Join for freeLog InProblems of solid waste management on Mount Kilimanjaro: A challenge

to tourismArticle · October 2009 with 278 Reads · Download citationDOI:

10.1177/0734242X09337655 · Source: PubMedMengiseny E Kaseva19.71- Ardhi University
Josia L MoiranaAbstractWe report on the findings of a study on the problems of solid waste
management (SWM) on Mountain Kilimanjaro (MK) which is located within Kilimanjaro
National Park (KINAPA) in Northern Tanzania. The study was prompted by the fact that
flourishing tourism on the mountain over the years has resulted in an increase in the tonnage of
solid waste (SW) generated, posing serious challenges in its collection and disposal. The
methodology employed in this study included physical observations and questionnaire surveys, as
well as waste sorting and weighing to quantify and characterize waste loads collected from each
tourist route station covered in this study. On the basis of the established SW generation rate (0.6
kg ca(-1) day(-1)) a total amount of SW generated was estimated to range from about 87 tones (in
2003) to 125 tones (in 2006). An improvement in SW collection from 64% in 2003 to 94% in
2006 was also noted. This improvement can be attributed to the trash-in-trash-out (TITO) system
of SW collection which is currently practiced by the management of KINAPA for SWM on MK.
The study also highlights potential environmental pollution including air pollution from open
burning and pit disposal of SW. Based on average percentage values of waste components and the
estimated quantity of waste generated, it was established that the total waste quantum contains
about 34% of recyclables. The study recommends that resource recovery and conservation
measures through waste recycling and re-use be instituted as one of the options for sustainable
SWM on MK.Do you want to read the rest of this chapter?Request full-textCitations19...
Undoubtedly, tourism brings and sustains benefits on employment and economic value to society.
However, tourism activities also have negative influences on the environment, in which solid
waste is one of the most significant impacts ( Ezio RANIERI et al., 2014;Kaseva and Moirana,
2010;Mateu-Sbert et al., 2013;Mihalič, 2000;Schianetz et al., 2007;Teh and Cabanban, 2007;Zaei
and Zaei, 2013). Sharma, (2016) indicated that solid waste accumulation and littering was a
negative indicator which highly impacted on tourism industry of Kerwa, India. ...Analyzing solid
waste management practices for the hotel industryCiting articleFull-text availableDec 2018
Song Toan Pham PhuMinh Giang HoangT FujiwaraViewShow abstract... These lead to the
difficulty of litter collection and transportation on climbing trails. Studies have shown that the
improper litter management leads to adverse impacts on the environment ( Kaseva and Moirana,
2010;Musora et al., 2017). For example, litter makes a mess and unpleasant odor in the visual and
smell of the area, directly affecting the satisfaction of tourists and the local tourism economy; in
addition, litter may contaminate soil and water, dam- age to the health of wildlife by increasing its
dependency on litter as a food source, and threaten the health of tourists by increasing the number
of bees, flies and other pests in trails ( Cingolani et al., 2016;Rodríguez-Rodríguez, 2012). ......
Currently, these litter management principles have become widely practiced by tourists as outdoor
ethics and common sense around the world. These principles include PIPO, carry in/carry out
(CICO) (Powers, 2017) and trash in/trash out (Kaseva and Moirana, 2010). The common goal of
these litter management principles is to minimize negative impacts to the environment and
maximize positive travel experiences of tourists. ...Factors influencing tourists’ litter management
behavior in mountainous tourism areas in ChinaCiting articleFull-text availableWASTE
MANAGESep 2018Huan HuJinhe ZhangGuang Chu[...]Peng YuView... Unfortunately,
most of them are usually overfilled, with not only faeces. The porters throw leftover food into
them, and tourists, among other items, throw newspapers, personal hygiene products, plastic
bottles and even used clothing (Kaseva, 2009). What is even more dangerous is the lack of
tightness of the tank. ...Mountaineer’s Waste: Past, Present and FutureCiting articleFull-text
availableNov 2016Michal ApolloViewShow abstract... This means that destinations should be
able to develop the means to protect their local ecosystems from the pressures of mass tourism
(Mathieson and Wall 1982; Briassoulis and van der Straaten 1992; Palmer and Riera 2003; Ku et
al. 2009; Ranieri et al. 2014). The analysis of the relationship between MSW and tourism is
especially interesting in the case of tourism destinations given that tourism inflows constitute an
additional source of MSW and the attractiveness of a tourism destination can be affected by
improper MSW management (Bramwell 2004; Rey-Maquieira et al. 2005; Alegre and Cladera
2006; Gidarakos et al. 2006; Bardolet and Sheldon 2008; Radwan et al. 2010; Kaseva and
Moirana 2010; Bhat et al. 2014). Further, the limitation on land in some tourism destinations
(Rey-Maquieira et al. 2005), the increasing real costs of MSW disposal and treatment, the fact that
most tourists keep the majority of their consumption (and waste generation) patterns at the
destination (Bhat et al. 2014), and the need to avoid a deterioration of destination image have
made it even more difficult to manage MSW in tourism areas. ...Waste Generation Flows and
Tourism Growth: A STIRPAT Model for Mallorca: Waste Generation and Tourism GrowthCiting
articleJ Ind EcolApr 2016Italo ArbulúJavier LozanoJavier Rey-MaquieiraViewShow abstract...
