Exercise 4G

1 a Rewrite the addition formula to obtain

P( A Ç B) = P( A) + P(B) - P( A È B) = 0.4 + 0.5 - 0.6 = 0.3
Use this result to complete a Venn diagram to help answer the remaining parts of the question.

b P( A¢ ) = 0.2 + 0.4 = 0.6

c P( A È B¢ ) = 0.4 + 0.4 = 0.8

d P( A¢ È B) = 0.5 + 0.4 = 0.9

2 a P(C È D) = P(C) + P( D) - P(C Ç D) = 0.55 + 0.65 - 0.4 = 0.8

i The required region is the part ‘outside’ of C and D, which can be found since all of the
probabilities must sum to 1.
P(C ¢ Ç D¢ ) = 1- P(C È D) = 1- 0.8 = 0.2

P(C Ç D) 0.4
ii P(C | D ) = = = 0.615 (3 s.f.)
P( D) 0.65

P(C Ç D¢) 0.15 3

iii P(C | D¢) = = = = 0.429 (3 s.f.)
P( D¢) 0.35 7

c From part b ii, it is known that P(C | D)  P(C ) so the two events are not independent.
Alternatively, show that P(C) ´ P( D)  P(C Ç D) .

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3 a P( E È F ) = P(E) + P( F ) - P(E Ç F ) = 0.7 + 0.8 - 0.6 = 0.9

i The required region is within E as well as everything outside F. It includes three of the four
regions in the Venn diagram.
P(E È F ¢ ) = 0.1+ 0.6 + 0.1 = 0.8

ii The required region is that part of F that does not intersect E.

P(E Ç F ¢ ) = 0.2

P( E Ç F ¢) 0.1 1
iii P( E | F ¢) = = = = 0.5
P( F ¢) 0.1 + 0.1 2

4 a P(T È Q) = P(T ) + P(Q) - P(T Ç Q)

0.75 = 3P(T Ç Q) + 3P(T Ç Q) - P(T Ç Q)
5P(T Ç Q) = 0.75
P(T Ç Q) = 0.15

b As P(T) = P(Q), using P(T È Q) = P(T ) + P(Q) - P(T Ç Q) gives

0.75 = 2P(T ) - 0.15
Þ 2P(T ) = 0.9
Þ P(T ) = 0.45

c P(Q¢ ) = 1- P(Q) = 1- P(T ) = 1- 0.45 = 0.55

d P(T ¢ Ç Q¢ ) = 1- P(T È Q) = 1- 0.75 = 0.25

e P(T Ç Q¢ ) = P(T ) - P(T Ç Q) = 0.45 - 0.15 = 0.3

5 Let F be the event that a household has a freezer and D be the event that the household has a
dishwasher. The question requires finding P(F Ç D). Use the addition formula
P(F Ç D) = P(F) + P(D) - P(F È D) = 0.7 + 0.2 - 0.8 = 0.1

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6 a Use the multiplication formula for conditional probability to find P( AÇ B)
P( A Ç B) = P( A | B) ´ P( B) = 0.4 ´ 0.5 = 0.2
Now use the multiplication formula again to find P( B | A)
P( B Ç A) 0.2 1
P( B | A) = = = = 0.5
P( A) 0.4 2

b Use the addition formula to find P( AÈ B)

P( A È B) = P( A) + P( B) - P( A Ç B) = 0.4 + 0.5 - 0.2 = 0.7
Now P( A¢ Ç B¢ ) can be found as it is the region outside P( AÈ B)
P( A¢ Ç B¢ ) = 1- P( AÈ B) = 1- 0.7 = 0.3

c P( A¢ Ç B) = P(B) - P( AÈ B) = 0.5 - 0.2 = 0.3

7 a First use the addition formula to find P( AÇ B)

P( A Ç B) = P( A) + P( B) - P( A È B) = 14 + 12 - 35 = 3
20
Now use the multiplication formula to
P( A Ç B ) 203 3
P( A | B ) = = 1 = = 0.3
P( B ) 2 10

b P( A¢ Ç B) = P( B) - P( A Ç B) = 12 - 203 = 7
20 = 0.35

c P( A¢ Ç B¢) = 1 - P( A È B) = 1 - 35 = 52 = 0.4

8 a P(C Ç D) = P(C | D ) ´ P( D) = 13 ´ 14 = 121 = 0.0833 (3 s.f.)

b P(C Ç D¢) = P(C | D¢) ´ P( D¢) = 15 ´ 1 - 14  = 51 ´ 34 = 3

20
= 0.15

3 9
c P(C ) = P(C Ç D¢) + P(C Ç D ) = 20 + 121 = 60 + 605 = 14
60 =
7
30 = 0.233 (3 s.f.)

