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International Journal of Agricultural

Science and Research (IJASR)


ISSN (P): 2250-0057; ISSN (E): 2321-0087
Vol. 9, Issue 4, Aug 2019, 253-258
© TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

DOCUMENTATION OF INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGIES IN PULSE CULTIVATION

AND RELATIVE ADVANTAGE OF INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGIES

POONGUZALI B1, VELUSAMY R2 & PUSHPA J3


1
Scholar, Department of Agricultural Extension & Rural Sociology,
Agricultural College & Research Institute-TNAU, Madurai, India
2
Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension & Rural Sociology,
Agricultural College & Research Institute-TNAU, Madurai, India
3
Professor & Head, Department of Agricultural Extension & Rural Sociology,
Agricultural College & Research Institute-TNAU, Madurai, India
ABSTRACT

In Tamil Nadu the food grains are cultivated in an area of 3474573 ha and the area under pulses are 815800 ha
and pulses constituting 23.50 per cent and a tune of total production of 613800 tones and an average productivity of 412 kg
per ha Tamil Nadu is one of the major producing State for Black Gram, Red Gram, Green Gran, cowpea, Mochai and Horse

Original Article
gram. In Tamil Nadu Pulses are cultivated by farmers in garden land and dry land conditions. Pulses are one of the oldest
crops in Tamil Culture. Pulses growing farmers are cultivating pulses with local own technologies right from seed
germination, plant nutrition, plant protection and storage to value addition. The indigenous practices should be documented
and validated for further adoption and to solve the present day environmental issues. There are limited studies in
documentation indigenous technical knowledge in pulse cultivation. Keeping this in view the study was undertaken to
document the indigenous technical knowledge in pulse cultivation and to identify the relative advantage of indigenous
technologies in pulse cultivation. The study was undertaken among 300 pulse farmers in Thanjavur, Pudukkottai, Tiruvarur
districts. The indigenous technologies in pulse cultivation was collected among 300 experienced pulse growers with
well-developed interview schedule. The collected indigenous technologies were given to thirty scientists those who had
experience in indigenous technologies in pulse cultivation to eliminate the irrelevant and repeated indigenous technologies.
The collected 256 indigenous technologies were given to expert and scientist to eliminate the irrelevant and repeated
indigenous technologies. The result revealed that 66 indigenous technologies were identified as relevant. Majority of pulse
farmer expressed that safety handling and food is one of the foremost relative advantage in adopting indigenous technologies
and it was expressed by 96.00 per cent of pulse farmers.

KEYWORDS: Documentation, Indigenous Technologies, Relative Advantage & Pulse Cultivation

Received: May 21, 2019; Accepted: Jun 11, 2019; Published: Jul 10, 2019; Paper Id.: IJASRAUG201932

INTRODUCTION

In Tamil Nadu the food grains are cultivated in an area of 3474573 ha and the area under pulses are 815800 ha
and pulses constituting 23.50 per cent and a tune of total production of 613800 tones and an average productivity of
412 kg per ha .Tamil Nadu is one of the major producing State for Black Gram, Red Gram, Green Gran, cowpea,
Mochai and Horse gram. In Tamil Nadu Pulses are cultivated by farmers in garden land and dry land conditions.
Pulses are one of the oldest crops in Tamil Culture. Pulses growing farmers are cultivating pulses with local own
technologies right from seed germination, plant nutrition, plant protection and storage to value addition.

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254 Poonguzali B, Velusamy R & Pushpa J

These traditional knowledge and technologies have played a significant role in the overall socio-economic development of the
communities. Rhoades (1989) and Goddell (1982) reported that indigenous technologies if identified, modified suitable and
accepted they can definitely be the answer for the present day thinking of attaining sustainable agriculture. Farmers are
practicing a number of indigenous practices in pulse cultivation. These indigenous practices should be documented and
validated for further adoption and to solve the present day environmental issues. There are limited studies in documentation
indigenous technical knowledge in pulse cultivation. Keeping this in view the study was undertaken to document the
indigenous technical knowledge in pulse cultivation and to identify the relative advantage of indigenous technologies in pulse
cultivation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was undertaken among 300 pulse farmers in Thanjavur, Pudukkottai, Tiruvarur districts. The districts
were selected based on the maximum number of pulse farmers and area under pulse crop. In each districts five blocks were
selected based on the area under pulse crop. Two villages were selected in each selected block of each district. Ten pulse
farmers were selected randomly in each village and totally 300 pulse farmers were selected for this study. The indigenous
technologies in pulse cultivation was collected among 300 experienced pulse growers with well-developed interview
schedule. The collected indigenous technologies were given to expert and scientist to eliminate the irrelevant and repeated
indigenous technologies. Thirty scientist those who had experience in indigenous technologies in pulse cultivation are
consulted to identify the relevant indigenous technologies in pulse cultivation from the collected indigenous technologies.
Relative advantage is the degree to which an innovation appears better than any other alternatives the potential adopter
might have, measured in terms of economics, convenience, satisfaction and social prestige. The pulse farmers were asked
to list out the relative advantages of Indigenous technologies over the scientific cultivation in pulse cultivation.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


Collection and Documentation of Indigenous Technologies Adopted by Farmers in Pulses Cultivation

The indigenous technologies in pulse cultivation was collected among 300 pulse growers in Thanjavour, Pudukottai
and Thiruvarur districts. The collected 256 indigenous technologies were given to expert and scientist to eliminate the
irrelevant and repeated indigenous technologies. Thirty scientist those who had experience in indigenous technologies in pulse
cultivation are consulted to identify the relevant indigenous technologies in pulse cultivation. The result revealed that 66
indigenous technologies was identified as relevant and presented below.

