UNIT-4

1. Design a full adder by using two half adders. [7M, May-19]

Sol: 1. Full adder definition
2. Full adder table
3. Characteristic equation of full adder equation using K-Maps
4. Implementation of Full Adder using Half Adders: Two Half Adders and a OR
gate is required to implement a Full Adder.

With this logic circuit, two bits can be added together, taking a carry from the next lower
order of magnitude, and sending a carry to the next higher order of magnitude.
2. Explain about decoder circuit and implement the 4×16 decoder by using two
3×8 decoders. [7M, May-19]
Sol: let us implement 4 to 16 decoder using 3 to 8 decoders. We know that 3 to 8 Decoder
has three inputs A2, A1 & A0 and eight outputs, Y7 to Y0. Whereas, 4 to 16 Decoder has four
inputs A3, A2, A1 & A0 and sixteen outputs, Y15 to Y0
The parallel inputs A2, A1 & A0 are applied to each 3 to 8 decoder. The complement of input,
A3 is connected to Enable, E of lower 3 to 8 decoder in order to get the outputs, Y7 to Y0.
These are the lower eight min terms. The input, A3 is directly connected to Enable, E of
upper 3 to 8 decoder in order to get the outputs, Y15 to Y8. These are the higher eight min
terms.
3. Design and draw a full subtractor which will use two half subtractors. [7M, Nov-18]
Sol: 1. Full subtractor definition
2. Full subtractor table
3. Characteristic equation of full subtractor equation using K-Maps
4. Implementation of Full Subtractor using Half Subtractors –Two Half Subtractors and an
OR gate is required to implement a Full Subtractor.

4. Define multiplexer. Construct 4-to-1 multiplexer using logic gates [7M, NOV-18]
Sol: 1. Definition of multiplexer
2. Designing of 4:1 MUX with procedure
3. Logic gates implementation for 4:1 MUX
5. Realize the function f(A,B,C,D) = ∑m (1,2,3,4,6,7,8,10,12,14,15) using i) 8:1 MUX ii)
4:1 MUX [7M, NOV-18]
Sol for i: a. Write the procedure for higher order multiplex to lower order multiples from 2n to
2n-1
b. Find the values using implementation table and draw the circuit diagram
Sol for ii: a. Write the procedure for higher order multiplex to lower order multiples from 2n
to 2n-2
b. b. Find the values using implementation table and draw the circuit diagram
6. Perform the realization of half adder and full adder using decoders and logic gates
[7M, NOV-18]
Sol: 1. Half adder table
 2. Half adder implementation using decoder and logic gates
3. Full adder table
4. Full adder implementation using decoder and logic gates

7. Realize the function f(A,B,C,D) = ∑m (0,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,13,15) using i) 16:1 MUX ii) 8:1
MUX [7M, NOV-18]
Sol for i: a. number of flip flops required= no of selection lines, therefore we can directly
design the 16:1 MUX
Sol for ii. a. Write the procedure for higher order multiplex to lower order multiples from 2n
to 2n-1
b. Find the values using implementation table and draw the circuit diagram
8. Design a 4 bit ADDER/SUBTRACTOR circuit with add/sub control line? [7M, NOV-
18]
(OR)
Design and draw the logic circuit diagram for full adder/subtractor. Let us consider a
control variable w and the designed circuit that functions as a full adder when w=0, as a
full subtractor when w= 1. [7M, NOV-17]
Sol: A Binary Adder-Subtractor is one which is capable of both addition and subtraction of
binary numbers in one circuit itself. The operation being performed depends upon the binary
value the control signal holds. It is one of the components of the ALU (Arithmetic Logic
Unit).
This Circuit Requires prerequisite knowledge of Exor Gate, Binary Addition and Subtraction,
Full Adder.
Lets consider two 4-bit binary numbers A and B as inputs to the Digital Circuit for the
operation with digits
A0 A1 A2 A3 for A
B0 B1 B2 B3 for B
The circuit consists of 4 full adders since we are performing operation on 4-bit numbers.
There is a control line K that holds a binary value of either 0 or 1 which determines that the
operation being carried out is addition or subtraction.

