M. E. segge. - A. S. serge,
-
Y
sdm-ian, where *som- is the strong grade
g., d., and acc. of sag, f., sedge lit. ;
of sam-, as in E. $«///*’. 4- Icel. strut a to
‘cutter/ i.e. sword-grass; from the shape; honour, bear with, conform to, allied to
cf. secg, m. a sword. The A. S secg, f. = sremr, lit, soma to befit, and to samr same. ,

Tent, type *sag-/d ; from *sa\-, 2nd grade Sec Same.

of Teut. rout *sc\-, to cut. Low G. segge, + seemly, Fit. (Scand.) M. E. sew licit. —
coarse grass. Cf. Irish scisg, sedge. Icel. sicmiligr, seemly. — Icel. siemr, lit;
(y/SFK. to cut.) See Secant. with -Hgr, like (-ly)
suffix where strut- ;

Sediment. (F.— L.) M. F .sediment.
— L. sedimenittm a settling (of dregs).—
L. sedere, to sit, settle.
Sedition. (F. L.) O. F. sedition. — L.
acc. seditionem, a going apart, dissension,
is the mutated form of *som- (as in Icel.
,
som-a to befit', strong grade of *saut-,
See Sit. as in Icel. sama to beseem, cognate with
— Goth, samjan, to please, lit. 1 to be the
same,’ agree with. — Icel. samr same ,

mutiny. — L. sed-, apart ; il-nm supine of see Same.

ire, to go. (V'FL) Seer see ;
Seo.
Seduce, to lead astray. (I..) Jj.seducere Seesaw. (E.) A reduplicated form;
to lead aside. — L, se (for sed), apart ;
dti - fiom the verb to saw. From the motion
( ere , to lead. See Se- and Duke. Der. of a sawyer. See Saw (i).
sedurt-ion (from the pp. seduct-us). Seethe, to boil. (E.) Ft. t. sod ; pj). sod-
Sedulous, diligent. (L.) I., sedit Ins, den. M. E. sethen, pt. t. seeth (pi. soden),
diligent. Cl. sedulo adv. busily; fiom , pp. soden. A. S. scotian, pt. t. send, pp.
se, apart from, dold, abl. of dolus, guile. soden.+ Icel. sjoba, pt. t. sau& Dan. syde ;

i>rugm. i. § 244. Swed. sjuda G. sieden. Teut. type *seuth-

;

See (1), to perceive by the eye. (E.) an-, pt. t. *sautJi, pp. *sud-anoz. Allied
M. E. seen sen. A. S. j eon pt. t. sea/t,
, ;
to Goth, sauths a burnt-offering. ,

pp. gesewen.+T>u. zien Jcel. sjd\ Dan. ; Segment. (L.) I segmentum, a piece
see Swed. sc Ci.sehen : Goth, saihwan,
; ;
cut off; for *seci?ienlum. — L. secare, to
% See Secant.
pt. t. sahw. Teut. type sehwan-. lirugm. cut.
i. § 665. Der. seer, i.e. see-er. Segregate, to separate from others.
See (2), seat of a bishop. (F.— L.)
of slgregdre to set apart (L.) From pp. ,

M. E. se. — O. F. sed, se, seat. — L. sedem from a flock — L. se-, apart; greg-, stem
acc. of sedes, a seat. — L. sed-, as in sed- 1, of grex a flock. See Se- and Gre-
pt. t. of sedere to sit. See Sit. garious.
Seed. (E.) A. S. s/ld, seed. From Seignior. (F.-L.) O. F. seignor,
A. S. sdwan, to sow.+Du. zaad Icel. seetSi, seigneur, lord. — L. senidrem, acc. of senior,
sad, Dan. seed, Swed. sad, G. saat. Cf. older, hence, greater see Senior. ;

Goth, mana-seths, the world, lit. ‘man- Seine, a large fishing-net. (F. — L.—
seed;’ Lat. se-men, seed. The A.S. s/td Gk. ) F seine. — L. sagena. — Gk. aayfjvrj , .

answers to Teut. type *s£-dom, neut. See a large fishing-net.

Sow. Brugm. i. § 132. Seize, to grasp. (F.— Late L.) M. E.
473
 , , , , , , ,
;

SELAH SENESCHAL
seysen, saisen a law term, to put one in
, seminary. (L.) L. semindrium a
seisin or possession of a thing, also, to take seed -garden, seed-plot (hence a place of
possession; hence, to seize, take. — O. F. — education). !,. semin- (above).

saisir, seisir, to put in possession of, to Semolina. (Ital. - L.) Ital. semo-
take possession. — Late L. sacire, to put, lino m., small seed, paste for soups
place. It is usual to refer this verb to — dimin. of semola bran. L. simila, fine
,

O. H. G. *sazjan, to set, put, place, but wheaten flower. See Simnel.

this is an impossible form (it was really Sempiternal, everlasting. (L.) F.
sezzen)\ or else to Goth, satjan to set, sempiternel. — L. sempitem-us, everlasting.
,

which would have given *sadir, *sair. See — L. sernpi-, for simper, always; with
Set. Der. seis-in, O. F. seisine, saisine suffix -ter-nus. p. L. semper was perhaps ,

from the verb saisir. formerly *sem-perti, where *sem- probably

Selah, a pause. (Heb.) Supposed to meant one/ as in L. sem-el once, sim- ‘

mean 1 a pause.’ plex one-fold. Brugm. i. § 1023(12); ii. ,

Seldom. (E.) A. S. sc Man, seldum ,

§160(1).
seldon, seldom, lit. rarely ;
of. sell- lie, Sempster. (E.) Later forms Seam-
strange, seld-uene, rarely seen, strange. + stress,Sempstress with F. suffix ;
.

L)u, zelden , Icel. sjaldan, Dan. sielden , A. S. seamestre, a sempster ; with suffix
Swed. s(illan G. selten adv., seldom.
,
-ess ( = F. -esse <
Gk. -toad). — A. S. seam ,
Allied to Goth, sildaleiks , wonderful. a seam (see Seana) ; with suffix -estre ;

Select, choice. (L.) L. selcdus pp. see Spinster.

of seligere to choose. — L. sc-, apart legere,
, ; Senary, belonging to six. (L.) L.
to pick, choose. See So- and Legend. slndrius, adj., from sent, six apiece; for
Der. select, vb. *sex-tti — L. sex, six
'.
see Six. ;

Self. (E.) A. S. self, also seolf siIf, Senate, (F. — L.)

a council of elders.
self.+Du. zelf\ Icel. sjdlfr\ Dan. selv\ O.F. senat. — Tv
sendturn, acc. of send/ its,
Swed. sjelf; Goth. silba G. sell), selb-st. ;
council of elders. — L. sen-, as in sen-ex,
Sell (1\ to deliver for money. (K.) old, sen-ium , old age. Cf. O. Gk. tvos,
A. S. sellan, sillan syllan to hand over,
, ,
old, Goth, sineigs , O. Ir. sen, W. ken, O.
deliver; a secondary verb, from the sb. Skt. sarui-, old. Brugm. i. § 117.
Sale. +
Icel. se/ja, Dan. Sedge, Swed. sdlja, Send. (E.) A. S. setidan.+Du.zenden;
O. II. G. and Goth, safari, to hand over, Icel. senda Dan. sende ; Swed. sdnda ;
;

offer. Teut. type *sal/an-. Goth. sand; an G. sen den. Teut. type
;

Sell (2), a saddle. ( F.- L.) O. F. selle, *sandjan-, for *san/hfan-, by Verner’s law,
seat, saddle. — L. sella, seat ;
for *sed-la. from % santh 2nd grade of *sen/Jian-, to go.
,

— L. sedere , to sit. Brugm. i. § 475. See Ilencc send is a causal verb, meaning to ‘

Saddle. make to go.’ The Teut. *sentkan - (pt. t.

Selvage. (Du A Also selvedge. Lit. *santk) is a lost strong verb, of which the
‘
self-edge.’ — M. Du. scIfegg-, selvage. — prime grade appears in Goth, sinth-s
M. Du. self self; egge, edge [mod. Du. ;
A.S. sift (for *sin 9 ), a journey, way, Teut.
zelfkant , selvage ;
from zelf self, kant type *sent/ioz m., Idg. type *sen/os as
, ,

edge] ; Low G. sulfegge, self-edge, seen in O. Irish set (for *seni), W. hynt,
selvage. Bret, hent (for *sent), a way. Cf. G.
Semblance, appearance. (F. — L.) gesinde followers; Goth, gasinthja, a
,

semblance , appearance. — F. sembler to ,

travelling companion.
seem. — L. simihire, simu Idre, to make Sendai, Cendal, a rich thin silken
like. — L. similts, like. See Simulate. stuff. (F. — Late L. —Skt.) O. F. senda l,
Semi*, half. (L.) L. semi-, half.+Gk cendal Late L. cendalurn, cindadus, cin -
;

half ; A. S. r<fw,half ; Skt. sdmi, half, ddtus &c. So called because brought
,

prob. related to Skt. sdmya equality, from India. — Skt. sindhu the Indus, also
from satna, even, same (Ben fey). Allied Scinde. — Skt. syand to flow see Indigo. , :

to Same. Der. semi-breve &c. ,

Cf. Gk. aivh&v, Indian linen.fine
Seminal, relating to seed. (F. L.) — Seneschal, a steward. (F.-Teut.)
M. F. seminal. —
L. s?mindUs, relating to O. F. seneschal. Orig. sense 1 old servant.*
seed. — L. s?min for semen, seed. — L. sJ- — Goth, sin-, old (only preserved in superb
as in se-uT, pt. t. of severe , to sow ; with sin-ista, eldest, and in sin-eigs, old); skalks,
suffix -men. See Sow (1). a servant. Cf. Senate and Marshal.
 , , , ;: \ ,, , ;-;

SENILE SERAGLIO
senile, old. (L.) L. senilis, old ; cf. Ok.) L. sepia. — Ok. tn]nia, cuttle-fish,
sett-ex, old. See Senate. sepia.
senior. (L.) L. senior, older; comp, Sepoy. (Pers.) Pers. sipdhi (pro-
of senex, old. nounced nearly as sepoy), a horseman,
Senna. (Ital. — Arab.) Ital. setta soldier. — Pers. siptlh, supCih, an army
(l lorio). — Arab,
sand , senna. tllorn, § 699).
Sennet, a signal-call on a trumpet. (F. Sept, a clan. (F. L.) Used in the —
— L.) See Nares; and Wright’s note ’’o 16th cent, as synonymous with sett, of
K. Lear, i. i. 33. Mso spelt sinet. — O. F. whicli it is an arbitrary variant. Ducange
presumably a signal
sine/, senet , segnet * ’
has Late L. septa for Ital. setta (< L.
dimin. of F. signs, a sign, mark, note. — L. secta) ;
and Wedgwood cites Prov. cepte, a
signunt, a signal; see Sign, Tocsin. sect. See Sect.
Sennight; short for seven night a September. (L.) L. September, the
v\ eek. seventh month of the Roman jear. — L.
Sense. (F. — L.) F. setts, ‘sence;’ septem seven. ,
See Seven.
Cot. — ]., sensum acc. of sensus feeling.
, , septenary. (L.) I,, seplendrius,
— L. sensus, pp. of sentire, to feel, per- consisting ol seven. — L. septeni, pi., seven
ceive. apiece. — L. septem , seven.
sensual. (L.) Late L. sensudlis en- , septennial. (L.) From L. septen-
do\> ed with feeling. — L. sensu-s ,
feeling. — 71 iurn, a period of seven years. — L. septen

L. sensus pp. of sentire, to

,
feel, nis, adj., of seven years. — L. sept-em, seven
sentence. — L.) F. sentence. — L.
(F. o7i mis, year.
sententia, a way
of thinking ; for *senti- septuagesima. (L.) Lit. ‘seventieth’
entia. — h. sentient-, stem of pres. pt. of — L. septuagesima {dies) seventieth
(day).
sen/ire, to feel, think. (day), fern, ol septudgesimus seventieth.—
sentiment. (F.~ L.) M. E . sente- L. septudginta, se\ enty. — L. septem, seven ;
— O. F. sentement as if from a
7/ tent. ; -gluta, related to Gk. - rovra for *titicovTa,
Late L. * sentiment urn. — L. sentire (above). from fitKa, ten.
Sentinel. (F. - Ital. - L. ?) M. F. sen- Sepulchre. (F.-L.) O. F. sepulcre.
tinetle . — Ital. sentinella, ‘ a watch, a sen- — L. sepulcrum, ill-spelt sepulchriitn, a
tinell;’ Ilorio. Cf M. F. sentinel/e, a tomb. — L. sepul-tus, pp. of sepelire, to
watch-tower (Godefioy). Etym. uncertain; bury. Der. sepult-urc, from the pp. se-
apparently ultimately from L. sentire to pultus. ,

perceive. See Korting, §§ 7365, 7377. Sequel. (F.-L.) M. F. sequels ‘a

Sentry. (F.-L.) Spelt sentrie in scquell Cot. — L. sequela, a result. — L. ;
’

Minsheu (1621), sentery in Milton, P. L. sequi to follow. See below.

ii. 412. Minsheu also has cenirie as a sequence. ( F. - 1 *.) O. F. sequence a ,

short form of sanctuary. Cotgrave has sequence. — L. seque7itia, sb., a following ;

*
Garite a place of refuge, . a sentry or from sequetiU, stem of sequens, pres. pt. of
, . ,

little lodge for a sentinell’; also

1
Bar- sequi, to follow. Lith. sekti, to follow; +
bacane a sentrie, scout-house,’
, . . It meant Gk. tnopcu, Irish seich-im, I follow; Skt.
a place of safety. See Sanctuary. sack, to follow. (y'SEQ.) Brugm. i.
Sepal, a leaf or division of the calyx of § 11S.
a dower. (F. — L.) F. stpale, a sepal. sequester. (F. - L.) .F. sequestrer, M
Coined to pair off with F. petale a petal, to sequester or lay aside. — L. sequestrate,
by taking part of the Lat. adj. sep-ar, to surrender, lay aside. — L. sequester a ,

separate, and adding the same suffix - ale mediator, trustee, agent. Prob. orig. a ‘

(Littre). Thus sep-al

were, short is, as it follower.’ — L. sequi, to follow,
for separ-al, where separ- was regarded as Sequin, a gold coin, (F. — Ital. — Arab.)
being allied to L. sZparare , to separate. a Venetian F. sequiti ; Cot. — Ital. zecchino,
See Separate. mint; Florio. — Arab. coin. — Ital. zecca, a
Separate, to keep apart. (L.) L. sikka{t) pron. sikkah, a die for coins. ,

separdtus, pp. of separate to sever. — L. Seraglio. (Ital. — L.) Misused in E.

,

se, apart parare, to get ready, set. Der. the true sense is merely ‘enclosure*; but
;

separate, adj., kept apart (not so old as it was confused with Pers. sardy or ser&i,
the verb in E.). Doublet, sever. a palace, king’s court, seraglio. Really
Sepia, ink from the cuttlefish. (L.— from Ital. serraglio, an enclosure formed ;

475
 , , , , , , , ) ,, ;,, , , , , ;

SERAI SETTLE
with suffix -aglio (<L. dculum from Late
- Serous ;
see Serum.
L. serare , to bar, to bolt, shut in. L. sera — Serpent. (F.-L.) F. serpent. — 'L.ser-
a bar, bolt. — L. severe to join together; pentem, acc. of serpens ,
a serpent orig. ;

see Series. And
Serai, a palace. (Pers.) Pers. serai,
a palace (Horn, § 727).
Seraph. (Heb.) Coined from the pi.
form seraphim. — Heb. seraphim , s. pi.,
seraphs, lir. exalted ones (Gesenius).
Seraskier, a Turkish general. (F.—
Turk. — Pits, and Aiab.) F. straskier,
see below. pres. pt. of serpere, to creep. -pGk. tp-ntiv,
to creep; Skt. srp , to creep, sarpa-, a
snake. Brugm. i. § 477. (-y'SERtV,
Serrated, notched like a saw. (L.) L.
serratus , notched like a saw. L. serra , a —
saw.
Serried, crowded together. (F.-L)
P. server to compact, press close, lock. —
,

slrasquier. — Tui k. serasker, chief of the Polk-L. strrdre for L. serare, to bolt.—
army, with a light sound of i after the k. L. sera, a bolt. — L. severe to join. Cf, ,

— Pers. sar head (with initial sin) and ;

Spraglio.
'

Arab. askar an army (Devic). The Pers. Serum, whey. (L.) 1,. serum, whey,
sar is cognate with Skt. firas, head cf. ;
serum. + Gk. u/)os, whey ;
Skt. sara{s ), adj.,
Gk. napci head. And see Sirdar. flowing, sb., whey. (^SER, to flow.)
Sere ; sec Sear. But cf. Brugm. i.
§ 466. Der. ser-ous, adj.
Serecloth see Cerecloth. ; Serve. (F. — L.) F. servir. — L. seruire,
Serene. (L.) L. serenus, bright, clear. to serve. — L. seruus a slave ;
cf. serudre ,

Brugm. i. § <)2o (4). to keep, protect. Der. serv-ant, from

serenade. (F. Ital. - I..) M. F. - pies. pt. of F. servir service, F. servne, ;

serenade. — Hal. serena/a, music beneath a L. seruitium serv~ile, L. seruilis

;
serv- ;

lady’s window; orig.fem. of pp. of serenare, itude, F. servitude , L. acc. seruitudinem ;

to makeclear or to cheer, to be merry. — also serf sergeant.

L. sennits bright. Service-tree, a kind of wild pear-tree.
Serf. (F.-L) P. serf, a servant. L. — (L. and K.) Service is a corruption of
senium ,
acc. of sent us , a slave. M. E. plural of
.See serv-cs (dissyllabic), the
Serve. seme, the name of the fruit. A. S. serf
Serge. (F.-L. — Gk. — Chinese?.) P. syrf-, the fruit of the service-tree; syrf
serge, a silken stuff. — L. serii a, fern, of treow a service-tree (correctly, siif-tree).
sericus silken, the same as Sericus belong- — L. sorbus the tree ; sorburn, its fruit.
ing to the Seres. — Gk. 2 f)p(s, pi , Chinese ; Session. (F. — L.) F. session. — 1 .

cf. <717/1 a silkworm.

, The name Seres is sessioncm , acc. of sessio, a sitting. — L. ses-
from the Chinese sc, sci silk. sus, pp. of sedcre, to sit.
, See Sit.
Sergeant, Serjeant. ( F.— I T) M.K. Set (1). (E.) A. S. settan, to set, make
sergeant, servant. — O. P. sergant, serjant, to sit; causal of sittan, to sit (derived
an officer. — Late L. seruientem , acc. of from the 2nd grade *sat). Icel. setja ; +
seruiens an officer; orig. pres. pt. of Dan. sielte; Svved. salta; G. setzen J)u. ;

seruire, to serve. See Serve. zetien; Goth, satfan ; all causal forms.
Series, a row. (L.) L. series a row. Tout, type *satjan -. See Sit.
— L. severe , to join or bind together (pp. Set (2). hen we speak of a set of W
sertus^. +
Gk. upuv (for *atpy(tv); cf. things, this is a valiant of sect. The l.ate
Lith. sZn's, a thread ; Icei. sorvi, a neck- Latin word is secta, common in old wills;
lace. for which wc also find setta.
Serif, the short cross-line at the end of SetOU, an under the
artificial irritation
a stroke of a letter. (Du.) Adapted (with skin. (F.-L.)
F. slton, in use in the
ser- for from Du. schreef M.D11.
Du. schr-) 16th century the orig. sense is ‘a thread/
;

schreve, dash, short line.

a Allied to Formed (as if from Late L. *seto) from
O. H. G. sc revon, to scratch, incise. L. seta, a bristle, stiff hair. See Satin.
Serious. (F.-L.) O. P. serieux .- Settee, a seat with a long back ; appa-
Late L. seriosus, serious. — L. serins rently an arbitrary variation of settle, sb.,
grave, earnest. Cf. G. schwer, heavy which see below.
Lith. swarhs, heavy. settle (1), a long bench with a high
Sermon. (F. — L.) F. sermon — L. back. (E.) setl, a seat.+Goth. sit/s
A. S.
sermonem, acc. of sermo, a speech, dis- G. sessel ;
I. sella (for *sed-la). See
course. Sell (2), Sit.
476
 , ; , , , , , ,; , \ ;

SETTLE SHADE
settle (2), to fix, adjust. (E.) M. E. of sexus , sex ; also secus, n. Was it orig.
;
setlen . A. S. set/an, to fix ; also, to take *
division ' from sec-are to cut ? See Seg- ,

a seat, settle down as in a seat, from A. S. ment, Secant. Der. sex-u-a/y L. sexudlis.
set/, a seat see above, ;Perhaps it may Sexagenary. (L.) L. sexagenarian
have been affected by M. K. sahtlen to belonging to sixty. — L. sexdyeni sixty
reconcile, A. S. sahtlian siehtlian to recon- ,
each distribute form of sex ayini a, sixty.
;

cile. —A. S. seht, reconciliation — L. sex, six; and -yinta , related to

borrowed from I cel. salt, salt, reconcili- Gk. - Kovra for *8(koi'T(i from tUica, ten.
, ,

ation, peace ;
which Noreen (§ 73) con- See Six and Ten.
nects with L. sand us, holy. sexagesima. (L.) L. sexdgesma
Seven. A.S. seofon, sibnn.+Y)u.
(E.) {dies), i. e. sixtieth v day)
of s exdye;
fern,
zeven\ led. yau, sjo Dan. syv; Swed. ;
mus ,
sixtie th, ordinal foim of sexdyintUy
sju ;
G. sicben Goth, sibun I.. septem ; ; ; sixty.
Gk. (nrn \Y. saith ;
Irish seacht Russ. \ ; sexennial. (L.) From L. sejten-
seme; I.ith. septyni Skt. sapta. ldg. ; nium a period of six
, years. — L. sex, six ;

type *1 eptom. Der. seven-teen , A. S. annus a , year.

seofontyne ; seven-ty, A. S. hund-seofontig Sextant, the sixth part of a circle.
(Jiumi being dropped) ;
seven-th. V
L.) L. sextant stem of sextans a sixth ,

Sever, to separate.
L.) O. F. (E. — pait. — L. sext-iiSy from sex, six
sixth, ;

sevrer. — L. separare , to separate. See with suffix -ans, like that of a pres. pt. of
Separate. Der. dissever . a verb in -are.
several, an j. (F. — L.) O. F. several. Sexton ;
see Sacristan.
— Late L. separate , a thing set apart. — L. Sextuple, (L.) Coined from sixfold.
sipardre to separate (above). sextu-s sixth with suffix * pie (as in quad-
, ;

Severe. (F. — L.) O. F. severe. — I,, ru-pte)y answering to L. -plit-, stem of

setterus, severe, serious, grave. Der. -p/ex, as seen in du-plex , com-ptex.
sever- ity, M. F. seven te.
Sew (1), to fasten with thread. (E.)
M. hi. sowen sewcti A.S. siwian to sew.
,
.
SH.
-f-Icel. .rjy/7 ;
Dan..yv; Swed. .ns O.II.G.
siuwan Goth, sittjan L. sitere Lith.
; Shabby, mean. (KA Also shabbed; \

Russ shite; Skt. j/z>, to sew. Cf. shabby and s /tabbed are the native E.
Gk. Katr-crvuv to sew together and see equivalents of the Scand. scabby and
, ;

Hymen. (^SIW.) scabbed. See Scab. For the sense, cf.

Sew (2), to follow the same as Sue scurvy ( scurfy ); E. Fries, schabbiy
; ;

see Sequence. scabby, also miserable, mean.

Sewer (1). a large drain. (F. — L.'> Shackle. (E.) A.S. sceacul, bond,
F requently spelt shore. From O. Y.sewiere fetter ;
orig. a loose bond ;
from its shak-
seuwiere a sluice, channel for draining a
,
ing about. -f-Iccl. shokull, pole of a car-
pond. — Late L. type *exaqttdria, short riage, from skaka, to shake Swed. shake/, ;

for Late L. exaqudtdrium a channel for loose shaft of a carriage; Dan. shayle, the ,

draining. — L. ex, out ; aqua, water. (Thesame. Cf. Swed. dial, shah, a chain. See
derivation of hi. ewer from L. aquaria is Shake.
parallel.) Shad , a fi sh ( E.) A.S. seeadd. Pro v. .
+
Sewer (2% the officer who formerly set G. schadc, a shad cf. Irish sgadatt, O. Irish ;

and tasted dishes, &c. (F.— L.) 1

Seware, scatdn a herring; W. ysgadan pi., her- ,

at mete , Depositor, dapifer, sepulator;’ rings.

Prompt. Parv. [Hence M. E. sewen to , Shaddock, a large species of orange.
set meat, bring in dishes, &c.] The M. E. (E.) Named from Captain Shaddock who ,

seware , sewere is short for assewer asseour ,

introduced it into the West Indies from
first
(N. E. D.). — O. F. asseour , one who sets China, late in the seventeenth century.
the table. — O. F. asseoir to set, place; Shade, Shadow. (E.) M. E. shade,
orig. to sit beside. — L. assidere , to sit by. shadwe. A. S. sceadu shadow, fern. sb. ,

— L. as-, for ad, near sedere, to sit. See ;

The M. E. shade is from the A. S. nom.
Sit and Assess. Perhaps confused with sceadu the M. E. shadive (mod. E.
;

M. E. seWy pottage, from A. S. seaw, juice. shadow') is from the dat. case sceadwe.
S©X. (F — L.) F. sexe. — L. sexutn acc.
.
|
+ Du. schaduw, Goth, skadus, shadow;
477
 e ;; ; ;;

SHAFT SHANK
G. schatten , O. Irish scdth, Cora, seed, shallot ;
fem. of Ascaldnius belonging to ,

shade; Gk. <tk 6 tos, atcoria, gloom. Ascalon. — Gk. 'koKdXwv, Ascalon ; a chief
Shaft. (E. A. S. seeaft, shaft of a
' city of the Philistines. — Heb. Ashqeldn.
spear. +1 cel. skapt, shaft Dan. Sw. shaft , ; Shallow. (E.) M. E. schalowe cf.
G. schaft , )u. schacht (for schaft). Further
I also scholdy schald Barbour, Bruce, ix. 354;
,

allied to L. sedfus , a shaft, stem, stalk for which see Shoal. An E. word ; but
Gk. OKrjirTpov , Doric aKanrov, a staff, of doubtful origin. However, M.E. schal-
sceptre. All apparently from Idg. root owe is allied to M. E. schal-d shallow, as y

% skap, to support. 2. Or else shaft ~ they have a common base schal-. And
that which is shaven or cut smooth ;
from perhaps allied to Low G. schaal, schalig,
Shave, q. v. G schal, insipid, stale (as liquids when
Shag, rough hair. (E.) A. S. sceacga , little is left in the vessel) ; cf. Du. ver-
hair. +
led. shegg, Swed. skagg, a heard, schalen to , grow stale or flat.
Dan. awn, wattle; cf. Icel.
shiceg, beard, Shalm ;
see Shawm.
shaga , to jut out. The orig. sense is rough- ‘
Sham. A
London slang term, due
(E.)
ness.* See Shaw. Der. shagg-y, adj. to Northern E. sham a shame, disgrace ,

1
Shag tobacco is rough tobacco. (hence, trick). Whcea’s sham is it’~
Shagreen, a rough -grained leather. wdiose fault is it ? Whitby Glossary. See
(F. — Turkish.) F. chagrin It was orig. Shame.
made of the skin of the hack of the horse Shamble, to walk awkwardly. (E.)
or mule. —Turk, sdghrt saghrF, back of a \
Lovvl. Sc. shammel, shamble , to rack the
horse, shagreen. limbs with long strides also, to distort ;

Shah, king of Persia. (Pers.) Pers. shammel shanks crooked legs. Cf. E.
,

shah, a king. O. Pers. khshCiyathiya, a Fries, schamel, shamefaced, modest, also

king; allied to Skt. kshatra{m), dominion, poor, miserable ; O. Fries, skamely poor ;

from kshi, to rule; cf. Gk. k 7a open, I Du. schamel. If this connexion be right,
possess. Lit. sense *
ruler’ ;
Horn, § 772 ;
the adj. is formed from the sb. shame ;
see
Hrugm. i.
§ 920. See Check. Dor. pa ska. Shame.
Shake. (E.) A. S. sccacan, sfatan, pt. t. Shambles. (L.) Orig. stalls on w hich
scoc, pp. scacen. +Icel. skaka Sw. skaka , , butchers expose meat for sale ; pi. of
Dan. skage. Tout, type *skaka?t~. shamble, a bench, butcher’s bench or stall.
Shako, a military cap. (F. Ilung.) — A. S. scamely a stool. — L. scame Hum, a
F. shako. — Hungarian esako , a cap, shako ; stool, little bench; allied to scamnum,
spelt tsako in Dankovsky’s Magyar Lexicon, step, bench, scabellum foot-stool. L. scam-
f

p. 900. num is *scap-num allied

for *scab-?tum, ,

Shale, a slaty rock. (G.) a G. sc hale, to sedpusy Brugm. i. § 241.

a stem.
shell, peel, scale; whence sc hal-gebirge, a Shame. (E.) A. S. sceamu, scamu .4*
mountain formed of thin strata. Hence Icil. skomm ; Dan. Sw. skam G. scham. ;

also O. F. cscalc and K. scale (1). See Allied to Goth. skanda shame, G. schande t
.

Scale (1). shamefaced, modest. (E.)