Indigenous Technical Knowledge Identified


S. No. Indigenous Technical Knowledge
Land Preparation
1. Achieving fine tilth is better than applying manures
2. It is better to plough intensively than extensively
3. It is better to have deep ploughing rather than shallow ploughing for pulse growth
4. Plough four times for garden land
5. Plough seven times for wet land
6. Summer ploughing gives good crop in the ensuring season
7. Mixing and applying coir waste with compost to arrest soil hardening
8. Organic Manuring and Mulches increases the yield
Seeds & Sowing
9. Yield of the crops depends on seed quality, before sowing, knowing the quality of seed.
10. Seed should be a dried one because well dried seeds will have higher longevity and keeping quality.

Impact Factor (JCC): 6.1964 NAAS Rating: 4.13


Documentation of Indigenous Technologies in Pulse Cultivation and Relative Advantage 255
of Indigenous Technologies

11 It is better to change the seeds atleast once in two years


12 The seeds are generally stored along with the leaves of neem, pungam, notchi and thusasi
13 Better to start planting from “Sanimoolai” (North East) of the field to get higher yields.
14. Severing the broadcasted seeds in dry lands with soil
15 Better to perform sowing and planting operations during evening hours
16 The best seasons for pulse sowing are “Thai pattam” & Chithraipattam
17. The pulse crop sown on new moon day escape from pest and disease
18 Pulse sowing is done on all days except Tuesday and Saturday
19 Yield will be lower in black gram crop if it is sown in snow season/heavy mist season
20 Pulse sowing in September second week, giving better yield.
21 Micronutrient mixture liquid form
Manuring
22 Applying water hyacinth plants either as a compost or as burnt ash to the field for supplying potash
23 Poultry manure and goat manure gives benefits to pulse crops grown in the same season
Higher Blooming of “Tamarind” is. considered as an indication for good pulse production and higher
24
blooming of “Mango” is considered as an indication for poor pulse production
25 Sheep penning results in more pulse yield
26 Perennial Vegetation is grown in the irrigation channel converted in to green manure.
27. DAP spraying during full moon season, enhances more flowering
Weed, Pest and Disease Management
28. Red gram is also used as a green manure crop which improves the soil fertility
29 Growing cow pea as a green manure to control nut grass
30. Growing horse gram to control nut grass.
31. To avoid to cultivate pulse cop during severe summer season
32 Spray neem oil 5 lit./ac to control downey mildew disease in pulses
33. Spray purified milk to control yellow mosaic disease in cow pea and black gram.
34. Pulse crop mixed with Sorghum to control wilt disease in pulse.
35. Pulse crop mixed with “Marigold” to control pest in pulses.
36. Spray Panchakavya in pulse crops to control yellow mosaic disease.
37. Spray Navakavya in pulse crops to control many diseases in pulses also get good yield.
38. Pulse crops rotation with sorghum and rice to control wilt disease
39. In pulse crops, sprinkling common salt to control wilt disease.
Light trap and small lamps are placed on either side of the house entrance light from the lamps act as
40.
light trap the farmers are also to identify the pest outbreak.
41. Kitchen ash is applied in pulse crops to control aphids.
42. In pulse crops to control sucking pests, spray tobacco powder, cow urine, and neem oil spray.
In pulse crops to control nematodes, pungam (Pungamia pinnata) or illuppai (Bassic Latitolia) cakes are
43.
applied.
44. In pulse crops, spray panchakavya solution to add micronutrients,
45. Dried fish extract solution spray in pulses to control many pests.
46. Spray tobacco decoction to control warm and sucking pests in pulses.
Grinding the leaves of “Ipomia cornia” soaking in water 15 days, filtering and spraying to control boll
47.
warm in red grams.
48. Using pest avoidance technique
49. Seed treatment with “Asafotida” to control boll warm in red gram.
50. Spacing between red gram crops to be increased to control boll warms.
51. Raising one row of red gram crop with two rows of black gram crop to control pests and disease
October month having conducive climate for boll warms in pulses to avoid this month to escape from
52.
boll warm attack.
53. Raising Coriander crop to control boll warm in pulses
Seed Storage and Postharvest Storage Technologies
54. Mixing the green gram seeds with sand before storage.
55. Black gram grains broken in to halves will escape from weevil attack during storage
56. Castor seeds are fried, powdered and mixed with red gram seeds to reduce pest attack during storage
57. Pulse seeds in earthen pots mixed with wood ash to keep away from storage pests
58. Red gram seeds are mixed with red earth slurry, dried and stored to avoid storage pests.

