Solar Water Pump

1. INTRODUCTION

Energy is a key ingredient for the overall development of an economy. India has
been endowed with abundant renewable solar energy resource. India is large country and
the rate of electrification has not kept pace with the expanding population, urbanization
and industrialization and has resulted in the increasing deficit between demand and
supply of electricity. This has not only resulted in under electrification but also put heavy
pressure on the governments to keep pace with demand for electricity. People not served
by the power grid have to rely on fossil fuels like kerosene and diesel for their energy
needs and also incur heavy recurring expenditure for the poor people in rural areas.
Wherever the rural areas have been brought under power grid the erractic and unreliable
power supply has not helped the farmers and the need for an uninterrupted power supply
especially during the critical farming period has been has been a major area of concern.
India receives a solar energy equivalent of 5,000 trillion kWh/year with a daily average
solar energy incidence of 4-7 kWh/m2. This is considerably more than the total energy
consumption of the country. Further, most parts of the country experience 250-300 sunny
days in a year, which makes solar energy a viable option in these areas.

Decentralized renewable energy systems, which rely on locally available resources,

could provide the solution to the rural energy problem, particularly in remote areas
where grid extension is not a viable proposition

Solar energy, with its virtually infinite potential and free availability, represents a
nonpolluting and inexhaustible energy source which can be developed to meet the energy
needs of mankind in a major way. The high cost, fast depleting fossil fuels and the
public concern about the eco-friendly power generation of power have led to a surge of
interest in the utilization of solar energy. To evaluate the energy potential at particular
place, detailed information on its availability is essential. These include data on solar
intensity, spectrum, incident angle and cloudiness as a function of time.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) water pumping has been recognized as suitable for grid-
isolated rural locations in poor countries where there are high levels of solar radiation.
Solar photovoltaic water pumping systems can provide drinking water without the need
for any kind of fuel or the extensive maintenance required by diesel pumps. They allow
people to devote more time to productive activities and thus improve life style, health

SSGBCOET, BHUSAWAL Page 1

 Solar Water Pump

and economic conditions. Additionally, they create new jobs in remote rural areas of the
country. The drudgery of women and children who are otherwise engaged in bringing
water from afar can be reduced significantly. Although the cost of solar photovoltaic
water pumping systems is initially high, they demand virtually no maintenance, require
no fuel and thus save on foreign exchange. They are easy to install and operate, highly
reliable, durable and modular, which enables future expansion. They can be installed at
the site of use, rendering long pipelines unnecessary[1]

1.1 The desired characteristics of the solar pump

1. Low initial cost
A low cost pump is recommended so that it is quickly available to be used by
the farmers without the need for utility or infrastructure cost, and so that it can
be used by the general public (especially the youth) who have a very modest
standard of living.

2. Minimum maintenance

Since the user is the Egyptian farmer, the solar pump must have minimum
lifetime maintenance compatible with the farmer's knowledge. Such people
usually lack scientific education and engineering skills.

3. Adequate performance
It should perform well in accordance with the farmer's needs of pumped water
discharge, and should be designed to lift water up to a head of 10 meters with
high reliability and easy-to-use design criteria.

A solar powered pump should be manufactured using local Egyptian

technology in order for it to be cheap, quick to make or assemble, and easy to
maintain without the need of a high technological base[3]
A low cost pump is recommended so that it is quickly available to be used by
the farmers without the need for utility or infrastructure cost, and so that it can
be used by the general public (especially the youth) who have a very modest
standard of living.
to lift water up to a head of 10 meters with high reliability and easy-to-use
design criteria.

SSGBCOET, BHUSAWAL Page 2

 Solar Water Pump

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
A solar powered pump should be manufactured using local Egyptian technology
in order for it to be cheap, quick to make or assemble, and easy to maintain without the
need of a high technological base[3]received widespread attention due to lack of
adequate water supply in the developing nations coupled with abundant sunshine[2].
Badri Prasad Misra[2010] Photovoltaic water pumping system is one of the best
alternative methods for irrigation. The variation of spatial and temporal distribution of
available water for irrigation makes significant demand on water conservation techniques.
Hence solar powered Automated Irrigation System provides a sustainable solution to
enhance water use efficiency in the agricultural fields using renewable energy system
removes workmanship that is needed for flooding irrigation. Environmental pollution is
prevented with renewable energy and energy production from local resources is
encouraged. The use of this photo-irrigation system will be able to contribute to the socio-
economic development. It is the proposed solution for the present energy crisis for the
Indianfarmers. This system conserves electricity by reducing the usage of grid power and
conserves water by reducing water losses. Proposed system is easy to implement and
environment friendly solution for irrigating fields. The system was found to be successful
when implemented for bore holes as they pump over the whole day. Solar pumps also
offer clean solutions with no danger of borehole contamination. The system requires
minimal maintenance and attention as they are self-starting. Solar energy is the most
abundant source of energy in the world. Solar power is not only an answer to today’s
energy crisis but also an environmental friendly form of energy. Photovoltaic generation
is an efficient approach for using the solar energy. Solar panels (an array of photovoltaic
cells) are now a day extensively used for running street lights, for powering water[3].
Eker, B and A.Akdoga [2005] In general, there are two types of solar systems –
those that convert solar energy to D.C. power and those that convert solar energy to heat.
Both types have many applications in agricultural settings, making life easier and helping
to increase the operation’s productivity. First is solar-generated electricity, called
photovoltaic (or PV). Photovoltaic are solar cells that convert sunlight to D.C. electricity.
The solar cells in a PV module are made from semiconductor materials. When
light energy strikes the cell, electrons are knocked loose from the material’s atoms.
Electrical conductors attached to the positive and negative sides of the material allow the

