International Journal of Acarology

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Gaeolaelaps scarites sp. nov., a new laelapid mite

(Acari: Mesostigmata) associated with Scarites
terricola (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from Iran

Shahram Saeidi, Mostafa Maroufpoor, Hamidreza

Hajiqanbar & Omid Joharchi

To cite this article: Shahram Saeidi, Mostafa Maroufpoor, Hamidreza Hajiqanbar & Omid Joharchi
(2019) Gaeolaelaps scarites sp. nov., a new laelapid mite (Acari: Mesostigmata) associated with
Scarites terricola (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from Iran, International Journal of Acarology, 45:3,
119-124, DOI: 10.1080/01647954.2018.1554701
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/01647954.2018.1554701

Published online: 15 Jan 2019.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACAROLOGY
2019, VOL. 45, NO. 3, 119–124
https://doi.org/10.1080/01647954.2018.1554701

Gaeolaelaps scarites sp. nov., a new laelapid mite (Acari: Mesostigmata) associated
with Scarites terricola (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from Iran
Shahram Saeidia, Mostafa Maroufpoora, Hamidreza Hajiqanbarb and Omid Joharchi c

aDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran; bDepartment of
Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; cTyumen State University, Tyumen, Russia

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

A new mite species of the genus Gaeolaelaps, G. scarites Joharchi and Saeidi sp. nov., collected Received 14 September
from under the elytra and on the abdomen of Scarites (Parallelomorphus) terricola Bonelli 2018 Accepted 25
(Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Iran is described and illustrated. November 2018 Published
online 16 January 2019
http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2C885CB5-1DDB-4C25-8E81-01287CA9E38E
http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:75DF6728-D54A-417E-B644-5C8B16633AF2 KEYWORDS
Phoretic mite; beetle;
Dermanyssoidea; description;
mites; taxonomy; Parasitiformes

Introduction and Interactive Measurements modules). Photomicrographs were

taken with an AxioCam 506 camera (Carl Zeiss, Germany).
A remarkable diversity of phoretic and parasitic mites is found on
Measurements of structures are expressed as minimum–maxi-
carabid beetles, representing three major groups: the
mum ranges in micrometres (μm). The length and width of the
Mesostigmata, Prostigmata, and Astigmatina (Olynyk and Freitag
dorsal shield were taken from the anterior to posterior margins
1979; Hunter and Rosario 1988; Felska et al. 2018). The family
along the midline, and at level of r3, respectively. The length and
Laelapidae (Mesostigmata) is highly speciose, with an ecological
width of the sternal shield were measured at the maximum length
diversity not matched by any other family of Mesostigmata. Their
and broadest points, respectively. The length and width of the
membership comprises obligate and facultative parasites of
genital shield were measured along the midline from the anterior
vertebrates and invertebrates, insect phoronts, free-living
margin of the hyaline extension to the posterior margin of the
predators, and species that dwell in the nests of vertebrates and
genital shield, and the maximum width posterior to genital setae
arthropods (Faraji and Halliday 2009; Krantz and Walter 2009).
st5, respectively. Leg length was measured from the base of the
Within the Laelapidae, members of the subfamily Hypoaspidinae
coxa to the apex of the tarsus (excluding the pre-tarsus). The
have close associations with many insect groups (Eickwort 1990).
nomenclature used for the dorsal idiosomal chaetotaxy follows
However, one of its largest genera, Gaeolaelaps, is better known as a
that of Lindquist and Evans (1965), the notations for leg and palp
group of predatory mites generally found in soil and litter (Bregetova
setae follow those of Evans (1963a, 1963b), and other anatomical
1977; Karg 1993; Beaulieu 2009) but also sometimes from the nests
structures mostly follow Evans and Till (1979). Notations for pore-
of vertebrates (Tenorio 1982) or arthropods (Rosario 1981; Strong and
like structures (gland pores and poroids/lyrifissures) on the idio-
Halliday 1994; Fain et al. 1995; Trach 2012, 2016). More recently,
soma and peritrematal shield follow the systems of Athias-Henriot
species of Gaeolaelaps have been recorded from car-abid beetles.
(1971) for the ventral idiosoma and Athias-Henriot (1975) for the
Sklyar (2012) described G. dubininae, but from only a single female
dorsal idiosoma.
specimen associated with Amara majuscule (Chaudoir) (Coleoptera:
Carabidae). Trach (2012, 2016)) described G. carabidophilus and G.
khaustovi associated with Stenolophus mixtus (Herbst) and Bembidion Systematics
sp. (Coleoptera, Carabidae) respectively. Finally, Joharchi and
Babaeian (2014) described Gaeolaelaps saboorii from under the elytra Genus Gaeolaelaps Evans & Till, 1966
and on the abdomen of Acinopus sp. Iran. In the present work,
another species of Gaeolaelaps is described based on adult females Hypoaspis (Gaeolaelaps) Evans & Till, 1966: 159.
taken from Scarites terricola Bonelli from western Iran. Type species Laelaps aculeifer Canestrini, 1884, by
original designation (Evans & Till, 1966).
Materials and methods
Diagnosis. The concept of Gaeolaelaps used here is based on
Laelapidae phoretic on beetles were collected mainly in some that of Beaulieu (2009) with modifications of Kazemi et al. (2014).
regions of western Iran over a period of two years (2015–2017).
Beetles of the family Carabidae were collected using light traps
and then placed individually in vials of 70% ethanol. Mites were Gaeolaelaps scarites Joharchi and Saeidi sp. nov.
removed from the beetles, cleared in Nesbitt’s fluid and mounted (Figures 1–3)
in Hoyer’s medium. The line drawings and examinations of the
specimens were performed with a Zeiss Axio Imager A2 and a Diagnosis. Dorsal shield 550–560 oval, with 39 pairs of setae, central
Leica DM 2500 compound microscopes, attached to cameras setae much shorter than other dorsal setae, with two unpaired
AxioCam ICc 5 and ICC50 HD, respectively. Images and morpho- postero-median seta (Jx), epistome triangular (projecting medially)
logical measurements were taken via ZEN 2012 software (version and almost smooth with a few denticles, fixed digit with four teeth and
8.0) and Leica Application Suite (LAS) software (version 4.2, Live movable digit bidentate. Sternal shield with distinct reticulate