Corrup-
Shall. (E.) A. S. scealy I shall, I must tion of M.E. sharnefasty modest.— A. S.
pt. t. sceolde , I should, ought. The oiig. scamfesty lit. firm in shame, i.e. in modesty.
sense was ‘ to owe/ to be liable for ;
cf. — A. S. scamu shame, modesty fast, fast,
, ;

I.ith. skiltiy to owe, be liable. 4- Lei. skal, firm see Fast.

;

pt. t. sky/di ; Sw. shall Dan. skal I >u.

; ; Shammy, Shamoy,a kind of leather.
zal\ G. soil] Goth, skal, infin. skulan. Cf. (F. - G.) Orig.Mtfw0//ieather; see Blount
G. schuldy debt, guilt Lith. skeleti, to be ;
and Phillips. See Chamois.
liable. Brugm. i. § 795. Shampoo. (Hind.) Hindustani chdmp-
Shalloon, a light woollen stuff. (F.) ndy to join, to stuff, press, thrust in, sham-
From Chalons ,
in France, E. of Paris. poo from the kneading or pressure used
;

Shallop, a light boat. (F. — Du.) F. in the operation. Perhaps directly from
c halo up [whence Span, chalupa, * a flat- the imperative chdmpo of the same verb
bottomed boat,’ Minsheu (1623) Port. ; Yule.
chahtpd]. — Du. sloep a sloop. See 8 loop. , Shamrock. (C.) Irish seamreg, trefoil,
Shallot, Shalot, a kind of onion. (F. dimin. of seaman, trefoil ; Gael, seamrag .

— L. — Gk. — Heb.) O. F. cschalote variant , Shank, lower part of the leg. (E.)
of escalogne, a shallot. — L. ascaldnia a ,
A. S. sccancay scanca , bone of the leg.
478
 ;, , , , , ,, ;; , , ,

SHANTY SHEAR
+Du. schonk, Dan. shank, Swed. shank skaban , G. schaben ; Lith. skapoii, to shave,
.

Further related to G. schenhel, shank G. cut, Russ, skopite, to castrate, Gk. oKaxruv,
;

schinkcn ham. Der. skink. to dig. Cf. also L. scaberc, to sciape.

Shanty, a hut. (Irish.) Said to be (-y'SQAB, SQAP.) Brugm. i. §§ 569,
from Irish old ;
tigh, a house. 7or.
Sha^)6, vb. (E.) E. schapen ; anew
M. Shaw, thicket. (E.) A. S. jragn.+Icel.
formation from the sl>. sc hap, A. S. ge- skogr, a shaw, wood Swed. skog, Dan. ;

sceap ; or from the pp., on the analogy of skov, Noith Fries, skog. Allied to Icel.
sceacan , pp. sceaccn The A. S. vb. is
. skagi, a ness (Noreen) N. Fries, skage, ;

scepfan scieppan with a weak in fin.

,
pt. ;
a nook of land ; cf. Icel. skaga, to jut out.
t. pp. scape n. +
I cel. skapa, Swed. Allied to Shag.
skapa, Dan. r&z&?, Goth, ga-skapjan G. Shawl. (Pers.) Pers.r//< 7 /(pron.ite<//',
schaffcn Du. scheppen tweak). All from a shawl, mantle.
Teut. type * skapan-, % skapjan -, pt. t. Shawm, Shalm, a musical instrument.
*skog. Cf. Lith. skabeti, to cut, hew. (F.~ L.— Gk.) O. F. chalcmic, a reed
Bmgm. i. § 701. pipe ;
to chan me, a straw ; cf.
allied
Shard, sherd, fragment. (E.) A. S. M.II.G. schalmic. — L. ialam us, a reed.
sceard, r fragment; cut thing.’ From
lit.
*
— Gk. leakages, a reed. See Haulm.
*skar , 2nd grade of *sker-an-, to shear. She. (F.) M. E. sc he, scho ;
also staf
See Shear. Cf. Icel. skarti a notch. A. S. Chron. 1140. In the Northumbrian
Der. pot-sherd. dialect, we find scho used as a dem. pro-
Share (1), a portion. (E.) A. S. seearn t noun, though the A. S. seo is the fem. of the
a share, part. From *skar (above). def. article. The A. S. seo would have
share (2) } a plough-share. (E.) A. S. become see, but this form never occurs;
scear, plough-share. From the same. rather, it became seo (Lind, sio John iv.
Shark, a voracious fish. (F. L. ) The — 23) whence (perhaps influenced by the
;

name of the fish is from the Tudor verb
to shark, to prowl ; to shark for a dinner,
to try to get one ; to shark for a living
see Cent. Diet. Prob. from Noith F.
Icel. m. and f. demonstr. pron sjd, that),
came Northumb. scho or sho; and this
seems to have suggested the Midland sche,
s/te, s}e the true South, form being heo ,
;

(Picard) cherquicr, equivalent to O. F. he (which caused confusion with the masc.

cercher (K. search), later altered to mod. he). [We also find such forms as hyo,
1
F. c here her. Cf. cercher le b roust, to hio, ho, $ho, }o, mod. Lane, hoo, all from
1
hunt after feasts ; Cot. Godefroy has two hedi] The A. S. seo is the fem. of se orig.
examples of the spelling cherquicr. Cf. ‘
that ’ cognate with Goth, sa, that. -f Du.
;

Ital. cert are del pane, to shift for how to

1
ztj, G. sitf; Icel. su, fem. of sa, that;
live; ’ Torriano. — L. circdre to go round. Goth, so, fem. of sa, that ; Gk. i), fem. of
— L. circus , a ring. See Search. If this <> ; Skt. sd, she, fem. of sa, sas, he. For
be right, to shark is a variant of to search, Icel. sjd see Noreen, § 399. See Sweet,
but was much used (formerly) in the sense p:. Gr. § 1068.

of to prowl about for a living. Hence Sheaf. (K.) M. E. scheef A. S. sceaf,

shark, sb. (1), a greedy fellow (Johnson) a sheaf, pile of com shoved together.—
(2) a greedy fish. A. S. sceaf, 2nd grade of scufan to sho\e. ,

Sharp. (E.) A. S. sctarp.+X)xs. sekerp, 4 Du. schoof Icel. skauf, Bavar. schaub,
Icel. skarpr, Swed. Dan. sharp, G. scharf. sheaf; from Teut. *skaub 2nd grade of
Teut. type *skarpoz. Prob. allied to *skiiban-, to shove; see Shove.
Scrape. Der. scarp escarpment. , Sheal, a temporary summer hut. (Scand.)
Shatter. (E.) M. E. schateren to Also spelt shie/, shielin, sheelin. — Icel.
scatter, to dash as a falling stream hence ;
skjol, a shelter, cover, Dan. Swed. skjut,
to break in pieces. A. S. scale rian, to a shed; Icel. skyli, a shed. Cf, Skt. sku,
scatter, A. S. Chron. 1137. Cf. E. Fries. to cover.
schattern, Du. schateren, to resound; M. Shear. (E.) A.S. sceran , pt. t. scar,
Du. schetteren to rattle. See Scatter, pp. scoren. 4
Du. sche > en, Icel .skera, Swed.
which is a doublet cf. Milton, Lyc. 5.
;
skdra, Dan. share, G. scheren, to shear.
Shave. (E.) A. S. sccafan, scafan, pt. Teut. type *skeran pt. t. *skar, pp. *sker-
t. scof, pp. scafen.+T)vL. sc haven Icel. ;
anoz. Allied to O. lr. scar-aim , I separate,
skafa\ Swed. skafva, Dan. shave, Goth. Gael, sgar, to sever; .ysgar, to part; W
 , , ;;
, 1

SHEATH SHELTER
Gk. Kcipav (for *(a)Ktpyuv), to cut Lith. draw, go away ; scheerje van bier, sheer
;

kirwis , an axe. (^SQER.) Brugm. i. off! (Sewel). Cf. Low G. schere hen , get
55 515, 631. out See Shear. I

Sheath. (E.) A. S. sccad, saed, a Sheet. (E.) M. E. schete. Anglian

sheath, orig. that which separates, hence scete, A. S. sciete scyte, a sheet also (with- , ;

a husk, shell, pod. 4" Du. scheede Dan. out mutation) sceat, sceata, a corner, nook,
skede , Swed. skida, G. scheide , a sheath fold of a garment, corner of a sail, hence a
Icel. sheidir , fern, pi., a sheath (lit. things sheet or ope fastened to a comer of a sail, 1

that separate or open). All from the called in A. S. sceat- line (sheet -line).
Teut. base *shaith for which see Shed Cf. A. S. sceat 2nd grade of sceotan , to
; ,

(1). Der. sheathe vb. ,

shoot, hence to jut out. The orig. sense
Shebeen, a liquor-shop. (Irish — E.) of sheet was projection,* hence ‘corner,’ ‘

Apparently a dimin. (with sultix -in') of &c.4“Icel. shout, corner, sheet of a sail;
Iiish seapa a shop.
,
— E. shop see Shop. ;
Swcd. skate, the lap ;
Du. sc hoot, shoot,

Shed(0, to part, pour, spill. (E.) Orig. of a gar-

sprig, sheet ;
Goth, skauts, hem
‘
to separate.’ A. S. sceddan scadan pt. t. ment; G. schooss, flap of a coat, lap,
, ,

jrtW, jr#/, pp. seed den, to shed; whence bosom. All from Teut. *shaut, 2nd grade
M. E. scheden weak veib (with long <?, but of *skeutan-, to shoot ; see Shoot.
,

the e has been shortened, the pt. t. being Sheet-anchor, an anchor to be ‘shot’
shadde or shedde). 4" Goth, skaidan , G. out in emergency. (E.) From prov. E.
scheiden, to part; O. Sax. skedan, O. Fries. sheet M.E. schelen, A.S. sceotan, to shoot. ,

skc6a, skeda. From Teut. base *sheit/i See Shoot. ,

varying to *skeid, to split (see Shide) ; or Sheik, a chief. (Arab.) Arab, sheikh ,
from the 2nd grade * ska ith, * ska id. The an elder, chief orig. sense old.’ ;
‘

Idg. root would, regularly, be *skheii , but Shekel, a Jewish weight and coin.
we only find ^SKIIEII); of. Gk. <sxKilv > (Ileb.) Heb. sheqel, a shekel (weight).—
for *G\ihyuv, to cleave; L. scindere to Ileb. shdqal, to weigh.
cut; Lith. skedzin, I separate. All from Shekinah. (Ileb.) It signifies the
an older -y^SKHEI. Brugm. 1. §§ 201, 599. visible presence of God lit. dwelling.’ — ;
‘

Shed (2), a slight shelter, hut. (E.) O. Heb. shehandh dwelling. — Heb. sha/can, ,

Kentish shed (written ssed , shade; a to dwell. )

dialectal form; Ayenbite of Inwyt. See Sheldrake. (E.) F or sheld-drake, i.e.

Shade. variegated or spotted drake. Cf. Orkney
Sheen, fairness, splendour. (K.) M. E. sheld -fowl, a sheldrake (Cent. Diet.).
schene, adj., fair. A. S. scene scUne , scyne ‘
,
Sheld, flecked, party-coloured ; Coles ’

fair, showy ; allied to seeandan, to show, (1684). M.E. sheld is a shield; and the
4 1

see. -f* O. Sax. sconi, adj. Du. schoon allusion is to the patch round the breast.
; ,

adj. G. sehon , adj. ; cf. Goth, ibna skauus, Cf. A. S scild, a shield, used also of part
;

of like appearance. Teut. type *skau- of a bird’s plumage (Grein). So also Icel.
?iiz, showy
‘ see Show.
;
'
Not allied shjoldungr, a sheldrake, skjoldottr dappled,
% ,

to shine. from skjoldr a shield. Sec Shield. ,

Sheep. (E.) A. S sccdp, seep pi. un- Shelf. (E.) M.E. sche Ife, shelfe. A.S.
;

changed. 4* O. Sax. skap Du. schaap

; scilfe story (of a building), shelf.
;
Orig. ,

G. schaf Teut. type *skupom neut. a thin piece, flake ; allied to shell and
,

Sheer (i), bright, pure, perpendicular. shill. 4- ,ow G. sch elf, a board, shelf; cf.
(Scand.) A
sheer descent is a clear (un- schelfern, to flake off ; also E. Fries.
broken) one. M.E. she re, bright. — Icel. schalfcr, schilfer a chip, splinter; Du. ,

sharr, Dan. sheer sheer, bright Teut. type schilfer, a scale.

, ;
Extended forms, from
*sha?riz. Cf Icel. shirr, A. S. setr, bright the root of Skill and Scale.
G. schier, Goth. sheirs (Teut. type *skeiroz); Shell. (E.) M. E. shelle, sb. A.S.
from the base {*shei-) of the verb to shine scell, scyll. Du. schel ; Icel. shel\ Goth.
; +
see Shine (Noreen). The sh (for sh) skalja, a tile. Teut. type *skaljd, fern.
is due to A.S. scir. Der. Sheer- Thurs- The sense is ‘thin flaked cf. Swed. shala ,
day y the day before Good Friday ; cf. Icel. to peel. See Scale, Skill. Der. shell,
shira, to cleanse, baptize. verb.
Sheer (2), to deviate from one’s course. Shelter. (E.) A curious development
(Du.) D11. scheren , to shear, cut, with- ofM.E. sheldtrume, a body of guards or
 . , , + , ; l i , ,;
,

SHELVE SHINGLES
troops, a squadron ; frequently spelt shcl-wheel of a pulley, Du. schijf G. scheibe,
tron, sheltrun ; it came to mean a guard slice, disc. See Shiver (2 ). a
or protection of any kind (P. Plowm., Shillelagh, an oaken stick used as a
Halliwell). — A. S. scildlruma , lit. 4 shield-
cudgel. (Irish.) Named from Shillelagh^
troop,* a guard. — A. S. scild, shield a barony in Wicklow famous for oaks. It
;

truma , a band of men, allied to trum, means descendants of Elach from Irish 4
*
;

firm. See Shield and Trim. sioh seed, descendants.

Shelve, to slope down. (E/ A deri- Shilling. (E.) A. S. settling. Du. +
vative of shelf but the connexion is not sc helling Icel. skillingr; Dan. Swed. ;

clear. A shelf came to mean a slab of skilling Goth, skiHiggs (for * skillings); ;

stratified rocks, also a sand-bank and G. schilling, ;

(
3 The suffix -ing is a .

4
the sense of slope prob. refers to the diminutive which occurs also in E. farth-
’

sloping edges of the latter. Torriano ing, and in A. S. pen-ing, a penny. The
1
translates M. Ital. stralare by to shelve base is either *skel~, to resound, ring; or
or go aside, aslope, awry * a sense per- *skil-, to divide; see Skill. Reason for
;

haps suggested by M. Du. sc heel, awry, the name uncertain hut cf. Swed. sktt- ;

G. sc he l, scheeh jemynt Dan. skillemynt, small change, ,

Shepherd. (K.) A.s. sieaphyide a small money.

keeper ol sheep; cee Herd (2). Her. Shillyshally. (E) Formerly shill
shepherd-css. /, shall 1 a leduplicated form of shall /. ;

Sherbet, a drink. (Arab.') Arab. Shimmer, to glimmer. (E.) A.S.

sharbat a drink, draught, sherbet, syrup. s cimrian, frequent, foim of sciman scimian
, , ,

— Arab, root sha riba, he drank. Her. to shine, allied to silnan to shine; see ,

shrub (2), syrup Shine.+Du. schemcrcn Swed. skimra ; ;

Sherd ; see Shard. G. schimmern. Cf. (). II. G. scimo a

Shere-Thursday ; see Sheer (1). bright light, Icel. skint a gleam, Irish ,

Sheriff. (E.) For shire-reeve. A.S. sgeinth sgia/vh, beauty. ,

st Fr-genfa, a shire-reeve; see Shire and Shin. (E .) A. S. seinit also scin- ;

Bee vo. Her. sheriff-al-ty usually spelt ban, shin-bone. -f* Du. scheen ( >. schiene, ;

ttu icvalty. also a splint Swed. sken- ben, Dan. skinne- ;

Sherry. (Span. — L.) Formerly sher- becn, shin-bone. (big. sense perhaps
lis; sh being an old pron. of Span. x. thinly covered bone,’ and allied to Skin
4

— Span. Xcies, a town in Spain, near (Franck doubtful). Cf. A. S. seta shin. ; ,

C adiz. — L. Ca saris, gen. case of Ccesar , Shine. (E.) A. S. sclnan pt. t. scan, ,

proper name (Dozy). pp. scincn. -f“ Du. schtjnen, Icel. skina ;

Shew ; see Show. Dan. skinne Swed. skina Goth, skeinan ; ; ;

Shibboleth, a test-word of pronun- G.schetnen. (BaseSKKI.) Cl. Sheer (1),

ciation. (lleb.) Ileb .shibboleth, an car Shimmer.
of corn, also a river see Judges xii. 6
;
. Shingle (1 ) ,
a wooden tile. (L.) M. E.
Shide, a thin piece of board. (E.'i A.S. shingle, corruption of shindle (Minsheu),
5 efd, a billet of wood ; from the base as shewn by the corresponding G. schimlel
1 *skcid) of the verb to sked.+l cel. skid, a shingle, splint, thin piece of wood.—
G. sc licit, a billet O. Irish sciath a shield.
; L. scindula a shingle, as if from L. scin-
,

See Shed, Sheath. derc, to cleave; but really for scandtila,

Shield. (E.) A. S. scild, see Id. Du. a shingle.
sihiId, Icel. skjoldr, Dan. shield, Swed. Shingle (2), coarse round gravel on the
shold, Goth, skildus, G. schild. Teut. sea shore. (Scand ) Corruption of Norweg.
type *skelduz, m. Perhaps 4 thin board *
sing or singling, coarse gravel, shingle,
cf. Lith. skel-li, to split. named from the crunching or ringing noise
Shieling ; see Sheal. made by walking on it. — Norweg. singla ,

Shift. (E.) M.
E. schiften, to divide, to ring, tinkle, Swed. dial, singla (the
change, shift, remove ; orig. 4 to divide/ same) ; frequent, foim of Swed. dial, singa
A.S. seiftan, to divide. *4" Icel. skipta the same word as E. sing ; see Sing. Cf.
(for skifta ). to divide, part, shift, change ; Fowl. Sc .chingle, shingle, allied to chink.
Swed. skifta Dan. skifte , the same. Allied
, Shingles. (F. — L.) variant of A
to Icel. skifa , to cut into slices, skifa, a sengles , pi. of the old word sengle a girth ,

slice, prov. E. skive, a slice, sheave , a the disease encircling the body like a belt.
 , , \ , \ , ,

SHIP SHORE
O. North. F. chengle 0 F. cengle .
, Orig. an adj., meaning ‘shallow,’ formerly
sang/e ‘a girth, a sengle;* Cot. — L. shole ;
M.E. shohi or shald see Shallow. ;

cingula, a belt. — L. cingere, to surround; A.S. sceald shallow; found in place-

,

see Cincture. names. Cf. Pomeran. scholl, shallow

Ship. (E.) A. S. scip. Du. sc hip, + water and note E, old, prov. E. ole, from
;

Icel. skip, Dan. skib, Swed. skepp, Goth. O. Merc, aid, A. S. eald.
ship, G. schiff. Teut. type *skipom } neut. Shoar, a prop; see Shore (a).
Hence skiff skipper, equip.
\ Shock (i), a violent jolt. (E.) M. F.
Shire. A.S. scir, a shire, province ;
(E.) schokken, to shock, jolt. E. Fries, schok-
orig. ‘ employment, government.’ Cf. A.S. ken.+ Du. schok, sb., schokken, vb. ; Low
scirian, to appoint, allot (). II. G. scira, ;
G. schokken, schukken , vb. O. H. G. ;

business, Not allied to Shear. scoc sb. (whence F. choc , sb., choquer vb.).
,

Shirk. (F. — L. ?) The verb to shirk Cf. G. scliaukd, a swing. See Shog.
seems to be a variant of sherk or shark, to Shock ( 2), a pile of sheaves of corn,
prowl about; hence, to act in a paltry (E) M.E. schokke.+ M. Du. schocke, a
way^to keep out of danger. See Shark, shock, cock, heap; so called from being
Shirt. (E.) M. E. shirle, shurte. A.S. tossed together; from M. Du. schocken, to
sryrte. — A. S. scort short; see Short. , + jolt, shock, cock, heap up see Shook (1) ;

lcel. skyrta, a shirt, kind of kirtle Swcd. ; above. Cf. Swed. shock , a heap, flock;
skjorta Dan. skiorte.
,
So called because Dan. dial, skok , N. Flies, shock , a heap of
short. Doublet,skiit. six sheaves.
Shittah-tree, Shittim - wood. Shock (a\ a rough-coated dog. (E.)
(Heb.) a pi. form. — I Job.
Shittim is Shock-headed is rough-headed, with shaggy
shittdh , pi. shittim, a kind of acacia (the t hair. Perhaps from Shock (a), a heap,
is teth). Of Egypt, origin (Gesenius). Shoddy, a material obtained from tear-
Shive, Sheave; see Shiver (2). ing into fibres old woollen goods. (E.)
Shiver tremble.
(1), (E.) to For- Etym. uncertain but cf. Devon shod, shed,
;

merly shever, in Baict (15K0); M.E.

j

spilt, M.E. schoden, scheden, to separate;

chiueren, cheueren {chive re n, cheveren see Shed.
where ch stands for earlier c{k ), as if from E. scho. A. S. seed scoh ; Shoe. (E.) M. ,

an A.S. *cifer, which I suppose to be a

variant of ewifer. See Quiver (1). The
schoen ; Icel. skdr ; pi. seeds, \cds. + Du.
Swed. and Dan. s/co ; Goth, skjhs; G.
spelling with sh was due to confusion with schuh. Tent, type *skdhoz masc. ,

the word below. Shog, to jog on. ( E.) M. E. schoggen , I

Shiver (2), a splinter, small piece of to jog ; variant of schokken , to jolt. See
wood. (E.) A
shiver is a small piece; Shock (1); and cf. Jog.
hence to shiver to break in pieces. Again, Shoot. (E.) A. S. seedtan later form
shiver is the dimin. of skive, a thin slice, of sceotan str. vb. [with ed for do as in ,

the same as prov. E. sheave , a thin disc of choose pt. t. sceat, pp. stoten of which ) ; ,

wood, wheel of a pulley. R. Fries, schife , only the pp. shotten is preserved (in the
sc hive, schiff , N. Pries, shiv, skeev. *4- Du phrase shotten herring a herring that has
schijf ; Icel. ski/a, Dan. skive , Swed. lost its roe). + D11. sch ieten; Icel. skjdta ;

skifva ; G. scheibe, a slice. Teut. base Dan. skyde ;

Sw. skjuta ; G. sc hiessen.
*skeib, Idg. root *skeip ;
whence Gk. Teut. type * skeutan pt. t. *skaut, pp.
tkoiitos ,
1 a potter’s disc (Hesychius). See *skulatioz. Brugm. i. § 623.
Shift. Shop. (E.) A. S. sceoppa, a stall, booth.
Shoal (1), a multitude of fishes, a troop, Allied to scypen , a pen for cattle. Low +
crowd. (E.) Spelt shole in Spenser M. E. ;
G. schupp, a shed ; G. schoppen , a shed,
scole, a troop, throng, crowd. A.S. scolu, covert (whence O. F. esehoppe, a shop),
a troop.+O. Sax. sko/a, a troop, band; 0 Shore ( strand of a lake or sea. (E.)
*

Du. school a shoal. Teut. type *sku/d. M.E. sekore. A.S. score (Somner) cf.
, ;

fern. ; from *skut- f weak grade of *skel- } to A.S. scorcn clif a shorn cliff, precipice,
separate, set apart. See Skill, The Cf. A. S. scor- y weak grade of sceran , to
sailor’s phrase ‘ a school of fish exhibits shear. See Shear, ’

the Du. form of the same word; it also Shore (2), Shoar, a prop. (E.) M.E.
appears as scull Troil. v. 5. 22. sekore Not in A. S. E. Fries, sekor, .

Shoal (2), a shallow, a sandbank. (E.) sekore (also schdr, schare), a prop. Cf.
482
 , ; , ; ; ;; , , , , ,

SHORE SHRINK
A. S. sceorian, to project, jut out. Du. + skur; Goth, skura a stoun ; G. sc Hauer ,
,

schoor a prop ; M. Du. schooren, to under-

, O. II. G. sc ftr, Brugm. i. § 62 7.
prop; Norweg. skora, prop. Cf. also Shred. (EA M. E. shiede, sb. A. S.
Icel. skorda, a prop, stay, esp. under a scrcade. 4-M.D11. schroode , a shred (Kilian) ;

boat; skorda vb., to under-prop, shore up. Pomeran. schrood. From Teut. *skraud ,

Shore (3)» a *.*wer; see Sewer. 2nd grade of *skreud- for which see ;

Short. (E.) A. S. *ceort, sho.t. Cf. Shroud.

Du. schotten , to lack (fall short), Icel. Shrew, a scold. (E.) M. E. shrewe,
skortr shoitness, O. II. G. scurz, short.
, adj., applied to both sexes, wicked, bad.
The Teut. base would appear to be *skert~, A. S. sircawa a shrew-mouse, fabled to
to cut ; as if extended from *skcr-f to cut have a very venomous bite. Der. shretv,
see Shear. Cf. also Icel. skarfh\ dimin- to curse, talk like a shrew be- shrew. ;

ished, cut down, But as the G. kurz shrewd, malicious, cunning. (E.) The
is from L. eurlus, short, it L usual to 1
old sense is malicious.* M. E. schrewed,
explain all the^e woids as borrowed from accursed, depraved, hence malicious; pp.
a L. typ q* ex-curt us; which is improbable. of schrcrven, to curse, from the adj. schrewe,
Shot. ( K.) M. E. schot. A. S. scot, a malicious, bad (above).
shot, ge-secot, implements for shooting cf. ; shrew-mouse, an animal like a
A. S. scot-, weak giade of scrot an, to shoot. mouse. (E.) A. S. screaioa ;
sec Shrew
4-Icel. skat, Du. schot, a shot, shooting; (above).
G. schuss a shot. See Shoot.
, Shriek. (E.) A native form of
Shoulder. (E.) A. S. sadder, sculdor. from M. E. schriken, to shuck.
screech',

4- Du. sc ho inter, Swed. skuldra Dan. /wi- .

s See Screech. Imitative see Shrike. ;

der, (i. schulter. Perhaps allied to O. II. Shrievalty see Sheriff.

;
G. skerti the shoulder;, cf. also O. II. G. Shrift, confession. (L.) A. S. scrift,
harti, the shoulder-blade. confession, prescribed penance. Cf. A. S.
Shout. (E.'i M.E. shouten Chaucer, sci if-, weak grade of serif-an, to shrive, to
Troil. li. 614. Cf. Icel. skicta, skull, a impose a penance ult. of origin
;
see ;

taunt; see Scout (2\ Shrive. 4- Icel. shrift, Swed. shrift, Dan.
Shove, (E.) M. E. shouven A. S. . skrtfle; Du. and G. sihrift writing. See
sc ftfan , pt t. sieaf pp. scofen, to shove. 4* Shrive.
Icel. skufa ; Shrike, the butcher bird. (E.) Cf.
I)u. schuiven G. schieben
(pt. schob )
t. ; Goth, skittban . Teut. type
\\ estphalmn schrik, a shrike; Icel. skrikja,
*.\keuban- or % skftban-, pt. t. *skaub , pp. a shrike, lit. shiieker/ from Icel. skrikja ‘
,

*$kubanoz. Cf. Lath, skubiis, quick, hasty, to titter, orig. to shriek, and allied to Icel.
industrious; Skt. ksubh , to become agitated, skrakju, to screech. Sec Shriek and
kshobha -, agitation. Brugm. i. § 992. Screech.
shovel. (E.) A. S. scofl, a shovel, for Shrill. (EA M.E. shril\ cf. Fowl.
lifting and shoving ; cf. A.S. scof-, weaker Scotch skirl, a shrill cry, skirl, to cry
grade of scufan .above). -f Du. schojfel ; G. aloud. Cf. E. Ei ie?. si hrel, Low G. schrell,
schattfel, O. H. G. skiivala ; a form which G. schrill, shall; A. S. scralletan to cry
makes a connexion with shove doubtful. aloud ; Norweg. skryla sknela, to cry ,

Dor. shovei-cr, a kind of duck. shrilly. From Teut. root *skrel (and grade
Show, Shew. (E.) M. E. schewen, vb. *skral), to cry aloud.
A. S. sccaivian, to Sec, behold later, to Shrimp. (E.) M. E. shrimp cf. Lowl.
; ;

make to see, point out, show. 4 Du. schou- Scotch scrimp, to stiaiten, senmpit, dwarf-
*

wen, Dan. skue, G. schauen to behold. ish. A parallel form to shrink cf. A. S.
, ;

Cf. Goth, us-skaws, cautious, wakeful. scrimman, to shrink Dan. dial, skrimpe ;

Teut. base *skaw, Idg. root *$hau ; cf. Gk. a lean cow. See the traces of O. Swed.
Ovo-gkoos, an inspector of an offering also skrimpa, strong verb, to contract, in mod.;

L. can -ere, to heed, cau-tus , watchful Swed. dialects (Rietz) and cf. M. H. G. ;

Gk. Holw, I observe; Skt. kav-i wise. schrimpfen to shrink, G. schrumpfen, ,

From the same root we have cautious. Dan. skrumpen, shrivelled Du. sekrompe ; ,

Brugm. i. §§ 163, 639. Der. sheen , a wrinkle. See Shrink.

scavenger. Shrine. (L.) A. S. serin a box. — L.
Shower. (E.) M. E. schour, A. S. scrinium , chest, box.
salr. -f* Du. schoer Icel. skur Swed. Shrink. (E.) A. S. scrincan , pt. t.
 , , , n , ;;
;; ,, , ,

SHRIVE SICCA
scranc, pp. scrunccn to contract, shrivel ,
schutteln , to shake, frequent, of O. II. G.
up. + M. Da. schrinken to shrink, grow ,
shuttan.
smaller Swed. skrynka, a wrinkle. Allied
; Shuffle. (E.) Frequentative of shove.
to Shrimp, Shrug;. E. Fries. schuffeln t to shuffle along, from
Shrive see Shrovo-tide. schufen to shove, push.
,
Cf. scuffle which ,
;

Shrivel. (E.) In Shak. An E. word. is the frequentative of Swed. skuffa y to push,

+Swed. dial, skryvla to shrivel up, to ,

shove. See Scuffle.
wrinkle ;
skryvla wrinkle. Perhaps
,
a Shun. (E.) M. E. shunien, shonun.
allied to Swed. skroffig rough, and to G. ,
A. S. scunian to shun, avoid
, orig. sense ;

sc hroff, rugged. (perhaps) to hurry away, hasten. Cf. Iccl.

