Urdaneta City University

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City Pangasinan

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

(VOR) OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE

JONNELL C. URSUA
STUDENT:

ENGR. RICHARD P. ISLA

INSTRUCTOR:

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 Urdaneta City University
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City Pangasinan
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. COVER PAGE………………………………………………………………….. 1

II. TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………….2

III. BODY………………………………………………………………………….3

 APPLICTION

 OPERATION

 EQUIPMENT

IV. DEFINITION OF TERMS…………………………………………………..4-6

V. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………….7

VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………..8

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 Urdaneta City University
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City Pangasinan
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
III. BODY

APPLICATION

 A VOR system is made up of a ground component and an aircraft receiver

component.
Ground stations are located both on and off airports to provide guidance
information to pilots both en route and during arrival and departure.

Aircraft equipment includes a VOR antenna, a VOR frequency selector, and a

cockpit instrument. The instrument type varies but consists of one of the
following: an Omni-Bearing Indicator (OBI), Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)
or a Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI), or a combination of two different kinds.
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) often is collocated with a VOR to give
pilots a precise indication of the aircraft's distance from the VOR station.

VORs have AM voice broadcast ability, and each VOR has its own Morse code
identifier that it broadcasts to pilots. It ensures that pilots are navigating from
the correct VOR station, as there often are many VOR facilities within range of a
single aircraft.

 After tuning to a VOR facility's frequency and identifying that the Morse code is
correct, pilots can determine on which radial to or from the VOR station the
aircraft is located. The OBI, HSI, or RMI indicator in the cockpit looks like a
compass or a leading indicator, with a superimposed Course Deviation Indicator
(CDI) needle on it. The CDI will align itself with the radial the aircraft is on.

Paired with DME, a pilot can determine a precise location from the station
Also, the use of two VOR stations makes determining a precise location even
more accurate by using cross-radials, even without DME.

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 Urdaneta City University
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City Pangasinan
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

OPERATION


VORs are assigned radio channels between 108.0 MHz and 117.95 MHz this is in
the very high frequency (VHF) range. The first 4 MHz is shared with
the instrument landing system band. To leave channels for instrument landing
system, in the range 108.0 to 111.95 MHz, the 100 kHz digit is always even, so
108.00, 108.05, 108.20, 108.25, and so on are VOR frequencies but 108.10,
108.15, 108.30, 108.35 and so on, are reserved for ILS in the US.

 The VOR encodes azimuth as the phase relationship between a reference signal
and a variable signal. The omnidirectional signal contains a modulated
continuous wave (MCW) 7 wpm Morse code station identifier, and usually
contains an amplitude modulated (AM) voice channel. The conventional 30 Hz
reference signal is frequency modulated (FM) on a 9,960 Hz subcarrier.

 The variable amplitude Modulated (AM) signal is conventionally derived from the
lighthouse-like rotation of a directional antenna array 30 times per second.
Although older antennas were mechanically rotated, current installations scan
electronically to achieve an equivalent result with no moving parts. This is
achieved by a circular array of typically 60 directional antennas, the signal to
each one being amplitude modulated by the 30 Hz reference signal delayed in
phase to match the azimuthal position of each individual antenna.

EQUIPMENT

 Radio Transmitter

 Omni-Bearing Indicator (OBI)

 Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) or a Radio

 Magnetic Indicator (RMI),

 Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)

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 Urdaneta City University
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City Pangasinan
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

IV. DIFINITION OF TERMS

 The VOR (Very high-frequency Omnidirectional Range) is a radio

navigation system used by pilots to help determine where they are in relation to
VOR stations on the ground. When you use the VOR to navigate, the station
sends a signal to your plane, and the system will determine which direction
you’re located compared to the station. Using the VOR station, you can find
bearings for a course so you can make adjustments to where you’re flying and
intercept the course you need to make.

 Radio Transmitter - is an electronic device which, when connected to

an antenna, produces an electromagnetic signal such as
in radio and television broadcasting, two way communications or radar.

 Omni Bearing Indicator (OBI) - Used for VOR navigation and the cheapest way to
do so, has a manual compass card that selects the desired VOR radial and a CDI needle
to provide a steering aid to place the aircraft on that radial, with a "TO/FROM" indicator
to resolve directional ambiguity.
 Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) -This reduces pilot workload by
lessening the number of elements in the pilot's instrument scan to the six basic
flight instruments.
 Radio-Magnetic Indicator (RMI) - A two-channel ADF with compass card
slaved to the magnetic compass (or in some cases using an internal gyro like the
Heading Indicator).
 Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)- The DME system consists of an
interrogator on board an aircraft and a DME station on the ground. The
interrogator in the aircraft transmits interrogating pulses to the DME station on
the ground. The received pulses trigger the DME station to reply. The reply is
received by the aircrafts interrogating DME. The time difference between
transmission and reception is used to calculate the distance from the aircraft to
the DME station.

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 Urdaneta City University
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City Pangasinan
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

V. CONCLUSION

 To make a report about VOR or (VHF) Omnidirectional range and be able to

discuss the application, operation and the Equipment used in VOR. Also to learn
VOR on how it works in different things like aircrafts and to learn the different
radio channels assigned in VOR.
 In this report we can understand that the VOR are very use full especially in
aircrafts to communicate to the pilot and to determine the exact location where
the airplane is.

VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.thebalancecareers.com/vor-navigation-system-282557
https://www.wikizero.com/en/VHF_omnidirectional_range

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 Urdaneta City University
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City Pangasinan
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

What is an instrument landing system?

An Instrument Landing System (ILS) is a highly accurate radio signal navigation aid consisting of two antennas which
transmit signals to receivers in the aircraft cockpit—a glide path tower located next to the runway at the northern end
and a localiser antenna at the southern end. These antennas provide the pilot with vertical and horizontal guidance
when landing in low visibility. An ILS is not used by departing aircraft.

Azimuth
An azimuth is an angular measurement in a spherical coordinate system. The vector from an
observer to a point of interest is projected perpendicularly onto a reference plane; the angle between
the projected vector and a reference vector on the reference plane is called the azimuth.

MCW uses a fixed audio tone to modulate a carrier wave. This is an older method of
sending Morse code, with continuous wave being the more common method used today.

MCW can be transmitted from any common amateur radio transceiver in AM or FM mode with
audio input from an audio tone oscillator or equivalent audio source.

Morse code is a character encoding scheme used in telecommunication that

encodes text characters as standardized sequences of two different signal durations called dots
and dashes.

ambiguity
the quality of being open to more than one interpretation; inexactness.