1.

A fan is a powered machine used to create flow within a fluid, typically

a gas such as air.
2. The rotating assembly of blades and hub is known as an impeller, rotor,
or runner.
3. An axial fan is a type of fan that causes gas to flow through it in an axial
direction, parallel to the shaft about which the blades rotate.
4. Factors which determine the performance of the fan include the number
and shape of the blades.
5. The propeller fan which is also known as panel fan is the fan most
commonly used among all. It is used in various applications like
industrial, residential, institutional and commercial.
6. The unit consists of 11 components:
7. Spun venturi housing
8. A bearing base ( plus braces )
9. A shaft
10. An electric motor
11. A motor base
12. Two bearings
13. A belt
14. Two pulleys
15. A fan wheel

a. 7. The 3 advantages of belt-drive arrangement:

16. Selecting proper pulley-ratio of fan wheel can cause any speed. It
results in flexibility of performance.
17. Belt drive is preferable in large sizes for lower cost, since its fan
wheel speed will be kept moderate or low while putting the motor speed
high.
18. Passage of stream of air over motor provides it good cooling.

19. 8. The 5 advantages of the direct-drive arrangement:

20. Its cost is lower as it has a lower number of components.
21. It does not require regular checkups for adjustment of the belt and
no maintenance.
22. Efficiency of its fan is better, because 10% -15% more horsepower
of the break would be consumed by a belt drive.
23. As airflow is not hindered by motor central location, it results in
more flow.
24. On extra cost, arrangement of the belt -drive can result in flexibility
of performance. It could be achieved by variation in the number of blades
and by means of adjustable-pitch blades.

25. 9. SHUTTERS
a. Shutters are an accessory item used to seal off backdrafts when
the fan is not operating. Air flows to a fan from inside the building
and exits the fan in a spinning pattern.

26. 10. SCREEN GUARD

a. A fan guard is sometimes for safety, its fitting is towards motor
side, in case distance from floor is 7ft or less.

b. 11. MAN COOLERS

i. Man coolers are designed to provide fresh air in muggy and
dusty surroundings, which is very important to maintain the
health of workers.

27. 12.TUBE AXIAL FANS

28. These are axial fan units with fan wheels located in cylindrical
tubes, without inlet or outlet dampers. Tube axial fan main application is
used to exhaust.
29. VANE AXIAL FANS
30. These axial flow fans have a higher pressure capability due to the
presence of static vanes.

31. TWO-STAGE AXIAL-FLOW FANS

32. In order to add up the pressure, series combination of two fans
configures axial-flow fans of two-stage. This solution provides an easy
way in case of requirement of higher static -pressure. But it generates
intolerable levels of noise & excess tip-speed. If there are no guide
vanes, rotation of wheels will be counter. In case of presence of guide -
vanes, wheel’s rotation will be unidirectional.

33. Centrifugal fans consist of an impeller in a casing having a spirally

shaped contour.
34. Commonly used wheels of centrifugal fans of six types are
mentioned below with increasing efficiency:
35. Having radial blades
36. Having forward-curved blades
37. Having radial-tips blades
38. Having backward-inclined blades
39. Having backward-curved blades
40. Having airfoil blades

41. APPLICATION OF CENTRIFUGAL FANS:

42. CENTRIFUGAL FANS HAVING AIROFIL BLADES

43. It has lowest level of noise & mechanical efficiency to be finest,
among all the centrifugal fans.
44. BACKWARD-CURVED BLADES TYPE CENTRIFUGAL FANS
45. A Backward curved centrifugal fan is characterised by its
cylindrical shape, several large curved blades and a conical inlet nozzle.
In the example shown below, the fan rotates in a clockwise direction.

46. BACKWARD-INCLINED BLADES TYPE CENTRIFUGAL FANS

47. Their cost production is comparatively less, but they are somewhat
lower in efficiency and structural strength.

48. RADIAL-TIPS BLADES TYPES CENTRIFUGAL FANS

49. They acquire the strongest physical design among all other types
of fans and are mostly used to process m aterials. Hence, they can
achieve topmost pressure of practically any industrial fan arrangement.
The radial blade centrifugal fan also has the power to self -cleanse itself.

50. Axial-centrifugal fans are also known as in -line centrifugal fans,

tubular centrifugal fans, or mixed flow fans (particularly the fan wheel
with a conical back plate). Following are the two types of fan wheels
which are used in these fans

51. . A fan wheel having conic type back plate. It is more costly, but
the advantage is that this arrangement is more efficient.