Shroud. (E.) A. S. scrud, garment, shunda, skynda Swed. skynda sig, Dan.
,

clothing. +Icel. skrnl, ornament, shrouds skynde to hasten, hurry, speed. Der.
y

of a ship ; Dan. and Swed. skrud, dress, scoundrel\ schooner.

attire.
*
Orig. a 1 shred of stuff, a piece cut Shunt. (E.) Prov. E. shunt to turn
or torn off A. S. sereade ( -= mod. E.
;
cf. aside ; M. E. shunten. to start aside, avoid.
shred). The
Teut. base is *skreud to cut Perhaps allied to Scuttle (3).
the -2nd grade *skraud appears in Shred, Shut. (E.) M. E. shutten shitten. ,

q.v. Cf. L. scriita broken bits? Der. A.S. scyttan to shut; to fasten a door
,

scroll. with a bolt (called a shuttle). We still

Shrove-tide, Shrove-Tuesday. say to shoot a bolt/ The A. S. scyttan
1

(L. and E.) The time lor shrift or con- is a weak verb cf. scut-, weak grade ot
;

fession. The sb. shrove is formed from sceotan to shoot. +Du. schutten, G. sc hut -

shrove, 2nd grade of shrive (M. K. schriuen ,

zen (from the same grade). See Shoot.
pt. t. schroof). —
A. S. serifan, to shrive, shuttle. (E.) So called from being
impose a penance, pt. t. serif, pp. serif en shot across the threads in weaving. M. K.
(whence serif t, shrift). +f). Fries, skriva schitel also a bolt of a door; A. S. scyttch
,

(pt. t. skref ) ;
O. Sax. skriban to write ,
a bolt. Formed, with suffix -el of the agent,
Du. schrijven (pt. t .sehreef ) ; Dan. shrive from Teut. *shut—A. S. scut-, weak grade
(pt.t. skrev ) ;
Swed. skrifva (pt. t. skref ) of sceotan, to shoot. +
Dan. skytie, skyttel
G. schreihen (pt. t. schrieb). Teut. type a shuttle; cf. Du. sehiet-spoel a shuttle,
*
*skreiban- t pt. t. *skraib , pp. *skribanoz. lit. shoot-spool/ Der. shuttle-cock from ;

Conjugated as a genuine Teut. verb, but its being shot backwards and forwards
probably an early borrowing from Lat. like a shuttle and because furnished with
,

scribere to write. See Scribe.

,
feathers, Not for shuttle-cork.
Shrub (1), a low dwarf tree. (E.) M. E. Shuttle-COCk ; see above.
schrob. A. S. *scrob a shrub whence , ;
Shy. (E.) M. E. shey, scheouh, said of
scrybb underwood. Cf. prov. E. sh/uff a shy horse. —
A. S. sceoh, timid cf. K. ;

light rubbish wood, scroff, refuse of wood ;

Fries, schbi. Dan. sky, shy Swed. skygg, ;

Norw. the dwaif cornel; E.

skrubba ,
skittish, shy, coy; Du. schuw shy; G. ,

dial, scrub, underwood Dan. dial, shrub ;

scheu, timid, shy, M. II. G. schiech, Teut.
,

brushwood. type *skeuhoz. See Eschew.

Shrub (a), a drink, chiefly made with
rum. (Arab.) Arab, shirb, shiirb, a drink.
-• Arab, loot shariba he drank. See Si-Sy.
Sherbet.
Shrug. (E.) M. E. shruggen to shiver. , Siamang, a large ape. (Malay.)
The old sense was to shrink, shrink up. Malay siamang.
Cf. Dan. skrugge shruhhe to stoop ; Swed. Sib, related. (E.) A.S. sibb, akin to;
, ,

dial, skrukka skrugga , to huddle oneself see Gossip. Cf. M. Swed. sif akin to.
,

together, skrinkaallied
to shrink, Sibilant, hissing. (L.) L. sibilant-,
to ,

Norw. skrtikken shrunken. See Shrink. stem of pres. part, of sibildre, to hiss. — L.
,

Shudder. (E.'i M. E. schoderen, sibilus hissing. Imitative.

schuderen . Low G. seh udder ; Dan. dial. Sibyl. (L. - Gk.) L. Sibylla. - Gk.
skuddre, to shudder. A frequentative SfjSvXAa, a Sibyl or prophetess.
verb. Cf. E. Fries, schudden, to shake Sicca, in phr. sicca rupee newly coined ,

O. Sax. skuddian , to shake; M. Du. rupee. (Hind. — Pers. — Arab.) Hind.

schudden , to shake, tremble. Also G. sikka,a. die for coining. — Pers. sikkaf), the
484
 , ,, , ,, , , ;,; ) , ;

SICK SILLABUB
same. — Arab. sikka(h), sakk, the same. A.S. shan, to sigh, pt. t. sac (in on- sac),
Rich. Diet., pp. 839, 837. Cf. Sequin. pp. sicen. Cf. Swed. sucka, Dan. sukke,
Sick. (E) M.
A. S. sioc.
E. sik, sck. to sigh, groan. Of imitative origin.
+ Du. ziek ;
Dan. syg Swed.
Icel. sjfiler ; ; Sight. (E.) M. F. sight. A.S -siht, .

sjuk G. such
; Goth, sinks, which is
; gesiht, commonly gesihti. Verbal sb. allied
1 elated to Goth, siukan to be ill (pt. t. , to A.S. scon, to s(e. + Lu. gezigt; Dan.
sauk). Teut. type *seid\z. sigte Swed. sigt
,
;
See.G. sicht. .See
Sicker, Siker, certain, secure. (L.) Sign. (F. - L.) O.F .signe. - L signum,
M. E. siker. Borrowed fiom Late L. a maik. Der. sign vb. sign- at ure from , ; ,

securus for L. securus secure , ;

whence also the pp. ol the L. Neib sign are, to sign,
O. Fries, siker, sikur, Du. zeker, G. sic her, lhugm. i. § 7 ()2 (3V Der. sennet.
O. II. G. sichur Swed. saber, Dan. sikksr, signal. (F. — I F. signal. — Late 1 ..'l

W. sicr. See Secure. signa/e, sb., neut. of L. signa/is, belonging

Sickle. (L.) A. S. sicol. — L. secula, to a sign. — L. signum a sign. ,

a sickle, cutter. — L. sec-are to cut. See signet. (F.-L.) F. signet; dimin.

Secant. Cf. Scythe, Saw (1). ot V. signe; see Sign above).
Side. (K .) M. K. ttdfc A. S. side ; signify. (F.-L.) F. signifier, to be-
allied to t\. S. j/V, long, wide. 4* Du ;
token.— L. signifhdre, to shew by signs.—
Icel. sifta (allied to Icel. shir, long, hang- L. signi- , for signum, a sign -ficdrc, for ;

ing down); Dan. side ;

Swed. j/< 4i ;
G. facere, to make.
seite. Signor. (Ital — L.) Ital. siguoic, sir.
Sidereal, Starry. (L.) For side nil, — L. acc. stnidrein ; see Seignior.
from L. siderdlis , relating to the stars. — L. Silence. (F. - L.) F. silence. - L.
sider-, for * sides-, stem of sidus, a star. silentntm, silence. — L. silent stem of pics,
Cf. consider. pt. of si/ere, to be silent. Cf. Goth, ana-
Sidesmen. (E.) Officers chosen to si/an, to be silent. Der. silent, from L.
assist a churchwarden ;
also called side- silent-, stem of silens, pies. pt. o { silere.
men, i.e. men
at one’s side. Cf. L. assessor Silex, flint. (L.) L. silex (stem s ///<-),
one who beside another.
sits flint. Der.Brugm. i. § 980.
silic-a.

Siege. (F. — L.) The orig. sense was Silhouette. (F.J This meagre foim
1
‘seat, or a sitting down,’ esp. in order to of portrait, made by tracing the outline of
besiege a town, — O. F. siege, a seat, throne a shadow, was named (in derision) after
F. siige. Not immediately from L. sedes, Etienne de Silhouette, French minister of
but from a verb answering to a Lat. type finance in 1759-
*sedicdre ; cf. Late L. assedium, a siege, Silk. (Chinese?') A.S. stoic, seoluc (cf.
for L. obsidium, a siege; both words milk, A. S. meolc Icel. silki; Ch. Slav. ,
;

being due to L. sedere to sit; see Se- sh elkii ( R 11 ss. sheik' Perhaps from Chinese .

dentary. Der. besiege with E. prefix. se, sei, silk ; cf. 1 .. Sericum, silk, neut.

Sienna, a pigment. (Ital.) Made from of Sericus, adj., belonging to the Seres ;

earth of Sienna a place in Tuscany. fiom Gk. pi., Chinese. See Serge.
Sierra, a chain of hills. (Span. — L.) Sill, base of a door. (E.) A. S. syll,
Span, sierra , a saw, an outline of hills. — a base, support. Icel. syll, svill, a sill +
L. serra, a saw. Swed. syll, Swed. dial, svill; Dan. sy/d;
Siesta, orig. a noon-day nap. (Span. G. schwelle, sill, threshold. Cf. Goth, ga-
— L.) Span, siesta the hottest part of the suljan, to lay a foundation. The Teut.
day, the time for a nap, gen. from one to base appears to be *swel, to found, to form
three o’clock. But orig. the sixth hour, or as a base; 2nd grade *swal whence G.
noon. — L. sexta ( hora ), sixth hour, noon schwelle the weak grade *swul, *sul gives ; ;

fern, of sextus sixth. — L. sex, six. Goth, ga-suljan and A. S. syll, f. (Teut.
,

Sieve. (E.) M. E. sive. A.S. sife ; type * sulfa). Der. gi ound-sill, spelt
oldest spelling sibi (8th cent.).+Du. zeef; gnmsel in Milton, P. L. i. 460.
G. sieb. Teut. types * sibiz, *siboz, neut. Sillabub, a mixture of wine with milk,
cf. Lith. sijote to sift.
,
&c. (E.) Formerly sillibouk, or merri-
1
sift. (E.) A. S. siftan to sift ; allied bouk. Laid aigre a sillibub or merri-
to A.S. sife, a sieve.+Du. ziften, to sift, bowke ’ Cot. Apparently from E. silly ;

zift, a sieve ; zeef, a sieve. (merry) and M. E. bouk, A.S. biic, the
Sigh, vb. (E.) M. E. sighen, also syken. belly. A jocose name.
485
 , \ , ; \ , ;; , ,, , , ,;

SILLY SIN
Silly. (E.) Orig. * timely ; then happy,
*
— Heb. Shimon, Simeon lit hearkening.* ; .
1

lucky, bles6e<i, innocent; lastly, simple, — Heb. root shamd to hear.

foolish. M. E. seli, sili ;
thus syly man in Simoom. (Arab.) Arab, satnum a ,

Seven Sages, ed. Wright, 1361 — seli man wind; from its poisonous
sultry pestilential
in Seven Sages, cd. Weber, 1473. A.S. nature. — Arab, root samma he poisoned
salig, gis&lig, timely; from sutl, time, (Devic).
season, happiness. Du. zalig, + G. selig, Simper, to smirk. (Scand.) From
blest, happy ;
cf. also Icel. sail, Swed. sail, Scand. ;
cf. Norw. semper smart , fine,
Goth, sets good. Dan. dial, semper simper, affected, coy,
,

Silo, a pit for storing grain or fodder. piudish; M. Swed. semper, one who
(Span. — L. — Gk.) Span. silo. — L. strum ,
affectedly refrains from eating Bavar. ;
cf.

acc. of sirus. — Gk. oTpus. Der. en-sil- zimptrn, to be affectedly coy (from Low
agt. G.). Formed from M. Swed. sipp , simp
Silt. (Scand.) X. Either formed, with an affected woman, Swed, sipp, adj.,
participial suffix from site (M. K. si left ), finical, prim. All from the notion of sip-
to drain. — Swed. sila, to drain, strain, ping, or taking only a little at a time;
filter; sil, a filter. 2. Or from M. Swed. lienee, prudish, affected, coy, &c. Cf. Low
sylla, mud ;
Dan. sylt, a salt-marsh. From G. sipp prim, den Mund sipp trekken, to
*sult-, weak grade of sail - ; see Salt. make a small mouth ; and M. Du. sippen,
Silvan, Sylvan. (L.) The spelling to sip. See note to Sip.
with^y is bad. — L. siludnus, belonging to Simple. (F. — L.) F. simple. — L. sitn-
a wood. — L. silua a wood. Cf. Gk. v\t], ,
plicem, acc. of simplex, lit. ‘one-fold.* —
a wood (connexion with silua doubtful L. situ- (appearing also in sin-guli, one by
Brugm. i. § 102). one, sem*el, once, sim-ul, together) ; and
Silver. (E.) O. Mere, sylfur (Matt, plic-, from pliedre, to fold see Simulate ;

x. 9); A S. sco Ifor ; eat her siolofr.+ Du. and Ply. Der. simplicity, F. simplicity,
silver Icel. silfr; 1 )an. solv Swed. silfver; fiom L. acc. simplicitdtem ; simplify, to
;

G. silber\ Goth, silubr Russ. screbro\ make simple.

lath, siddbras. I.c. simple t on, simpleton. (F.-L.)
Similar. (F.-L.) Y.similaire ; as if with double suffix; formed with F. suffix
from L. *simildris, extended iiom si milis, -oti from Picard and M. F. simplet a simple ,

like. Cf. O. Ir. satnail. Ir. s am hail, W. person, fem. simplette ‘a simple wench;* ,

hafal, like. Allied to sitmtl together, and Cot.»-F. simple, simple; with suffixed
to 1C. Same. Brugm. i. §§ 438, 442. -t. (So also musk-et-oon.) Cf. Span.
simile. (L.) L. simile , a comparison, simplott, a simpleton.
a like thing; neut. of similis, like, Simulate. (L.) From pp. of L. sitnu-
similitude. lF. -L.) F . similitude. Idre, also sitnildre to make like. — L.
L. acc. similitiidimm likeness. — L. similis, like simtil, together, lit. ‘ at once.*
, ;

similis like. ,
From Idg. *scm-, one; cf. Goth, sim-lf
SimionS, monkey-like. (LA From L. once; Gk. cV, neut., one, fiia, f. (for
sftnia an ape. — L. simtts (Gk. mjuos), flat- *cr/*-ta)
,
Skt. sa-krt once ; Gk. a-iraf, ; ,

nosed. once; Brugm. ii. § 165.

Simmer. (E.) A frequentative form, simultaneous. (L.) Late L. sitnul-
from the base situ, to express the sound of Idtieus coined from L. simult dm at the ; ,

gentle boiling. Cf. Dan. summe, G. sum - same time. — L» simul together.
men Swed. dial, snmma to hum, buzz. Sin. (E.) A. S. synn (sinn, «««).+Du,
,

Simnel a kind of rich cake. (K.-L.) zondc Icel. synd. synd Dan. Swed. synd ;
y ; ;

O. F. sinteneh Late L. simenellus s im in- G. siinde, O. II. G. suntea. Thus the A. S. ,

ellits, bread of fine flour; also called r/jw- synn represents a Teut. type *sundjd, fem.,
f//a in Late L. L. simila, wheat-flour of or rather an Idg. type *smtjd where *s?nt ;

the finest quality ; whence siminellus for is the weak grade of sent sont Allied : .

*similellus. Allied to Gk. oifibaXis, fine to L. sons (stem sont-), guilty, sinful, orig.
flour. Cf. Semolina. ‘
real.’ [‘ Language regards the guilty man

Simony y traffic in ecclesiastical prefer- as the man who it was;' Curtins.] Cf.
ment. ( F. — L. — Gk — I leb.) F. sitnonie Ion. Gk. k'DVT-, stem of co/p (for *e<r-w),
.

Late L. simdnia. Named from Simon being, pres. pt. of tipi, I am. See Sooth.
Magus (Acts viii. 18). «*Gk. %(jlcov, Simon. Dor. sin, vb.
 \ i , , ;
,

SINCE SIRRAH
Since. (&) Written for sins, which is pt, t sane, pp. suncen.
iotrans. , Du. +
M. E. sithens, since. This
short for is zinken Icel. sokki'a (for sinkva ; Dan.
;
»

formed, with adverbial suffix -j,from M. E. synke Swed. sjtinka ; G. sin ken; Goth.
;

sit/ten, since, a modification of A. S. siCCati, sigkwan (for *singkwan ), p. For the trans.
for siC Can, after that, p. The A. S. sfC form, cf. A.S. sencan to cause to sink, G. ,

was orig. an adj., meaning ‘bite,’ but here senken, Der. jf)i£, orig. a place into which
represents the eowpar. ady., later, after; filth or was collected; Cor. i. 1. 126,
efi, Goth, set thus, late, seithu , a civ., late, Brugm. §§ 42113), 677.
i.

-seiths, adv*, later. The A. S. Can is the Sinople, green. (F,— L. Gk.) F .sino- —
instrumental of the definite article or de- pie , ‘green;’ Cot. — Late L. sind/is f
monst. pronoun. The G. seitdem since, ,
greenish, also reddish; L. sindpis, red
is similarly formed. See Sievers, §§ 323, ochre. *>Gk. (ntojvis, aivoumKrj, a red earth
337 • found in Cappadocia, and imported from
Sincere. (F. L.) —
O. F. sincere. L, —
Sinope, on the Black Sea,
sincerus , pure, sincere. Der. sincerity Sinus, a bend, fold, &c. (L.) L. sinus,
,

a bosom, bend, bay, fold. Now only used

from M. F. sincerity, from L. acc. s inter -
til tern. in anatomy, and, in the form sine in ,

Sinciput. (L.) The fore part of the mathematics. Der. sinuous L. sinudsus,
head; lit. half head.* — L. sinciput, half full of curves.
‘

the head. — L. semi-, half; and caput see Sip, vb. (E.) M. K. sippen. It answers
;

Semi- and Capital. Brugm. i. § 121. to A. S. sypian , to absorb moisture, a causal

Sinder, the true spelling of Cinder, form allied to A. S. supan , to sup. See
q. v. Sup. In the E. Flics, sippen, to sip,
Sine. (L.) V rom L. sinus , a bosom, M. Du. sippen to sip, Norw. sipla, to sip,
a fold, a curve; peculiarly used. See the i suggests a connexion with Low G.
Sinus. sipen to drip ; but cf. E. Fries, siipken,
,

Sinecure. (L.) For sine turd, without to sip, Swed. dial, syppa to drink. Der. ,

cure of souls ; hence, an office without sip, sb.

work. Siphon. (F.~L.~Gk.) F. siphon. — L.
Sinew. (K.) M. E. sincwc. A. S. sinu siphone ncc. of siphd, a siphon, bent pipe m ,

(dat. sinwe), seonu,^ l)u. zenuw ; Dan. for drawing offliquids. — Gk. oigow, a small
sene ; Swed. sena G. sc hue also Icel. sin
; ;
pipe or reed. .

Perhaps allied to Skt. sniva(s a tendon. Sippet, a little sop. (E.) Dimin. of sop,
Sing. (E.) A.S. singau, orig. to sing, with vowt 1-change (fiom Teut. u to y >f).
resound; pt. t. sang, pp. sungen. See See Sop.
Song; and see singe. +
Du. zingen ; Sir, Sire. (F. — L.) .S*>is short for
Teel, Dan. synge Swed. sjunga sire. — F. sire, sir. — L. senior older, elder
syngja ; ; ;
.

Goth, siggwan (for *singican) ; G. singen. (the word seignior being liom the acc.
singe, to scorch. (K.) For senge senidrem). Sire is a variant of O. F. sen re
;

M. E. sengen. A. S. sengan , to singe ; lit. <L, senior (see Schwan).

1
to make to sing,’ from the hissing of a Sirdar, a commander. (Pers.) Pers.
burning log, &c. Causal of singan , to sarddr a chief -p-l’ers. sar, head (cf. Gk. ,

sing (above), +
Du. zengen G. sengen , Kafxx ) ; -ddr, possessing, holding.
,

causal verbs, similarly formed. Siren. (L. — Gk.) L.siren. — Gk.o’ctpijv,

Single. (L,) L. singulus, single, sepa- a nymph who enticed seamen to destruc-
rate, mPlautus and in late Latin; in tion by her magic song.
classical Latin, we have only singulT, pi., Sirloin, Surloin. (F.-L.) M.E sur -
one by one. Allied to Simple, q. v. loyn; XV cent. — O. F. surlonge (14th
Brugm, i. § 441. ff M.E. and O. K. seng/e. cent.), the surloin. — F. sur upon, ,
above
Singular. (F.-L.) M.E ,singuler,-* (from L. super) longe, loin; see Loin.
;

F. singulier, — L. singuldris , single. — L. The story about turning the loin into
singull, pi., one by one (above). sir-loin by knighting it is mere trash.
Sinister. (L.) L. sinister, on the left Sirname, for Surname, q- v.
hand, inauspicious. SirOOCO, a hot wind. (Ital. — Arab.)

Sink. (E.) Properly intransitive [the I tab sirocco, south-east wind. ** Arab, sharq
transitive form should rather end in -eh; ef. east (X)evic). See Saracen.
drench from drink], — A. S. sincan , Sirrah. (Prov. — L.) Sirra (Minsbcu)*-
487
 , ; 1 ;
;; ; ;

SIR-REVERENCE SKERRY
terrha (Levins). contemptuous pro- A Size ( 0 ,
an allowance of food; also
nunciation of the F. sire by the men of magnitude. (F. — L.) Short for assize ;

Provence, who called it sira.+» O. F. sire, see Assize (1).

Prov. sira, sir. — I.. senior ; see Sir. Size (2), weak glue. (Ital. — L.) Ital.
7
Sir-reverence. (L.) Short for save- sisa>
1
syse or glew Florio. Short for
reverence a translation of L. sahid reuer- assisa , size. So
called from making colours
tntia, i. e. reverence to you being preserved, lie flat. —
M. Ital. assisare , ‘to sute [suit]
or, by your leave. — L. salud, abl. fern, well ; * Florio. —
Ital. assiso, pp. of assidere ,

of saluuSy safe; and reuerentid, abl. of to sit; also, to situate. L. assidere , lit. —
reuerentia . to sit near. — I.. as - (for ad), near; sedere ,

Sirup ;
see Syrup. to sit. See Sit.
Siskin, a song-bird. (Low G.~ Sla- Skain, Skene, Skean, Skein, a
vonic.) Low
G. desks ziseke a siskin dagger, knife. (Irish.) Irish and Gael.
, ,

Du. sijsje, where the dimin. suffix ~je sgiatiy a knife; O. Irish scTan ; \V. ysgien,
answers to an older suffix -ken so that a cutting instrument. Cf. W. ysgi, a
j

sijsje implies an older form sijsken. Cf. cutting off; Gk. ax ^ (iv to slit. >

1 )an. sisgen, a siskin Swed. siska. Of Skate (1), a large flat fish. (Scand.)
;

Slavonic origin. — Polish czyzik dimin. ,

M.E. scale. — Icel. skata\ Norw. skata.
form of czyz, a siskin; Sloven. chizhck] Cf. L. squdtuSy a skate (Pliny) ;
also Irish
Russ. chij\ See Miklosich, p. 36. sgaty a skate (from E.)
Sister. (E.) A. 8. sweostor , sums ter Skate (2), a frame with a
Scate,
M K suste r affc cte d by I cel sysiir.+Du.
. . . steel blade, for sliding ice. (Du. — F.— on
zuster ;
Iccl. syslir, Swed. syster, Dan. Low G.) Properly skates the s being
sostcr, Goth. swislar; ( .si/i westet . Further dropped because skates looked like a pb
allied to I., soror (for *swesor) ; O. Ir. siur, form. [Cf. scutches (another form of
W. chwaer, Lith. sesii ; Ski. svasar skateses , pb, but usually meaning ‘ stilts’). ]

Brugm. ii. § 122. Der. t ousin q. v. ,

— Du. st Jiaatsaiy skates, a pb form, from a
Sit. (E.) A. S. sittan, pt. t. see/, pp. sing. schaaiSy whence schaatsryder, a skate-
seten. +Du. zitten ; lcel. sitja ;
M. Du. skaelsen , pb
Dan. snide] rider, skater (Sewel) ;

Swed. sitta ; G. F. escache , Picard form of O.F.

sitzen. Tent. type *sctjan-, - O. North.
pt. t. *sat pp. *selanoz.
,
Further allied to cschace , a stilt (12th cent.); whence F.
( loth, sit an W. seddu; I.. sedere Gk. ddiasse. [So also M. Du. kaetsen , lit. ‘ to
; ;

c£o/iai, I sit; Skt. sad. See Sedentary. catch * from Picard cacher, for O. F. ;

(^SED.) Der. set. chacer.] — Low G. schake a shank, leg. ,

Site. (F. - L.) F. site M. F. sit. - L. Thus scalches or skates are shanks/ contri-
;
*

situm, acc. of situs, a site, ])lacc. — L. situs , vances for lengthening the stride ; cf. F.
]»p. oisinere, to let, suffer, permit; the orig. Massey a stilt, as above.
sense seems to have been to place. Hence Skein, Skain, a knot (or quantity) of
Position, q. v. But see Brugm. i. § 920. thread or silk. (F. — C. ?) M. E. skeyne,
Sith, since. (E.) Short for M. E. sithen] a quantity of yarn. M. F. escaigne ‘a — ,

sec Since. skain/ Cot.; F. league. Perhaps of Celtic

Situate. (L ) Late L. situdtus pp. of origin ; cf. Gael, sgeinnidh , flax, thread ,

situdre, to place. — L. situ-, for situs , a (unless this is from E.). Der. (probably)
place. See Site. skainsmatesy companions (Shak.), as if as-
Six. (E.) A.S. j/r.+Icel., Dan., and sociated in winding yarn but cf. Skain. ;

Swed. sex ; G. seeks Goth, sai/is; Russ. ; Skeleton. (Gk.) Gk. o'/ccAcrdi', a
sheste W. chwceh ; Gael, and Irish jv dried body neut. of <tk(\€t6 s, dried. — Gk.
; ;

L. .rr.r; Gk. t£; Lith. szeszi ; Pers. shash OKtWtiVy to dry, parch. ;

Skt. shash. See Brugm. ii. § 170. Der. Skellum, a cheat. (Du.) See Nares.
six-th, M.E. sixte, A.S. six-ta six-ty , Du. schelm a rogue, villain ; the Du. sch
; ,

A. S. sixtig. Sec Sexagenarian. being rendered (as in landscape) by sk = sc.

Sizar, a student admitted at lower fees, +G. schelm O. II. G. scelmo, a pestilence, ;

at Cambridge, than a pensioner. (F. — L.) carrion, worthless rogue.

Named from size, formerly a farthingV Skeptic; see Sceptic.
worth of bread or drink (Blount). Size is Skerry, a rock surrounded by sea.
short for assize , an allowance of provisions; (Scand.) From Iccl. sker, a skerry; see
see Assize (1). See below'. Scar (2).
488
 , . , , , — .

SKETCH SKITTISH
Sketch. (Du. — Ital. — L.— Gk.) Du. I a thin film on milk K. Flics, schutneu to
; ,

sckets, a draught, sketch. — Ital. schizzo, a skim.

first rough draught. — L. scheJittm a thing , Skin. (S&tnd.) Iccl. skin flawed. Uinn,
made hastily; from schedins adj., hastily ,
Dan skind skin. Cf. Cl. schindcn to skin,
,

made. — Gk. <rx<5ioy, sudden; allied to fiayalso \V. cen, skin, ysgeti, dandrifi.
;

near from the base;

t° hold. Skink, to serve out wine. (Scand.)
Allied to Scheme. M. E. skenken [also sc hat ken, from A. S.
;

Skew. (O. Low G.) M. E. sknuen ,

sccncan , to pour out; orig. to draw off
verb, to turn aside. — M. Du. schttwen, through a pipe from A.S. scone, a shank,
;

schouxven , to avoid, shun Low G. ;

shank-bone, hollow bone (hence, a pipe)].
schuwen schonen , to avoid. -4- O. II. G.
,
— Icel. skenkja Dan. skienke. ,
Du. +
sciuhen, G. schcuen, to avoid; from schen, sc hen ken, G. st In nken, to skink. Teut.
adj., i»iiy. Thus to skeiv is to turn aside, type *skankjan - from * skunk-, a shank,
;

like a shying horse, derived from

and is pipe of bone. See Nunchion.
the adj. appearing in E. shy. See Shy. Skip, ( Scand J M.K. skifpen also ;

Der. aske ?v, i. e. on the skew. shepptn (Cursor Mundi). Cf. Swed. dial.
Skewbald, piebald. (O. Low G. and skopa , to skip, leap (as animals), to dance ;

C.) Marked in a skew or irregular man- M. Swed. skuppa , skoppa Riet? Icel. , ;

ner see Bald. Cf. pie-bald.