1
P( D Ç C ) 12 30 5
d P( D | C ) = = 7
= = = 0.357 (3 s.f.)
P(C ) 30 84 14

e P( D¢|C ) = 1 - P( D | C ) = 1 - 145 = 149 = 0.643 (3 s.f.)

P(C ¢ Ç D¢) 1 - P(C È D )

f P( D¢ | C ¢) = =
P (C ¢) P(C ¢)
However, P(C ¢) = 1 - P(C ) = 1 - 307 = 30
23

And P(C È D ) = P(C ) + P( D ) - P(C Ç D) = 307 + 41 - 121 = 60

24
= 52
P(C ¢ Ç D¢) 1 - P(C È D) 1 - 25 3 30 18
So P( D¢ | C ¢) = = = 23 = ´ = = 0.783 (3 s.f.)
P(C ¢) P(C ¢) 30 5 23 23

9 a P( AÈ B) = P( A) + P( B) - P( AÇ B) = 0.42 + 0.37 - 0.12 = 0.67

P( A Ç B¢) P( A) - P( A Ç B ) 0.42 - 0.12 0.3

b P( A | B¢) = = = = = 0.476 (3 s.f.)
P( B ¢) 1 - P( B ) 1 - 0.37 0.63

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9 c Since the events A and C are independent, P( A Ç C) = P( A) ´ P(C) = 0.42 ´ 0.3 = 0.126

d Since B and C are mutually exclusive, there is no need to have an intersection between B and C on
the diagram. Work out the probabilities associated with each region as follows:
P(C Ç A¢ ) = P(C) - P( A Ç C) = 0.3- 0.126 = 0.174
P( B Ç A¢ ) = P( B) - P( A Ç B) = 0.37 - 0.12 = 0.25
P( A Ç B¢ Ç C ¢ ) = P( A) - P( A Ç B) - P( A Ç C) = 0.42 - 0.12 - 0.126 = 0.174
P( A È B È C) = 0.174 + 0.126 + 0.174 + 0.12 + 0.25 = 0.844
P( A¢ Ç B¢ Ç C ¢ ) = 1- P( A È B È C) = 1- 0.844 = 0.156

e P(( A¢ È C )¢) = 1- P( A¢ È C)
Use the Venn diagram to find P( A¢ È C) = 0.174 + 0.126 + 0.25 + 0.156 = 0.706
So P(( A¢ È C )¢) = 1- 0.706 = 0.294

10 a B and C are independent: P( B Ç C) = P( B) ´ P(C) = 0.7 ´ 0.4 = 0.28

P( B Ç C ) 0.28 7
b Using part a, P( B | C ) = = = = 0.7
P(C ) 0.4 10

P( A Ç B¢) P( A) - P( A Ç B ) 0.4 - 0.3 0.1

c P( A | B¢) = = = = = 0.333 (3 s.f.)
P( B ¢) 1 - P( B ) 1 - 0.7 0.3

P(( B Ç C ) Ç A¢) P( B Ç C ) - P ( A Ç B Ç C )
d P(( B Ç C ) | A¢) = =
P( A¢) 1 - P( A)
As A and C are mutually exclusive, P( A Ç B Ç C) = 0
P( B Ç C ) 0.28 0.28
So P(( B Ç C ) | A¢) = = = = 0.467 (3 s.f.)
1 - P( A) 1 - 0.4 0.6

11 a This requires finding P( A Ç B)

First find P( A È B)
P( A È B) = 0.9 as P( AÈ B) + P( A¢ Ç B¢ ) = 1
Using the addition rule gives
P( A Ç B) = P( A) + P(B) - P( A È B) = 0.3+ 0.7 - 0.9 = 0.1

b This requires finding P( A | B )

P( A Ç B ) 0.1
P( A | B ) = = = 0.143 (3 s.f.)
P( B ) 0.7

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11 c Test whether the events are independent
P( A) ´ P( B) = 0.3´ 0.7 = 0.21, P( A Ç B) = 0.1
So the events are not independent. If Fatima is late, Gayana is less likely to be late and vice versa.

12 a The probability that both José and Cristiana win their matches is P( J Ç C )
P( J Ç C ) = P( J ) + P(C ) - P( J È C ) = 0.6 + 0.7 - 0.8 = 0.5

P( J Ç C ¢) P( J ) - P( J Ç C ) 0.6 - 0.5 0.1

b P( J | C ¢) = = = = = 0.333 (3 s.f.)
P(C ¢) 1 - P(C ) 1 - 0.7 0.3

P( J Ç C ) 0.5
c P(C | J ) = = = 0.833 (3 s.f.)
P( J ) 0.6

d P(C | J ) = 0.833 (3 s.f.), P(C ) = 0.7, so P(C | J )  P (C ) . So J and C are not independent.

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