CONTACT Omid Joharchi J.omid2000@gmail.com Tyumen State University, Tyumen, Russia; Mostafa Maroufpoor M.maroufpoor@uok.ac.ir
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Pasdaran street 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Iran
© 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Published online 15 Jan 2019

120 S. SAEIDI ET AL.

Figure 1. Gaeolaelaps scarites Joharchi and Saeidi sp. nov., female: (a) dorsal idiosoma, (b) ventral idiosoma, (c) subcapitulum, (d) epistome, (e) chelicera.

ornamentation and expanded, ratio of shield width/length (at max- 18 pairs of smooth setae (including st4). Peritremes reaching to
imum length and broadest points) ≈ 2, posterior margin deeply anterior level of coxae I. Hypostomal groove with six transverse rows
concave; shield bearing three pairs of long setae which well reach-ing of denticles, each row with about 6–12 small teeth., palp tarsal
past base of next posterior setae. Opisthosomal membrane with apotele two-tined (Figure 2(e)). Fixed digit of chelicera with four
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACAROLOGY 121

Figure 2. DIC micrographs of Gaeolaelaps scarites Joharchi and Saeidi sp. nov., female: (a) idiosoma in dorsal view, (b) idiosoma in ventral
view, (c) subcapitulum, (d) epistome, (e) palp and apotel, (f) insemination structures.
122 S. SAEIDI ET AL.
Figure 3. Gaeolaelaps scarites Joharchi and Saeidi sp. nov., female: (a) leg II (trochanter-tibia), (b) leg III (trochanter-tibia), (c) leg IV.
teeth and movable digit bidentate. Tarsus IV without any elongate
setae. Seta ad1 in all femurs of legs strongly thickened.
Description.
Female (n = 6 specimens)
Dorsal idiosoma. Dorsal shield oval shaped, 550–560 long,
332–345 wide at level of r3 (n = 6), covering whole idiosoma;
shield with reticulate pattern on the whole surface except
anteromedial region (Figures 1(a) and 2(a)). Shield with 39
pairs of setae, 22 pairs podonotal and 17 pairs opisthonotal,
including two pairs of Zx setae between J and Z setae;
opisthonotal region with two unpaired supernumerary seta.
Jx in each specimen. All setae smooth, central setae short
(25–38), never reaching past base of next posterior setae,
lateral setae clearly longer (52–61) and thicker than central
setae, j1 (47–50) long and tick (Figures 1(a) and 2(a)). Shield
with 19 pairs of discernible pore-like structures, eight on
podonotum (id1, id4, id5, id6, gd1, gd2, gd5, gd6) and 11 on
opisthonotum (idm1–idm6, idx, is1, idl1, idl2 see Figures 1(a)
and 2(a)).
Ventral idiosoma (Figures 1(b) and 2(b)). Tritosternum with paired
pilose laciniae (100–110), columnar base 31–33 × 22–25 wide;
presternal area with transverse sclerotized presternal lines.
Sternal shield (length 98–108) narrowest between coxae II (114–
119), widest between coxa II-III (190–195), with straight anterior
margin and posterior margin deeply concave, bears