;
find, We skoppa to spin like a top And cf. M. 1 1. G
,

however, M. E. skewed, pie-bald perhaps ;

senfiten ,to gallop. (The E. i L for y,
from M. E. skewes (blotches?), used as the mutation of u.) Cf. Mid. Dan. skohe, to
pi. of sky, a cloud. If so, there is no con- dance, to skip.
nexion with Skew (above). Skipper. (Du.) Du. schipper a ma- ,

Skewer. (Doubtful.) Formerly skitcr liner. — Du. setup a ship; cognate with E.
,

(a. d. i 4 i i ) Etym. unknown. Prov. ^ ship\ see Ship.

E. skiver a skewer, is the Scand. form Skirmish. (F.-O. II. G.) Also spelt
answering to E. shiver, a small piece cf. ;
scrimmage. M.K. scarmishe, sb from ,

Dan. dial, skivrt small sticks for fuel, searmishen, vb. — O. E. eskermiss - astern ,

See Shiver ( 2 ),
of cskermir, to fence, fight. [Cf. M. F. cs-
Orig. a thin slip of carmouche, a skirmish, bickering ;’ Cot.]
1
Skid. (Scand.)
wood, to put under awheel. — Norw. skida, — O. II. G. skerman to defend, light, also ,

a thin plank; cf. Icel. skid' a billet of scirman. — O. II. G. scirm (G. schitm ),
wood; see Shide. a shield, screen, shelter, guaid, defence.
Skiff. (F. — Ital. — G.) M. F. esquif, *a To skirmish is, properly, to fight behind
skiffe; Cot. -Ital. schifo. — M. H. G .skip, cover, hence to advance, under shelter, to
G. schiffi, a ship ; see Ship. fight, p. Note also O. F. cskertnisor, cs -
Skill, discernment, tact. (Scand.) M.K . cremisseor, a fencer; esn emissement,
I

skily often in the sense of ‘ reason.' — Icel. fencing.

ski/, a distinction ; cf. skilja, to part, sepa- Skirr, Sciir, to scour a country. (F.
rate, distinguish Dan. skiei, Swed. skal, — L.) Valiants of Scour ( 2 ). Cf. M.K.
;

reason Dan. skille , Swed. skit; a, to sepa- sewrour a scout.

; ,

rate. Allied to Lith.ske/tt , to cleave; Swed. Skirret, the water- parsnip. 'Scand.)
ska/a, to peel. From Teut. root *skel ; see M. E. skirwit older form ski? whit. As if ;

Scale ( 1 ). Der. skill, vb., as in phr. * it ‘ sheer white,’ from the colour of the loot;
skills not/ i. e. makes no difference from from Icel. skirr, sheer, bright; hvitr, white.
;

Icel. skilja, often used impersonally, with Prob. a popular form, and perverted from
the sense 'it differs.’ O. F. eschervis M. F. chervi), a skiiret.
Skillet, a small (Scand.) For- Span, chirivia. — Arab, karawla, kanuia ;
pot.
merly skellet. A dimin., with
F. suffix - et whence also Carraway. ,

of M. E. skele (prov. E. skeel), a milk- Skirt. (Scand.) M.K. skyrt, — Icel.

pail; Cath. Angl.-Icel. skjdla, a pail, skyrta, a shirt, kind of kirtle see Shirt, ;,

bucket. A doublet of shirt, but restricted to the

Skim, to take off scum. (Scand.) Dan. lower part of a garment.
skumme , Swed. skumma, to skim ; from Skittish. (Scand.) From Lowl. Scotch
skum, scum. The PL verb preserves an skit, to flounce, caper about. This is a
old vowel-change from u to y , later i; cf. secondary verb, of Scand. origin, from the
fill from fiull. And cf. Dan. dial, skimmcl, verb to shoot. — Swed. dial, skutta, skotta,

489
 , , ; , , , , , , ,

SKITTLES SLAP
to leap about; cf. *skut, weak grade of lap up. Of imitative origin •
cf. slobber ,

Swed. skjuta, to shoot. 2. Note Swed. slubber. See Slaver.

skytt y Icel. skyti, a marksman whence ; Slack. (E.) M. E. slak A.S. shoe,
the verb to skit in the sense to aim at or sleac, slack, slow.+Icel. slakr; Swed. Dan.
reflect upon a person, and the sb. skit ,
slak ;
prov. G. schlak , slack, loose. Teut.
an oblique taunt. See Shoot. type *slakos. Orig. sense fluid see * ’
;

skittles, a game. (Scand.) Formerly below Allied to Lax; Brugm. i. § 193.

skittle-pins so called because shot at by
; Slag, dross, scoria. (Swed.) Swed.
a skittle or projectile. — Dan, skyttel a slagg, dross of metal so called from flow- ;

shuttle Icel. skutill a projectile, harpoon, ing over when fused; Norw. slagga, to
; ,

bolt of a door. Cf. Icel. skut- weak grade flow over. Cf. Icel. slagna to flow over,
f ,

of skjota, to shoot see Shoot. ;

slag, slagiy wet, damp, water penetrating
Skua, a gull, bird. (Scand.) Icel. skufr, walls. It is a variant of slack, as seen
skiimr the skua, or brown gull.
,
Prob. by G. schlacke, dross, slacks, sediment/ 1

from the colour. Cf. Icel. skiimi dusk Fliigel schlackcrn , to trickle, sch lack, , ; ;

Swed. and Norweg. shunt, dusky, dull (of slack, drossy, sloppy; Low G. slakke f

the weather), dusky (in colour) ; cf. Sky. slag.

Skulk • see Sculk. Slake, to slacken, quench, wet (h.)
Skull ;
see Scull. A. S. slaciatty to grow slack ;
cf. prov. K.
Skunk,a quadruped. (N. American sleek, to quench, A. S. sleetan, to grow
Indian.) Said to be from the Abenaki slack (hence, to make slack, slacken).—
segongw, a skunk this is a dialect of ;
A. S .sleac, slack ; see Slack. 4* I cel. slokva
Algonquin (Lower Canada .
(pp. slokinn), to slake; Swed. shicka , to
Sky. (Scand.) M. K. skye a cloud.— ,
quench, allay, slake, from slak adj.
Icel. sky a cloud Dan. Swed. sky a cloud.
, ; , Slade, a valley. (10.) M. E. sladKe\
Allied to A. S. sceo O. Sax. scio, a cloud , ;
A.S. shed, -f Westphal. slack, a ravine;
A. S. scucl, shade; Skt. skit to cover. ,
Dan. dial, slade a flat piece of land.
(
4/SKEU.) Slag, Slake ; sec Slack.
Slab a thin slip of timber or stone.
(i), Slam. (Scand.) Norweg. slernba, slem-
(F. —Teut.) M. E. slab slabbe. Ap- ,
ma, to smack, bang, slam a door; Swed.
parently a weakened form of prov. E. slap . dial, slant nta to push hastily; Icel. slamra,
,

a slab (Halliwcll). — O. F. esc tape , ‘ «£clat to slam. Cf. Swed. slantmer, a noise.
de menues csclapes de bois,’ i. e. thin Allied to Slap. Of imitative origin.
slabs of wood Godefroy. Prob. of Teut.
; Slander, scandal. (F. -L.-Gk.) M.E.
origin. (Wedgwood cites Languedoc *
sclandre , sclaundre. — O. F. esclandre scan-
esclapa , to split wood, bos esclapa , split dal. The oldest O. F. form was escandle,
logs, esclapo, a slab of wood or stone.*) whence escand? e, and finally esclandre , with
C f. Ital. schiappare, to split. Perhaps from inserted /. It is merely another form of
the prefix es- (I ex ) , and Low G. klappen , Scandal, q. v.
to clap, make an explosive sound. (Kur- Slang, vulgar language. (Scand.) Nor-
ils, § 5453 *) weg slengy a slinging, a device, a burthen
Slab (2), slimy. (Scand.) The same as of a song, slcngja , to sling, slengja kjeften
M. Dan. slab slippety; also, mire. Prov. to slang, abuse (lit. Do sling the jaw’),
E. slab, a puddle ;
cf. Norw. slabb, filth ;
slengjenamn a slang-name, slengjeord, a
Irish slab , slaib, Gael. slaib, mire, mud. slang word, insulting word. All from
Also M. E. slabbe n, to wallow; E. Fries. slengja to sling, causal form from the 2nd
,

slabben Du. slabben to lap up; Swed.

, y grade of the Icel. slyngva , to sling. See
dial, slabba , to splash, to soil. And see Sling.
Slabber below. Slant, to slope. (Scand ) M. E. slenten,
Slabber, to slaver. (K.) M. E. slaberen, to slope, glide. — Swed. dial, slenta, slanta ,

frequent, of M.
slabben , to wallow E. causal of slinta (pt. t. slant), to slide, slip
(above). +E. Fries, slabbern to lap, sup, ,
with the foot Sw ed. slinta, to slip, glance
;

or lick up ; Low G. slabbern, stubborn, aside. The E. adj. slant sloping, an-
to slabber, lap, sip, frequent, of slabben ,
swers to Swed. dial, slant, slippery. Der.
to lap ; G. schlabbern , schlabben to lap, to ,
aslant i. e. on the slant .

slabber. Cf. prov. E. slap , to lick up food, Slap. (E.) M. E. slappe a smart blow , ;

eat quickly ; Dan. dial, slabbe slappe , to ,

an imitative word ; allied to Slam.-fLow
490
 , , , , , , , ,, , ; ,;

SLASH SLEEP
G. slapp, sound of a blow, a slap; G. slabbern, to slabber. See Slabber. Der.
scklapp, inteij., slap! schlappe, sb., a slaver, sb., from Icel. slafr, slefa, slaver.
slap, schlappen , to slap. Der. slap-bang , Slay (1), to kill. (E.) The form slay\i>
violently slap-dash, off band.
;
due to the pp. slai-n else, the infin. would ;

—
Slash. (F. Teut.) [Lowl. Sc. slash to have been she. Orig. to smite, M.K.
work in wet, is from Swed. slaska, Dan. sleen.-m A.S. slean (contracted foim of
slaske, to dabble in water.] The sense * to *slahan ), to smite, ] t. t sloh, pp. sicgen
cut * appears in 4 slish and slash,' i. e. much (v\ hence M. E. slein, K. slain). +Vu. slaan ;

cutting; Tam. Sh:ew, ii\ 3. 90. — O. F. Icel. s/d Dan. slaae Swed. s/8 Cioth.
; ; ;

esclachier to break in pieces. O. K. es~ — slahan ; G. schlagen. Teut. type *slah-

(L. ex), very; and Teut. type *klakjan, an - cf. O. Irish slig-im I strike.
; ,

M. H. G. kleckm, to break with a clack ; slay (2), sley, a weaver's reed. (K.)
of. F. claque a clack, M. If. G. klac.
,
A. S. slalnc see sleahe in A, S. Diet.
; ;

(Korting, § 4541.) orig. form *shege, gen. ^slagan ; Camb.

(F. — Teut.)
r

Slat, a thin bar of wood. Phil. l rnns. 1899, p. 139 (231 ). So called
M. E. slat, a. slate; see below. Hardly from striking the web together. — A. S.
from Gael, and Iiish slat a rod, twig; , slean (<* slahan), to strike; see Slay
though these are related to lath. (n.
Slate (1), a flake of stone. (F. Teut.) — Sleave, Sleave-silk, soft floss silk.
—
M. E. slat , setat. O. F. cm tat, a splinter, (Low G.) 4
Ravelled sleave,* i.e. tangled
slice of wood, &c. (hence, a thin slice of loose silk. Cf. Dan. dial, sieve a knot, ,

slate). — O. F. csclater to split, burst, twist, tangle (in thread). - E. Fries, stove,
shiver. This answers to a I,ate L. type slb/e, a bow-knot, a noose G. dial. ;

*exclapitare to break with a clap ; from schlaufe (G. schleife). From Slip.
L. ex, ami Low G. klapp, a clap, loud Sled, a sledge. (Du.) M. E. slede -
noise. (Editing, § 4543.) The a in M. Du. sltdde (Du. slede). Icel. sledi, +
state was orig. short. Dan. slade, Swed.
a sledge; G. slede,
Slate 2), to bait, ridicule, criticise schlittcn, a sledge. From the weak grade
sharply, abuse. (E.) M. E. sleten ; A.S. of the verb to slide; see Slide.
slletan, to bait, set dogs on (an animal); sledge. (Du.) This is a corrupt form ;

causal vb. from slitan, to slit, tear, rend ; apparenQy due to sleds, pi. of sled.
see Slit. Sledge-hammer. (E.) redupli- A
Slattern, an untidy woman. (Scand.) cated form ; a sledge means a hammer/ — 4

From prov. E. slat ter, to waste, to be un- A. S. slccg, dat. slci^e, a heavy hammer,
tidy, to throw about ; frequent, of slat to smiter. For Teut. type *slag-jd, fem.
dash or throw about. — Icel. slctta to slap, from *s/ag, for *slah, base of A. S. slean,
dab, dash liquids about ; Norweg. sletta, to to smite. -f l)u. slegge, slei, Swed. sldgga,
fling about, jerk Icel. sletta sb., a dab,
; ,
Icel. sleggja a sledge or heavy
, hammer.
spot of ink. Allied to which are Dan. See Slay (i).
slat a slop ; slat, slattcn, slattet loose, Sleek, Slick, smooth, glossy. (E.)
flabby ; slattes, to become slack ; slatte ,
M. E. siike. + Icel. slikr, sleek, smooth.
a slattern ;
Low G. slatje a slattern. Allied to Du. shjk. North Fries, slick, E.
Slut is quite distinct. fries, silk, slime; G. sehlick, grease; cf.
Slaughter, sb. (Scand.) M. E. s Lighter. the Low G. strong v erb s liken (pt. t. sleek
— Icel. sldtr, slaughter, w hence slatra to pp. sicken
'
— G. schleiclien (pt. t. schlich ), to
slaughter cattle; cf. Noreen, § 224. The slink, crawl, move as ii through mire; see
A. S. word is -sleaht, whence M. E. slaught . Slink. The Teut. type of the verb is
+Du. Swed. G. schlacht (Teut. type *sleikan pt. t.
slagt, *slatk,\^. *slikanoz Orig. .

* slab -fa). All from A slah , the base of sense 4 greasy/ like soft mud.
Slay, q. v. Sleep, vb. sldpan slepatt,
(E.'i A. S. ,

Slave. (F.— L — Gk. — Slavonic.) F. pt. t. Goth, slepan G.

slep.+Y)\\. slapen ;

esc lave. — Late L. sclavus, a Slavonian schlafen, to sleep. The sb. is A. slap, &
captive, a slave. — Late Gk. t 'Ea/e\a$^pos, Du. staap, Goth, steps, G. schlaf, O. H. G.
diowsiness; allied to Low G.
*
the same. The origin of Slavon-ian is slaf, orig. *

unknown Miklosich, p. 308.

;
slapp G. schlaff, lax, loose, flabby, unbent,
,

Slaver, to slabber. (Scand.) Icel. relaxed (as in sleep). Teut type *$ldpon~,
slafra, to slaver; cognate with Low G. redupl. vb. Allied to L. Idbi, to glide;
 , , , , , , , , ;,, ; , ;;

SLEEPER SLIT
Russ, slabuii , weak, slack. Cf. E. sleepy, O. II. G. siFtan, to slide,
G. schlitten a
i. e. inactive. sledge. Also Lith. slidus slippery.
sleeper, a block of wood under rails ;
Slight, adj. (O. Low G.) M. L. slight ,

from the vb. above. ( E.) Cf. F. dormant a orig. senseeven or flat then plain, smooth, ;

sleeper; from dormir, to sleep. simple, trivial, &c. — M. Du. sllcht y even,
Sleet. (K.) M. 1 C. sleet. From O. plain, slccht , slight, simple, vile; cf.
Merc. *stete, A. S. *slyte, not found. Cf. K. slickten, ‘ to slight, to make even or plaine,*
Fries, slaite, hail Low G. stolen pi. hail- ; ,
Hexham ; O. LowG. slight even, simple,
stones (Liibben); G. schlosse hailstone. ,
had. <4- Icel. smooth, tiivial
slettr, flat,

From Tent, type * slant i - ; orig. sense un- Dan. Swed. slat smooth,
slet , level, bad ; ,

known. Dan. slud, sleel.

Cf. also Norw. worthless, slight Goth, slaihts, smooth ; ;

sletta, sleet, seems to be unrelated. G. schlecht bad, schlicht smooth, plain,

, ,

Sleeve. (E.) O. Merc, sic/, a sleeve ;

homely; O. II. G. sleht, smooth. Teut.
A. S. Du. sieve, a sleeve; N. type *slehtoz, smooth. Root unknown.
Fries, slief cf. M. Du. sloove, a veil, cover
; ; Slim. (Du.) Orig. sense 1 oblique ; ’

Du. sloof, an apron Low G. shave, a husk, ;

thence weak, poor, thm, bad, slight ; prov.
shell. From Teut. root *slcub variant form ;
E. slim, crafty. — M. Du. slim, awry, crafty.
oi*slcup, whence M. II. G. sloufe, a cover, + G. sehlimm , bad, cunning; M. II. G.
allied to M. FI. G. sloufen to let slip, cover, slimp , ,
oblique, slanting, awry Dan. Swed. ;

Cf. Goth, sliupan ^pt. slaup, pp. slu - t. stem, woithlcss; Icel. slcemr, vile.
pans), to slip, creep into. It is thus allied Slime. ( 1C.) A. S. j/7>//.+ Du. slijm ;

to slip, from the slipping of the sleeve on Icel. slim; Swed. stem; Dan. sliim G.
and off, in dressing and undressing. See schleim, Cf. L. limits, mud.
Slip, and Slop (2). Sling, vb. (Scand.) From Icel. slytiqva,
Sleigh. (Du.) An ill-spelt word ;
slongva , to sling, throw, pp. slunginn
there is no final guttural. — Du. she, short Swed. slinga, totwLt; O.lLQ.sJilin-
cf.

for slede, a sledge; cf. Du.

gan, to wind, twist, sleckocts, for sling, Du. slingeren,
sledekoets. a sledge -coach.’ Cf. Norw.
lit. ‘
to toss, sling. Teut. type * slengiuan -;
she, for slede a sledge see Slod. pt. t. *slang
; *(f A. S. slingan (rare), to .

Sleight, dexterity. (Scand.) For creep, seems to be a variant ot slincan .

sleigh th M. E. sleighthe. — Icel. slcegS, sly- See below.

;
Dor. sling sb. slang, q. v. ;

ness, cunning. — Icel. shegr, sly. So also Slink. (E.) A. S. slincan, to creep;
Swed. slojd, dexterity, from slog dexterous, nasalised foim of A. S. *slican (not found \
,

Sec Sly, Sloid. which is cognate with Low G. silken, to

Slender, thin, feci )le. (F. — O. LowG.) creep (pt. t. sleek, pp. sleken ), and G.
M. IC. sdendre slendrc. — O. F. esclcndre, sMeichen to creep (pt. t. ftV///V//j.+Swed.
, ,

‘
sklendre Palsgiave, p. 323.— M. I)u.
;
*
dial. slinka(\A. 1. slank)\ cf. Lith. slink(i,ta
s Under, slender, thin ; as sb., a water- creep. Allied to Sleek ;
also to Sling,
snake, named from its gliding or trailing. Slip. (E.) A weak verb due to the ;

— M. Du. slinderen, also slidderen, to drag, weak grade of A. S. * slipan cf. A. S. slip-
train along, trail; Low G. s Undent, to or, slipig, -f- Du. slipper, Swed.
slippery,
slide on the ice 'whence Low G. slender ,
slippa G. slipfan to slip, weak
O. II. ,

a trailing gown). Nasalised forms from verbs allied to Du. slijpen G. schleifen,
;

the verb to slide. Cf. O. II. G. s/intan in to grind smooth, whet, polish. We also
Schade. find A. S. slftpan, pt. t. sicap, pp. slopen ;
Sleuth-hound, a slot-hound; see cf. Goth, sliupan, pt. t. slaup, pp. slupans.
Slot (2). to slip or creep into. Teut. types *sleipan-
Slice, sb. (F.-O. II. G.) M. E. slice, and *slcupan -. The latter is allied to L.
sclice. —
O. F. esclice a splinter, shiver, , slippery ; see Lubricate. Cf.
lit brie its,
piece of split wood. — (). F. esiltcir to slit llrugm. i. § § 553, 563. Der. slipp-er, a
(whence E. slice, vb.). — O. IF. G. *slitjan, loose shoe easily slipped on; slipper-y,
st lizati , slizait , to slit,
slizzen , related to from A. S. slipor slippery, with added -y.
shiver (whence O. F. esclier, to shiver), And see sleeve , sloop.
cognate with E. slit; see Slit. Slit. (E.) M. E. slitten, weak verb;
Slick; see Sleek. from the weak grade of sliten, strong verb.
Slide, vb. (E.) A. S. slidan pt. t. sldtl, — A. S. slttan, to slit, rend pt t. slat, pp. ;

pp. sliden. Cf. also A. S. slidor, slippery ; sliten. +Icel. slita, Swed. slita, Dan. slide,

49 *
 , , , - , , - , , ;

SLIVER SLOW
to rend ;
Du. slijten, to wear out O. II. CL ;
!
O. Fries, and Du. slot a lock, fastening.— ,

sllzan, G. sc hie is sen, to slit, whence schlit Du. (Teut. *s/ui-) f weak grade of
slot -
zcn, to slice. Teut. type *sleitan-, pt. t. sluiten, to shut; so also Low G. slot, a
*slait. Der. slice. bar, from slttten to shut; G. schloss,
Sliver, a splinter, twig. (E.) M. E. a lock, a castle. We
find also Swed. sluta ,

sliver, dimin. of prov. K. slive, a slice, G. schilessen, O. II. G. sliozan to shut; ,

chip ; from M, E. sliuen {s liven ) to cleave. ,

allied to O. Fries, sluta, also skluta to ,

— A. S. -sllfan, to cleave, pt. t. -sldf\ in shut ; and hence to 1 .. claudere to shut ,

tariffan. A
parallel form to A. S. shtan , see Clause. (y'SKLEUD.) Slot, a f
pi. t. slat ; see Slit. narrow depression or aperture, may be
Slobber, Slubber, to do carelessly, from Du. shot, a trench, a furrow.
to Scand .)
sully. Dan. shtbbre, to
\ Slot (2', track of a dew. (O. F. —
slabber; Swed. dial, slubbra to slubber, ,
Scand.) O. E. escht, track, trace. — Iccl.
slobber, be disorderly, frequent, of Swed. slob, a track, trad (whence, immediately,
dial, slubba, to mix liquids carelessly, to M. E. sloth, sleuth a track, E. sleuth- ,

be careless. (_f. also l)u. slobberen , to hound) Swed. dial, s/o, a track.
;

sup up; Low G. slubbem , to lap, sip. Sloth. (E.) Lit. ‘slowness.* For
Allied to blabber. * slow-th directly fiom the adj. slow. See
Sloe. (E.) M.E. s/o. A. S. s/d, slab, Slow. *[[ The M. E. word was slewth,
pi. s/an. + l)u. sice, M. I)u. s/eeu\ Dan. from A. S. sldwb, sloth; Tent, type
* slaiwipd
daaen; Swed. sldn G. ; s chic he, pi. silile- Der. sloth, an animal (trans-
.

hen (). 11 G. sic ha.

; . lating Span, ferezoso, slothful, a sloth)
Slogan, war-cry. Gael, sluagh-
(Gael.) slothful.
ghairm, the signal lit. ‘ cry of
for battle, Slouch, to have a clownish look or
the host.’ — Gael. (and Iiish) sluagh host, ,
gait. (E.) Cf. slouch , sb., a great lub-
army (W. Hit) ;
gairm ,
outcry, gainn ,
to beily fellow (Phillips). —
(). E. es/oucher,

cry out ;
cf. Irish gairm, W. garni outcry, eslochier , to be loose in the jo.nt, to waver.
O. Irish gair, \V. gazur, outcry, L.gam re, — O. E. es (L. ex\, out, away; lochier
to prate. Slughorn.Cf. (E. tocher), to shake, to be loose, prob. from
Sloid, manual dexterity. (Swed.) Eng- M. II. G. luckc, G. locker, loose. Perhaps
lished from Swed. slo/d see Sleight. affected by Norw. sloka, to go slowly and
;

Sloop, a ship. (i)u.-Low G.) Du. heavily, Swed. sloka, to droop.

sloep, M. Du. sloepe a sloop. — Low G. Slough (1), a muddy pool, mire. (E.)
sluup, slupc, a sloop; whence (apparently) M. E. slogh, slough. A.S. sloh (stem slog-),
the (). E. chaloups a shallop see Shallop. a slough. Hardly allied to Irish slugpholl,
, ;

Perhaps from Low G. slupen, to glide, awhnlpool; slugaim, I swallow up; Gael.
oiig. to slip. See Slip. slugan, a gulf, liom sluig, to swallow up.
Slop (i), a puddle. Rather, to Bavar. schlung, a chasm.
E. sloppe (E.) M. ,

a pool. — A. S. the sloppy

- sloppe
Slough (2*, the cast skin of a snake,
,
- slyppe

droppings of a cow, as in ni-sloppe (cow- &c the dead part which separates from ;

slip) ; also A. S. slyppe, a viscid substance.a sore. (E.) Pronounced sluf. M. E.

9
( >rig. sense something slippery ; cf. Icel.
‘ slouh, slughe slou)e, skin of a snake. ,

slop, slimy offal of fish. See further below. The corresponding word appears in Swed.
Slop (2), a loose garment. (E.) M.E. dialects as slug (Rietz), which is prob.
sloppe. A. S. - slop -slype, in comp, ofer- allied to G. schlauch M. II. G. sluch , a
,

slop ofer-slype, an upper garment.

,
From skin, bag.
A. S. slop - (Teut. *slup -), weaker grade of Sloven. (Du.) M. E. sloveyn. — M. Du.
slupan to slip; because the outer garment slop] sloef, a sloven ; with M. E. suffix -ein
,

is easily slipped on. So also Du. slop, a ( F. -am, L. -anus). Cf. Du. slof, care-
gap in a hedge to slip through ; prov. E. less; slof, sb., neglect, an old slipper;
sloppy, loose. +
Icel. sloppr, a slop, long sloffen, to neglect, to go slipshod. So also
loose gown. Compare Sleeve. Low G. sluf, slovenly ; skiffen, to be care-
Slope, an incline. (E.) M. E. slope less; E. Fries, sluf sluffe , a sloven; ; \

a slope, on the slope, ready to slip. From stiffen to be careless.

the weak grade (slop-) of A. S. slupan, Slow. (E) A.S. slaw, slow. -f“ Du.
to slip. See above. sleeuw, Icel. star, sljdr ; Dan. slov Swed. ,

Slot (1), a bolt of a door, bar. (Du.) s/d, blunt, dull ; O. Sax. sleu ; O. H. G. slio.
 , , , ;; , , ; ;;
,
.

$ LOW-WORM SMALL
Tewt type *slaiwaz ; allied to L. laeuus ,
schlump Of imitative origin cf. Norw.
.
;

Kuss. lievuiiy Gk. \<uus, left (of the hand). and Lowl. Sc. slump the noise made by
Slew-worm. (E.) In popular ety- an object falling into water. Cf. plump ,

mology, it is ‘a slow
but the true worm/ dump .

sense i3 * slay-worm/ the snake that strikes. Slur, to contaminate, pass over lightly
A. S. sld-wyrm ; where ski seems to be with slight notice. (M. Du.) The orig.
borrowed from Icel. sld to strike. This sense is to trail in mud, draggle ; hence,
is clearer from 8 wed. sld or orms l a to pass over slightingly. M. Du. sleurai, —
slow- worm, where or E. worm, and mm slooren, to drag, trail ; cf. sloorigh , 4 filthic/
4
std is striker/ from sidy to strike ; so also Hexham, and M. E. slor, mud; Du. sleuren ,

Norw. ormslo, a slow- worm, also called to trail. Also Low G. sltiren, sloren , to
slo, from slaa, to strike. draggle, Swed. dial, slow, to be negligent
Slubber ; see Slobber. Norw. slora, to be negligent, sully, sloda,
Sludge, soft, greasy mud. (E.) M. E. slda, to draggle, sloda, sloe, a trail ; E.
North Fries, slick E. Fries.
sluehe, s liehe. ,
Fries, sluren, sltiren, to go about carelessly
silky slime.+Du. slijk, prov. G. schlick and noisily. ,

grease ;
see Sleek. % The u is due to Slut. (Scand.) M. E. slutle. Cf. Icel.
confusion with E. dial, slud, wet mud of. ;
sloltr,a heavy, loglike fellow Swed. dial. ;

Du. siodder, a sloven. slata a slut, slater an idler; Dan. dial.

, ,

Slug, to be inactive. (Scand.) M. E. sloter a slovenly person

,
Norw. sloll, an ;

sitiggen vb., slugge, a sluggard. — Dan. idler. Also Icel. slola, to droop, Norw.
slug, weakened form of sink, appearing in sluta to droop allied to Dan. slat, slatten,
, ;

slugoret slukoret having drooping ears

, ,
loose, flabby. Cf. slot-, weak grade of
Swed. dial, slogga, to be sluggish ; cf. Norw. sletla (strong verb), to dangle,
Norw. sloka, to slouch, Swed. sioka, to drift, idle about (Aasen). p, From the
droop. Note also Low G. slukkern, sink - 2nd grade slat'J) we have Dan. slatte a ,

kern, to be loose, slukk, melancholy, slut,and slat loose see Slattern. Note ;

downcast Du. sluik, slender, thin. Der.