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256 Poonguzali B, Velusamy R & Pushpa J

Dry the red gram seeds well and store them in gunny bags after placing dried leaves of “Naithulasi”
59.
(Ocimum canum) inside them to prevent pod borer.
60. Vegetable oil and castor oil are mixed with pulses before storage
Mixing pulse grams with dried chilies to increase the keeping quality and avoid from storage pests like
61.
“brooches”
62. Spread cooked rice in the field bund to attract birds; these birds collect /eat warms in pulse field.
63. Dusting ash along with pulse seeds to control storage pests.
64. Neem seed kernel extract is the general organic pesticide used to control many pests in pulses
65. Neem seed cake mixed with seed pulses to preserve in container to avoid storage pests.
10 Kgs. pulse seeds mixed with 500 gm. of turmeric power, 500 ml. groundnut oil for storage even for
66.
one year

Relative Advantage of Indigenous Technologies in Pulses

When the farmers continuously practicing indigenous knowledge, it will be also relevant to enquire why they do so.
In other words, what are the advantages of such practices as perceived by farmers. Understanding the rational of such
practices from the farmer’s point of view, may also help researchers to look into the valid factors while they research to
farmers need and help extension workers to select appropriate technologies based on few criteria. The relative advantage of
indigenous technologies are presented in table 1.

The pulse farmers were expressed their perceived relative advantage of adopting the indigenous technologies. The
results from table 1, shows that majority of pulse farmer expressed that safety handling and food is one of the foremost
relative advantage in adopting indigenous technologies and it was expressed by 96.00 per cent of pulse farmers.

The indigenous technologies facilitate the agricultural operations ie facilitate for easy sowing of crop and it was
expressed by 95.00 per cent of farmers followed by good germination with 95.67 per cent, quality product with 89.00 per cent,
healthy crop with 89.00 per cent and low cost with 78.00 per cent of pulse farmers.

Three fifth of farmers (69.33 per cent) were expressed that indigenous technologies helped in conservation of
moisture during drought period and controlled the soil erosion (52.00 per cent). Nearly half of the pulse farmers (44.67 per
cent) expressed that indigenous technologies maintained the soil health sustainably. Two third of farmers (66.67 per cent)
expressed that indigenous technologies resulted more yield in the subsequent years. The farmers expressed that the indigenous
technology resulted health crop (89.00 per cent), products having long shelf life (69.66 per cent) and environmental safeguard
(66.00 per cent).

CONCLUSIONS

More number of indigenous technologies are available in all the agro eco system and in all the crops. The
documented pulse indigenous technologies are having more advantage when compared to present day cultivation. The
documented indigenous technologies should be validated for further large scale adoption to reduce the soil health problem and
for environmental safety.

REFERENCES

1. Ambegaonkar, A R and Wangikar S D, 1988 .A Study on the attitude of tribal farmers towards new agricultural technology,
Tribal Research Bulletin, X(11) : 30-31.

2. Chakravarthy, K. 1982. Indigenous Farm Practices: their Influnence. Unpublished M.Sc. (Ag) thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural
Unversity, Coimbatore,

Impact Factor (JCC): 6.1964 NAAS Rating: 4.13


Documentation of Indigenous Technologies in Pulse Cultivation and Relative Advantage 257
of Indigenous Technologies

3. Goodell, G.1982, Communication from farmers to scientists, Unpub, M.sc(Ag) Thesis, TNAU, Coimbatore.

4. Khan, M., & Ayyoob, M. (2016). The Scope of E-Learning in the Computer Science & Technologies. International Journal of
Computer Science Engineering and Information Technology Research (IJCSEITR), 6(6), 93-98.

5. Gupta, A. K 1998. Working With Indigenous Knowledge-A Guide for Researchers. Internal Development Research Centre,
Ottawa, p.317

6. Rhoades, R.1989.The role of farmers in the creation of Agricultural Technology, In farmers first: Farmers Innovation and
agricultural Research Edition, London.

APPENDIES

Table 1: Relative Advantage of Indigenous Technologies in Pulses Cultivation


S. No Category Number Percent
I. Land preparation
1. Conservation of moisture during drought period 208 69.33
2. Eradication of weeds 182 60.67
3. Control of soil erosion 156 52.00
4. Reduction of no of ploughings at the time of sowing 200 66.67
II. Seeds and sowing
1. Pest reduction 150 50.00
2. No cost 234 78.00
3. Easy dibbling of seed sowing to fuzz removal 285 95.00
4. Good germination 287 95.67
III. Manuring
1. Low cost 198 66.00
2. Healthy crop 201 67.00
3. Soil health sustainability 134 44.67
4. Quality product 267 89.00
IV. Weed Management.
1. Low cost 234 78.00
2. Better yield 200 66.67
3. Quality product 176 58.67
V. Pests and Diseases Management
1. Low cost 200 66.67
2. Healthy crop 267 89.00
3. Pest repellent/disease smoothing 222 74.00
4. Environmental safeguard 198 66.00
VI. SeedStorage and post-harvest Storage technologies
1. Low cost 178 59.33
2. Pest control 156 52.00
3. Longer shelf life 209 69.66
4. Safety handling and food 288 96.00

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