PUNJAB – TIANJIN

UNIVERSITY OF
TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE

PRACTICAL FIELD TRAINING

TOPIC:
USE OF PLASTIC WASTE AS AGGREGATE
IN CONCRETE MIX

SUPERVISOR:
Engineer Amir Sohail

SUBMITTED BY: GROUP # 01

Muhammad Ikhtisham Razaq 18-CT-12
Chand Badar 18-CT-10
Mirbaz Ali 18-CT-29
Muhammad Arslan Aziz 18-CT-31
Ihtisham Hassan 18-CT-05
Muhammad Usman 18-CT-41

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

TECHNOLOGY
 PLASTIC POLLUTION IN PAKISTAN
Introduction:
Environmental pollution has become a vile threat to humans and wildlife globally. Today, both
the air we inhale and the water we drink is highly unhygienic.
Plastic is not an inherently good object, as it is composed of major toxic pollutants that have potential to
cause great harm to the environment in the form of air, water and land pollution.
It has started to impact the natural ecosystem negatively while creating problems for wildlife and human
population such as killing of plant life and posing hazards to animals.

History:
Since 1967, global plastic production has increased from two million tons to 380 million tones,
almost three times faster than the world’s GDP. Since 1950, the world has produced 9 billion tons of
plastic waste. Of that only 9% has been recycled and another 12% incinerated. The rest of the waste was
either dumped into landfills or emptied into the natural environment. . Data collected by the ministry of
climate change shows that the use of plastic bags is rising at the rate of 15 percent annually, and as a local
media house had recently reported, as many as 12 million plastic bags were used in Pakistan between 1990
and 1991 and this consumption had surged to 43 billion in 2005 and up to 55 billion in 2007.

Use of Plastic in Pakistan:

Elsewhere in the country, we are producing and using plastic-related objects with wild abandon.
 We haul our groceries from the market in plastic bags
 We eat in plastic utensils
 For drinking water we rely on plastic-made coolers
 We store our spices and other consumer goods in plastic containers and bowls. We drink bottled
water every day
 We use plastic mobile pouches
 Students take plastic made geometry boxes to school
 The processed crisps we buy is packed in plastic wrappers.

Effects of Plastic in Pakistan:

 Poses a major problem for marine life
 Freshwater lakes in Pakistan
 It destroys habitats and adversely impacts wildlife species.
 It upsets the food chain
 Pollutes groundwater, land and air.
 It kills animals and is highly poisonous and expensive.

Effect on Environment:
When plastic waste is disposed of on land in open dumps or in improper designed landfills, it causes
following impact on the environment.

 Ground water contamination by the leachates generated by the waste dump.

 Surface water contamination by run off from the waste dump.
 Bad odor, pests, rodents and windblown litter in and around the waste.
 Generation of inflammable gas (methane) within the waste dump.
 Flies with waste dump.
 Erosion and stability problems relating to slopes of the waste dump.
  Epidemics through stray animals.

Effect on Human Health:

If our environment is not well then health issues will be appear. People consume polluted water they get sick
there is no getting around it.

 Contaminated water causes viral diseases like cholera, dysentery and typhoid fever.
 It can cause skin condition like scabies and trachoma.
 Increase risk of typhoid fever, food poisoning, enteric fever, gastroenteritis and other major illness.
 Eye and respiratory infections
 Skin and blood infections resulting from direct contact with waste and from infected wounds.
 It is increasing the ratio of Cancer

Effects on landfills:

Well-managed landfill facilities have expectations to gather, compact and safely store waste. In many cases
this involves covering or burying with soils or other materials. However, such landfills still have negative
environmental impacts:

 Greenhouse gases which contribute to climate change

 Leachate: decomposing material can produce nutrient-rich or polluted waters which if not properly
contained can leach to the surrounding environment and potentially enter waterways and soils.