;
also Bavarian sehlotzen , schlutzen, a slut;
slugg'Ctrd,with F. suffix -ard ( — O. H. G. schlotzen , to be careless.
-hart, cognate with E. hard). Sly, cunning. (Scand.) M. E. sl/gh,
Slug-horn, a battle-cry. (C.) Igno- sleih, sleh. — Icel. shegr, sly, cunning;
rantly used by Chatterton and Browning Swed. handy, dexterous prob. allied
slog, ;

to mean a sort of horn but really Mid. ;

to Slay, Distinct from Swed. slug ;

Sc. slogorne, a corruption of slogan a ,

Dan. slug, slu; Du. sluw G. schlau
war-cry. See Slogan. Der. sleight.
Sluice, a flood-gate. (F. — L.) O. F. Smack (i), taste. (E.) M. E. smak,
tscluse ‘a sluce, lloudgatc;’ Cot. — Late
,
smack. A. S. smcec, taste, flavour; cf.
L. exclitsa, a flood-gate; lit. shut off smceccan, to taste. -J- M. Du. smaeck
(water) pp. of ex-cludcre, to shut out. —
;
Du. sj/iaak Dan. smag, Swed. smak
;

L. ex, out ; claudcre, to shut. CL geschmack, taste. Der. smack , vb., to

Slum; pL slums , dirty back streets. taste.
(E.) Cf. prov. E. slump, wet mire Low ; Smack (2), a sounding blow. (Scand.)
G. slam, mire (Liibben) ; Dan. and Swed. Confused with the word above, but per-
slam, G. scAla mm, mire. haps distinct; prob. of imitative oiigin.
Slumber, verb. (E.) The b is ex- — Swed. smacka, to smack, Swed. dial.
crescent. M. E. slumeren, frequent, of smakka, to throw down noisily smiikka ; ,

M. E. slumen from slume

;
to slumber ;
to hit smartly Dan. smcckke, to rap ; E.
;

(also sloumbe ), sb., slumber,A. S. sltuna ,

Fries, smakken, to smack the lips. Cf.
sb., slumber. Du. slu imereti +
Dan. ;
Dan. swtek, a smack, rap ; Du. smak a ,

slumre, frequent, of slum me, to slumber loud noise.

Swed. slumra, vb. ; G. schlumniern vb. Smack (3), a fishing-boat. (Du.) M.
The sb. slivna is from Teut, root *sleu-, Du. smacke Du. smak a smack, hoy
, ,

to be silent; 2nd grade *slau, whence whence also Dan. smakke. Generally
Goth, slawan, to be silent (Kluge). thought to stand for snack ; cf. A. S. snare ,

Slump, ar sudden fall or failure. (E.) a small vessel Icel. snekkja a swift vessel,
; ,

Prov. E. C Swed. Dan .slump, a chance,

. Dan. snekke, Swed. snlicka.
accident; Low G. slump (Danueil); G. Small. (E.) A. S. sma/.+ Du. Dan.
 , ,, ,, , , , ,, ,, , , , , , ;

SM ALLAGE SMITH
Swed. smat, narrow, thin Goth. smals, are causal forms; cf. Westphal, smelten , ;

small G. schtnal narrow.

; Allied to Icel. O. H. G. smehan, str. vb., to melt. From
,

smali, small cattle, sheep Gk. prj\v v, a the Teut. verb *s me It an-, to melt, pt. t. ;

sheep ; Russ, malttii small. Icel. smdr, *smalt (whence E. smalt), pp. *smu/tanos.
,

Dan. smaa Swed. smh, small, are allied And cf. Gk. piktitiv, to melt, render fluid.
to O. II. G. smdhi, small. Hrugm. i. § 475.
sm allage, celery. (E and F. — L.) Smelt ( 2 \ a fish. (E.) A S. smelt, smylt. . ;
.

For small ache from F. ache parsley < 4 Dan. smelt, Norw. smelta. The prov.
; ,
-

L. apt urn, parsley. L. smolt means a young salmon, when it

Smalt, blue enamel. (Ital. — O. II. G.) fust assumes its silvery scales ; and prov.
Ital. smalto, enamel. From the 2nd grade h.. small means smooth and shining. ‘

of O. II. G. smehan, str. vb.. to become Smew, a small diving-bird. (E.) Also
liquid, whence also O. II. (». smclztn called smec, smeeth Cognate with E. .

G schmehen weak vb., to smelt from the Fries, sment, l)u. smient smew. The Du. ;

method of preparation; see Smelt (i). srnient is explained as small duck *; from ‘

See also Enamel. O. Du. *smehi amid small duck; where ,

Smaragdns. (L.-GkT L. smaragdus *smehi is cognate with (). Il.G. smdhi,

— Gk. apnpaytios an emerald. Cf. Skt. Icel. smd-r, Swed. smh, small; and *anud
marakata(m), marakta^n; an emerald. [*anid) i* Du. tend, A. S. 'tied, G. ente t ,

See Emerald. duck. Cf. G. schmal-ente small wild duck. ,

Smart, to feel pain. (K.' M. E. Smile, vb. (Scand.) Swed. smila, to

smerten. A. S. smeortan smarten ,
smile, smirk ; Dan. smile. Allied to L.
Dan. smerte Swed. smdrta , G. schmerzcn. mirdri to wonder at Russ, smiekh', a ;

Also allied to L. mordere. to bite; Skt. laugh; Gk. pcibaw, 1 smile; Skt. srni, to
turd, to rub, grind, crush Gk. apfptia\to$, ;
smile. (y'SMEI.)
terrible. (y'SMERD.) Der. smart ,
sb. ; Smirch, to besmear. (E.) Extended
smart ,
adj., painful, also pungent, brisk, from M.E. smer-en to smear; see ,

lively, A. S. smeart. Smear.

Smash. (K) A late word. Apparently Smirk, A
S. smcniati, smearnan,
(E.)
formed from E. mash, to mix up, by pre- to smile. O. N 01 thumb. smerdon,
Cf.
fixing s - (from O. F. es -, L. ex), an in- ‘
deridebant,’ Mat. ix. 24.
tensive prefix. Smite. (E.) A. S. smi/an, pt. t. smat,
Smattering, sb. (E.) M.E .smateren, pp. smitcn.+V\x. smijlen Dan. stnide , to ;

to make a hoisc; hence, to prate, talk fling G. schmeissen, to smite, fling, cast
;

ignorantly. Cf. Swed. smattra to clatter; 0. 11 G. smizan, to throw', stroke, smear.

.

G. schmettem to smash, to resound. , Cf. Goth, bismeitan to besmear, p. The ,

From a repetition of smat, an imitative orig. sense w as to ‘ smear or rub over, as ’

sound ;
see Smack (2). Cf. M. II. G. in Gothic; cf. M. Swed. smita, to smite,
smetzen to prattle. ,
[Parallel to prat-ile , smeta , to smear. To rub over seems to
‘ ’

chat-tcr Swed. snattra to chatter.]

;
cf. ,
have been a sarcastic expiession for *to
Smear. (E.) A. S. smirian to smear. ,
beat * we find welt anoynted well beaten,
;

— A. S. smeru , stneortt, fat, grease. So Romance of Partenay, 1 . 5653.

also Icel. smyrja Dan. smore Swed. , , Smith. (E.) A. S. smid, a worker
sm 'orja G. schmiercn to smear and I)u.
, , ; with the hammer.+Du. smid; Icel .srnidr;
smecr Dan. Swed. smor, G schmeer fat, ,
Dan. Swed. smed\ G. schmied Goth. ;

grease, O. H. G. smero Goth, smairthr ;

- smitha Cf. Icel. smid, smith’s work;
.

fatness. Cf. 0 . Irish smir, marrow ;

W. Du. smijdig G. geschmeidig malleable
mer marrow; Lith. smarsas fat; Gk. (with i). The forms * smith, *smith,
unguent. Dor. smir-ch.
pivpov, point to a lost strong verb *smeith-an~, to
Smell, odour. (E.) M. E. smel smut ,
. forge, pt. t. *smaith, pp. *smilhanoz, to
Allied to D11. smettlen , Low G. stnelen, forge, actually preserved in Swed. dial.
E. Fries, smdlen, to smoulder. Cf. ±mida, to forge, pt. t. smed, pp. smiden
Smoulder. Der. smell, vb. (Rietz). Hence, as weak verbs, Dan.
Smelt (Scand.) Dan.
(1 ), to fuse ore. smede Swed. smida, to forge. Cf. O.H.G.
smelie to smelt Swed. smdlta, to smell. ;
smida, metal, Gk. apUkij, a graver’s tool.
(Properly a Swed. word.)+M. Du. smilten, Ilrugm. i. § 849. Der. smith-y, A. S.
smelten G. schmelzen , to smelt. These
,
smid be (Icel. stnibja).
 , , ; ,
; ,, -;

SMOCK SNARE
Smock, a woman’s shirt. (E.) M. E. G. schmuck, trim, spruce; cf. schmucken,
smok. A. S. smoc. For smocc ; Teut. to adorn, M. II. G. smucken, to clothe,
type *smugnoz, Idg. type *smuqnos adorn, derived from the weak grade of
Brugm. i. § 899. The Teut. *smug - is re- the M. II. G. strong verb smiegen, to creep
presented by A. S. smog-, weaker grade of into, cognate with A. S. smugan to creep, ,

smftgan, to creep into. So called because p. Thus smug meant *

dressed ’
or '
trim *
* crept into/ or put over the head. Cf. allied to smock ,
attire. See Smock.
Shetland srnook to cl raw on a glove or
, smuggle, to import or export
stocking. +
Icel. smokkr, a smock from ;
secretly. (Scand.) Dan. smug/e, to
smog-, weak grade of srnjuga , to creep smuggle; cf. i smug, secretly, smug
through a hole, to put on a garment over handel, contraband trade ; Swed. smuga,
the head. Cf. M. Swed. smog, a round a lurking-hole, Icel. smuga, a hole to
hole for the head. creep through. — Icel. smug-, weak grade
Smoke, sb. (E.) A. S. smoca. Cf. of srnjuga , to creep, creep through a hole,
A. S. smoc-, weak grade of the stiong verb cognate with A. S. smugan , to creep ; see
sttrtocan (pt. t. smeac), to smoke, reek.-f Smock.
Du. srnook, sb. G. schmauch sb. Per-
; Smut, a spot of dirt or soot. (E.) For
haps Irish much smoke, W. mwg, smoke, ,
the base smut-, cf. M. E. smotten, bi-smo-
are fiom E. Cf. Lith. smaug-iu, I choke; teren to smut; G. schmutz, dirt.
, p. We
Gk. a\Kv\(Civ (2 aor. ia^vyrjv), to smoulder. also find smutch, for *smuts from Swed. ;

Der. smoke, vb., from A. S. smocian, weak smuts smut, dirt ; whence Swed. smutsa,
,

verb. Brugm. i. § 849. to soil see Smudge. ;

Smooth, adj. (E.) M. E. s moothe ; Snack ;

see Snatch.
also smethe. A. S. smede, Northumb. Snaffle. fDu.) For snajjle -piece, i.e.
smoede sometimes smalt, smooth. The
; nose-piece. — Du. snavcl a horse’s muzzle;
form smede represents *s?noth-joz (with M. Du. snavel snabel bill, snout cf. , ;

mutation of o to e ) and further, the base ;

O. Fries, snavcl, mouth G. schnabel, bill. ;

*smbth- represents a Teut. base *smanlh so Dimin. of M. Du. sttabbe, snebbe, Du.
for * smanth-joz sneb bill, lit. 'snapper;’ from % s nab ben,
,‘
that *smothjoz is creamy.’ ,

The base appears inBohem. smant cream parallel form to M. Du. syiappen to snap ,

(Russ, smetana ) ;
whence the G. schmant, up ;
sec Snap. Cf. Du. snebbig, snap-
cream, borrowed. Cf. Bavar. schmand,
is pish ;
Lith. stiapas , bill.
cream. Dor. smoothe, vb. Snag, a short branch, knot on a stick,
Smother, sb. (E.) Formerly smorther; abiupt projection. (Scand.) Prob. of
M. E. smorther, a suffocating smoke, lit. Scand. origin cf. Norw. snage , a project-
;

*
that which stifles ’ formed (with suffix ;
ing tongue of land Icel. snagi, a clothes- ;

-ther of the agent) from A. S. smor-ian, to peg. lienee, perhaps, prov. E. snag, to
stifle, smother. -f- Du. and E. Fries, smoren, trim, cut small branches from a tree ; Gael.
to stifle, smother. snaigh, to hew, cut down, trim trees Irish ;

Smoulder, vb. (E.) M.E. smoldercn, snaigh a hewing, cutting.

,

vb. ;
from M
E. smolder, sb., a stifling Snail. (E.) M.E. snayle. A. S. snugl,
smoke. Smol-der <C. *smo/-ther. Cf. Low snegcl, a snail. +
Icel. s nig ill, Dan. snegl ;
G. smeltn smolcn to smoulder
,
smoln , ; ,
Swed. snigcl, a slug. Teut. types *snagiloz,
to give out fumes (Danneil) ; Du. smeulen. *snegiloz, masc. Allied to A. S. snaca,
Allied to Small. a snake (Noreen, § 252). See below; and
Smudge. (Scand.) M. E. s/nogen cf. Low G. snigge, G. schnecke, a snail.

tHall.) ; weakened form of smutch. — 1 )an. Snake. (E.) A. S. snaca a snake ,

smuds, smut, diit; smudse, to soil. Cf. +Icel. snllkr snbkr Dan snog; Swed.
, ;

M. E. srnod, dirt E. Fries, and Low G. ;

snok. From Teut. verb *snak-an -, to creep,
smudden to soil Du. smoddig, dirty. See
, ; pt. t. *snok, as seen in O. H. G. snahhan,
Smut. pt. t. snuoh.

Smug, neat, spruce. (Scand. — G.) For- Snap, vb. (Du.) I)u. snappen, to snap,
merly smoog ,
smug ;
weakened form of snatch 4* Dan. snappe Swed. snappa, ,

*smuk . —
Dan. srnuk, pretty, fine, fair G. schnappen M. II. G. snaben. Base ;

^South Dan. smttgg, N. Fries, smock ,

*snap, similar to *snak See Snaffle, .

schmuck Outzen) ,
M. Swed. smuck ;
Snatch.
elegant, fair. — Low G. smttk, neat, trim; Snare, a noose. (E.) A.S. sneare, cord.
 , , , , , ;;
,
, ,, , , —;;

SNARL SNORT
string, noose. + Du. sttaar, a string; Icel. clip ; allied to smppen to snap, ,
intercept
wara* Dan .snare; Swed. snara O.II.G. ;
ste Snap.+E. Fries, snippen ; Low G.
snarahha a noose, p. The O. II. G. snippeln, to cut small ; G. schnippeu, to
snarahha shews an orig. final guttural snap, allied to schnappen. Cf. K. Fries.
the sb. is from a strong verb, seen in snip sharp ; snip, snippe, a small piece of
,

O. II. G. snerhan, to twist tightly; from land, Prob. confused with Nip. Der.
a base SNERH - Idg. ySNKBK, whence snip, sb. ;
snipp-et, a small piece.
Gk. vapKi cramp; see Narcissus. Cf Snipe, a bird. (Scand.) M. K. snype.—
^SNER, to twist, wind sec Nerve. ;
Icel. stiipa a snipe ; Dan. sneppe a snipe ;
, t

y. All from <^SNE, to wind, spin whence ;

Swed. snappa a sand- piper. -f* Du. snip, ,

L. nere, to spin, G. sclinur, a string. stiep , M. I)u. snippe , stteppe; G. schnepje.

Snarl, vb. (E.) Frequentative form of It refers to the long bill; lit. ‘snipper.’

snar to ^hew one’s teeth like a dog, spelt See Snip, Snap.
sttarre in Palsgrave. Not found in A. S. Snite g >, to wipe the nose. (E.) A. S.
but cf. M. Du. sttarren , ‘to brawl, to scould, *s tty tan, whence stirring, sb., a sneezing;
or to snarle,’ Hexham. G. schnarrcn , to + E. Pries, stnt ten ,
to suite. +1 )u. snniten ,

growl, snarl; M.II.G. snar, a growling. from smut, snout, nose ;

Icel. snyta, Swed.
And see Sne^r, Snort. snyta Dan. snyiie to snite , , ;
from Swed.
Snatch. (EG M. K. snareh cn, as if stint Dan. siiude snout see Snout. , , ;

from *snak- cf. ;

Lowland Sc. snak, a Snite [i\ a snipe. (E.) M. E. suite.
snap of the jaws. + 1 hi. snakken, to gasp. A. S. snite a snite or snipe. Cf. Snipe. ,

Base *snak, parallel to '\tiap.

ir
See Snivel, to snuffle, to whimper. (E.)
Snap. Der. shock sb., a portion, ,
lit. ‘ a M. E. snuvclen sncuelen ( snevelen ); ,
as if
bit snatched up,’ a hasty meal, a share; to from A. S. *snyjtian. P rom A. S. snoji.
go snacks - to go shares. Also prow E. mucus. Swed. snojla Dan. snovle to
Cf. ,

sneck snap or latch of a door.

,
snuffle ; Low G. snuff, snuff, a nose, snout.
Sneak. (E.) Variant of M. K. snlkcn See Snuff.
A. S. stitcan, to creep, Teut. type *sneikan - Snob. (Scand.) Prov. E. snob, a vulgar
pt. t. *snaik pp. *snikatioz.,
The A. S. person, also, a journeyman shoemaker,
pt. t. stiac would give a deriv. *sniccan, snap , a lad, servant, usually in a ludicrous
representing E. sneak. Cf. Guernsey sue- sense; Lowl. Sc. snab, a cobbler’s boy.
quer, to rob silly, -f* Icel. snik-inn hanker- ,
Dan. dial, snopp, snitpp , bashful, silly ;
ing after, from a lost strong verb Swed. ;
Icel. stuipr, a dolt, with the notion of
dial, snika (pt. t. snek ), to hanker after impostor, a boaster, used as a by-word;
Dan. sniga sig, to sneak, slink ; Gael, Swed. dial, snopp, a hoy, anything stumpy ;
and Irish snaig, stiaigh, to creep (from E ). cf.Swed. dial, snoppa to cut off, make ,

Sneap, to pinch, check ;

see Snub. stumpy and see Snub. Cf. Swed. snopen ,
;

Sneer, to scoff. (E.) M. E. sneren . ashamed.

Cf. E. Fries, striven to frizzle, to cause Snood, a fillet, ribbon. (E.) A. S. stiud,
a hissing noise, to sneer at ; I )an. sturrre a fillet; orig. ‘a twist,’ wreath. Cf. Icel.
to grin like a dog, shew one’s teeth at a snuOr Swed. snodd a string
,
a twist ;

person ; allied to Snarl. also W. ysnoden a fillet; Irish snathe, a

Sneeze, vb. (E.) Chaucer thread. All from Idg. root *sne, *snd, to
has fnesen (Cant. Tales, II. 62 \ of which spin, to twist whence G. schnfi-r, a string;
;

snesen occurring in the Camb. MS., is cf. Icel. snua, Dan. sttoe, Swed. sno, to

a modification. A. S. fncosatt, to sneeze. twist, twine.

+T)vl. fniezen Swed. fnysa I)a n. /nyse.
; ; Snore, (E.) M.E. snoren for Vb. ;

Cf. Gk. vviojy I breathe ; sec Pneumatic. *fnoren A. S. fnova sb., a snoring,
;
cf. ,

Base *fneus-, parallel form to *hncus - ; see snore. P iom A. S ./nor- (< /nus-), weak
Neese. grade of ftieosan to sneeze see Sneeze. ;

Sniff, E. sneuien
to scent. (Scond.) M. Influenced by Snort.
(snevien).— Icel. *stiefja, to sniff, a lost Snort, vb. (E.) M. E. snorien , to snore.
verb, whence sna/Sr sharp-scented, snefill >
Low G. snurten, snarten to make an ,
,

a slight scent Dan. strive, to sniff.

;
explosive noise. From *snttr-; as in Low
Similar to Icel. snippa, to sniff; and cf. G. snurren, to hum, M. Du. snorren, to
snoppat a snout. murmur. Variant forms are Dan. snorke,
Snip, vb. (Du.) Du. snippen to snip, to snort ; Swed. snorka, to threaten (orig. to

497
 , , , , , , ,

SNOT SOBRIQUET
fume, be angry) ;
Du. snorken ; G. s dinar- candle; Dan. snubbe to nip off. See Snub.
dun. And see Snarl. Der. snuff, sb.
Snot, mucus from the nose. ;E.) M. E. Snug. (Scand.) Cf. prov. E. snug, tidy,
snotte. A. S. ge-snot; O. Fries, snotte ;
tiimmedup; snog, the same. — lcel. snoggr,
Du. Dan. snot. Allied to Snite (i) and smooth, said of wool or hair; M. Swed.
snout. short-haired, trimmed, Swed. sttygg.
Snout. (K.) M. E. snoute E. Fries, cleanly, neat, genteel Dan. dial, snog, ;

snute. + Du. Swed. snut snout,

snuit ; ,
neat, smart. Cf. E. Fries, snugge, snigge,
muzzle; Dan. snudc G. schnauu . Cf. ;
smooth, neat. Orig. ‘trimmed;* hence
Dan. stiue, to sniff, Low G. snau prov. ,
neat, smart, tidy, comfortable. Cf. Snag.
G. sdinau snout, beak. From a base
,
So. (E.) M. E. so. A. S. raw.-f-Du
*sneu; whence Teut. vb. *snutan pt. t. zoo, Icel. sva, svo> so; Dan. saa Swed. s<}, ,

*snaut, pp. *snutanoz. From the 1st grade G. so, Goth, swa ; Teut. types *sw&, ^swo,
we have Swed. smit, Du. snuit, K snout; *swa. Cf. Gk. cos. ft. From a case of Idg.
from the 2nd, G. sdinauze; and from the *swos one’s own; cf. L. suns, Skt. sva
,

3rd, E. snot. one's own. Lit. in one’s own way.’ Sec*

Snow. (E.^ A.S. J7/«w.+l)u. sneeuw, Piellvvitz; Brugm. i. § 362.

Icel. sneer, Dan. snee, Swed. snb, Goth. Soak. (E.) It also means to suck up,
snaiws,(j.scknee also Lith. snegas, Russ, ;
imbibe. M. E. sokcit, (1) to suck, (2) to
snug', L. nix (gen. nittis ), Gk. ace. v'upa, soak. A. S. sodan to soak; from A.S
1 risk sneadid, W. nyf. (v'SNElGH.) Cf. soc- (Teut. suk-), weak grade of s ft can, to
Lith. snigti, to snow, L. ningit, Gk .vt'upei, suck. See Suck. Cf. W. swga, soaked,
it snows. Brugm. i. § 394. sngno, to suck.
Snub, to check, reprimand. (Scand.) Soap. (ED M. E. sope. A. S. sdpe.-\-
Also stub, snib. M. E. snibbeu. — Dan. Du. zeep; [d. Icel. sapa, Swed. sdpa, from
sntbbc, to reprimand Swed. snubba, Icel. ;
A.S.]; G. seife. Teut. type *saipon,
snubba N. Fries, snubbe to snub, chide,
,
fern. from *saip, 2nd grade of *seipan-,
;

Orig. to ‘snip off* the end of a thing; cf. to trickle G. sifeti)\ hence aLo
(M. II.
Icel. snubbdtr snubbed, nipped, with the
,
A. S. sap, pomade, allied to sape.
resin,
tip cut off; Swed. dial, snubba, to snip or % L. sdpo (whence F. savon &c.) was ,

clip off; E. Fries, snubbehi, to snap or borrowed from Teutonic; the true L.
snatch away. p. Allied to obs. E. sneap (cognate) word seems to be sebum, tallow,
to pinch, nip, answering to Icel. stteypa, to grease.
castrate, also to disgrace, snub; Swed. Soar. (F. - L.) M.E. soren.*- V.essorer,
subpa to castrate. Cf. also Dan. dial,
,
to expose to air in M.F., ‘to sore up,* Cot.
;

sneve, to dock, to snub, to nip. Der. -Late L. *exanrdre, to expose to air.—

snub-nosed, i. e. with a short or stumpy L. ex, out; aura, breeze, air. Perhaps
nose, as if with the end cut off. L. aura was borrowed from Gk. avpa, a
snub-nosed Sec above. ;
breeze formed, apparently, with suffix -ra
;

Snuff (1 to sniff, smell. (Du.^i From

),
from y'AW, variant of WE, to blow. See
M Du snuffen cf. snuyven (D u snuiven )
. .
;
.
,
Air.
4
to snuffe out the filth out of ones nose,’ Sob, E. sobben, related to
vb. (E.) M.
Hexham Du. snitf, smelling, scent E,
; ;
A. S. lament.
sSofiatt, G. seufien,
to +
Fties. snufen, snuven to snuff up.+Svved. ,
to sigh, 6. H. G. suftbn, to sob, O. H. G.
snufva a catarrh, snufven, a sniff, scent
, ; suft, a sigh, sob all from O. II. G. siifan,
;

cf. G. sdinaubett schnaufen, sdinieben, to ,

to sup, sup up. Allied to Sup. Der.
snuff, snort (from a Teut. base *sneub) ; sob , sb.
G. sdmupfen, a catarrh, schnupfen to take Sober. (F. — L.) M. E. sob re. — F. sob re.
snuff. Der. snuff, powdered tobacco; L. sobrium acc. of sobrius sober. — L.
, ,
so-
also sniffle, prov. G. schnuffeln, schniif- ^se-, apart, hence, not; -brius, drunk, as
feln. in 2-brtus. See Ebriety. (Doubtful. 1

Snuff top of a candle-

(2), to snip off the Der. sobriety, M. F. sobrieU, L. acc.
wick. (E.) M. E. snuffen to snuff out ,
sobrietatem.
a candle; cf. snoffc, sb., the snuff of a Sobriquet, Soubriquet, a nick-
candle. Parallel to *snuppen cf. prov. E. ;
name. (F.) F. sobriquet, ‘ surname, nick-
snop, to eat as cattle do young shoots
off, ;
name, a jeast broken on a man ; ’ Cot.
Swed. dial, stioppa , to snip off, snuff a He also spells it sotbriquet, soubriquet .