52. In axial-centrifugal fans, following are the three types of commonly

used housings:
53. A cylindrical housing

54. A square housing

55. A barrel-shaped housing

56. Roof ventilators are used to provide weatherproof outlet to let the
hot air escapes from the house during summer and moist air during
winter.
57. Blower is a machine which is used to produce large
volumes of gas with a moderate increase in pressure. Similar to fans,
blowers are also used to create air, but they only pr ovide air at a
specified position. It consists of a wheel with small blades on its
circumference, and a casing to direct the flow of air out toward the edge.
The casing in the center of the wheel uses centrifugal force to propel
the air forward into the open.
58. A positive displacement blower has a function that’s
straightforward yet effective. Air or gas enters through an expanding
section on one side and exits through a decreasing section on the other
side. To put it simply, positive displacement blowers trap and then
release the air.
59. Helical screw blowers typically produce air at higher pressures
than rotary lobe blowers do.
60. Centrifugal blowers are the most common blowers used in
ventilation systems. They’re also used to transport gas and contro l air
pollution. A centrifugal blower is an ideal tool to maintain a continual
gas transfer.
61. These electrical blowers run via a motor. They have impellers at
each side of the shaft to provide double suction. High speed blowers
62. Regenerative blowers create pressure by displacing air molecules.
The impeller spins to draw in and then capture the air between every
blade.
63. The cross-flow blowers are widely used both in household and
industrial appliances and machines, thanks to the small radial size
together with an axial size with no restriction on the length. For this type
of blower the main flow moves transversely across the impeller, passing
the blading twice. The flow is smoothly spread along the output cross -
section.
64. PUMPS

65. A pump a device that expends energy in order to raise, transport,

or compress fluids. The earliest pumps were devices for raising water,
 such as the Persian and Roman waterwheels and the more sophisticated
Archimedes screw.
a. Pumps are classified according to the way in which energy is
imparted to the fluid. The basic methods are (1) volumetric
displacement, (2) addition of kinetic energy, and (3) use of
electromagnetic force.
66. Positive Displacement Pumps - Is one in which a definite
volume of liquid is delivered for each cycle of pump operation. They lift
a given volume for each cycle of operation, can be divided into two main
classes, reciprocating and rotary.
67. The reciprocating pump is a class of positive -displacement pumps
which includes the piston pump, plunger pump and diaphragm pump.
68. The rotary pump is a positive displacement pump. For each
revolution of the pump, a fixed volume of fluid is moved regardless of
the resistance against which the pump is pushing. It is self -priming, and
gives practically constant delivered capacity regardless of the pressure.
69. Reciprocating Pumps - These are generally categorized in four
ways:
70. Direct and Indirect Acting Pumps
71. Simplex and Duplex Pumps
72. Single Acting and Double Acting Pumps
73. Power Pumps

