Cairo University

Faculty Of Engineering

Mechanical Power Engineering Department

Fourth Year 2019/2020

Internal Combustion Engines MEP 404

Report

Flash boiling spray

Presented by
NO. Name Sec. B.N
1 Ahmed Mohamed Helmy Abdel-Azim 1 19
2 Ahmad Mahmoud Sabir El-Zamly 1 24
3 Ahmed Yousry Farouk Mahmoud 1 28
4 Gaber Mahmoud Ahmed Abdel-Naby 2 2
Submitted to

Dr. Tawfik
Date : 19 / 10 / 2019
the flash boiling spray has been carried out by the authors to
experimentally characterize the structure of a spay injected by a nozzle
that had been used in the commercially available passenger vehicle. The
tests were conducted by changing the surrounding pressure from
ambient pressure to a pressure below the vapor pressure of the fuel.
The dependency of the atomization on the surrounding pressure was
detailed. The previous work, however, has focused only on the liquid
phase and the vapor phase characteristics were not considered
experimentally.

The theoretical modeling of flash boiling sprays has been developed

and reported as well. In the model the evaporation process was
modeled by (1) growth of vapor cavitation in bulk liquid, (2) the fuel
evaporation due to boiling from the liquid surface and (3) evaporation
from the liquid surface associated with heat transfer between the
surrounding air and the liquid surface. In the absence of measurements
of the vapor characteristics the model assumptions are difficult to
verify and, as a result, the motivation for developing a technique to
characterize the transient vapor phase behavior in a spray is large. Such
a technique will provide the requisite measurements to validate the
theoretical model and give valuable insight to MPI technology. Although
such a technique (IRES) has been demonstrated for steady sprays, no
extension to transient sprays was outlined.

The model analysis describing the atomization and vaporization process

of the spray was proposed based on experimental results for the flash
boiling spray where the back pressure was below the
saturated vapor pressure of fuel. This model calculation includes the
bubble nucleation rate. bubble growth process by the Rayleigh-Plesset
equation, heat transfer process at the gas-liquid interface and also the
fuel evaporation from the liquid surface due to superheating of the
injected fuel and ensuing boiling process.
The Mie laser-sheet images for the ethanol multi-hole spray are shown in
Figure. 3a, including fuel temperatures between 50 C and 90 C and
ambient pressures between 20 kPa and 100 kPa. A dramatic spray
transformation is observed where the fuel spray collapses with increasing
fuel temperature and/or decreasing ambient pressure. At an ambient
pressure of 40 kPa, for example, the spray penetration decreases and the
spray-plume width increases when increasing fuel temperature from 50 C
to 70 C.

When the fuel temperature further increases to 90 C, the multiple spray

plumes collapse into a single mass surrounded by a large vortex of
recirculating droplets. Similar spray structural changes are observed at
a fuel temperature of 70 C when decreasing the ambient pressure from
60 kPa to 20 kPa. At an ambient pressure of 20 kPa and fuel temperature
of 90 C, a fully collapsed jet-like spray structure is observed. This
dramatic structure transformation of a multi-hole spray is directly caused
by the occurrence of flash boiling, when the ambient pressure is reduced
below the fuel saturation pressure or the temperature is above the fuel’s
boiling point.
 References :
1.Senda, J. et al., Characteristics of Flash Boiling Spray under Low
Pressure Field, Proc. Int. Conf. on Multi phase Flows '91, Tsukuba,
pp. 133-136 (1991).

2. Senda, J. et al., Atomization of Spray under Low-Pressure Field

from Pintle Type Gasoline Injector, SAE Technical Paper

3.Suma, S. and Koizumi, M., Internal Boiling Atomization by Rapid

Pressure Reduction of Liquids.

4. Nakamura, K. and Someya, T., Investigation into The Tensile

Strength of Real Liquids.

5. Schmidt DP, Corradini ML. The internal flow of diesel fuel injector
nozzles.

6. Brennen CE. Cavitation and bubble dynamics.

7. Walther J, Schaller JK, Wirth R, Tropea C, Characterization of

cavitating flow fields in transparent diesel injection nozzles using
fluorescent particle image velocimetry

8. Khoo YC, Hargrave GK. Real-sized pressure swirl GDI injector

investigation

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Performance Improvement in a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine .
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and atomization in diesel injection.

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real size diesel injection nozzles.

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of ethanol, butanol, iso-octane and gasoline sprays and combustion
from a multi hole injector in a DISI engine.

16. Arcoumanis C, Flora H, Gavaises M, Badami M, Cavitation in real

size multi hole diesel injector nozzles.

17. Park BS, Lee SY. An experimental investigation of the flash

atomization mechanism. Atomiz Spray.

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model for flash boiling sprays in direct injection.

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and emission.
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multi hole sprays.

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24. Moon S, Bae C, Abo-Serie E, Choi J. Internal and near-nozzle flow a

pressure swirl atomizer under varied fuel temperature.

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