498
 , , ; , \ ,
, ;

SOC SOIRliE
From O. F. soubzbriquet, a chuck under ibid. (Similarly O. F. soulde, glasswoit,
the chin (14th cent.); hence, a quip, an answers to L. solida ; prob. from the hard-
affront, a nickname. Here O. F. soubz , F. ness of the products obtained from glass-
sous, is from L. sub/us, below ; briquet has wort.) — L. solidus, solid, hard, hee Solid.
been conjectured to stand ioxbequet, dimin. Der. sod- in m, a coined word.
of bee, beak, mouth ; cf. Ital. sotto-bccco, a Sodden ;
sec Seethe.
chuck under the chin. ‘ Percussit super Soder, Solder, a firm cement from
1
mentonem faciendo dictum le soubriquet ; fusible metals. (F.— L.) formerly soder,
A. D. 1335. See Kdrting, and Littie. sowder, sometimes soulder\ now pio-
Soc t Socage; see Soke. nounced soudure M. F.
(sod -or). — F.
Sociable. (F.-L) F. sociable. - L. sou/dwe ‘a souldering, and particularly
,

socidbi/is, companionable. — L. socia-re, to the knot of soulder which fastens the led
—
accompany. L. socius, companion, fol- [lead] of a glasse w indow* * Cot. — O. F.
;

lower ; allied to !>. sequi, to follow. See souder soulder, to consolidate, make firm.
,

Sequence. Der. associate, dissociate. — L. solida re, to make firm. — L. solidus,

Social. L. )
( L. soiidlts, adj., from firm. See Solid.
socius (above). Sodcmy. F. - L.-Gk.~ Ucb.) F.
(

Society. (F. — L.) M .¥. sodele. — L. sodotnie, a

imputed to the inhabitants
sin
acc. societdtcm, from nom. socictas fellow- of Sodom. — F. Sodome, Sodom. — L.
ship.— L. socius ,
a companion; see So- Sodoma. — Gk. 'XvSof.ta. — lleb. Sedbm.
ciable. Sofa. (Arab.) Arab, suffat, suffah, 1 a
Sock. (L.) A. S. soi c. — I soccus , .. a sopha Rich. Diet. p. 936. — Arab, loot
;
’

light shoe, slipper, sock, buskin of a saffa to draw up in line, to put a seat to a
,

comedian. saddle ibid. ;

Socket. (F. — L. ?) Cf. F. dial, soquette, Soft. E.'i A. S. sbfte, adv. soft, also ;

a stump of dead wood, patois de la Meuse sefle adj. (with /-mutation). -J- O Sax.
(Labourasse) Walloon sokclt, a stump.
; siifto, adv., softly ; G sanft, soft ; II. G. . O
Godefroy has soequet, (apparently) a cup- samfto adv., gently Du. zacht, for zajl
. ;

board. Prob. an A. F. dimin. of O. F. soc, (whence G. saiht). Der. sojisn.

a wooden clog (A. D. 1473). Cotg. has Soil (1), ground, country. (F. L.) —
4
soeque , a sock or sole of durt, cleaving to M. E. sale, — A. F. soil ; (cf. r. scud,
the foot in a cloggy way.’ Cf. Port, socco ,
threshold of a door L. solium). — Late <
wooden shoe or clog, mod. F. soeque a , L. solea, soil, ground. Allied to L. solum,
clog. p. All from L. soccus, sock, shoe, ground whence F. sol soil, ground (from
;

hence, a wooden shoe or clog. I conclude which, however, the E. word cannot be
that socket is a dimin. of sock, notwith- directl) derived). Cf. Gk. !5-a^>os, founda-
standing the change in sense cf. K. shoe ; ,
tion, ground. See Sole (1).
a kind of socket, as a term in machinery Soil 2), to defile. (F. — L.) M. E.
(Webster), O.F. soket, a small plough- soilen. [Not allied to M.K. sulcn, E.
share, is from a Celtic source, being allied sully.] — O. F. soillie F. souiller to soil
to O, Irish socc, a ploughshare. se souiller, to wallow as a sow. — O. F.
Sod. (E.) So called from the use of soil, souil, the soile of a wild boar, the
‘

turf as fuel (?) ; or from its frequent mire wherein he hath wallowed Cot. ;
’

wetness (?). The connexion with the — Late L. sitillus, a pig; L. suillus,
verb to seethe appears clearly in Du. zode, adj., belonging to swine. — L. siis a sow. ,

sod, green turf, M. Du. zode seething, also See Sow. Der. soil , sb., a stain quite ;

sod G. sode, so<\, sod, bubbling up of boiling

;
distinct from soil, ground.
water; Low G. sood, a well, sode, a turf, sod Soil (3), to feed cattle with green grass,
E. Fries, sod, a well ; sode, a cut turf, also, to fatten with feeding. (F.-L.) O.F.
boiling, cooking ; Dan. dial, sodd, saadd, *soeler, saoler M. F. saouler ,
to glut,
a 6od. (See Franck.) Cf. also A. S .siad, satiate F. solder) ; cf. O. F. soelement,
a well, pit, scad, pt. t. of sco&an, to seethe ;
satiety (Godefroy). — O.F. saol,iuil, cloyed.
O. Fries, satha, sod, sdth, a well ; A. S. — L. acc.satullum, filled with food. — L.
ge-sod, a cooking. See Seethe. satur, full. See Satiate.
Soda. (Ital. — L.) Ital. soda, i
a kind of Soiree, an evening party. (F.~ L.) F.
’
fearne ashes whereof they make glasses ; soirie, evening; hence, an evening party.
Florio. F em. of Ital. sodo, Cf. Ital. scrata, evening. — L. ser- us, late in
’
‘ solide, tough ;
499
 2
,, , ,) , ., , , , , , c, L -
,,
,

SOJOURN SOLITARY
the day (whence Ital. sera, F. soir, even- Sole (3), alone. (F.-L.) O. F.j<?/(F.
ing) ;
with suffix -ala (>F. -£e). seul). — L.
solum, acc. of solus, alone.
Sojourn, to dwell. (F.-L.) o. f. Solecism, impropriety in speaking or
sojorner sojourner — L. sub under ; diur-
,
. writing. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. F. soloecisme ;

ndre, to stay, from ditirnus, daily which ;

Cot. — L. soloecismus. — Gk. aokouaarfius, a
is from dies, a day. See Diary. solecism. — Gk. aokoucifciv, to speak incor-
Soke, SoC, a franchise, land held by rectly. — Gk. ookoucos, speaking incorrectly,
socage. (E.) The A. S. sacu meant ‘a like an inhabitant ot 2iukoi ( Soloi in )
1
contention / a * law-suit ; whence the Law Cilicia, where the Gk. dialect was cor-
term sac, the power of hearing suits and ruptly spoken. Der. solecist sb. ,

administering justice within a certain pie* Solemn. (F. — L.) E solempnc. — M .

cinct. The A.S. socn meant ‘investigation,’ O. F. solempnc. — L. solemnem , acc. of

or a seeking into ; whence the Law
‘ ’
solemnis, older forms so/ennis sollennis ,

term soke the right of hearing disputes annual, occurring yearly like a religious
and enquiring into complaints, also, the rite, religious, solemn. — L. sollus, entire,
precinct within which such right wun complete; annus a year. Hence solemn
exercised ; see Blount, Spelman, Ellis, returning at the end of a complete year.
Thorpe, Schmid, ft. Etymologically, sac The O.Lat. sollus is cognate with \V. hoU,
(A.S. sacu) is the same word as Salto, whole, entire. Brugm. i. § 417. Der.
q. v. Soke (A. S. soc-) is the exercise of solemn ity, - ise .

judicial power; and soken (A.S. socn, Sol-fa, to sing the notes of the gamut.
sdeen) is an enquiry both allied to E. seek ; , (L.) It means to sing the notes by the
and derived from A. S. soc, strong grade names si, la, sol, fa, mi, re, ut (where, for

of sacan, to contend see Seek. Dor. ;

ut do is now used). These names are of
,

socage, a barbarous law term made by L. origin ; see Gamut.. Dor. solfeggio
adding F. -age (L. - dticum to A.S. soc-. from Ital. solfeggio the singing of the ,

(The o is long.) gamut ; cf. sol-mi-sation, coined from sol

Solace, a xclief. (F. — L.) M. E. solas. and mi.
— O. F. solaz (^where a -L). L. solatium, — Solicit. (F.-L.) M.F. soliciter. — L.
a comfort. — L. sdldtus, pp. of solan, to sollicitdre, to agitate, arouse, urge, solicit.
console. Allied to L. sollus, Gk. okos, — L. sollnitus, lit. wholly agitated. —
whole (Prcllwitz). Der. solace vb. solli-, for sollus , whole citus, aroused, pp.
;

Solan-goose, a bird. iScand. and E i of ciere, to shake, excite. See Solemn

The E. goose is an addition. — Icel. sit lan ,
and Cite. Der. solicitous for L. sollicit us;
lit.
1
the gannet/ where -n stands for the solicit-ude M.F. solicitude from L. sol/ici
,

definite article def. form of Icel. - sitla ;

tiido , anxiety.
in hafsula, i.e. sea-gannet, solan goose; Solid. iF. —L . F. solid —I, solidum.
Norweg. stila the same. acc. of solidus firm. Der. solidar-i-ty
Solar, belonging to the sun. (L.) L ‘
a word which we owe to the F. com-
Solaris , solar. —
L. sol, sun. Icel. sol , 4 * munists, and which signifies a fellow-
Goth, sauil ,
Lith. saute, \Y. haul, Irish ship in gain and loss, a being, so to speak,
sul, Gk. ijkios tsee Prellwitz); Skt. sura-, all same bottom;’ Trench. Also
in the
sun, splendour. Brugrn. i. § 481. from F. solidi/ier, to render solid.
solid-i-fy ,
Solder; see Soder. Soliloquy. (L ) Late L. sdliloquium
Soldier. F. ( - L.) M. E. sodiour, a speaking to oneself (Augustine). — L. soli-,
soudiour, souldier . — O. F. soldier, soitdoier for solus, alone; loqut, to speak. See
sottldoyer one pnv; Late who fights for Loquacious.
L. so Ida rius. — Late L. soldum pay. — Late . Soliped, an animal with nncloven
L. solidus, a piece of money .whence O V . hoot. (L.) Short for solidiped. L. —
sol. F. sou ) orig. ‘ a solid piece.’ — I,.
; solidiped-, stem of solidipes solid-hoofed
solidus, solid cf. E. hard cash.’ See Solid.
;
*
(Pliny). —
L. solidi for solidus, solid ; pcs,
Sole n, under side of foot or shoe. a foot ; see Foot.
(L.) A. S. sole. — Late L. sola for L. solea. , Solitary. (F. — L.) M. E. solitarie. —
sole of the foot, or of a shoe. — L. solum, A. i* . solitarie ;
cf. F. solitaire. — L. soli-
the ground. See Soil. tdrius solitary. Short for *sdlitdtdrius ,

Sole a fish. ( ), ( F. — L.) M . E. sole. — from sdlitdt-, stem of solitas, loneliness. —

F. sole; Cot. — L. solea, the sole-fish. L. solus alone. ,

500
 , , , , . ,
, , a
, ; ) -
;

SOLITUDE SOOTH
SOlitnde. (F. - L. ) F. solitude - L. Somnambulist, one who walks in
.1 olitudo. — L. *<?//-, for xJ/z/j, alone; and his sleep. Coined (with suffix -ist =
(E.)
suffix . L. -ist — Gk. -KJTTjs, as in bapt ist from
solo. (Ital. — L) From Ital. solo , L. somn-us sleep, and ambul-arc, to walk.
,

alone. — L. solus, alone. See below, and see Amble.

Solmisation : see Sol-fa. somniferous, causing sleep. (L.) L.
Solstice. (K. — L.) K solstice. — L. somm/er ,
sleep- bringing; with suffix -ous.
sohtitium the solstice; lit. a point (in the — E. somni -, for somnus. sleep
, -fer, ;

ecliptic) at which the sun seems to stand bringing, from fer re, to bring, p. The
still. — L. w/, the sun - stit-um for statum I..
;
somnus is for *S 7vepnos, allied to ,
,

supine of sistere to make to stand still, Skt. svapna-j Irish stian, \\. Aim, sleep.
from tfd/r, to stand. See State. yCSW EP.) See Soporiferous. <

Soluble. (F. - L.) F. - I, somnolence. (K -L.) \\ somnolence.

solubihs , dissolvable. — L. se//7 -, base of — L. somnolentia sleepiness. — L. somito- ,

iolu-tus, pp. of soluerc to loosen with lentus, sleepy. — L. sotnno - (foi somnus),
;

suffix -/'///>. See solve. sleep (above) with suffix -lentus. ;

Solution . ( F. — L. ^ F. solution — Son. (E.) E. sone. A. S. sunu.+ . M .

I., iolutibneh., acc. of solutio a loosing.— Du. zoon Icel. sum Dan. son Swed. son,
, ; , ,

E. solut-us pp. of so lucre, to loosen, G. sohn, Goth, sunn s. Teut. type *sunuz.
,

solve. Cf. Lith. status, Russ, suin'-, Skt. sunu

solve. (E.) Late I.. solvere L. soluere, ; from Skt. j//, .v/7
,
to beget ; Gk. vlus,
to loosen, relax, explain; pp. solidus. \ ,. — (for *ovyvs) ;
O. Irish suth, birth. (^/SU.)
'0- (for se-), apart; luete to loosen, allied Prugm. §§ 104, 292.
i.

toGk. \v-tiv, to and to K. Lose.

set free, Sonata. (Ital. — L.) Ital. sonata a ,

Urugm. i. § 121. Der. solvent from the ,

sounding, a sonata, biom the fern, of pp.
stem of the pres. pt. ; and sec above. of Ital. sonare to sound. — L. sonare to , ,

Sombre, gloomy. ( F. — L. ) F. sombre ,

sound, from sonus, sound. See Sound. (3).
gloomy. Cf. Port, and Span, sombrio, Song. (E ) M. E. song. A. S. sang .

gloomy, from Port, and Span. sombra, A. S. 2nd grade of stngan, to sing +
shade. Diez refers these to L. umbra Du. zatig\ Icel. songr Swed. sling; l)an. , ;

shade, with prefix sub cf. Pi ov. sotz-ombrar. and G. sang; Goth, sagi^ws (for sangws )
;

to shade. (See Koiting.) Eittre refers cl. Gk. bfx<l>rj, voice. See Sing.
them to L. umbra , shade, with prefix ex songster. (Ej A S. sangystre, sang-
( intensive b Either solution seems pos- estre a singer. — A. S. sang, 2nd grade of ,

sible; the latter is the simpler. See singan to sing with double suffix -es-tre ;

Umbrage. of the agent. Der. songstr-ess, with F.

Sombrero, a broad-brimmed hat. suffix, from Gk. -iaoa.
(Span. — L.) Span, sombrero. — Span, som- Sonnet. (F. — Ital. - L.) F. sonnet. —
bra (above). Ital. sonetto, a sonnet, canzonet dimin. of ;

Some. A. S. sum , some one, a soito, a sound, tunc. — L. sonttm acc. of

(E.) ,

certain one, one; pi. sume, some. +

Icel. sonus a sound. Der. sonnet -eer, Ital. son el - ,

sumr, Goth, sums O. II. G. sum, some Here a sonnet-writer. See Sound (3).
,

one; Dan. somme, pi. cf. Swed. somligc pi., ; Sonorous. (E.) ForL.sonbrus, loud- ,

some. Allied to Same. Der. some-body sounding. — L. sonar-, stem of sonor, sound,
-iking, - time - times (where -s is an ad- noise. — E. sonare , to sound. — L. sonus ,
verbial suffix). sound.
-Some, suffix. (E.) A. S. •sum, as in Soon. (E.) M.E. sone. A.S sbna.+ .

t vyn-sum - E. winsome. Cf. G. tang-sam O. Sax. sdna sano O. Frits.. C>. Sax, , ;

slow. From the weak grade of Teut. M. 11 G. sdn ; cf. Goth, suns ahv, suns , .

*samo -, same see Same. ;

immediately.
Somersault, Somerset. (F.-Ital. Soot. (E.) A.S. jv/.+Icel. sdt, Swed.
— L.) M.K. soubresault, ‘ a sobresault or sot, Dan. sod cf. Lith. sddis, soot. Per-
summersault, an active trick in tumbling ;* haps from the 0- grade of Idg. root SEI)
Cot. — Ital. soprasalto. — Ital. sopra , above, (Teut. SET), to sit, rest upon. See Sit.
over; salto, a leap. — L. supra above, (Noreen, § 146; Streitberg, § 95.) ,
Cf.
over; salturn. acc. of saltus, a leap, from also Gael, stalk, soot.
pp. of L. salire , to leap ; see Salient. Sooth, true. (E.) A.S. sdQ, true;
501
 - y , y ,- , , , , y ,,
;

SOOTHE SORTIE
whence sod, neut. sb., the truth. [The A.S. supreme ; highest voice in music. Late I —
sod stand* for * south -, Teut. *santh - ;
the superdntiSy chief; see Sovereign.
loss of n
following the lengthening of <?.] Sorcery. (F. L.) O. F. soreeric, -
4* loti, sannr
(for *santhr), Swed. sann, casting of lots, magic. — O. F. sorrier a
Dan. sand\ from Teut. base *santhoz sorcerer. — Late
L. sortidriuSy a teller of
Idg. *sontos short for *es-ont-, lit. being,
y
fortunes by lots, sorcerer. — L. sorti-, from
that whieh is, from VES, to be. Allied sort-, stem of sors, a lot.
to L. -sens, being, as in ab-sens (stem ab- Sordid, dirty, vile. (F.-L) F. sor-
sent-), pra- sens astern pra-sent -) Skt. ;
dide. — L.sordidus, dirty. — L. sordi foi
sat-ya-, true. See Suttee and Essence. sordeSy dirt. Cf. Russ, sor, filth. Brugm.i.
Der. for-sooth, i. e. for a truth sooth-say ; p. 1092.
to say truth. Sore, adj. (E.) M. E. sor. A. S. stir
soothe, (E.) The orig. sense was to painful. + Du. zeer, Icel. sarr, Swed. s<h
assent to as being true, hence to say yes to, O. H. G. sir, wounded, painful cf. G. ;

humour, flatter, approve of. ‘Is’t good sehty sorely, very, versehren to wound.
to soothe him in these contraries ? *
Com. Teut. type *sairoz , adj. Cf. O. Irish saeth,
Errors, iv. 4. 82. M. E. sodien, to con- sdeth, tribulation ; but hardly L. s&uit\,
firm, verify. A.S. ge-sodian, to confirm, dire. Der. sore, sb., A.S. sdr (Goth . sair ;

prove to be true. — A.S. sod, true; see and sore adv., very see Sorry.
, ;

Sooth. Sorrel (i), a plant. (F.-M. II. G.)

Soothsay. (E.) To say sooth ,
i. e. O. F. sorel (F. sureties. — M. H. G. stir (C.
tell truth, predict. sauer ), sour from its taste. So also A. S.
;

Sop, sb. (K.) M. E. soppe. It answers sure, sorrel, from stir, sour. See Sour.
to an A. S. * soppe, a sop (whence soppian, Sorrel (2), of a reddish-brown colour.
to sop up) ; regulaily formed from sop- (F. — Teut.) O. F. sorel ; dimin. from
(Teut. *sup-) weaker grade of supan, to O.F. sor F. saur sorrel of colour. — Low
, ,

sup. Cf. Icel. soppa a sop, from the ,

G. soor scar, dried up, withered ; cognate
,

weaker grade of siipa, to sup ; also Du. with E. scar. See Sear.
sap, M. Du. zoppe, M. Swed. soppa, Low Sorrow, grief. (E.) M. E. sorwe,
G. soppe G. siippe. See Sup. sorje. A. S. sorge , gen. dat. and acc. of
Sophist, a captious reasoner. (F. — L. sorb, sorrow, anxiety. 4- Du, zorg,
sorg;
— Gk.) Usually sophistcr in old authors, Dan. Swed. sorg, G. sorge, Goth, saurga,
but the final r is unoriginal. — O. F. care, grief. Teut. type * sorget, f. Cf.
sophistc. — Late L. sophista. — Gk. ao(f>ioTTjs, O. Irish serg, sickness, Lith. sirgti to be
a skilful man, also a Sophist, teacher of ill, suffer. €[[ Not allied to sore or sotry,

arts for money (see Liddell,'. — GV.ao(pi^uv y

though the present sense of sorry she\\t>
to instruct. — Gk. oophs, wise. Der. sophist- conlusion with it. See below.
ry, sophist- ic (Gk. ao(pi<nuajs) ; sophis-m Sorry, sore in mind, aggrieved. (K.)
(Gk. o 6 {fn<Tfia a device). t M. E. sory. A. S. sdrig adj., sorry, sad,
Sophy, a shall of Persia, A. D. 1505- sore in mind from sdr sore. Du. zeerig,
; ,
+
173(C (Pqrs. — Arab.) In Shak. Merch. Swed, sdrig, sore, full of sores, words
Von. ii. 1. 26. Ters. Safi, a title. -Arab. which preserve the orig. sense. Spelt
safiy, pure. ^
Distinct from Sufi, a with two r's owing to the shortening of
Moslem mystic; from Arab, s fifty, intel- M. E. 0 in sory due to the addition of the
,

ligent. suffix -y {A. S. -ig ; but not oxig. allied to

Soporiferous, inducing sleep. (L.) sort ow.
From L. sopdrifer, sleep - bringing ; by Sort, a kind. (F.-L.) F. sorte, fem.,
adding -0MJ-. — L. sopdri-y from sopor- stem of sort, kind O. F. sorte, fem., a company ;

sopor, sleep fer bringing, from ferre to allied to F. sort, raasc., luck, fate. — L.
; ,

bring. The L. sopor is allied to Skt. svap sortem, acc. of sors, lot. Perhaps allied to
na-t sleep (from svap, to sleep), Gk. virvoy, Series. Brugm. i. § 516 (1).
sleep, A.S. swefen,^ dream. (^SWEP.) Sortie. (F.-L.) F. sortie, a going
Brugm. i. § 551. See Somniferous. forth fem. of sorti, pp. of sortir to sally ; ,

soporific, causing sleep. (L.) L. forth. Cf. Span, surtida, a sortie, from
sopors (above) ; and -fit-, for facere to O. Span, surtir to rise. (L F. sortir
, ,

make, cause. Span, surtir answer to a Folk-L. form

Soprano. (Ital.-L.) Ital. soprano * sortire, to rise up, from *sortum, foi L. ,

5 °*
 . ,, , , ;,
,,
; ,, ,;

SOT SOW
sntrectum supine of surgere to rise up
, I)ier derives F. sondtr ; sounding-lead.
see Surge. The contraction of surreetum from a supposed L. *sub undare to go ,

to sorturn is proved to be correct by Ital. under the water from L. sub, under, and ;

sorto. occurring as pp. of sorgere, to rise undo, a wave; cf. ab ound, redound and ,

and by Span, surto. pp. of surgir. sombre, Yet we find A. S sund gyrd, .

Sot, a stupid fellow, drunkard. (Late a sounding-rod sund-line, sund-rdp, a ;

L.l M. E sot (Ancren Kiwle'. A. S. sot. ^ounding-line or rope which point to a ;

soft. Late L. softus Ducange) ab. A.D. derivation from Sound (2). ;

800. Prcb. of Tout, origin; cf. M. Du. Soup. (F. — Tent.) F. soupe. - F.
zot; M. II. G. sote a sot. Distinct from souper to sup. — Low’ G. sufien to drink,
t ,

Span, zote, a blockhead Ital zo/ico (Florio juaff. See Sup, and Sop.
; <

has zott't'o The ltal. zotit 0 has been re- Sour. (E) A. stir. 4* Du. zuur
feired to L. ididticus, idiotic, in which case Icel. sikrr, Dan. ;/////', Swed. sur, G. sauer\
Span, zote may represent L. idiotes of Gk. , \V. sur, sour, lath, sums ,
salt; Russ.
origin ; see Idiot. Ducange has jotticus surovuii ,
raw, coarse, harsh, rough.
a foolish game ;
cf. M. li.jottes , unlearned Brugm. 114.
i. §
people. Source. (F. - 1 J
M. K. sours. - O. F.
Son. (F. - L O. F. sot, a
.'i F. sou sorse, sursc (F. source a source. Here
coin. — Late L. solidus solid, also a coin , ; sorse h lem. of son, old pp. of O. F sordre
cf. /. s. (I i. e. libra
,
so/idi, denarii. See (F. sourdre ), to rise — L. surgere, to rise ;

Solid. see Surge.

Soubriquet ;
see Sobriquet. Souse (i\ pickle. (F.-G.) From
Souchong, a kind of tea. ^Chinese.) f>. F. soucit, pickle (Godefroy). — G. sulze ,
Fantones csiu-iJtung, for siao-chungp little pickle ;
allied to Salt. Hence souse, vb.,
sort Yule, p. 691.
;
*
to soak in brine.
Sough, a sighing sound. (K.) M.E. Souse (2 k Sowse, to swoop down
swogh s wo ugh, from A. S. swogan, to
,
upon. (F. —
L.) From M.K.
sours, the
resound. Cf. I cel. arn-sugr, the rush- upwaid spring of a biid of
or the swoop
ing sound of an eagle’s wings and see ;
prey; Ch. — O. F. sorse, a rise, also a
Surf. source ; see Source. Phil. Soc. Trans.
Soul. (E ) A. S. sdwel, sdwl. -f- Du. 1S8S, p. 18.
ziel, Icel. sala, sal, Dan. si, el, Swed. sjal, South. (E.) A. S. sub. -f- Du. zutd
G. Goth, saiwala. Brugm. i. § 200.
stele , Icel.r//(5r, also sunnr, south (cf. subrtyjar,
Sound (I \ adj., healthy. (E.) M.E. lit. southern islands, Sodor, the Hebrides) ;

sound. A. S. sun a. +Du. gezond; Swed. Dan. Swed. syd. Swed. sunnan, the south;
Dan. stind ; G. gcsund. Perhaps allied to O.H.G. sund, G. sud. p, The Teut.
Goth, swinths strong. base is * sunth-, south; perhaps allied to
Sound (2), strait of the sea. (E.'j M.E. Sun, q.v. Connexion with Gk. voros,
sound. A. S. sund, (1) a swimming, (2) south wind (Brugmann), is doubtful ; see
power to swim, (3) a strait of the sea, that Prellwitz. Der. south-ern\ cf. O.H.G.
could be swum across. +Icel. Dan. Swed. sundroni, southern, Icel. sub rerun.
G. sund. Probably derived from *swutn Souvenir. (F. - L.) F. souvenir, sb ,

(A. S. swum- weak grade of swimman

'
a remembrance merely the verb souvenh
; ,

to swim with suffix -doz for Idg. pp.

;
to remember, used as a sb. — L. subuenire,
suffix -ids. Brugm. i. § 377 (2). See to occur to one’s mind. — L. sub, under,
Swim. Der. sound swimming-bladder ,
near; uenirc, to i.ome. See Venture.
of a fish, another use of the same word Sovereign. (F.—L.) M.E souerain
Shetland soond Icel. stind-magi. ,
(sovtrain). — A. F. sovcrein\ O. F. souve-
Sound (3), a noise. (F.-L.) The rain. — Lnte L. superanus, chief. 1 ..super,

final d is added. M.E. soun. — F. son. above. See Super-.

— L. sonum, acc. of sontis (for *swenos), a Sow (1), to scatter seed. (E.) A.S.
sound. -f- Skt. svana sound; A. S. swin, sdwan pt. t. seow, pp. sdwen. + Du.
melody. (^SWEN.) Brugm. ii. § 519. zaaijen, Ice!, sd, Dan. saae, Swed. $&,
Sound (4), to measure depth of water. O. H. G. sdwen, G. saen, Goth, saiati .
(F. — L.) In Palsgrave. — F. sondtr, to Also \Y. hau, Lith. sbti, Russ, sieiate, L.
sound the depth of. Cf. Span. Port, sondar sere re (pt.t. semi, pp. sa-tum), to sow; Gk.
* 01 *
to sound ; Span. Port. sonda, F. sonde a 071 111 ), I send, throw. (^/SE,
-
,
irjtu (for

503
 , , ,, , , , \ , —
,,

SOW SPARABLE
to cast.) Bragm. i. §§ 132, 310. Der. tween the outer mouldings of an arch and
seed ;
season .
cf. a horizontal line above it. As if from
Sow (2), a female pig. (E.) Also O. F. *espanderel from O. F. espandeitr ,

applied to oblong pieces of melted metal, that which spreads. — O. F. espandre to ,

whence smaller pieces branch out, called spread, expand. See Expand, Spawn.
pigs . M. E. sowe, A. S. sugn , also Spangle. (E.) M. E. spange l dimin. of
Du. zog Icel. syr, Dan. so , Swed. j*, spang, a metal fastening (hence, small
,

sugga, Ci. jaw W. hwch Irish ; L. shining ornament). A. S. spange , a nutal

,

Gk. vy, a sow Zend //«, a boar. clasp. +E. Fries, and M. Du. spange a thin
; ,

Perhaps 1 producer, from the prolific nature plate of metal; Icel. spong\ G. spange,
’

of the sow. (^SU, to produce.) Der. brooch, clasp, buckle.

swine. Spaniel. (F. - Span. - IO M. E.
Soy, a sauce. (Japanese.) Also sooja, spaniel span e^eole. — O. F. espagneul a , ,
*
which has been corrupted into soy ' Eng. spaniel, Spanish dog. — Span. Espahcl, ;

Cycl. Japanese shoyu , soy, sauce though Spanish. — Span. Espaita , Spain. — E. I1L-
;

the name is now given to the bean ( Do - pania Spain. ,

liehos soja) whence soy is made. But the Spank, to slap, move quickly. (E.) We
Jap. name for the bean is daidzu also have spanker a large active man or
.

Spa, a place where is a spring of mineral animal spanking large, lusty. An E. ; ,

water. (Belgium.) Named alter Spa, S.W. word. Low G. spakkern spat kern, to + ,

of Li&ge, in Belgium. run and spring about quickly; E. Fries.

Space. (F. — L.) F. espace. — L. spatin /a, spenke/en , spenkern to burst, fly about;
a space. Allied to Span. Brugm. i. § 193. 1 )an. spanke, to strut about. From a bu*e
Der. spac-i ous. *spak significant of quick action cf. E. , ;

Spade (i). (E.) A. S. spiedit, spada , Fries, spoken to split, burst with heat.
a spade. +
Du. spade loci, s/adi, Dan. Der. spank-er an after-sail in a barque.
, ,

Swed. spade, G. spate n \ Gk. andOrj, Span-new, quite new. (Scand.) The
broad blade, sword-blade, spathe of a a has been shortened by the stiess upon it.
flower (whence L. spat ha, F. tpfe'). From M. E. span- tie we. — Icel. spdnnyr spdnyr ,

its flat surface. (-j/SPA, to draw out.) span-new, lit. ‘new as a chip.’ — Icel.
Der. spaddle a paddle. ,
spann a chip, shaving, spoon ; nyr , new. ,

spade (2), at cards. (Span. — I.. - Gk.) See Spoon.