As shown in the figure, the first full adder has control line directly as its input(input carry
C0), The input A0 (The least significant bit of A) is directly input in the full adder. The third
input is the exor of B0 and K (S in fig But do not confuse it with Sum-S). The two outputs
produced are Sum/Difference (S0) and Carry (C1).
If the value of K (Control line) is 1, th output of B0(exor)K=B0′(Complement B0). Thus the
operation would be A+(B0′). Now 2’s complement subtraction for two numbers A and B is
given by A+B’. This suggests that when K=1, the operation being performed on the four bit
numbers is subtraction.
Similarly If the Value of K=0, B0 (exor) K=B0. The operation is A+B which is simple binary
addition. This suggests that When K=0, the operation being performed on the four bit
numbers is addition.
Then C0 is serially passed to the second full adder as one of it’s outputs.The sum/difference
S0 is recorded as the least significant bit of the sum/difference. A1, A2, A3 are direct inputs
to the second, third and fourth full adders.Then the third input is the B1, B2, B3 EXORed
with K to the second, third and fourth full adder respectively. The carry C1, C2 are serially
passed to the successive full adder as one of the inputs. C3 becomes the total carry to the
sum/difference. S1, S2, S3 are recorded to form the result with S0.
For an n-bit binary adder-subtractor, we use n number of full adders.
Example:
Lets take two 3 bit numbers A=010 and B=011 and input them in the full adder with both
values of control lines.
For K=0:
B0(exor)K=B0 and C0=K=0
Thus from first full adder
= A0+B0
= 0+1
= 1,
S0=1
C1=0
Similarly,
S1=0 with C2=1
S2=1 and C2=0
Thus,
A = 010 =2
B = 011 = 3
Sum = 0101 = 5
For K=1
B0(exor)K=B0' and C0=k=1
Thus
S0=1 and C1=0
Similarly
S1=1 and C2=0
S3=1 and c3=1
Thus,
A = 010 = 2
B = 011 = 3
Sum(Difference) = 1111 = -1
9. Implement the following multiple output combinational logic circuit using a 4 line to 16
line decoder: F1= Σm (0, 1, 4, 7, 12, 14, 15) F3= Σm (2, 3, 7, 8, 10)
F2= Σm (1, 3, 6, 9, 12) F4= Σm (1, 3, 5) [7M, NOV-17]
10. Discuss a few applications of multiplexers and distinguish between a multiplexer and
a decoder. [7M, NOV-17]
Sol: Applications of Multiplexers (MUX)
Multiplexer has an important rule In digital system applications, some common applications
of MUX in digital electronics as follow:
 Multiplexers are used in data routing application to rout the data in sequence and
particular directions well as destination as a single output from several input signals.
  It is used as logic function generator where logical expression (Boolean algebraic
functions) can be generated instead of logic gates.
 MUX can be also used to convert the parallel data in serial data. parallel to serial
conversion is needed in measurement. testing, military, aerospace data
communication and telecommunication.
 In Communication systems, a Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the
communication system (i.e. Audio & Video signals) from different channels in cables
and wires in transmission systems and communication network.
 In telephone network, multiplexer can be used to isolate the multiple audio signals
and the single audio signal can be reach to the desired recipients.
 In computer memory, Multiplexer (MUX) has been used to maintain large amount of
data as well as reduce the number of copper lines needed to connect the computer
memory to other parts of the system.
 It is also used to transmit the data signals from the computer system of a satellite or
spacecraft to the ground system by using a “GSM” (Global System for Mobile
Communication) and “GPS” (GPS (Global Positioning System) satellite.
 Multiplexers also used in waveform generators, pulse train generators, register to
register data transfer, control sequencers, encoders etc.

Difference between multiplexers and decoders:

Multiplexer
Multiplexers (MUX) are devices referred to
“switch” which transmit a number of inputs
to another destination through a single line
Multiplexers transmit data
Multiplexer converts inputs from unary codes
(initial) to binary codes
Multiplexers also generate speed of data
transmission over a period of time
The main function of multiplexer basically is
to connect information from one point to
another point through wires
Decoder
Decoders are devices which interprets
multiple inputs and multiple outputs
Decoders interprets coded data
Decoder converts binary codes to inputs.
Decoders distribute them on various network
systems.
Decoders convert the outputs for several
operations such as data collection and
calculations.