Steps taken by Pakistan Govt

Pakistan will finally enter the ever-growing club of countries that are taking the threat of plastic pollution
seriously. Pakistan often wakes up late on many issues.
It is imperative to note that the Sindh government had imposed a ban on the manufacturing, sale, purchase
and use of polythene bags in 1994. Punjab followed suit in 1995 while Balochistan levied a complete ban on
polythene bags in 2001. Islamabad had also banned the use and sale of plastic bags in 2013 but former
Nawaz’s government had failed in implementing a decision that would have reduced a lot of health hazards
and drain blockages by now.
 Say No to Plastic Pollution’. The seminar was organised by Supporters of Ethics and
Sustainability (SOESA) to create awareness regarding the harmful effects of plastic products.
 Second step the government plans to launch a major awareness campaigns to sensitize the general
public against plastic usage.
 He said that the capital would be announced as being plastic free within the next two months and
no plastic bag would be available in Islamabad. Same sort of ban will be imposed later
countrywide.
 The government has decided to develop a framework for a new law of Extended Product
Responsibility (EPR) for recycling to bind the manufacturers/producers for collecting their used
plastic materials including bottles and bags for recycling.
Solid Waste Generation in Major Cities:

City Population in million Solid waste generation/day

in tons
Karachi 20,500,000 9,900
Lahore 10,000,000 7,510
Faisalabad 7,500,000 4,900
Rawalpindi 5,900,000 4,400
Hyderabad 5,500,000 3,880
Multan 5,200,000 3,600
Gujranwala 4,800,000 3,400
Sargodha 4,500,000 3,000
Peshawar 2,900,000 2,000
Quetta 600,000 700

Physical Composition of Municipal Solid Waste by Percent in Pakistan

Ash, Bricks and Dirt 18%

Glass 6%
Textile 2%
Cardboard 7%
Food Waste 30%
Leather 1%
Paper 6%
Plastic 9%
Rubber 1%
Metal 14%

Suggestion:
 I request the government to take an immediate action and solve this problem.
 A serious note the government, relevant institutions and policymakers need to rethink their
strategy and devise adequate measures against this ecological threat.
 Pakistan Govt. also take some steps to control plastic bags in all big cities, like Islamabad banned
using or plastic bags.
We believe that if countries classified the most harmful plastics as hazardous, their environmental agencies
would have the power to restore affected habitats and prevent more dangerous debris from accumulating.
Ultimately, such a move could boost research on new polymers and replace the most problematic materials
with safer ones.
STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT OF CONCRETE CONTAINING FLY ASH
AND OPTIMUM USAGE OF FLY ASH IN CONCRETE
A. Onera,T, S. Akyuzb, R. Yildiza
This paper presents a laboratory study on the strength development of concrete containing fly ash
and optimum use of fly ash in concrete. Fly ash was added according to the partial replacement method in
mixtures.
 A total of 28 mixtures with different mix designs were prepared.
 4 of them were prepared as control mixtures with 250, 300, 350, and 400 kg/m 3 cement content in
order to calculate the Bolomey and Feret coefficients (KB, KF)].
 Four groups of mixtures were prepared, each group containing six mix designs and using the cement
content of one of the control mixtures as the base for the mix design.
 In each group 20% of the cement content of the control mixture was removed, resulting in starting
mixtures with 200, 240, 280, and 320 kg/m3 cement content.
 Fly ash in the amount of approximately 15%, 25%, 33%, 42%, 50%, and 58% of the rest of the
cement content was added as partial cement replacement.
 All specimens were moist cured for 28 and 180 days before compressive strength testing.
 The efficiency and the maximum content of fly ash that gives the maximum compressive strength
were obtained by using Bolomey and Feret strength equations.
 Hence, the maximum amount of usable fly ash amount with the optimum efficiency was determined.
 This study showed that strength increases with increasing amount of fly ash up to an optimum value,
beyond which strength starts to decrease with further addition of fly ash.
 The optimum value of fly ash for the four test groups is about 40% of cement. Fly ash/cement ratio is
an important factor determining the efficiency of fly ash. D 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