A substitution for the Span, espada mean- Spar (1), a beam, bar. (E.) M. E. ,

ing (1) a sword, (2) a spade at cards. sparre. The A. S. sb. is vouched for by
Der. spad-ille , ace of spades, F. spadille the derived verb sparrian to fasten a door , ,

Span, espadilla , small sword, ace of spades, with a bar. 4- Du. spar Icel. sparri, Dan. ,

dimin. of Span, spada a spade (< L. Swed. sparre O. II. G. sparro, G. sparren,
, ;

spatha <
Gk. anaOrj). See Spade (1). spar, bar. [Irish and Gael, sparr beam,
Spalpeen, a mean fellow. (Irish ) Irish are from E.] Der. spar , vb., to fasten a
spailpin a common labourer, a mean door.
,

fellow, Gael, spailpcan. From Ir. spailp, Spar (2), a mineral. (E.) A.S. spilt -
a beau; 01 ig. pride. stan a spar-stone. Cf. G. sparkalk ,

Span, to measure, grasp. (E.) M. E. plaster. Distinct from G. spat, spath,

spannen A. S. spannan to bind, pt. t. spar.
.
,

Spain gespannan, to bind, connect, -f-

; Spar (3)7 to box, wrangle.^ (F. -Teut.)
O. II. G. spannan to extend, connect; Used of fighting-cocks. — M. F. e sparer, to
,
i

Du. spannen to span, stretch, put horses fling or yerk out with the heels
, Cot. ;
*

to, Dan. spiende, Swed. spanna to stretch, Low G. sparre sb., a struggling, stiiving;
,

span, buckle Icel. spenna , to clasp. G. sich sperren to struggle against, resist,
;

Allied to Spaco and Spin. (<^SPA.) oppose. Allied to Skt. sphur, to throb,
Der. span, sb., stretch of the hand, 9 inches struggle Gk. orraipav, dairatptiv to strug- ; ,

in space. gle convulsively ; Russ, sporite , to quarrel,

Spancel. (North E.)
1
A rope to tye wrangle. (^SPER.) And see Spur,
a cows hinder legs ;
’
Ray. From span Spurn. Brugm, i. § 509 (3).
to tie, and Icel. seil (A. S. sal), a rope. Sparable, a small nail used for boots.
+Du. spanzeel G. spann seil. ;
(E.) Formerly sparrow-bill ; from the
Spandrel. (F.-L.) The space be- shape.
5°4
 . , , \ — , , ,-
,

SPARE SPECIE
Spare, frugal, lean. (E.) A. S. spar, quentative of spat-, with the sense to
spare; whence spartan vb., to spaie.+ ,
throw, to splash. E. Fries, spatten to ,

Icel. sparr, Dan. spar-som, Swed. spar-sam , burst, fly out, spirt. +Du. spatten to ,

G. *par- saw, spar-lick thrifty. Der. spar-

,
throw, spatter, splash. Der. spatter-
ing, spare-rib ; spare, vb., from A. S. dashes, gn iters, to protect against spatter -
sparian (above) ;
Du. and G.
so also ings and dashes. See Spats.
spare??, Icel. and Swed. spara, Dan. spare. Spatula, a broad-bladcd knife for
Spark (i), a small particle of fire. (E.) spreading plnistcrs. (L. — Gk.) L spatula, ,

O. Mere, sparea (Sweet) A.S. spearca. -f- ;

dimin. of spatha, — Gk. ovdOt], a broad >

M. Du. sharcke ; LowG. sparke. Perhaps blade. See Spade (1).

so called fiom the crackling of a fire-brand, Spavin, a swelling near the joints of
which throws out spaiks cl. led. spraka ;
horses, producing lameness. (F. — Teut.)
to crackle, Tith. sprageti, to crackle like M. E. sparry nc. — O. 1* espan'iit (13th c., .

burning fire-wood, Gk. a<f>dpayos, a crack- in Hatzfeld) M. F. espa train, ‘a spavin

;

ling. Brug. i.
§ 33 r in the leg of a horse Cot. The same as ;
’

Spark (-2), a gay ) oung fellow. (Scand.) Span, esparavan, (1) a sparrow-hawk, (2)
The same as Wiltsh. sprack lively. — led. spavin ; answering to a Tow T. adj. *spar-
sparkr, sprightly, also sprakr ; Swed. dial. vdnus, belonging to a spariow, paiallelto
spraker, sprak sprig, tul kat i\ e. C f. Spark
,
Tate I/, spanuirius, a spnriow-hawk, lit.
(1). Der. sprag, i. c. sprack used by Sir belonging to sparrows; cf. G. sperber, a
Hugh, Meriy Wives, iv. 1. 84. sparrow-hawk. Perhaps the lit. sense is
Sparkle, vl)., to throw out sparks, to *
sparrow-like,’ from the hopping or spar-
glitter. (E.) Cf. Du. sparkelet? row-like motion of a horse afflicted with
,
to sparkle.
The foim spark-le is spavin.
frequentative. Deri\ed from O. I.G. spanve, a
See 1

Spark (1). sparrow, cognate with E. Sparrow, q. v.

Sparrow. (K.) A. S. spearwa.+'led. Generally explained as sparrow-hawk- ‘

sporr, Dan. spun?, Swed. spar/, Goth. like, contrary to giammar and sense. ^

ipanva\ O. H. G. sparo , G. sper- ling. However, the result is, in any case, doubtful.
Tit. ‘ llutterer ; ’ from ^ASPER, to quiver. Spaw, the same as Spa, q. v.
See Spar (3). Der. sparrow-hawk ; and Spawn, the eggs of fish or frogs. (F.
see sparable spavin.
,
— T.) From M. E. spawnen, spanen to ,

Sparse, thinly scattered. (L.) I.. spar- spawn, as fishes; Prompt. Paiv. For
sits', pp. of spargere, to scatter, sprinkle. spattnd, with loss of d. See Wright’s Voc.
Allied to Gk. airupuv see Sperm. ;
i. 164 N. & Q. C S. v. 465. — M. F. espan ;

Spasm. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. Spasme, the dre to shed, spill, pour out, scatter abroad ,
‘

cramp. — L. spastnum, acc. of spasmus. in great abundance * Cot. — L. expandere ;

Gk. ciravfivs a spasm. — Gk. (nrdv,cnrduv to to spread out, sh<d abroad see Expand.
,
, ;

draw, pluck. (y'SPA.) Der. spasm-od-ic, Speak. (E.) K. speken, also (before M .

from Gk. airaafjLwSrjs, convulsive. A. l). 1 200) spreken the word has lost an ;

Spat (x), a blow, a slap. (E.) Of r, Tate A. S. ipecan, A. S. sprccan pt. t.

imitative origin ; cf. slap , slam pal. sprac, pp. sprecen. -p Du. spreken ; G.
,

Spat (2), )oung of shell-fish. (E.) spreehen, pt. t. sprack. All perhaps from
From spat-, to eject, the base of spatter. Teut. base SPREK, to make a noise; cf.
Cf. Du. spat, a speckle, spot; and see Icel. spraka, to crackle; see Spark (i),
Spatter. and Piellwitz, s. v. atyapayos.
Spate, a river-flood. (F. — Teut.) Cf. Spear. (E.) M. E. and A.S. spere.+
Irish speul, a great river-flood ; borrowed Du. speer, Icel. spjor, Dan. spar, G. speer ;
from E. spate. The same as North E. cf. L. spams a small missile- weapon, dart. ,

spait, a torrent of rain ; also spelt speat. Perhaps allied to spar, a beam, bar (hence,
G. Douglas has spait, a torrent ; cf. Verg. a pole).
Aen. ii. 496.— A. F. *espeit = O. F. espoit, Special. (F. T.) Short for especial', —
a spouting out (Godefroy). — E. Fries. see Especial.
speiten, speuten, spoiten, W. Flem. speeten, Specie, money in gold or silver. (L.)
1 >u. spuiten, to spout
;
see Spout. Evolved as a sb. from the old word species
Spats, gaiters. (E.) Short for spatter- i money paid by tale,* Phillips ; prob. by
dashes. confusion with L. abl. specii, as if paid in
Spatter, to besprinkle. (E.) A
fre- specie * paid in \ isible coin.
 , , , ,, ,, ;; \ , ;;

SPECIES SPENCER
species, a kind. (L.) L. species, look, Northern E. A.S. Speir, to ask. (E.)
appearance, kind, sort. — L. specere, to — A. S. spor a spyrian, to ask, track out. ,

look, 6Ge.*fO» H. G. spehon , G. spcihen , foot-track ; allied to spora, a spur see ;

to spy ; Skt. to spy. (-y^SPEK, Spur. Du. speuren , Icel. spyrja, G. +

to see.) Brugm. i. § 551. spiiren Low G. spdoren to track, from ;

specify. vF.-L.) O.F. specifier to spaor, a spoor, trail (Danneil).

particularise. — L. specificare. - L. Spelicans, thin slips of wood. (Du.)
yfrwj, specific, particular. — L. speci-es, M. Du. spelleken a small pin dimin. of , ;

kind fic-, for facere, to make.

;
M. Du. spelle (Du. speld ), a splinter. See
specimen. (L.) L. specimen an ex- Spell (4). f' Distinct from Du. spalk,
ample, something shown. — L. special for A.S. spele, a splint.
specere to see ; with suffix -men.
, Spell (1), an incantation. (E.) M. E.
specious, showy. (F.-L.) M. F. spe- spec. A. S. spel, spell, a saying, story, nar-
cieux , fair. — L. specidsus fair to see. — L. rative hence a form of words, spell.+Icel.
, ;

speci-es, appearance with suffix -osus.

;
spjall, a saying; O. II. G. spel, narrative;
Speck, a small spot. (K.) A. S. specca Goth, spill, fable. Der. go -spel. ,

a spot, mark. Allied to Low G. spa/cig, Spell (2), to tell the names of letters
spotted with wet, spaken , to spot with wet in a word. F. — Tout.) M. E. spellen of ( ,

M. Du. jpickelen, to speckle, frequentative spell; also, to tell. —O.F. espeler ‘to ,

of M. Du. spicken, to spit Du. spikkel a spell;’ Cot. — Du. spellen, to spell; or
;

speckle, spot. Der. speck-le , a little speck from O. II. G. spellon, to tell, relate.-f
speck- le, vb. A. S. spellian to tell, recount, from A. S. ,

Spectacle. (F.-L.) F. Spectacle a spell, a story (above) Goth, spillon to ; ,

sight. — L. spec tacit It/ tn a show. — L. jr/*r- narrate,

t
Nl. E. spellen, in the sense
/rf/v, to behold, frequentative of specere to to relate/ is from A. S. spellian We also ‘
.

see. find speldren , to spell, in the Ormulum,

spectator. (L.) L. Spectator a be- from spelder, a splinter ; see Spell (4)
holder. ~L. specla-re, to see; with suffix but this is a different word.
-tor. — L. spect-um supine of spectre , to Spell (3). a turn of work. (E.) Cf.
see. A. S. spelian, to supply another’s room, to
spectre. (F.-L.) F. spectre, ‘an act or be proxy for ; allied to Du. spelen ,

image, ghost ;* Cot. — L. spectrum a vision.

,
Icel. spila, G. spielen , to act a pait, play a
— L. spec -ere, to see. game from the sb. appearing as Du. Swed.
;

specular. (L) h.specularis, belong- spel, Icel. Dan. spit, G. spiel a game. ,

ing to a mirror. — L. specu turn, a mirror. Spell (4), Spill, a thin slip of wood,
— L. spee-ere , to see. But Milton uses slip of paper. (E.) Formerly speld M.E. .

it with reference to L. specula a watch- , speld a splinter. A. S. speld, a torch, spill

tower ; also from spec-erc see below. ;
to light a candle. Orig. a splinter; from
speculate. (L.) Fiom pp. of L. Teut. *spaldan - (G. j patten), to cleave;
specularly to behold. — L. specula ,
a watch- a reduplicating verb, like . 11 G. spaltan. 0 .

tower.— L. spec-ere, to see. Der. speculat- +Du. speld, a pin, splinter; Icel. speld, a
ion, -ive. square tablet, orig. thin piece of board,
Speech. (E.) M.Late A. S.
E. speche. spilda , a slice Goth, sfilda , a tablet
;

spihee, dat of form spr&c,

spdfc, earlier M. H. G. spelle, a splinter. Cf. Shetland
speech. — A S. sprdc-, 3rd gi ade of sprecan,
. speld, to split.
to speak. +
Du. spraak, G. sprache speech. , Spelt, a kind of corn. (L.) A. S. spelt,
See Speak. corn. Cf. Du. spelt G. speh, Apparently ,

Speed, success, velocity. (E.) A. S. borrowed from Late L .spelta, spelt whence ;

sped, haste, success. For *spodiz , with the also Itai. spelta, spelda , F. tpeautre , spelt.
usual change from 0 to e. — A. S. spow-an, Spelter. pewter, zinc. (Low G.) In
to succeed ; with suffix -diz (Idg. -Hi). Blount (1674). Perhaps from Low G.
+ Du. spoed, speed O. 1 L G. spuot, ;
spialter, pewter ;
cf. Du. spiauter, M. Du.
spot , success, from spuon, to succeed. speauter, O. F. espeautre. This seems
Allied to Skt. sphiti increase, prosperity, to be the original of Pewter, q. v. The
from sphay, to enlarge. Brugro. i. § 156. history of these words is very obscure.
Der. speed, vb., A. $. spedan ; from sped, Spencer, a short over-jacket. (F. — L.)
sb. I
Named after Earl Spencer died 1845. The ,

506
 , ; ;;, ; , , ,

SPEND SPINE
name is from M.E. spenser also despenser. ,
Leechdoms, 4a. Formed from the verb
iii.

— O.F. dcspencitr a spender, a caterer, , to spin prov. K. spinner , a spider.

cf. +
clerk of a kitchen ; Cot. — O. F. despenser l>u. Spin, Dan. spirider, Swed. spindei G. \

to spend ; frequent, of despendre. — L. dfc- spinne, spider or spinner. And cf. Spindle.
pendere, to weigh out, pay. — L. dis-, apart Spigot. (Prov.) M.E. spigot, spikket,
pendcre to weigh. See Pendant.
,
a peg for a cask. Cf. Irish and Gael.
spend. (L.) A.S. spendan, to spend spiocaid, spigot (from E.). Prov. *espigot, —
Shortened from L. dispendere, to spend, (not found ; but cf. Prov. tspigonn, a
\

waste, consume. We lind Late 1 spcndium /. spigot, a diinin. from L. spica, an car of
tor disptndium spensa for dispensa also , ;
corn. Cf. also Walloon spigot, the peak
spendibilis inoneta , money for expenses of a shoe. Also Port, espicho , a spigot,
{\. D. 922). So aKo Ital. spendere, to fiom L. spint him. — L. spica, a point; see
spend, spendio ( I.. dispendium ), ex- < below.
pense.— L. dis-, away, part; pendere, to Spike (1', a sharp point, a nail.
weigh out, pay. Or (as usually said) (Scand.) From Icel. spik, Swed. spik ;

from L. expendere, which does not suit cf. Dan .spiger, Du.
spijker a nail. Appa- ,

the F. forms »ee above. It makes no

: rently distinct from L. spica ; and allied
great diHerence. by gradation to Spoke.
Sperm, s pawn , spermaceti (K. — L. .
— Spike (2), an cai of corn. (L.) L.
Gk.) M. E. sperme. — Y sperrne ‘ sperm, . .
spica, an ear of corn, a point.
seed;’ Cot. — L. sperm a. Gk. a-nippa.— — spikenard. (F.-L. and Gk. - Pcrs.
Gk. andptiv (for *<rrrtp-ytiv), to sow —Skt.) (). F. spiqiienat d. L. spica —
orig. to scatter with a jerk of the hand. nardi, spike of nard also 9 tardus spica tus,
;

(y'SPER.) Der. sperm -at-ic (Gk. air t ppar 1- i. e. nard furnished with spikes, in allusion

k6s) ;
e. sperm
spermaceti , L. spermaceti, i. to the mode of growth. And see Nard.
of the whale Cetaceous. ;
see Spill (1), a slip of paper for lighting
Spew, Spue. (E.) A.S. spiwan, candles ; see Spell (4).
pt. t. spdw, pp. spiweti, to vomil.+Du. Spill (2), to destroy, shed. (Scand.)
spuuwen, I cel. spyja, I)an .s/ye, Swcd spy, . (Not allied to spoil.) M. E. spi/len, to
G. speien Goth, speiwan L. spuere Lith.
, ,
destroy, mar also, to perish. ;
Icel .spilla, —
spjanti ; Gk. tttvuv (for *omvuv), to spit. to destroy; Swed. spilla , Dan. spilde to
(y'SPlW.') Allied to puke (1), spit (2). spill, -f- A. S. spildan , to destroy ; O. Sax.
ltrugm. i. § 567. spildian. Teut. type *spelth-jan- ; allied
Sphere, a globe, ball. ( F. — I.. - Gk.) to G. spallen, to split.
M. — O. F. e$pere> M. F. sphere
E. spere. Spin, to draw out threads. (E.) A.S.
L. sphiera. — Gk. a<paipa, a ball. spinnan, pt. t. spann, pp. spunnen.^ Du.
Sphinx. (L. — Gk.) L. Sphinx. — Gk. spinnen, Icel. Swed. spinna Dan. spinde ,

<r<pty( (gen. <r<piyyvs), lit. * the strangler,’ G. spinnen Goth, spinnan . Allied to ,

because the Sphinx strangled travellers Lith. pin-ti, to weave. See Span.
who could not solve her riddles. — Gk. Spinach, Spinage, a vegetable.
a^tyyav, to throttle, The story suggests (F. — Span. — Arab. — l’ers.) Spinage is a
that this is a * popular etymology ; and voiced form of spinach O. F. esptnuche
’ ‘ ’
.

that the word is foreign to Greek. espinage espinace. — Span, espinaca — ,

.

Spice. (F.-L.) M. E. spice, formerly Arab, aspandkh, isfdndj \ of Lers. origin

used also in the sense of species or kind. — (D.vic.). The Ital. spinace and Span. f
O. F. espice spice. — L. speciem acc. of espinaca are referred, by popular etymo-
,

species a kind, which in I .ate L. meant logy, to L. spina a thorn

,
some say the , ;

also a spice, drug. See Species. fruit is prickly, some say the leaves arc so.

Spick and Span-new, wholly new. See Spine.

(Scand.) Lit. * spike and spoon-new,’ Spindle. (E.) The d is excrescent
where spike is a nail, and spoon is a after n. M. E. spinel, also spinde le. A. S.
4
splinter. See Spike and Spoon. Cf. spin!, i.e. spinner/ from spinnan, to spin.
Swed. dial, spik spangandc ny in Rietz Hh M. Du. spille (for *spinle) G. spindei, ;

(with many variants), and Icel. spdn-tiyr, (). H. G. spinnila. Dor. spindl-y thin
lit. spoon -new, splinter-new. like a spindle; spindle-tree (Kuonymus)
Spider. (E.) M. E. spither , spiiire. formerly used for spindles and skewers.
A. S. spider or * spider (for *spintier\ Spine, a prickle. (F.— L.) O »¥.espine,
 , , , , , , . , ,,, , , , , . , ,, . , ;

SPINET SPLINT
a thorn. — L. spina a thorn, prickle; also Spit (2), to eject from the mouth. (K.'
the back-bone. Observe that in the M. E. spitten, A. S. spittan cf. spiitan, ;

sense of back-bone * the word is Latin pt. t. spdtte to spit. But we also find Dan
‘

only, not F. spytte Swed. spotta prov. G. sputzen (cf. (

Spinet, a kind of musical instrument. spuckeii ) ; fiom Teut. *sput see Spout.
(F. — Ital. — L.) So called because struck Perhaps *sput- are both from *spe?u
by a spine or pointed quill, O.F. espinette. the root of Spew. Cf. Brugm. i. §§ 279
— Ital. spinetta a spinet, also a prickle; ( 1 ) 56 7
,
er. spittle formerly also spettlc ,
. D , ,

dimin. of spina a thorn. — L. spina spatil, spotil A. S. spietl, spatl

Spink, a finch. (Scand.) M. E. spink. Spite. (F. - L.) M. E. spyt, spiu .

— Swed. dial. spink a sparrow; gull-spink Merely short for despite by loss of the
, ,

a gold-finch; Norw. spikke (for *spinke), first syllable (as in fence for defence). See
Dan. dial, spinke small bird. Gk. Despite. Der. spiteful.
, +
<rviyyos
,
a finch, i. e, * chirper ; * from ant- Spittle (1), saliva; see Spit (2).
to chirp. Cf. anifa, a finch, owos, spittle (2), a hospital. (F. — L.) M. K.
a small bird. Doublet, finch, spitel. — O. F. ospital, hospital’, see Hos-

Spinny, a thicket. (F. - L.) O. F. pital.

espmei\ M. F. espinoye ‘a thicket, grove, Splash, to dash water about. (E.)
a thorny plot,* Cot. ; F. Ipinaie. — L. Coined, by prefixing s- (- 0 F. es-, L. ex) .

spineturn, a thicket of thorns. — L. spina, used for emphasis, to plash used in the ,

a thorn. See Spine. same sense (White Kennett). See Plash

Spinster, orig. a woman who spins. (1); and cf. Du. plassen to plash; E. '

(E.) M. K. spinnestere. From A. S. Fries, plassen plasken , platsken Dan. , ,

spinnan to spin with A. S. suffix - estre pladskc to splash, dabble.

;

(E. - ster ). p. This suffix is a compound Splay, to slope, in architecture; to dis-

one (- es-lre ). It was used in A. S. (as in locate a bone. (F. — L.) In both senses,
Du.) solely with reference to the feminine it can be proved to be a contraction for
gender, but this restricted usage was soon Display. Der. splayfooted.
set aside in a great many M.K. words. Spleen. (L. — Gk.) M. E. splcn. —
Cf. Du. spinster, a spinster, zangster a L. splcn. — Gk. anXrjv, the spleen. Cf. Skt.
,

female singer ; also E. seamstress (i. e. plihan-\ L. lien. Brugm. i. § 549 (c).
seam-ster- ess), songstress (i.e. song-ster-ess), Der. splen-etic
where the F. fern, suffix - ess is superadded. Splendour. (F.-L.) F. splendeur. —
Spiracle. (F.-L.) F. spiracle ‘a ,
L. splendorem acc. of splendor, brightness.
,

breathing-hole ; Cot. —
9
L. splrdculum — L. splendere ,
to shine. Der. re-splendent.
air-hole. — L. splrare to breathe. Spleuchan, a tobacco-pouch. (Gael.)
Spire (i), a tapering stem, sprout, Gael, spliuchan Irish spliuchan a pouch.
steeple. (E.) A. S. splr, spike, stalk. -f- Splice. (Du.) M. I)u. splissen, to in-
Icel. splra, spar, stilt, Dan. spire, germ, terweave rope-ends ; so named from split-
sprout, Swed. spira , a pistil, G. spiere a ting the rope-ends beforehand; from Du.
spar, Distinct from Spire (2). sp/ilsen, to splice (really an older form).
Spire (2 h a coil, wreath. (F. — L. Gk.) — Formed from split-, weak grade of Du.
F. spire . — L. splra , a coil, twist, wreath. spiijlen to split. 4- Dan. splidse, to splice
,

— Gk. (Tirupa a coil ; allied

(for *(nr(p-ya), (for *splitse), allied to splitie, to split;
to airdprov , a rope, anvpis, a basket. Swed. splissa ;
G. splissen, to splice. See
(^SPER.) Der. spir-al F. spiral L. ,
Split. Der. splice, sb.
spiralis . splint, splent, a thin piece of split
Spirit. (F. - L.) M. E. spirit. - A. F. wood. (Scand.) Formerly splent from
espirit ;
F. esprit. — L. acc. spiritual, from O. F. esplente, a thin steel plate. — Swed.
spirit us, breath. — L. splrare, to breathe. splint, a kind of spike, a forelock (flat
Doublet, sprite. iron peg) Dan. splint, a splinter ; cf. Low
;

Spirt ; see Spurt. G. splinte, an iron pin; E. Fries, splinte ,

Spit (1), a skewer, iron prong for roast- splint, the same. Cf. Swed. splinta, to
ing meat. (E.) M. E. spite. A. S. spitu, splinter, ultimately allied to Dan. splitte,
a spit.+Du. spit Dan. spid, Swcd. spett ;
Swed. dial, splitta to split; see Split.
M. H. G. spiz, G. spiess, a spit ; cf. spitze Der. splinter cf. Du. and E. Fries. ;

a point, top. splinter.

508
 , , , , ,, ,

SPLIT SPRAIN
Split. (Du.?) Apparently borrowed Spook, a ghost. (Du.) Du. spook ;

from M. Du. sp/itten to split; cf. Dan. ,

Low G. spook Swed. ,
spoke, a ghost; cf.
splitte to split, bwed. dial, splitta to dis-
, ,
Du. spoken ,
Low G. spoken Swed. spoka,
entangle or separate yarn. From the weak to haunt.
grade split - of the Teut. strong verb *splei •
Spool, a reel for winding yarn on. (M.
tan-, as seen in O. Fries. sp/Fia Du. Du.) M.K. spo/e. — M. Du. spoele I)u. ,

te;/, E. Fries, spliten Low G. spliten, G. spool, a spool, quill .r/J/i.+Swed. ;

Low G.
splcisscn to split, cle; ve.
,
lienee also spo/e Dan. spo/e G. spu/c spool, bobbin.
,

Dan. .9///V, Du. spleet, a split, rent, G. Cf. I cel. spolr (base spa/-), a bar.
spleisse, a splinter. Spoom, to run before the wind. <'L.)
Splutter, to speak hastily and con- Lit. ‘to throw up spume or foam.’— L.
fusedly. (E
imitative origin
)
a Of ;
spurna foam. ,

variant of sputter which is a frequentative , Spoon, ail instrument for supping liquids.
of spout \ see Spout, Spurt. It means (E.) M. E. span. A.S. spoil, a chip,
‘to keep on spouting out’; spout being splinter of wood (which was the orig.
formerly used as now) in the sense to ‘
spoon). +
l)u. spaan I cel. spCmn spoil n, , ,

talk.* Pray spout some French

‘ Beaum. ;
*
Dan. spaan, Swed. span, G. spahn, a ch p. ;

and Fletcher, ('oxcomb, iv. 4. Cf. Low Spoor, a trail. (Du.) Du. spoor see ;

G. sprutten, to spout, spurt. Spur. Cf. A. S. spor, a foot-track see ;

Spoil, to plunder. . F. — LA M. K. Speir.

spoiien. — O. F. espoillier ;
F. spotter, k
to Sporadic, scattered here and theie.
spoile;’ Cot. —
L. spotiFire, to strip off (Gk.) ( 5 k. atropahucos, scattered. — Gk w

spoil. — L. spoliu w, spoil, booty ; orig. skin a-nopab-, stem of (Tiropas , scattered. — Gk.
stripped dress of a slain warrior. Der.
off, aitupt iv (for *ancp-ytiv), to scatter.
spoliation from L. pp. spolidtus.
spoil, sb. ; , Sporo. (Gk.) Gk. anupos, seed-time;
Spoke, a bar of a wheel. (E.) A. S. also a seed. — Gk. oirupeiv, to sow.
spdea a spoke. +- Du. speek, a spoke, G.
, (Gael. L. Gk.) Gael. Sporran. — —
speiche , prov. G. spaehe, a spoke. Tent, a purse, pouch worn with the sporan,
types *spaikon *spat'Icon-. Allied by kilt Irish spa ran, s buran, the same. For ;

gradation to Spiko (t). *s-burran *s-burs-an. — L. bursa a purse. < ,

Spokesman. (E.) Ill Shak. Two Gk. (3 vpaa, a hide. See Purse. —
Gent. ii. 1. T51. Formed from spoke, Sport, mirth. (F. — L.) Shot t for dis-
pt. t. of speak instead of from the in fin. port, desport
,
(so also splay for display). ;

speak ; for the s, cf. hunt-s-man sports- The verb is M. E. disporten to amuse see , ;

man. Disport.
Spoliation ;
sec Spoil. Spot, a blot, mark made by wet, piece
Spondee. (L. - Gk.) The metrical foot of ground. (E.) M. E. spot. Cf. Norw.
marked
Scios,
( —
). — L. spondeus.— Gk. avov-

a spondee, used for solemn melodies (distinct from spott, f., mockery); Jcel.
spot/, m., a spot, a small piece of ground

at treaties or truces. — Gk. onovdai, a solemn spotti , spottr, a small piece ; E. Fries, spot,
treaty, truce ; pi. of oirovb-q, a drink-offer- a spot cf. M. Du. spotten to spot, stain. ;

ing, libation to the gods. — Gk. airMav, From Tcut. *sput-, weaker grade of *spi7 -
to pour out. Prob. allied to Sponsor. tan - ; see Spout.
Brugrn. i. § 143, ii. § 802. Der. sponda-ic. Spouse. F. — L.) From O. F. espouse, (

Sponge. (F. — L. — Gk.) O. F. esponge a spouse. — L. sponsa, a betrothed woman ;

(F. iponge). — I., spon^ia. — Gk. (nroyyia, fern. pp. of spondere, to promise see ;

a sponge; also anoyyvs (Attic (T<f) 6 yyod. Sponsor.

+ L. fungus a fungus (from its spongy
, Spout, to squirt out, rush out as a liquid
nature). out of a pipe. (E.) M. E. spouten. Cf.
Sponsor. (L.) L. sponsor, a surety.— Swed. sputa occasionally used for spruta, ,

L. sponsus , pp. of spondere to promise. to squirt, spout, spurt, spatter; Du. spuiten ,
,

Prob. allied to Gk. <nrovtiai, a truce, and to to spout, spuit, a squirt; Dan. spyte, to
Spondee. Brugm. i. § 143. spit, sputter. From Teut. * spiltan-, to spit
Spontaneous. (L.) L. spontaneous, out, with weaker grade %sput- (Franck).
willing; with suffix -ous.— L. spont as Sprack, Sprag; see Spark (2b
seen in abl. sponte of one’s own accord, Sprain, Vb. (F. — L.) Formed from
from a lost nom. *spons. 0 F. espreign a stem of O. F. espreindre , .

5°9
 . , , , e , , , + , ,, , , , ;,;

SPRAT SPRUCE-BEER
*
to press, wring/ Cot. ; (cf. strain from that a crickebbat is sprung ; or to spring
O. F. estreimire ). Mod. F. Ipreindre. — (i. e burst) a mine. Teut. type *sprtngan- %

L. exprimere, to press out (whence esprein - Perhaps allied to Gk. anfpxtiy, to drive
dre, by analogy with F. forms from verbs in on (Prellwitz) ; but this is doubtful. Der.
-ingere).—!* ex out; prettier } to press. spring sb., a leap, also a bursting out of
,

See Press. Der. sprain sb. water, also the budding time of year, also
Sprat, a small fish. (E.) M. E. sprot. a crack in a mast springe a snare made ; ,

A. 5 sprott, Cf. A. S. sprot, a sprout.

. with a flexible (springing) rod, likeO.II.G.
Du. sprot, a sprat; also (in M. Du.) a springa.
sprout of a tree. *
Sprat a small fish, Sprinkle. (Du.?) Formerly sprenkle ,
*
considered as the fry of the herring perhaps borrowed from Du. sprenkelet$, to ;

Wedgwood. From A. S. sprot- (Teut. sprinkle. Cf. G. sprenkcln to sprinkle, ,

*sprut-), weaker grade of sprtitan-, to from M. IT. G. sprenkel a spot, allied to ,

sprout with the sense of 4 fry/ or young Icel. sprek la, Swed. sprakla a little spot.
; ,

one. See Sprout. See Kluge (s. v. sprenkel').