three pairs of smooth pointed setae (st1 61–63, st2 53–55, st3
50–53), well reaching past base of next posterior setae, and two
pairs of lyrifissures, one pair adjacent to setae st1, the other
between st2 and st3, surface of sternal shield with distinct reticu-
late ornamentation. Metasternal platelets absent, metasternal
setae st4 (42–45) and metasternal pores located on soft integu-
ment. Endopodal plates II/III completely fused to sternal shield,
endopodal plates III/IV elongate, narrow and curved. Genital
shield tongue-shaped, slightly protruding laterally at the level
posterior to setae st5, length 240–252, maximum width 95–100,
posterior margin rounded, surface reticulate, with several trans-
verse and longitudinal markings and a pair of simple setae st5
(42–45). Shield flanked by a pair of minute narrow platelets;
paragenital pores located on soft cuticle lateral to shield near seta
st5. Anal shield rounded anteriorly and triangular posteriorly,
length 94–96, width 73–78, anterior half with lineate ornamenta-
tion, para-anal setae (27–29) shorter than post-anal seta (30–35),
cribrum small, anal pores flank anal shield. Opisthogastric skin
with pair of sub-triangular metapodal plates (25–27 long × 10–12
wide), and 18 pairs of smooth setae (37–45) (including st4) and
six pairs of poroids including iv3, iv5, gv2 and ivp. Exopodal plates
forming subtriangular extensions behind coxae IV and bearing gv2
in one side (holotype). Peritreme extending to anterior level of
coxa I (near s1), peritrematal shield narrow, free from exopodal
shields, each shield bearing five discernible pore-like structures, a
lyrifissure ip and a gland pore gp at level of coxa II, two lyrifissures
ip and a gland pore gp on post-stigmatic section and also a large
pore-like structure within peritreme at level of coxa III (Figures 1(b)
and 2(b)).
Gnathosoma (Figure 1(c, d, e) and 2(c, d, e)). Epistome triangular
(with a median projection), irregularly denticulate laterally or
almost smooth with a few denticles (Figures 1(d) and 2(d)).
Hypostomal groove with six transverse rows of denticles, each
row with about 6–12 small teeth. Hypostome with four pairs of
setae, internal posterior hypostomal setae h3 longest (48–50), h1
(33–36), h2 (23–25), palpcoxal h4 (38–40) (Figures 1(c) and 2(c)).
Corniculi robust and horn-like, reaching mid-level of palp femur.
Chaetotaxy of palps: trochanter 2, femur 5, genu 6, tibia 14, tarsus
15, genu with a distinct dorso-distal triangular condyle, all setae
smooth and needle-like, palp tarsal apotele two-tined (Figure
2(e)). Fixed digit of chelicera with four teeth: a large tooth at the
level of a short, setiform pilus dentilis, two adjoining small teeth
and a proximal tooth, dorsal seta thick and prostrate, movable
digit bidentate, arthrodial membrane with a rounded flap, normal
fila-ments and cheliceral lyrifissures indistinct (Figure 1(e)).
Insemination structures (Figure 2(f)). Laelapid-type sperm
access system, tubulus long, wider at the solenostome level of
coxa III and entering sacculus via a pair of circular openings.
Sacculus irregular, the proximal ends of the tubulus slightly
swollen at junction with ramus.
Legs (Figure 3(a–c)). Legs II and III short (430–460, 418–440),
I and IV longer (530–536, 548–552) (excluding pretarsus).
Chaetotaxy normal for free-living Laelapidae: Leg I: coxa 0-0/1,
0/1-0, trochanter 1-0/2, 1/1-1 (pl thick), femur 2-2/1, 3/3-2 (ad1
thicker than the other setae on segment), genu 2–3/2, 3/1–2
(dorsal setae thick), tibia 2-3/2, 3/1-2 (lateral setae longer than the
other setae on segment). Leg II (Figure 3(a)): coxa 0-0/1, 0/1-0,
trochanter 1-0/1, 0/2-1 (av and pv2 on small tubercles), femur 2-3/
1, 2/2-1 (ad1 strongly thickened), genu 2-3/1, 2/1-2, tibia 2-2/1, 2/
1-2. Leg III (Figure 3(b)): coxa 0-0/1, 0/1-0, trochanter 1-1/1, 0/1-1,
femur 1-2/1, 1/0-1 (ad1 thickened), genu 2-2/1, 2/1-1, tibia: 2-1/1,
2/1-1. Leg IV (Figure 3(c)): coxa 0-0/1, 0/0-0, trochanter 1-1/1, 0/
1-1, femur 1-2/1, 1/0-1 (ad1 strongly thickened and ad2 on small
tubercle), genu 2-2/1, 3/0-1, tibia 2-1/1, 3/1-2. Tarsi II–IV with 18
setae (3-3/2, 3/2-3 +mv, md). All pretarsi with well-developed
paired claws and rounded pulvilli and a long thin stalk.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACAROLOGY 123
Male. Unknown.
Type material
Holotype, female, Garmeh Khani, Dehgolan, Kurdistan Province,
Iran, 38°43ʹN, 35°15ʹE, alt. 1850 m, 2 May 2015, S. Saeidi coll.,
on Scarites (Parallelomorphus) terricola Bonelli (Coleoptera:
Carabidae). Paratypes: five females same data as holotype.
Type deposition
Holotype and one paratype of the new species are deposited
in the Jalal Afshar Zoological Museum, College of Agriculture,
University of Tehran, Iran. Two paratypes are deposited in the
Acarological Collection, Department of Plant Protection, Yazd
Branch, Islamic Azad University and also two paratypes in the
Acarological Collection at Department of Agricultural
Entomology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Etymology
The name of this species refers to its occurrence on beetles of
the genus Scarites.
Differential diagnosis
This species is similar to G. saboorii Joharchi and Babaeian, 2014
in general appearance. The new species can be readily distin-
guished from it by the following characters: central dorsal setae
much shorter, never extending adjoining base of next posterior
setae (longer and extending adjoining base of next posterior
setae in G. saboorii), presternal area with well transverse sclero-
tized presternal lines and sternal shield with distinct reticulate
ornamentation, posterior margin deeply concave; shield bearing
three pairs of long setae which well reaching past base of next
posterior setae (presternal area with transverse lightly sclerotized
presternal lines, anterolateral surface of shield with polygonal
ornamentation and posteromedian region smooth, posterior mar-
gin of sternal shield with a strong semicircular dent and sternal
setae never reaching to base of next posterior seta).
Discussion
Gaeolaelaps scarites is morphologically most similar to other
Gaeolaelaps species, which were collected from arthropods (or
their nests), in sharing a low length/width dorsal shield ratio (ca.
1.6) and a sternal shield that is broader than its length. However,
it lacks the reduced dorsal setation and modified leg setae noted
in some arthropod-associated Gaeolaelaps (Beaulieu 2009).
However, these features are all lacking in G. carabidophilus,
which is one of the more extraordinary arthropod-associated
Gaeolaelaps due to its highly swollen body, suggesting a close
and possibly parasitic relationship with its host.
Kazemi et al. (2014) and Nemati et al. (2018) excluded
Gaeolaelaps saboorii Joharchi and Babaeian, 2014 from Gaeolaelaps
and put it in the Cosmolaelaps and Hypoaspis sensu lato,
respectively. This decision was based on its elongate epistome with
an almost entirely smooth margin, its peritrematal shield free anteriorly
and its internal malae characterized by long, blunt fringes. However,
this species also has the main characters of Gaeolaelaps (dorsal
shield bearing 39 pairs of simple setae, genital shield tongue-shaped,
not markedly broadened posteriorly, bearing a pair of setae, epistome
margin subtriangular and has few denticles; six deutosternal rows and
nine setae on genu IV (pl2 absent)), so this species fits into this genus
better than any other genera of Hypoaspidinae such Cosmolaelaps or
Laelaspis, so we consider it again as a member of Gaeolaelaps.
Scarites sensu stricto (Coleoptera: Carabidae) beetles are known
generally as the big-headed ground beetles and are easily identified
by huge jaws and deeply striated elytra. The genus includes about
130 species in all zoogeographical regions except the Australian
(Bousquet and Skelley 2010). These beetles can often be found under
loose rocks and logs and the adult beetles are prey on small
124 S. SAEIDI ET AL.
slow-moving animals, like lepidopteran caterpillars, coleopteran
lar-vae, earthworms, and slugs (Yamazaki and Sugiura 2006).
The ecolo-gical role of these mites is unknown. None of the mites
were swollen and only adult females were found on the beetle, so
it seems unlikely they are parasitic. Like other Gaeolaelaps, they
are probably predators of small invertebrates, but are restricted to
the in the microhabitats created by the beetles (Costa 1971;
Joharchi and Halliday 2011). We stress that experimental work is
needed establish the true ecological role of these mites.
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge Dr Owen D. Seeman (Queensland
Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia), for
reviewing and constructive comments on the manuscript.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Funding
This work was supported by the University of Kurdistan [MSc thesis].
ORCID
Omid Joharchi http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2741-4946
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