Computer Knowledg

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COMPUTER KNOWLEDGE
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Computer Knowledge:
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What is Computer?
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Computer: A Computer is a General-purpose machine, commonly consisting of
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digital circuitry, that accepts (inputs), stores, manipulates, and generates
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(outputs) data as numbers, text, graphics, voice, video files, or electrical signals, in
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accordance with instructions called a program.
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“You can also try the quiz on Computer Knowledge – Quiz Link”
• Father of the computer - Charles Babbage.

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• Father of the modern computer - Alan Turing.

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• Basic Architecture of Computer: John Von Neumann (1947-49).

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• First Programmer: Lady Ada Lovelace (1880).

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• First Electronic Computer: ENIAC (1946) - J.P. Eckert & J.W. Mauchly.
• The first computer for the home user introduced - IBM in 1981.
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Full form of Computer:

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• C - Commonly
• O - Operated
• M - Machine
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• P - Particularly
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• U – Used for
• T - Technical
• E-Education
• R - Research
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Characteristics of Computer
• Speed
• Accuracy
• Storage
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• Diligence
• Versatility
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• Automation
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Computer - An Introduction
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• A computer is a device that can receive process and store data.
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•
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However, all computers have several parts in common:
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• Input devices allow data and commands to the computer (Mouse,
Keyboard etc.)
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• Memory for storing commands and data.

• Central Processing Unit which controls the processing.
• Monitor Process the information in the form of output.
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Types of computers
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Computers range in size and capability. There are supercomputers, very large
computers with thousands of microprocessors that perform extremely complex
calculations.
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There are tiny computers embedded in cars, TVs, stereo systems, calculators, and
appliances. These computers are built to perform a few number of tasks.
Desktop computers
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1. Desktop computers design is made for use at a desk or table.

2. They are typically larger and more powerful than other types of personal
computers.
3. The main component, called the system unit, is usually a rectangular case
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that sits on or underneath a desk.

4. Other components, such as the monitor, mouse, and keyboard, connect to
the system unit.
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Laptops
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1. The Laptops are lightweight mobile PCs with a thin screen.
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2. Laptops can operate on batteries, so you can take them anywhere.
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3. Unlike desktops, laptops combine the CPU, screen, and keyboard in a single
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case.
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4. The screen folds down onto the keyboard when not in use.
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Handheld computers (PDA)
1. Handheld computers, also known as personal digital assistants (PDAs), are

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battery-power computers small enough to carry almost anywhere.

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2. These are useful for scheduling appointments, storing addresses and phone
numbers, and playing games.
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3. Some have advanced capabilities, such as making telephone calls or

accessing the Internet.
4. Instead of keyboards, handheld computers have touch screens that you use
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with your finger.

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Peripheral Devices
1. The peripheral device connects to a computer system to add functionality.

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Examples are a mouse, keyboard, monitor, printer and scanner.

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2. A computer peripheral is a device that connects to a computer but is not

part of the core computer architecture.
3. The core elements of a computer are the central processing unit, power
supply, motherboard and the computer case that contains those three
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components.
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Types of Peripheral Devices
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• There are many peripheral devices, but they fall into three general
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categories:
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• Input devices, such as a mouse and a keyboard
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• Output devices, such as a monitor and a printer
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• Storage devices, such as a hard drive or flash drive
Computer Knowledge - Main Parts of Computer

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Hardware
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• Computer hardware is what you can physically touch includes the computer
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case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse.

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• It also includes all the parts inside the computer case, such as the hard disk
drive, motherboard, video card, and many others.
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Input Devices
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• In computing, an input device is a peripheral (piece of computer hardware

equipment) used to provide data and control signals to an information
processing system.
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• It will control devices such as a computer or information appliance.

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Examples: keyboards, mice, scanners, digital cameras and joysticks.
Keyboard
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• A Keyboard is the most fundamental input device for any computer system.
• It helps to enter data in the computer.
Mouse
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• A mouse is used to input data by sending a signal to the computer, based
on hovering the cursor and selecting with the left mouse button.
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• The left mouse acts as an 'enter' button. The right mouse button can be
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selected and will often pop up a window of choices.
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• The scrolling wheel is used to move the view of the screen up or down.
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• By moving your mouse to a location in a document, on a digital photo or
over a choice of music, you can click the left mouse button to place the
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cursor.
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Trackballs
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• A trackball is an input device used to enter motion data into computers or

other electronic devices.
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• It serves the same purpose as a mouse but is designed with a moveable ball
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on the top, which can be rolled in any direction.