Sprawl, to toss about the limbs. (E.) Sprint; see Spurt (2).
M. E. spratilen. A. S. spt eawlian, to Sprit, a spar extending a fore-and-aft
move Convulsively, to sprawl. Norw. sail. (E.) M. E. spret a pole. A.S. spreot, + ,

spra/a, Dan. spi-cella spree ldc, Swed. dial. a pole orig. a sprout, shoot, branch of a
, ;

sprain, spralla N. Fries, sprawle ,

tree. Allied to A. S. sprutan, to sprout; .

Spray (I), foam tossed with the wind. see Sprout. 4- E. Fries, sprei Du. spriet\ ;

(Low G.) A late word, given in Hailey’s M. Sued, sprote .

Diet. (1735). From Low G. sprei, a slight Sprite, a spirit. (F. — L.) The false
drizzle (Schambaclri in Coburg, spree cf. spelling spright is common, and is retained
; ; j

liavar. spneen to drizzle (Schmeller) G. in the adj. sprightly. M. E. sprit, sprite. ;

spruhen M. H. G. sprajett, spree wen Du. — F. esprit the spirit hence, a spirit. —
; ; , ;

sproeien (see Franck). L spiriturn, acc. of spiritus ;

see Spirit.
Spray (2), sprig of a tree. (E.' M. E. Sprout, to germinate. (E.) M. E.
spray answering to
;
S. *spntg. allied A
spruten. A. S. *sfrtitan (found in the pp.
to A. S. spreec, a shoot, spray; cf. Dan. a-sproten) ; O. Fries, sprata, strong verb,
sprag, a spray (Molbech), Swed. dial. pp. spruten, to spiout. 4-Low G. spruten
sPragge , a green branch, Icel. sprek, a to sprout Du. spruiten, G. spriessen (pt.t. ;

stick. Cf. also Lith. sproga a spray of spross ) ; Swed. spruta Dan. sprude, to ,

a tree, also a rift, from sprog-ti to crackle, squirt, spurt, spoilt. Teut. type *sprutan ,

split, sprout, bud. (Difficult and doubtful.) pt. t. *spraut } pp. *sprutanoz. Compare
Spread. (E.* A. S. spriedan , to extend, Spout. 1

-f* Du. spreiden, Low G. spreden G. sprei- fine, smart. (F. G.) Hall’s Spmce, —
ten ;
cf. Swed. sprida, Dan. sprede , to Chionicle tells us that a particular kind
spread. Teut. type *spraidjan - from a of fashionable dress was that in which men ;

Teut. root *spreiJ 4

were appareyled after the manner of
.

Spree, a frolic. (Scand.?) Cf. Irish Prussia or Spruce * ; see Richardson’s Diet.
spre, a spark, Hash, animation, spirit; M. E. spruce Prussia, P. Plowman, C. vii.
Lowl. Sc. spree a frolic, also spelt spray 279, li. xiii. 393; also written (more
,

(Scott); cf. Swed. dial, sprag; lively con- usually) pruce. — ( ). F. Pruce (F. Pmsse),
versation. Perhaps allied to Spry. Piussia. — G. Preussen, Prussia. Sec
Sprig. E. sprigge Allied to
(E.) M. . Spruce-beer.
A.S. spreec, a twig. -f Icel. sprek a stick; Spruce-beer, a kind of beer. (G.
Low G. sprikk E. Fries, sprikke jr/rf/fc, coifused with F. and E.) The E. name
stick, twig. Allied to Spray (2). for German sprossen-bier i. e. sprouts- ,
‘

Sprightly, Spritely. (F.-L; beer/ obtained from the young sprouts of

E. suffix.) Sprightly is a false selling; the black spruce fir. — G. sprossen , pi. of
spritely is from Sprite, q. v. spross a sprout (from spriessen, to sprout) ;
Spring, vb. (E.) A. S.
springan and bier cognate with E. beer ; see Sprout
pt. sprang pp. sprungen. 4- Du. G.
t. ,
and Beer. p. Englished as Spruce-beer,
springen Swed. springa Dan. springe , ;
i. e. Prussian beer, where Spruce meant
Icel. springa ,
to burst, split. p. Orig. Ptussia ; see Sprue© above. So also
sense to * split or crack/ as when we say spruce fir (substituted for sprossen-Jichte)
 , , , ,

SPRY SQUANDER
meant Prussian fir; and spruce leather spout. Icel. spretta is for * sprinta, *sprin-
meant Prussian leather. ta (NoreerO. See Sprint.
Spry, active, (E.?) Cf. Swed. dial, Sputter. (E.) The frequentative ol
sprygg, very active, skittish ; allied to spout. It means ‘to keep on spouting
Swed. dial. sprag, sprak, spirited, mettle- out’; hence to speak rapidly and indis-
some. See Spark (2). tinctly. Cf. Du. dial. i^Gioningen) spot-
Spue ;
see Spew. tern, to sputter ;
Low G. pattern, Norw.
j

Spume, foam. (L.) L. spinna, foam ; sputra, to spout. Distinct from but
for *spoima; Brugm. ». § 791. Cf. Skt. allied to spatter and spot.
phena-y A S .fam, foam. Spy, to see. (F. - (). II. CO Short for
Spunk, tinder ; a match, spark, spirit, espy see Espy. Dor. spy, sb. ;

mettle. (C. — L. — Gk.) Orig. tinder.’ — Squab, (I) to fall plump (2) a sofa, a
‘
;

Gael, spongy Irish spate, sponge, spongy young bird. vScand.) See squab squob in ,

wood, tinder. — I sgongia^ a sponge; see Hailiwell. And see squab to fall plump, ,

8ponge. Cf. W
ysbwng, a sponge, from squab with a sudden fall, in Johnson.
.
,

Latin. 1 From Swed. dial, skvapp a word imita-

. ,

Spur. (KA M. E. spurs. A. S. spurn, tive of a splash ; cf. G. schwapp, a slap,

spora a spur.+ Du. spoor, a spur (allied K S 7cap, to strike. 2. From Swed. dial.
y

to spoor, a track) ; Icel. spori l)an. spore skvabb, loose or fat flesh, skvabba, a fat
, ,

Swed. sporre, O. H. G. sporo spur. From woman, skvabbig, flabby allied to Norw.
, ;

the weak grade of Tent. *sper-an- t to kick. skvapa, to tremble, shake, and cf. M. E.
Brugra. i. § 793 (2). (4/SPER.) See quappen to throb, and E. quaver see , ;

Spar (3). The sense is

orig.kicker ‘ ’
;
Quaver. Cf. Icel. kvap jelly, jelly-like
from its use on the heel; cf. Lith. spir-ti, things.
to kick. Der. spur, vb. See Spoor, squabble, to wrangle. Scand.) Swed. <

Spurn. dial, skvabbel a dispute. — Swed. dial.

,

Spurge, a plant.
from its corroding (and so cleansing
away) warts. — O. F. spurge, espurge. —
O. F. esparger, to purge aw ay. — L. ex-
purgate, to cleanse away. — L. ex, away;
purgave, to cleanse. Sec Purge.
(F.— L.) Named skvappa, to chide, lit. make a splashing,
from the sb. skvapp, sqvapp, a splash. Cf.
1‘rov. E. swabble, to squabble, allied to
sivab, to splash over, swap, to strike.
Squad, a small troop. (F. — Ital. — K)
M. F. esq u aitre, escadre — Ital. squadra a ,

Spurious. (L.) L. spur i- its, false squadron ; ; see Square.

with suffix ~ous. squadron. (F. - Ital. - L.) M. F.
Spurn. (E.) E. spa men , to kick
M. esquadron. — Ital .squadrone) augmentative
against, hence to reject. A. S. spurnan of squadra (above).
to kick against (pt. t. spearn pp. spornen). ,
Squalid. (I,.) L. squiilidus ,
rough,
Allied to Spur, +
led. sperna (pt. t. dirty. — J.. squiilire to be rough, parched,
spam) ; Swed. spjarna ; L. spernere, to dirty. Der. squaior, sb.
despise, a cognate form. (Base * spent ;
Squall, (Scand.)
to cry Swed. out.
<^SPER.) See Spar (3), Brugm. i. § sqvala, to gush out violently, sqval, a rush
of water, sqval-regn, a violent shower of
5 6 5-
Sparry, a plant. (F.-G.-Late L.) rain (E. squall, sb., a buist of rain) ;
Dan.
M. F. spurrie, * spurry or fiank, a Dutch sqvaldre, to clamour, sqvalder clamour, ,

[German) heib;’ Cot. Of Teut. origin.; noisy talk Swed. dial, skvala , to gush
;

cf. G. sporgd, spergel, spark , spurry.— out, cry out, chatter, -f Gael, sgal, a loud
Late L. spergula, a d. 1482 (Weigand). cry, sound of high wind ; allied to G.

Spurt (1), Spirt, to spout out. (li.) schallm, Icel. skjalla (pt. t. skall), to re-
The older sense is to germinate. Spurt sound, and W. chwalu, to babble.
stands for sprat ; M. E. spratten, to sprout Squander, to dissipate. (E) Orig.
or shoot. A. S. spryttan to produce as a to disperse, scatter abroad Dryden, Annus
;

sprout or shoot cr.usal form from A. S.

;
Mirabilis, st. 67. Nasalised form allied to
spriitan, to sprout. See Sprout. Lowl, Sc. squatter , to splash about, scatter,
Spurt (2), a violent exertion. (Scand.) squander, prov. E. swatter , to throw water
—
Formerly spirt. Icel. sprettr, a spurt, about Swed. dial, skvdttra to squander.
; ,

spring, bound, run, — Icel. spretta (pt. t. These are frequentatives from Dan. sqvatte,
sfratt), to start, spring ; also to sprout, to to splash, spurt, also to squander; Swed.
 ,, , , , , ), ,;;,, , ,, , , \
,;;

SQUARE SQUIRT
sqvatta, to squirt, Icel. skvetta (for sweymous Prompt. Parv.
, also squaimons, ;
* skwenta,perhaps allied to G. ontvtiuv, to skoymus, A. F. escoymous
disdainful. —
pour out see Noreen), to squirt out water.
;
delicate, nice as to food (Bozon). The
The d appears in M.Du. swadderen to ,
form answers to L. type *schemaldsus or
dabble in water Swed. dial, skvadra to ; *schemosus from schema (Gk. ayvn a;,
;

gush out of a hole (as water). Cf. scatter scheme, form, air, mien, manner.
IF Not’
and Gk. adb-aais, a scattering. related to Shame.
Square. (F. - L.) M. E. square. - Squeeze, to crush, pre^s tightly. (K. N
O. E. esquarrc squared; esquam a square, The prefixed s is due to O. F. es - ( = L. -ex),
squareness. Cl. Ital. squadrare to square very ;
queeze = late M. E. queisen, to
squadra, a square, also a squadron of men This M. E. queisen probably squeeze.
(orig. a square). All from Late L. *ex- represents O. Merc. * ewes an, answering to
quadrdre, intensive (with prefix ex) of L. A. S. ewiesan, cwysan, to crush, chiefly in
quadra re, to square. — L. quadras four- the comp, td-ewiesan .

cornered see Quadrate.

; Squib, (0 a paper tube, with com-
Squash, to crush. (F.-L.) a. The bustibles; (2) a lampoon. (Scand.) 1.
mod. E. squash appears to be due to quash, Squibs were sometimes fastened slightly to
with the prefix s- — O. F. es- <
L. ex-, a rope, so as to run along it like a rocket;
used as an intensive. — O. F, esquasscr whence the name. From M. E. squippen ,

to break in pieces, from O. F. es-, ami siuippen, to move swiftly, fly, sweep, dash
quasser, casser, to break see Quash, — Icel. svipa, to flash, dart, svipr a swift
;

p. Hut it commonly keeps the sense of movement Norw. svipa to run swiftly. ; ,

M. E. squachen to crush. — (). F. esqua- 2. A squib also means a political lampoon,

,

chier, to crush, also spelt cs< acker, ‘to but was formerly applied, not to the lam-
squash ;
Cot.
(Mo.l. F. ecachet ).
’ The poon but to the writer of it
itself, see ;

F. cacher answers to a Late L. type *coac- Tatler, no. 88, Nov. 1, 1709. squib A
tialre due to L. co-actare, to constrain,
,
thus meant a firework, a flashy fellow,
force, press. The piefix es- -L. ex, ex- making a noise, but doing no harm. Squib
tremely coactarc is formed from oai t-us,
;
I t also means child’s squirt, from its shooting
pp. of cogere ( - coigere), to drive together. out water instead of fire. Cf. G. schweif
See Ex- and Cogent; also Con- and stern a comet.
Agent. Der. squash, sb., an unripe Squill. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. squille,
peascod ("nearly flat). ‘
squill, sea-onion ; Cot. — L. squilla ’

squat, to cower. (F. ~L.) I .it to lie s cilia. — Gk. arclWa, a squill.
flat, as if pressed down the old sense is to; Squinancy, old spelling of quinsy.
press down, squash. M. E. squatten to , Squint, to look askew. (E.) The same
crush flat. — O. F. esquatir to flatten, as prov. E. (Suffolk) squink, to wink. Ot
crush. — O. F. es- ( L. ex), extremely obscure origin. Cf. M. Dn.schnyn, ‘cross,
quatir, to beat down. Diez shows that oblique, byas-wise,’ Hexham; E. Fries.
O. F. quatir (Late L. type * coactln is schutt, oblique, awry ; I)u. schuin, oblique
a derivative of L. coact us, pp. of cogere, schuinen, to slant ; schuinte, a slope, obli-
to press, compel see above. Cf. M. Ital.
; quity.
1
quattarc, to squat, lie close.’ Squire (1), the same as Esquire.
Squaw, a female. (W. Indian.) Massa- Squire (2), a square, carpenter’s rule.
chusetts squa,eshqua, Narragansett squaws (F. — L.) M.E. squire. — O. F. esquire ,

a female (Webster) ; Cree iskweiv . esquietTe ; mod. F. Squerre. variant A

Squeak, to cry out shrilly. (Scand.) of O. F. esqttarre\ see Square.
M. Swed. skweeka to squeak Swed. , ; Squirrel. (F. — L. Gk.) .F.. squirel, — M
sqvdka, to cro.ik Norw. skvaka to cackle
; , ; scurcl. — O. F. escurel (F. tcureuil). —
Icel. skvakka to sound like water shaken Late L. scurellus a squirrel ; for *sciurel-
in a bottle. Allied to Quack. lus, dimin. of scitirus a squirrel. — Gk.
Squeal. (.Scand.) M. Swed. sqwcela ,
atciovpos, a squirrel ; lit. * a shadow-tail,’
Swed. dial.j/yz/tf/tf, 'Norvr.skvetla,to squeal. from his bushy tail. — Gk. otei-h, shadow
Used as a frequentative of squeak and ap- ,
ovpa tail.
,
The explanation of the Gk.
^
plied to a continuous cry. See Squall. word may be due to popular etymology.
Squeamish, over-nice. (F. — Gk. ?) Squirt, vb. (E.) Prov. E. swirl. Cf.
Squatnish, Baret (1580). M. E. skeymous Low G. swirtjen to squirt ;
from swircti,
512
 \ . , , , ,; ,, . , ,

STAB STALE
orig. to whir, like G. schwirren ;
see Stagnate, to cease to flow. (L.) From
Swirl. So
E. Fries, kwirtjen to
also L. stagnatus pp. of stagnate, to be still,
squirt out, to dart about, front knurl , cease to flow. — L. stagnum, a still pool,
turning quickly about. a stank see Stank. Der. stagnant, from
;

Stab, vb. (Scand.) Cf. Irish slob -aim, stem of pres. pt. of stagnate.
I stab Gael. stob, to fix a stake in the
; Staid, grave. (F. — M. Du.) Foimerly
ground, from stab a stake, pointed iron or stay'd, pp. of stay, vb., to support, make
stick, stub. Apparently from Swed. dial. steady. See Stay (1).
stabbe. a thick stick or stump ;
Icel. stabbi , Stain, vb. (F.— L.) Short for Distain.
a stub, stump, allied to stafr , a staff ‘1 stayne a thynge, Je desiaytis ’ Pals-
;

Dan. dial, stabb a short peg. ,

Allied to grave. The orig. sense was to dim the
Stub, Staff, q.v. Der. stab, sb. colour of a thing. Der. stain, sb.
Stable (i), a stall for horses. (F. — L.) Stair, a step up. (K.) M. E. steir, steyer.
O. F. estabh ,
stabulum,
a stable. — L. a A. S. stager, a stair, step; lit. a step to
stall. — I.. stare, to standstill, llrugm. ii. climb by. Formed (with mutation to <e)
§§ 62, 77 See Stall, - from stag, 2nd grade of stigan, to climb.
stable {
2), firm. (F. — L.) O .Y.estable. +Du. steiger, a stair cf. Icel. stegi, step, ;

— L. stabi/i s firm. — L. stare (above), Swed. stege, ladder, Dan. stige, ladder G.
stablish. (F.-L.) Short foi Es- steg. a path respectively from Du. stijgen
;

tablish. Icel. stiga , Swed. stiga, Dan. stige, G.

Stack, a large pile of wood. See. ; Scand.) steigen, to mount, climb Tout, verb ;

M. E. stab. — Icel. stakkr a stack of hay ; *stcigan pt. t. *staig, pp. *stiganoz.
stakka a stump (as in our chimney-stack);
,
Allied to Skt. stigb, to ascend, Gr. arw-
Swed. stack, a lick, heap, stack; Dan. stab. Xciv. (V'STEIGIL)
Tent, type *stahioz (Noreen). The sense St ait he,
a landing-place. (K.) A. S.
is a pile.’ Cf. Russ, stag' a heap, hay-
‘ sterd,bank, shore. -f- Icel. stod harbour, ,
7
lick. Allied to Stake, loadstead; M. l)u. stade, ‘a haven. Allied
staff. (E.) A. S. staf\ pi. stafas, staves, to Stead.
-f- Du. staf Icel. siajr, Dan. stab, stav, Stake, a post, strong stick. (E.) M. E.
Swed. staf, Goth, stafs or stabs, G. stab. stake. A
S. stara, a stake, -f- Du. staak,
Allied to O. II. G. stab?//, to be stiff, E. Swed. stake. Dan. stage. From the Tent,
Fries, staf, unmoved cf. Skt. stambh, to ;
base *stak, 2nd grade of *stck-an-, to pierce,
make firm. appearing in G. stack, pt. t. of stechen to ,

stag, a male deer. (Scand.) Also ap- stick, pierce; see Stick (1).
plied (m dialects) to a male animal gene- Stalactite, a kind ot crystal hanging
rally. Late A. S. stagga (fiom Norse;.— from the roof of some caverns. (Gk.)
Icel. steggr, steggi, a lie-bird, drake, tom- Formed, with suffix •i/e (Gk. -ittjs), from
cat ;
Norw.
stegg, a cock. Icel. steggr is OTaXaKT-vs, tiickling. — Gk.
said be for *stig-joz, lit.
to mounter ; ’ 1
- ora A ay-j/f v), to drip; allied to ora -
t
(
from slig-, weak grade of stiga, to mount \av, to diip.
see Stair. (Noreen, § 140; but doubtful.) stalagmite, a cone of carbonate of
Stage. (F. - L.) A. F. and M. F. lime on the floor of some caverns. (Gk.)
cstage, a story, stage, loft, also a dwell-
‘ Gk. ard\ayfjL-a a drop with suffix -ite
, ;

ing- house;’ Cot. [Hence it meant a (Gk. -<7779). — Gk. (TTa\a$uv (above).
Stopping-place on a journey, or the dis- Stale (i)> too long kept, vapid, trite.
tance between stopping- places.] Cf. Prov. (E or F. — Teut.)
;
I. Stale, as a sb.,
estatge, a dwelling-place answering to a ;
means urine of cattle or horses. Cf. E.
Late L. form *staticnm, a dwelling-place. Fries, and Low G. stallen, Swed. stalla to ,

— L. stat-um , supine of stare, to stand. put into a stall, also to stale (as cattle);
Stagger, to reel, vacillate. (Scand.') Dan. stalde, to stall-feed, stalle, to stale (as
A weakened (voiced) form of stacker horses). From stall, sb. 2. Stale, adj.,
M. E. stakeren. — Icel. stakra, to push, to is thatwhich stands too long, from M. F.
stagger ; frequentative of staka, to punt, e staler to display wares on a stall, from
push, also to stagger Norw\ stakra ; , estal, a stall. Cf. M. Du. slel, stale, Du.
staka to stagger; Swed. dial, stagt'a
, ;
s/el, a stall, place G. stelle, a place, ;

Dan. dial, stagge stag/e . Allied to Icel. ,

stellen to place, from G. stall, a stall.
stjaki, a punt-pole and to Stake. ;
See Stall.
 , ;;

STALE STANCHION
Stale (2), a decoy, bait ; Shak. (F. — Stamen, male organ of a flower. (L.)
Teut.) — A. F. estate , a decoy-bird (Bozon). Lit. a thread.’— L. stamen, a thread, the
*

Perhaps adapted from A. S. she/-, as in warp standing up in an upright loom. — L.

stal-hrdn, a decoy reindeer, allied to M. E. stare, to stand. Der. stamina, orig. pi.
state, theft, A. S.sta/u, theft; allied to Steal. of stamen, lit. threads in a warp, a firm
Stale (3), Steal, the handle of any- texture.
thing. (K.) M. E. stale, stele. The latter Stamin, a kind of stuff. (F. — 1..)
answers to A. S. stela steola a stalk, stem. , ,
M. E. stamin. — M. F. estamine,
the stufic ‘

+ Du. steel, stalk, stem, handle G. stiel, ;

tamine ;
Cot. — ’
L. stdmineus, consisting
stalk, handle. Cf. Gk. (ntkfov a handle. ,
of threads. — I,, stamin-, stem of stamen,
Allied to still and stall the stale being \
a thread (above). Also spelt stammcl\
that by which the tool is held firm and tamine tammy. ,

unmoved. And see Stalk (i). Stammer, to stutter. (E). M. E. stam-

Stalk (1), a stem. E. stalke, (E.) M.
A. S. stomrian (Shrine, p. 4.*) eren, vb. ;

of which one sense is the side-piece (stem) from A. S. stamer stamor adj stammer- , , ,

of a ladder. A
ditnin. form, with suffix - k ing; where the suffix - er -or is adjectival. , ,

from M. E. stale variant of stele ,

see From a base * stain, extended from ^STA, ;

Stale (3) above.+Icel. stilkr Swed. stjelk, to stand, remain fixed cf. piov. E. stam,
, ;

Dan. stilk, stalk cf. Gk. <jt€\€x o5> stem

;
to amaze, confound related by gradation ;

of a tree, allied to ortkcov, a handle. to G. stiimm, dumb, -f- Du. stameren,

Stalk (2), to stride. (E.) M. E. slalken stamekn, G. siammern, siammeln Icel. .
;

A. S. stealcian to walk warily

,
allied stamma, Dan. stamme, Swed. stamina, to ;

to steak, steep. +
Dan. stalke to stalk. stammer; Icel. stamr, O. H. G. stam Goth.
, ,

The notion is that of walking cautiously. slamms adj., stammering. See Stem (3). ,

Cf. perhaps A. S. stellan, styllan to leap. Stamp, to tread heavily, to pound. (E.)
,

Der. stalk-ing horse, a horse for stalking M. E. stampen. A. S. stempan (for *stam-
game see H alii well.
;
pian). Du. stampen Jcel. stappa, Swed. + ,

Stall, a standing- place for cattle, &c. stampa, Dan. stampe G. stampfen also , ;

(E.) M. E. stat. A. S. steall, station, Gk. (TTtuPeiv to stam]). ,

stall. +Du. stal Icel. stallr, Dan. staid,

, stampede, a panic. (Span. -Teut.')
Swed. stall, G. stall. Teut. type *stalloz, Stampede is a sudden panic, causing cattle
perhaps for *stad/oz cf. A. S. standan, to to take to flight and run for many miles
;

stand, E. stead Gk. <jtolO-hos, a stall

; L. any sudden flight due to panic. — Span, ;

stab-nlnm (for *stodh - low). Allied to (and Port.) edampido, a crash, sudden
Stead. Brugm. i. 593 (4). Der. stalled sound of anything bursting or falling.
ox, a fatted ox cf. Swed. dial, stalla, to
;
Formed as if from a verb *estampir, akin
fatten, stalloxe, fatted ox (Moller). to estampar, to stamp. The leference
stallion, an entire horse. (F. — appears to be to the noise made by the
O. II. G.) M. E. stalon. — O. F. estalon blows of a pestle upon a mortar. Of Tent,
(F. Italofi), a stallion so called because ;
oiigin see Stamp above.
;

kept in a stall and not made to work.— Stanch, Staunch, to stop a flow oi
O. H. G. stal (G. stall), a stall, stable ;
blood. (F. — L.) O. F. eslanchcr to
see Stall. stanch ;
Walloon stanchi (Remade). —
Stalwart, Sturdy. (E ) For slalworth. Late L. stanedre to stanch, a variant ot
,

M. E. stalworth, sfelewurde, s tea lew it? de, Late L. type *stagnkare, to cause to stag
stale7vurtie; A. S. stakeyrde, pi., service- nate, from L. stagndre, to cease to flow'
able (said of ships) ; A. S Chron. an. 896. see Stagnate, It is probable that the

p. We find A. S. gest>elan used as short sense was influenced by G. stange, a pole,

for gestadelian. Ilence Sievers explains a bar (Korting, § 7733). Dei. stanch ,

the form steel- or still- as being contracted adj., firm, sound, not leaky; cf. F. It am he.
from stadol, a foundation or from a ( water-tight.
parallel form *stapi\ Thus sUd-wyrde Stanchion, a support, beam, bar. (F.
is for foundation-
*stadol - wyrtie , lit. * — L.) O. North F. estanchon. Norm. dial.
worthy,’ i.e. fnmly fixed, firm, constant; llanchon; M. Y.eslatifon, estanson, ‘a prop,
cf. A. S. statiol-fast , steadfast. The A. S. stay; ' Cot. Not derived from the O. F.
stadel, stadol is allied to Stead. Cf. estancher, to prop (allied to E. stanch ).
stead- fast. but a diminutive of O.Y.estance, a situation,

5H
 , , , , , ,, , , ,

STAND STARE
condition, also a stanchion (Scheler). — Staple ( 0 >
a loop of iron. (K.) A. S.
Cate L. stantia, a chamber, a house, lit. stapol, a post, pillar; also, a step. Orig.
4
that which stands firm/ —
I,. slant -, stem sense a prop, something that holds firm.
of pres. pt. of stare to stand. See State. — A. S. slap-, base ot stceppan, strong
But the word may have been confused verb, to step, tread firmly ; cf. stamp. +
wth O. F. estancher, to prop (as above), Du. stapel s’aple, stocks, a pile; Dan.
which is the same word as cstancher to ,
stake l, Swed. stapel G. staffel, a step, \

staunch; for 'which see Stanch. The stapel, a staple (below).

ultimate root is the same either way. Staple (2), a chief commodity of a
(-%/ST A.) place. (F. — i.ow G.) The sense has
Stand. (E.) A. S. Stan dan, pt. t. stod, changed ; it formerly meant a duel market,
pp. standen.+lce}. standa Goth, standan , ;
with reference to the place where things
cf. Du. staan (pt. t. stond) ; Swed. si a were most sold. — O. F. edaple, M. F.
(pt. t. stod) G. stchen (pt. t. stand),
;
estape, ‘a staple, n mart or genual market,
Teut. t>pe * standan-, pt. t. *stoth base ;
a publiejue storehouse;’ Cot. (I Hapel) . —
* stath *slad the n being orig. characteristic
, }
Cow ( 1 . stapel, a heap; hence a heap laid
of the pres, tense. Allied to L. stare (Ik. ,
in order, store, store-house ;
the same
((Trrjv, I stood, Russ, stoiate Skt. sthd to ,
word as Staple (1). The Du. stapel means
stand. ( VST
A.) See State. Der .stand, (i; a staple, (2) the stocks, (3) a pile or
sb. ; standish, short for stand-dish, a stand- heap. All from the notion of fixity or
ing dish for pen and ink. firmness.
Standard. iF.-BA A. F. estandard, (E.) M.E. stem. A. S. steorra
Star. .

a standard or ensign, O. F. edemiard, a + Du. ster (). II. G. steiro. Cf. 1 cel
;
-

standard measure. 'Hie flag was a large stjama Dan. stinne Swed. stjerna Goth.
, , ,

one, on a fixed (standing) pole and hence ;

slaimd, G. stern also E. Stella (for *sfer- ;

was modified by the influence of the verb la), Gk. aoT-qp, Corn, stcren, Bret .sterenn,
to stand. The (). F. estendard, Ital. sten- \V. seren, Skt. tdrd. Oi ig. sense uncertain.
dardo are unmodified forms from L. ;
Cf. Brugm. i.
§ 473 (2).
extend-ere to extend with suffix -ard
;
Star-board, the right side of a ship.
( = O. If. G. -hart, suffix, orig. the same (E.) M.
E. sterebourde. A. S. steorbord,
as hart, hard). See Extend. i. e. steer-board, the side on which the
Stang, a pole, stake. (Scand.) M. F. steersman stood in the first instance, he ;

dange.— Icel. stong (gen. s/angar), a pole, used a paddle, not a helm. Cf. Icel.
stake ; Dan. stang, Swed. siting, Du. stang ,
a stjdrn, at the helm, or on the starboard
G. s/atige; A. S. s/eng. From the 2nd side.