11. Draw the logic diagram of a 2 to 4 line decoder using NOR gates including an enable
input. [7M, NOV-17]
Sol: 1. Decoder Definition
2. Design procedure with circuit diagram
3. Convert into sop and draw the NOR gates separately for each output
12. Design an 8X1 multiplexer with basic gates.
Sol: 1. Definition of multiplexer
2. Designing of 8:1 MUX with procedure
13. Design a 4:16 decoder with basic gates.
Sol: 1. Decoder Definition
 2. Design procedure with circuit diagram
14. Write an HDL behavioral description of a 16X1 multiplexer.
Sol: module multiplexer(s,p,q);
input[3:0]s;
input[15:0]p;
output q;
reg q;
always@(s or p)
begin
case(s)
4'b0000:q=p[0];
4'b0001:q=p[1];
4'b0010:q=p[2];
4'b0011:q=p[3];
4'b0100:q=p[4];
4'b0101:q=p[5];
4'b0110:q=p[6];
4'b0111:q=p[7];
4'b1000:q=p[8];
4'b1001:q=p[9];
4'b1010:q=p[10];
4'b1011:q=p[11];
4'b1100:q=p[12];
4'b1101:q=p[13];
4'b1110:q=p[14];
4'b1111:q=p[15];
endcase
end
endmodule
 Short Answers
1. Draw the circuit represented by the following VHDL statements:
W<=X and Y;
X<=U or P;
U<=Q and R;
P<= not S and T;
Sol: Draw the corresponding gates for every variable
2. Implement the following VHDL conditional statement using two 2 -to- 1 MUXes:
Z< = X when U ='1' else Y when V ='1' else W ;
Sol: Draw the corresponding gates for every variable
3. Define encoder and List out the applications?
Sol: The encoder is a device or a transducer or a circuit. The encoder will convert the
information from one format to another format i.e like electrical signals to counters or a
PLC. The feedback signal of the encoder will determine the position, count, speed, and
direction. The control devices are used to send the command to a particular function.
Applications of encoder:
a. In case of pocket calculators, these are used to translate the decimal values to the
binary in order to perform the binary functions such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, etc.
b. These are also used to generate the digital signals in response to the movement which
are classified into shaft encoders and linear encoders.
4. Compare a decoder with a Demultiplexer.
PARAMETERS DEMULTIPLEXER DECODER
Definition A demultiplexer is a circuit which A decoder is the
takes only one input and switches it circuit which
to one of the several outputs with decodes the input
the help of selection lines. signal fed to it with
the help of control
signal.
Data Input A demultiplexer accepts the data as A decoder accepts
input. control signals as
input.
Number of Only one One or more signals
Inputs can be given as
input.
Number of The output depends on the number The outputs depends
Outputs of selection lines. The number of on the number of
 outputs will be equivalent to 2 control signals. If
raised to the power of selection there are n control
lines. If there are n selection lines signals then the
then output will be 2^n. output will be 2^n.

Need of selection Required Not required, but

lines control signals and
enable signal is
required.
Main Function Used for switching Used for decoding
of the encoded input
terminal.

5. Why a multiplexer is called a data selector? Draw the 2x1 MUX.

Sol: a. A multiplexer is also called as data selector as it accepts many digital data inputs and
selects one of them at any given time to pass onto the output.
b. Draw the 2:1 MUX
6. Distinguish between a half-adder and a full-adder?
PARAMETERS HALF ADDER FULL ADDER
Definition Half Adder is combinational Full Adder is a combinational
logic circuit which adds two circuit which adds three 1-bit
1-bit digits. digits.
Carry Addition Carry generated from previous Carry generated from
addition is not added in next previous addition is added in
step. the next step.
Hardware It consists of one EX-OR gate It consists of two EX-OR,
components and one AND gate. two AND gate and one OR
gate.
Applications Calculators, computers, digital Multiple bit addition, digital
measuring devices etc. processors etc.

7. Write the truth table of a full subtractor.

Sol: a. Definition of full subtractor
b. Draw the truth table
8. What is a multiplexer? Write its applications.
Sol: a. Multiplexer Definition
b. Applications of multiplexer
9. What is a de-multiplexer? Write its applications.
Sol: a. De-multiplexer definition
b. Applications of de-multiplexer:
1. Demultiplexer is used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. The main
application area of demultiplexer is communication system where multiplexer are
used. Most of the communication system are bidirectional i.e. they function in both
ways (transmitting and receiving signals). Hence, for most of the applications, the
multiplexer and demultiplexer work in sync. Demultiplexer are also used for
reconstruction of parallel data and ALU circuits.
2. Communication System – Communication system use multiplexer to carry multiple
data like audio, video and other form of data using a single line for transmission. This
process make the transmission easier. The demultiplexer receive the output signals of
the multiplexer and converts them back to the original form of the data at the
receiving end. The multiplexer and demultiplexer work together to carry out the
process of transmission and reception of data in communication system.
3. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) – In an ALU circuit, the output of ALU can be stored
in multiple registers or storage units with the help of demultiplexer. The output of
ALU is fed as the data input to the demultiplexer. Each output of demultiplexer is
connected to multiple register which can be stored in the registers.
4. Serial to parallel converter – A serial to parallel converter is used for reconstructing
parallel data from incoming serial data stream. In this technique, serial data from the
incoming serial data stream is given as data input to the demultiplexer at the regular
intervals. A counter is attach to the control input of the demultiplexer. This counter
directs the data signal to the output of the demultiplexer where these data signals are
stored. When all data signals have been stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be
retrieved and read out in parallel.
10. What is a decoder? Write its applications.
Sol: a. Decoder definition
b. Applications of decoder:
1. The Decoders were used in analog to digital conversion in analog decoders.
2. Used in electronic circuits to convert instructions into CPU control signals.
3. They mainly used in logical circuits, data transfer.