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• Instead of moving the whole device, you simply roll the moveable ball on
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top of the trackball unit with your hand to generate motion input.
Barcode reader
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• A barcode reader (or barcode scanner) is an electronic device that can read
and output printed barcodes to a computer.
• Like a flatbed scanner, it consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor
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translating optical impulses into electrical ones.

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Digital camera
• A camera which produces digital images that can be stored in a computer

and displayed on the screen.
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Gamepad
• The gamepad is a handheld controller for video games.
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Joystick
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• The joystick is a lever that can be moved in several directions to control the
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movement of an image on a computer or similar display screen. It mainly
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used in playing games.
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Microphone
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• Micro Phone is an instrument for converting sound waves into electrical

energy variations which may then be amplified, transmitted, or recorded.
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Scanner
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• The scanner is a device that scans documents and converts them into
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digital data.
Webcam
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• A webcam is a video camera connected to a computer, allowing its images

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to be seen by Internet users.
Optical character recognition (OCR)

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• Optical character recognition is the mechanical or electronic conversion of

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images of typed, handwritten or printed text into machine-encoded text.
Digitizer
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• It converts analogue information into digital form.
Optical Mark Reading (OMR)
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• Optical Mark Readers reads pencil or pen marks made in pre-defined
positions on paper forms as responses to questions or tick list prompts.
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Structure of CPU - Computer Knowledge Basics
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Input and Output devices

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Input Devices
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An input device feeds data to the computer system for processing.
Keyboard
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• The computer keyboard is to enter text information into the computer.

• The main use of the keyboard is to type commands directing the computer
to perform certain actions.
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Mouse
• A device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a display

screen.
• A mouse is a small object you can roll along a hard, flat surface.
• The invention of the mouse is made by Douglas Engelbart of Stanford
Research Center in 1963.
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Joystick
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• Joysticks and similar game controllers can also be connected to a computer
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as pointing devices
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Scanner
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• A scanner is a device that images a printed page or graphics by digitizing it,
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producing an image made of tiny pixels of different brightness and colour

values which are represented numerically and sent to the computer.
• Scanners not only scan graphics, but they can also scan pages of text.
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MIDI Devices
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• MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a system design to transmit

information between electronic musical instruments.
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Trackball
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• The trackball is sort of like an upside-down mouse, with the ball located on
top.
• You use your fingers to roll the trackball, and internal rollers (similar to
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what’s inside a mouse) sense the motion which is transmitted to the

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computer.
• Trackballs have the advantage over mice in that the body of the trackball
remains stationary on your desk.
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Graphics Tablet
• A graphics tablet consists of an electronic writing area and a special “pen”

that works with it.
• A graphics tablet allows creating graphical images with motions and
actions.
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Computer Knowledge - Output Devices
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Monitor
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1. Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main
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output device of a computer.
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2. It forms images from tiny dots, known as pixels that make an arrangement
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in a form of a rectangular form.
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3. The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of pixels.
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Printers
The printer is an output device, which is to print information on paper.

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There are two types of printers:

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1. Impact Printers
2. Non-Impact Printers
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Plotters
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1. A plotter is a printer that interprets commands from a computer to make

line drawings on paper with one or more automated pens.
2. Unlike a regular printer, the plotter can draw continuous point-to-point
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lines directly from vector graphics files or commands.

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Projector
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• A projector or image projector is an optical device, which projects an image

(or moving images) onto a surface, commonly a projection screen.
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Speakers
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1. Speakers are one of the most common output devices with computer
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systems.
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2. Some speakers are designed for work specifically with computers, while
others can be hooked up to any type of sound system.
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Memory is the storage space in the computer where data get the process and
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instructions required for processing get store. The memory is split into a large
number of small parts known as cells. Each location or cell has a unique address
which varies from zero to memory size minus one.
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Memory is of three types

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• Cache Memory
• Primary Memory
Secondary Memory
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Cache Memory
Cache memory is a very high-speed semiconductor memory which can speed up

CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and main memory.
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Primary Memory (Main Memory)
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1. Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which computer
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is currently working.
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2. It has limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off.
3. It is generally made up of the semiconductor device.
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4. The data and instruction require being processed reside in main memory.
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There are two sub-categories ROM and RAM in Primary memory.
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RAM:
The RAM (random access memory) is the place in a computer where the
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operating system, application programs, and data in current use are kept.
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RAM is much faster to read from and write to than the other kinds of storage in a
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computer, the hard disk, floppy disk, and CD-ROM.
It has two parts:

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• SRAM: Static Random-Access Memory

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• DRAM: Dynamic Random-Access Memory.
ROM
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As the name suggests ROM, stores information that can only be read. Modifying it
is impossible or very difficult.
ROM is also a type of non-volatile storage, which means that the information in it
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stays even if the computer loses power.
This is another type of ROM that is impossible or difficult to change.
• PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory.

• EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.
• EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.
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Abacus
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• Abacus is known to be the first mechanical calculating device.
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• Which was used to be performed addition and subtraction easily and
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speedily.
• Abacus is made up of the wooden frame in which rod where fitted across
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with rounds beads sliding on the rod.
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Pascal Calculator
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• In the year 1642, Blaise Pascal a French scientist invented the adding
machine called Pascal’s calculator, which represents the position of the
digit with the help of gears in it.
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Analytical Engine
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• A scientist from England knows to be Charles Babbage invented such the

machine.
• This device is known as Analytical engine and it is the first mechanical
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computer.
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• It includes such feature which we use in today’s computer language.

• For this great invention of the computer, Sir Charles Babbage is also known
as the father of the computer.
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Generation of computers - Computer Knowledge
Ist Generation: (1940-1956)

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• Vacuum tubes got a use in circuits.

• These computers are very large in size.
• It requires a large amount of electricity.
• They produce more heat.
• They are less revival.
• Ex.: ENIAC, UNIVAC.
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IInd Generation: (1957-1962)
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• Vacuum tubes got the replacement by transistors in circuits.
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• Small size as compared to Ist Generation computers.
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• Less amount of heat Generation.
• Less electricity consumption.
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• Ex.: IBM 350
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IIIrd Generation: (1963-1972)
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• Transistors got the replacement by I.C. in circuits. (I.C.- Integrated circuits)

• Small size as compared to IInd Generation computer.
• Less amount of heat as compared to IInd Generation computer.
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• Less electricity consumption.

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• Faster and more accurate than IInd Generation computer.

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• Ex.: IBM 360/370

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IVth Generation: (1973-Present)

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• LSI and LSVI technologies are used.

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• LSI- Large-scale integration.

• LSVI-Very large-scale integration.
• Apple-II, STAR 1000
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Vth Generation: (Present & Beyond)

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• It is based on the technique of Artificial Intelligence (AI).

• The computer can understand spoken words.
• Scientists are constantly working to increase the processing power of
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computers.
• They are trying to create a computer with real IQ with the help of advanced
programming and technologies.
• Ex.: IBM Watson.
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Classification on working system
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Digital computer
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• The digital computer is the most common type of computer and is used to
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process information with quantities using digits, usually using the binary
number system. Ex - MacBook.
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Analog Computer
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• Analog computer that operates with numbers represented by directly

measurable quantities (as voltages or rotations) — compare digital
computer, hybrid computer.
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Hybrid Computer
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• Hybrid Computer is a computer that combines the characteristics of a

digital computer and an analogue computer by its capacity to accept input
and provide output in either digital or analogue form and to process
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information digitally.
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Software - Computer Knowledge

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Computer software is a program or simply software is a series of instructions that

directs a computer to perform specific tasks or operations. Computer software
consists of computer programs, libraries and related non-executable data (such as
online documentation or digital media).
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There are two main types of software: systems software and application software.
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Systems Software
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1. Systems software includes the programs that dedicate to managing the
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computer itself, such as the operating system, file management utilities,
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and disk operating system (or DOS).
2. The operating system manages the computer hardware resources in
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addition to applications and data.
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3. Without systems software installed on our computers, we would have to
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type the instructions for everything we wanted the computer to do.
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Applications Software
1. Application software, or simply applications, are often called productivity

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programs or end-user programs.

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2. They will enable the user to complete tasks such as creating documents,
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spreadsheets, databases, and publications, doing online research, sending

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email, designing graphics, running businesses, and even playing games.