74. Direct-Acting - have a plunger on the liquid (pump) end that is

directly driven by the pump rod (also the piston rod or extension thereof)
and carries the piston of the power end
75. Indirect Acting - are driven by means of a beam or linkage
connected to and actuated by the power piston rod of a separate
reciprocating engine
76. Simplex Pump - Is referred to as a single pump is a pump having
a single liquid (pump) cylinder.
77. Duplex Pump - Is the equivalent of two simplex pumps placed
side by side on the same foundation.
78. Single Acting - Is one that takes a suction, filling the pump
cylinder on the stroke in only one direction, called the suction stroke,
 and then forces the liquid out of the cylinder on the return stroke, called
the discharge stroke.
79. Double Acting - Is one that, as it fills one end of the liquid
cylinder, is discharging liquid from the other end of the cylinder.
80. Power Pumps - Convert rotary motion to low speed reciprocating
motion by reduction gearing a crankshaft, connecting rods and
crossheads. Has typically high efficiency and are capable of developing
very high pressures.
81. Rotary pumps - It operate on the principle that a rotating vane,
screw, or gear traps the liquid in the suction side of the pump casing and
force it to the discharge side of the casing. In this type, the fluid is moved
with the help of a rotary. The rotation of the rotary displaces the fluid
from the reservoir to the discharging pipe. Some of the common
examples are:
82. Simple Gear Pump
83. Other Gear Pump
84. Lobe Type Pump
85. Screw Type Positive Displacement Pump
86. Rotary Moving Vane Pump
87. Diaphragm
a. The simple gear pump consists of two spur gears meshing together
and revolving in opposite directions within a casing. Any liquid that
fills the space between the gear teeth and the case must follow
along with the teeth as gear turn. When the gear teeth mesh with
the teeth of the other gear, the space between the teeth almost
disappears, and the entrapped liquid is forced out the pump
88. A lobe pump, or rotary lobe pump, is a type of positive
displacement pump. It is similar to a gear pump except the lobes are
designed to almost meet, rather than touch and turn each other.
89. Two Screw, Low Pitch - Consist of two screws that mesh with close
clearances, mounted on two parallel shafts.
90. Three Screw, High Pitch - It has many of the same elements as
the two-screw, low pitch, screw pump, and their operations are similar.
Three-screws, oppositely threaded on each end, are employed.
91. Diaphragm Pump - They are also classified as displacement
pumps because the diaphragm acts as a limited displacement piston.
 The pump will function when a diaphragm is forced into reciprocating
motion by mechanical linkage, compressed air, or fluid from a pulsating
external source.
a. Kinetic pumps can be divided into two classes, centrifugal and
regenerative. In kinetic pumps a velocity is imparted to the fluid.
Most of this velocity head is then converted to pressure head. Even
though the first centrifugal pump was introduced about 1680,
kinetic pumps were little used until the 20th century.
b. A regenerative pump is also called a turbine, or peripheral, pump.
The impeller has vanes on both sides of the rim that rotate in a
ring like channel in the pump’s casing. The fluid does not
discharge freely from the tip of the impeller but is recirculated back
to a lower point on the impeller diameter. This recirculation, or
regeneration, increases the head developed.
92. Electromagnetic Pump - These can be used only to pump
fluids that are good electrical conductors. The pipe carryi ng the fluid is
placed in a magnetic field and a current passed crosswise through the
fluid, so that it is subjected to an electromagnetic force in the direction
of the flow. The current and the field can be produced in a variety of
ways. The principle of the electromagnetic pump is the same as that of
the electric motor. Electromagnetic pumps are used for pumping liquid
metals, which are used for cooling nuclear reactors.
93. A radial flow pump is commonly referred to as a straight centrifugal
pump; the most common type is the volute pump.
94. Parts of a centrifugal pump
95. Impeller. Impeller is a rotor used to increase the kinetic energy of
the flow. There are different classifications of impellers.
96. Casing (Volute). The casing contains the liquid and acts as
a pressure containment vessel that directs the flow of
liquid in and out of the centrifugal pump. The volute is a curved funnel
that increases in area as it approaches the discharge port.
97. Diffuser. Some centrifugal pumps contain diffusers. A diffuser is a
set of stationary vanes that surround the impeller. The diffuser directs
the flow, allows a more gradual expansion and therefore increases the
efficiency of the centrifugal pump.
98. Shaft (Rotor). The impeller is mounted on a shaft. Shaft is a
mechanical component for transmitting torque from the motor to the
impeller.
99. Shaft sealing. Centrifugal pumps are provided with packing rings
or mechanical seal which helps prevent the leakage of the pumped
liquid.
100. Bearings. Bearings constrain relative motion of the shaft (ro tor)
and reduce friction between the rotating shaft and the stator.

101. Semi open impeller is constructed with a circular plate (the web)
attached to one side of the blades
102. Double suction allows the liquid to enter the center of the impeller
blades from side simultaneously.
103. Components of a centrifugal pump
104. Wearing rings replaceable rings that are attached to the impeller
and/or the pump casting to allow a small running clearance between the
impeller and the pump casting without causing wear of the actual
impeller or pump casting material
105. Stuffing box is a cylindrical space in the pump casing surrounding
the shaft.
106. Lantern ring is a perforated hollow ring located near the center of
the packing box that receives relatively cool, clean liquid from either the
discharge of the pump or from an external source and distributes the
liquid uniformly around the shaft to provide lubrication and cooling
107. Radial flow the liquid enters at the center of the impeller and is
directed out along the impeller blades in a directi on at right angles to the
pump shaft .
108. Axial flow the impeller pushes the liquid in a direction parallel to
the pump shaft.
109. Mixed flow pumps it burrows characteristics both radial and axial
flow pumps. As liquid flows through the impeller of a mixed flow pump,
the impeller blades push the liquid out away from the pump shaft and to
the pump suction at an angle greater than 90.
110. Advantages of Centrifugal Pump
111. Simple
112. Low Cost
113. Ability to operate under a wide variety of conditions
114. Adapted to operate under practically any head up to several
thousand feet, will handle liquids at most any temperature up to 1000F
115. Adapted to operate at speeds that are standard for electric motors
and turbines
116. The flow from the pump is continuous and that its discharge can
be throttled without the pump’s building up an excessive pressure or
overloading its driving unit
117. Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) and Cavitation – NPSH is a
term that refers to the pressure of a fluid on the suction side of a pump
to help determine if the pressure is high enough to avoid cavitation.
Cavitation refers to the formation of bubbles or cavities in liquid,
developed in areas of relatively low pressure around an impeller and can
cause serious damage to the impeller and lead to decreased
flow/pressure rates among other things.
118. Vapour pressure of the working fluid – The vapor pressure of a
fluid is the pressure, at a given temperature, at which a fluid will change
to a vapor. It must be determined in order to avoid cavitation as well as
bearing damage caused by dry running when the fluid has evaporated.