In Kajiado District in which Loitokitok Division is located, the main modes of solid waste
disposal in the domestic setting are burning and open dumping (NEMA, 2009-2013). The practice
of burning trash is problematic because of the gaseous effluents released such as carbon dioxide,
nitrogen oxide, methane and smoke (Chugh et al., 1999), which contribute to climate change, can
cause health problems such as acute pulmonary illnesses and Organic Dust Toxic Syndrome
(Kaseva and Moirana, 2010), and overall give off heavy smoke and an acrid, unpleasant odor.
Paper and plastic materials in particular can contain dangerous chemical substances that cause
skin disease, carcinogenic illness, neurological disease, low birth weight, and chemical poisoning
through inhalation (Nagabooshnam, 2011). ...The effects of communal land sub-division and land
use changes on household waste production in the Southern rangelands of KenyaCiting articleFeb
2015T George EkisaViewShow moreReferences12RecommendationsAppraisal of solid waste
collection following private sector involvement in Dar es Salaam city, TanzaniaArticleJun
2005Mengiseny KasevaStephen Emmanuel MbuligweThis paper presents findings of a study,
which was carried out in Dar es Salaam city to assess post-privatisation of solid waste collection
and disposal. Prior to the assessment, fieldwork studies indicated that current solid waste
generation rate in the city is 0.4 kg/cap/day and total waste generation is within the range of 2425
tons/day. This study also indicated that out of the total waste generated, a total of 957 tons/day is
collected by the three city municipalities (231 tons/day or equivalent to 10% of the total
generation), private solid waste collection contractors (592 tons/day or equivalent of 24.4%) and
through recycling (134 tons/day or equivalent of 5.5%). These findings suggest that as a result of
privatisation of solid waste collection activities in Dar es Salaam city, solid waste collection has
improved from 10% in 1994 to 40% of the total waste generated in the city daily in 2001. The
paper recommends that waste recycling and composting activities be encouraged since this
approach is considered to be the right measure in attaining sustainability in waste
management.Read more1,427 ReadsAssessment of industrial solid waste management and
resource recovery practices in TanzaniaArticleJun 2006Stephen Emmanuel MbuligweMengiseny
KasevaA study on industrial solid waste management (ISWM) and resource recovery practices
was carried out in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania. Practices pertaining to generation, storage,
collection and transportation, processing, and final disposal were investigated. The ISW was also
quantified and characterised. It is observed that 89% of sources of ISW produce process solid
waste only while the remaining 11% produce a mixture of process and non-process ISW. ISW is
stored in open-air piles, bins, masonry enclosures, and silos. Collection of ISW is done by the
source industries (60%) and private contractors (40%). The total ISW generation rate is 39,000
tonnes/yr and of this 91.7% comes from food and beverage industries. Although formal cleaner
production technologies (CPTs) are practiced by only a handful of industries, many industries
practice both intra- and inter-industry reuse and recycling. The commonest reusable and recyclable
materials are glass cullets (60.7%) and spent grain and yeast (21.6%). Notably, all glass cullets are
recycled. The most problematic stage of ISWM is disposal, which is not done in a sanitary
manner. Also, the fact that the hazardous component of ISW is not segregated for proper and
separate handling is a potential cause of health and environmental problems. Notable observations
in this study are: (1) cleaner production is practiced much more extensively than reported and (2)
resource recovery has a considerable potential of improving ISWM, especially in developing
countries since most of the ISW components are reusable or recyclable.Read more115
ReadsImpacts of a Solid Waste Disposal Site on Soil, Surface Water and Groundwater Quality in
Dar es Salaam City, TanzaniaArticleJan 2007Gabriel R. KassengaStephen Emmanuel
MbuligweSolid waste disposal sites are potentially serious sources of pollution to the
environment, especially when located very close to water sources and operated haphazardly. The
high pollution potential of these sites is due to the fact that they usually contain almost all types of
pollutants from the source community. The contaminants can leach out through the soil,
contaminating the soil itself, ground water, and surface water. In the study reported here,
environmental pollution impacts of a solid waste disposal site were investigated. Wet and dry
seasons samples of soil, river sediments, groundwater, and surface water from sites suspected to
be affected by the dumpsite were analysed for chemical, physical, and bacteriological parameters,
including heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Cr, and Zn, and nutrients (N and P). The dumpsite was
found to be a significant (pRead more72 ReadsFeasibility and strategies for anaerobic digestion of
solid waste for energy production in Dar es Salaam city, TanzaniaArticleSep 2004Stephen
Emmanuel MbuligweGabriel R KassengaIn Tanzania, the most serious solid waste management
problem currently is disposal, but since the largest fraction of the waste is organics which are
amenable to anaerobic digestion and composting, it makes environmental and economic sense to
explore these options. This prompted the conception of the Taka (waste) Gas Project which is
meant to utilise organic solid waste from Dar es Salaam city for producing biogas which will be
used for generating electric energy. Production of biogas from solid waste can reduce the amount
of waste that needs to be disposed of as well as save the environment in Tanzania from
degradation caused by wood fuel extraction. The total quantity of energy expected to be generated
by the project is 5.18 MWh/d. Of this, 5.91 MW/d will be availed to the national grid while the
remainder will be for internal use of the project. The focus of this paper is on the feasibility and
strategies required to implement the project. Also, the solid waste management situation in Dar es
Salaam city is outlined along with quantitative and qualitative data on organic solid waste
envisaged for the Taka Gas Project.Read more115 ReadsDiscover more relevant publicationsLast
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