3. Application software is specific to the task which can be as simple as a
calculator application or as complex as a word processing application.
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4. When you begin creating a document, the word processing software has
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already set the margins, font style and size, and the line spacing for you.
5. But you can change these settings, and you have many more formatting
options available.
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6. For example, the word processor application makes it easy to add colour,
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headings, add pictures or delete, copy, move, and change the document's
appearance to suit your needs.
Bug
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A software bug is an error, flaw, failure or fault in a computer program or system

that causes it to produce an incorrect or unexpected result, or to behave in
unintended ways.
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Virus
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Think of a biological virus – the kind that makes you sick. It’s persistently nasty,
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restricts you from functioning normally and often requires something powerful to
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get rid of it.
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A computer virus is very similar. Designed to relentlessly replicate, computer
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viruses infect your programs and files, alter the way your computer operates or
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stop it from working altogether.
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How does a computer get a virus?

Even if you’re careful you can pick up computer viruses through normal Web
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activities like:
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• Sharing music, files or photos with other users

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• Visiting an infected Website.

• Opening spam email or an email attachment
• Downloading free games, toolbars, media players and other system utilities
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• Installing mainstream software applications without fully reading license

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agreements
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Basic Static GK
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Awards and Honors Abbreviations (General) Banking Awareness
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Chemistry – General & Famous Books and
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Famous Personalities
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Organic Authors
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Important Days & Years General English Physics Awareness
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Science and Technology Sports Computer Awareness

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• Father of the computer - Charles Babbage.

• Father of the modern computer - Alan Turing.

• Basic Architecture of Computer: John Von Neumann (1947-49).

• First Programmer: Lady Ada Lovelace (1880).

Full form of Computer:

• Memory for storing commands and data.

1. Desktop computers design is made for use at a desk or table.

that sits on or underneath a desk.

Handheld computers (PDA)

1. Handheld computers, also known as personal digital assistants (PDAs), are

battery-power computers small enough to carry almost anywhere.

3. Some have advanced capabilities, such as making telephone calls or

with your finger.

1. The peripheral device connects to a computer system to add functionality.

Examples are a mouse, keyboard, monitor, printer and scanner.

2. A computer peripheral is a device that connects to a computer but is not

Computer Knowledge - Main Parts of Computer

case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse.

• In computing, an input device is a peripheral (piece of computer hardware

• It will control devices such as a computer or information appliance.

Examples: keyboards, mice, scanners, digital cameras and joysticks.

• A trackball is an input device used to enter motion data into computers or

on the top, which can be rolled in any direction.

translating optical impulses into electrical ones.

• A camera which produces digital images that can be stored in a computer

• The gamepad is a handheld controller for video games.

• Micro Phone is an instrument for converting sound waves into electrical

• A webcam is a video camera connected to a computer, allowing its images

to be seen by Internet users.

Optical character recognition (OCR)

• Optical character recognition is the mechanical or electronic conversion of

images of typed, handwritten or printed text into machine-encoded text.

• It converts analogue information into digital form.

Optical Mark Reading (OMR)

Input and Output devices

An input device feeds data to the computer system for processing.

• The computer keyboard is to enter text information into the computer.

• A device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a display

producing an image made of tiny pixels of different brightness and colour

• MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a system design to transmit

what’s inside a mouse) sense the motion which is transmitted to the

• A graphics tablet consists of an electronic writing area and a special “pen”

The printer is an output device, which is to print information on paper.

There are two types of printers:

1. A plotter is a printer that interprets commands from a computer to make

lines directly from vector graphics files or commands.

• A projector or image projector is an optical device, which projects an image

Memory is of three types

Cache memory is a very high-speed semiconductor memory which can speed up

computer, the hard disk, floppy disk, and CD-ROM.

It has two parts:

• SRAM: Static Random-Access Memory

• DRAM: Dynamic Random-Access Memory.

stays even if the computer loses power.

This is another type of ROM that is impossible or difficult to change.

• PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory.

• A scientist from England knows to be Charles Babbage invented such the

• It includes such feature which we use in today’s computer language.

Generation of computers - Computer Knowledge

Ist Generation: (1940-1956)

• Vacuum tubes got a use in circuits.

• Transistors got the replacement by I.C. in circuits. (I.C.- Integrated circuits)

• Less electricity consumption.