THE USE OF COARSE AND FINE CRUSHED BRICKS AS

AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE
Farid Debieb a, Said Kenai b,*
 Recycling and reuse of building rubble present interesting possibilities for economy on waste
disposal sites and conservation of natural resources. This paper examines the possibility of using
crushed brick as coarse and fine aggregate for a new concrete.
 Natural sand, coarse aggregates or both were partially replaced (25, 50,75 and 100%) with crushed
brick aggregates.
 Compressive and flexural strengths up to 90 days of age were compared with those of concrete made
with natural aggregates.
 Porosity, water absorption, water permeability and shrinkage were also measured.
 The test results indicate that it is possible to manufacture concrete containing crushed bricks (coarse
and fine) with characteristics similar to those of natural aggregates concrete provided that the
percentage of recycled aggregates is limited to 25% and 50% for the coarse and fine aggregates,
respectively. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
 USE OF LOW CAO UNPROCESSED STEEL SLAG IN
CONCRETE AS FINE AGGREGATE

 The use of steel slag as fine aggregate has a negative impact on the workability of concrete
especially for replacement ratios above 50%. However, this problem can easily be taken care of by
the use of admixtures.
 The use of steel slag as fine aggregate in concrete mixes has a positive effect on both compressive
and tensile strengths; hence introducing it in concrete will eliminate one of the environmental
problems created by the steel industry.
 Best results for the enhancement of compressive strength are obtained when the replacement
percentages are between 15% and 30%. When optimum values are used, the use of steel slag
increases the tensile strength of concrete by 1.1–1.3 times the strength of normal concrete, depending
on the used ratio.
 Therefore, special care should be taken when designing mixes or when batching the material at site
when using the slag ‘‘as received” from the factory.
 Regarding the compressive and tensile strengths of concrete, steel slag is more advantageous for
concretes of lower strengths, i.e., the lower the grade of concrete, the better the enhancement in the
compressive and tensile strengths.
 The use of steel slag in normal concrete mixes is beneficial for the enhancement of the tensile
strength for all replacement ratios. However, the best results were obtained when the replacement
percentage is about 50%. When optimum values are used, the use of steel slag increases the tensile
strength of concrete by 1.4 2.4 times the strength of normal concrete, depending on the ratio used.
 Better results can be obtained when the material finer than 0.15 mm is eliminated. In this case, the
strength increases by the increase in the amount of slag replacing sand.

RECYCLING OF WASTE GLASS AS A PARTIAL

REPLACEMENT FOR FINE AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE
 The slumps of waste glass concrete specimens decreased with increases in the waste glass content,
which is believed to be influenced by the waste glass grain shapes. In spite of this decline in the
slump of these mixtures, they have good workability.
 The pozzolanic effect of waste glass in concrete is more obvious at the later age of 28 days. The
optimum percentage of waste glass that gives the maximum values of compressive and flexural
strengths is 20%.
 Using waste glass as a partial replacement for fine aggregate did not produce any notable change in
the concrete color.
 Using finely ground waste glass in preference to fine aggregate could produce promising results,
assuming that the geometry will be less heterogeneous.
 This study intended to find effective ways to reuse waste glass as fine aggregate in concrete. The
data presented in this paper show that there is a promising potential for the use of waste glass in
concrete; further investigations may be considered regarding its long-term effect on concrete
properties.
 HOW MUCH PERCENTAGE USED OF WASTE PLASTIC IN
CONCRETE SPECIMENS:
This project in particular deals with the possibility of using the waste Thermoplastic as partial
replacement of fine or coarse aggregate in concrete. Concrete with 10% Thermoplastic material for each of
Nine Specimens is prepared after doing the mix design.

While other Nine Specimens are made with Cement and Natural Aggregates. There is 0% usage of
Thermoplastic. The purpose to categorize into 2 categories is that we want to compare Compression
Strength of Specimens in which Thermoplastic is used with other Specimens in which 0% Thermoplastic is
used.

....................
1. The Article of MB Hossain, P Bhowmik, KM Shaad: -
 The shredded waste plastic was used in concrete with partial replacement of 5%, 10% and
20% by volume of conventional coarse aggregate. Four types of concrete specimens
including one without plastic aggregate, for comparison purpose, were prepared.
 The water/cement ratio from 0.50 to 0.60, PET aggregate content (10 and 20 % by volume)
and the particle sizes of 2.6mm and 11.4mm.
.

