PHILOSOPHY * Man as Freedom

MODULE 5 - Jean Paul Satre, asserts that the human person has no fixed
Human Being – superior from other animals human nature, his/her reality is his/her freedom
- Human beings are also spiritual, ethical, and existential - Existentialism is a philosophical tradition that focuses on
beings the centrality of the human person’s existence.
- understanding the human condition through these theme:
THREE ASPECTS OF HUMAN NATURE 1. Existence
1. SOMANTIC – refers to the body, material composition or 2. Authenticity
substance of a human person 3. Anxiety
2. BEHAVIORAL- refers to the human person’s mode of acting 4. Freedom
- Human behavior can be manipulated or controlled. 5. Life absurdity
- (reward or punishment) 6. Man’s situatedness
3. ATTITUDINAL- refers to the human person’s inclinations, - Existence precedes essence
feelings, ideas, convictions and prejudices and biases. • We first exist as humans and then become whom we
- ATTITUDE is a person’s mental reactions to stimuli or decided to be through our freedom
tendency to act. • Each individual has unique existence
- these tendencies may define a person’s future actions. • A man’s essence is formed by his past, to which he
adds in every moment of his life
3 THEORIES ON HUMAN NATURE • We are the sum of our decisions
1. THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN IMMORTAL SOUL (PLATO)
- claim that the human person has a soul. Jeans Paul Satre’s 2 types of Being:
- in the Platonic account, soul is the source of movement. 1. Being-In-Itself – dissolved in identity
- presence of consciousness to itself.
* PLATO’S 3 ELEMENT OD THE SOUL/PSYCHE 2. Being-for-Itself – being of action
1. THE APPETITES – includes our desires, comforts, pleasures,
physical satisfaction and bodily ease. MODULE 3
2. THE SPIRITED OR HOT-BLOODED – part of us that love to THREE PHILOSOPHICAL METHOD
face and overcome great-challenges. 1. Philosophy as Speculation (speculative analysis)
3. THE MIND – part of us that thinks, analyzes, looks ahead, - “specula” – watch tower
rationally weighs options. - vision above tat of an ordinary person
- result of contemplation
2. THE HUMAN PERSON AS A COMPOSITE OF BODY AND 2. Philosophy as Critical Thinking (analysis)
SOUL (ARISTOTLE) - “to criticize” – to judge
- all the capacities possessed by all living things. - gained through speculation
- life or having a soul is the source of a human person’s being - speculative insight – gain clarity of knowledge
alive which enables him/her to do actions
- without a soul, the body does not have a life *Modes of Critical Analysis
A. LOGICAL – solved through a careful analysis
* THREE KINDS OF SUBSTANCE - “elementary sentence” – reduced into its simplest form
1. Matter B. LINGUISTIC - words are analyzed from their clarity
2. Shape of form - clear definition of words
3. Product of both (composite form and matter)
3. REFLECTIVE INQUIRY
3. THE HUMAN PERSON AS A “THINKING THING” - reflection – “meaning-making”
(RENE DESCARTES)
- mind is the thinking thing MODULE 4
- the body is the non-thinking thing Nature of Belief - acceptance that a statement is true
Truth – fact
Human Condition
- inevitable negative or positive events of existence as a 3 THEORIES OF TRUTH
human being. • CORRESPONDENCE THOERY OF TRUTH
• COHERENCE THEORY OF TRUTH
• PRAGMATIC THEORY OF TRUTH
 • CORRESPONDENCE THEORY OF TRUTH KOMUNIKASYON AT PANANALIKSIK
- relation between propositions
- existence of an appropriate entity 1. BILINGGUWALISMO
- kakayahang gumamit ng dalawang wika
• COHERENCE THOERY OF TRUTH - ipinatupad ang Patakaran sa Edukasyong Bilingguwal
- truth of any proposition noong 1974 na nirebisa noong 1987.
- lawyers/prosecutors - Collin Baker (2011)
- Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism
• PRAGMATIC THEORY OF TRUTH
- true if its useful to believe it MGA URI NG BILINGGUWALISMO
- beneficial • One-person, One-language
- may magkaibang wika ang mga magulang
Problems with Theory of Truth • Non-dominant home language / one-language, one
1. Correspondence - indeterminate state of affairs environment
2. Coherence – consistency - may kani-kaniyang wika ang ama at ina
3. Pragmatic – what is useful to one person may not be useful - ginagamitan pa rin ng hindi dominanteng wika ang anak
to other • Non-dominant language without community
support
Opinion – Rene Descartes - magkatulad ang unang wika ng mga magulang
- sa loob ng tahanan unang wika, sa labas ang ikalawang wika
4 Distinct Segments of Cognition (Plato) • Double non-dominant language without
1. Imaging – “eikasia” community support
- appropriate degree of awareness - may kani-kaniyang unang wika ang magulang ngunit ang
2. Belief - “pistis” dominanteng wika sa pamayanan ay hindi alinman sa kanila.
- perception of ordinary physical objects • Non-dominant parents
- accurate - kung ano ang wika ng magulang ay wika din sa pamayanan
3. Thought – intelligible realm nila ngunit ginagamitan parin ng kaunting di dominanteng
- higher than belief wika
4. Knowledge - highest level • Mixed
- directly apprehended by the intellect fundamental capacity - bilinguwal ang magulang
of human reason.
2. MULTILINGGUWALISMO – may kakayahan gumamit ng
Edmund Gettier’s JTB (justified true belief) conception of dalwa o higit pa na wika.
knowledge: • Grosjean (1982)
A. FALLINILISM - may multilingguwalismo sa buong bansa
- subject can be justified with her belief and yet the agent • Tucker (1999)
does not know that her belief is not true - mas marami ang multilingguwal at bilingguwal kesa sa
B. DEDUCTIVE TRANSFER monolingguwal
- deduction of knowledge • Zhu (2001) at Crystal (1997)
- Tsino, Ingles, Espanyol, Hindi
* knowledge – compendium of info in one’s mind
- may 150 na buhay na katutubong wika
- know what to say
* wisdom – ability to produce the info when needed MGA DIMENSYON NG BL O ML ayon kay Baker (2011)
- know when to say it
1. KAKAYAHAN
a. aktibo – naipapakita ang kasanayan sa mga wika sa
pagsulat at pagsasalita
b. pasibo – naipapakita ang pakikinig o pag-intindi
2. GAMIT – may iba’t ibang pinag gagamitan sa pormal at
impormal na sitwasyon
3. BALANSE NG WIKA – pagkakapantay ng kasanayan sa wika
4. GULANG
a. BILINGGUWALISMONG SABAYAN – simula pagkasilang
b. BILINGGUWALISMONG SUNURAN – may isang wika, sa
paglaki may natutunan pa ng wika
5. PAG-UNLAD
a. Pasulong – kasanayan sa wika ay paunlad
b. Paurong - nababawasan ang kasanayan
6. KULTURA
a. Monokultural – maraming alam na wika ngunit sarado na
isa lang ang kultura
b. Bikultural – sa pagkatuto ay natutuhan din ang wika at
kultura
7. KONTEKSTO
a. Endoheno – dalawa o higit pa ang wika sa pamayanan
b. Eksoheno – isa lamang ang wika sa pamayanan pero
natututo ng iba pang wika gamit ang mga teknolohiya
8. PARAAN NG PAGKATUTO
a. Elektib – ang bl or ml ay maaaring matutuhan sa pormal
nap ag-aaral
b. Sirkumstansiyal – matututo sa mga likas na pagkakataon