Journal: - Progressive Agriculture 27 (3): 383-391, 2016

2. Youcef Ghernouti, Bahia Rabehi, Brahim Safi and Rabah Chaid: -

The plastic bag waste was introduced by substitution of a variable percentage of sand such as:
10, 20, 30 and 40 % and that, to better see their influence on the mechanical physic properties
of the concrete.
Journal of International Scientific Publications: Materials, Methods and Technologies Volume 8, ISSN
1314-7269 (Online), Published at: http://www.scientific-publications.net.

3. M Mahesh, B Venkat Narsimha Rao, CH. Satya Sri: -

 This project in particular deals with the possibility of using the waste polyethylene as partial
replacement of fine or coarse aggregate in concrete. Concrete with 2%, 4%, 6%
pulverized/non pulverized polyethylene material is prepared after doing the mix design.

4. Dhaarani D, Shanmuganathan N ,Gokila M, Akalya A, Abirami D, Dhilshath

begam J: -
 Concrete specimens casted and tested for concrete mix with various percentage of
replacement (10%,20%&30%) and its viability for replacement were discussed.
HOW TO SUBMIT RESEARCH PAPER IN ANY JOURNAL?
We are submitting research paper in 2 methods.
 Paid version method
 Unpaid version method

Paid version method:

Paid journals may give open access to some papers, either because the authors have paid to make it
so, or as a service to the academic community.
Unpaid version method:
In this method we submit to research paper free of cost.

Submission to research paper in IJSER

(International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research)

Procedure
 Paper title

(max. character allowed 250)

 Author name
 Email
 Abstract
 Research paper area

(In this step we select paper relative field)

 Country name
 Attach research paper
 How you know about IJSER
 Mobile number
 I am not a robot
 Submit paper

In case of any issue during submission

ijser.editor@gmail.com
Impact factor of this journal is 4.396
sr Name Journal SJR IF

1 Transportation Research, Part C: Emerging Technologies journal 2.611 Q1 7.29

2 Transportation Science journal 2.540 Q1 4.01

Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and

3 journal 1.970 Q1 5.24
Transportation Review

4 Composite Structures journal 1.967 Q1 5.31

5 Journal of Structural Engineering journal 1.905 Q1 2.98

6 Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing journal 1.821 Q1 6.03

7 Journal of Bridge Engineering journal 1.432 Q1 2.31

8 Soils and Foundations journal 1.246 Q1 2.01

9 Steel and Composite Structures journal 1.184 Q1 4.17

10 Structure and Infrastructure Engineering journal 1.137 Q1 2.70

11 Smart Materials and Structures journal 1.077 Q1 3.71

 Material Proposal
According to Estimation we need below material for testing 18 cylinders.
We’ll cast concrete in four phases with time interval and three cylinders in each phase, then put on to curing
for 28 days. In this curing period cylinders will be drown in after first 3 days, 7 days, 14 days and finally
28 days for final strength.

Schedule of Work Items

Research group B need below material items for concrete tests.

Item No Item Estimated Unit of Unit Rates Price

Description Quantity Measure
01 Cement 2 bags No’s 650 1300
02 Sand 2.30 cft 25 60
03 Coarse 4.5 cft 55 250
Aggregates
04 Black Oil 1 litre 50 50
05 Thermoplastic 9 kg
Total 1660 pkr

References:
THE EXPRESS TRIBUNE

Plastic pollution in Pakistan

By Murtaza Talpur
Published: June 11, 2018

Published in The Express Tribune, June 11 th, 2018

https://tribune.com.pk/story/1732444/6-plastic-pollution-pakistan-opinion/

THE EXPRESS TRIBUNE > PAKISTAN > PUNJAB

Climate change ministry declares its office plastic-free

By By News Desk
Published: April 6, 2019

https://tribune.com.pk/story/1944624/1-climate-change-ministry-declares-office-plastic-free/

Reference: -
Use of waste plastic aggregation in concrete as a constituent material MB Hossain, P Bhowmik, KM
Shaad Department of Farm Structure & Environmental Engineering, Bangladesh Agricultural University,
Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh

Reference: -
USE OF RECYCLED PLASTIC BAG WASTE IN THE CONCRETE Youcef Ghernouti, Bahia
Rabehi, Brahim Safi and Rabah Chaid Research Unit: Materials, Processes and Environment, University
M’Hamed Bougara of Boumerdes. Algeria.