SSGBCOET, BHUSAWAL Page 3

 Solar Water Pump

electrons to be captured in the form of a D.C. current. This electricity can then be used to
power a load, such as a water pump, or it can be stored in a battery
It’s a simple fact that PV modules produce electricity only when the sun is
shining, so some form of energy storage is necessary to operate systems at night. You can
store the energy as water by pumping it into a tank while the sun is shining and
distributing it by gravity when it’s needed after dark. For electrical applications at night,
you will need a battery to store the energy generated during the day[4]
P.Andrada and J.Castro[2007]While water is readily available in developed
countries, in developing countries more than 1.2 billion people do not have access to a
safe and adequate water supply. One billion people make a three-hour journey just to
collect water and 14,000 people die every day from water-related illnesses. As the
world’s population grows, pressure on the available water supply increases.
Groundwater is an important source of water and the dominant source for
domestic supply in many areas, especially in dry areas where surface water is scarce and
seasonl[5].
Water pumping has a long history and many methods have been developed. These
have utilized a variety ofpower sources, including human, animal, wind, hydro and solar
power, and fossil fuels.
Solar photovoltaic (PV) water pumping has been recognized as suitable for grid-
isolated rural locations in poor countries where there are high levels of solar radiation.
Solar photovoltaic water pumping systems can provide drinking water without the need
for any kind of fuel or the extensive maintenance required by diesel pumps. They allow
people to devote more time to productive activities and thus improve life style, health and
economic conditions. Additionally, they create new jobs in remote rural areas of the
country. The drudgery of women and children who are otherwise engaged in bringing
water from afar can be reduced significantly. Although the cost of solar photovoltaic
water pumping systems is initially high, they demand virtually no maintenance, require
no fuel and thus save on foreign exchange. They are easy to install and operate, highly
reliable, durable and modular, which enables future expansion. They can be installed at
the site of use, rendering long pipelines unnecessary [5].

SSGBCOET, BHUSAWAL Page 4

 Solar Water Pump

2.1 Problems and Formation:

Problems:
From the agriculture point of view the farmers needs electricityfor running the
pump for 24 hours. For the many agricultural activities. But the electrical department
does not give the proper supply of electricity. The another problems faced the farmers,
are the cost of electricity is very high, then the farmers does not afford that heavy
electricity. The another problems, electricity are any time on and off, due to this the
breakdown problems are faced the farmers. And this is very hazardous.
Formation:
Solar water pump generates the electricity then it will be used for 24 hours. Using
the battery can store the many electricity it will used in the night. It is very cheaply as
compared to the sources.

2.2 Objectives:
The main objective of our project is to Design and Fabricate a Solar Water Pump so
that our Indian farmers can utilize it at affordable cost. ... An AC pump requires an
inverter, an electronic component that converts DC electricity from the solarpanels into
AC electricity to operate the pump.

SSGBCOET, BHUSAWAL Page 5

 Solar Water Pump

3. THEORY

3.1 Use of Solar Energy

Solar Energy can be utilized in Two Ways:

Solar Thermal (ST) Technologies where the heat produced are used to operate
devices for heating, cooling, drying, water purification and power generation. The
devices suitable for use by village communities include solar hot water heaters, solar
cookers and solar driers.

Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) Systems which convert sunlight into electricity for use
applications such as lighting, pumping, communication and refrigeration.

The Solar Energy Programme is prominent among the technology-based

renewable energy programmes of the MNES. Areas covered under this programme
include solar thermal technology (hot water systems, cookers, dryers, solar passive
architecture etc.), solar photovoltaic technology (lanterns, fixed systems, pumpsets) as
well as information dissemination, marketing, standardisation of products and R&D. The
support to the programme is mainly in the form of subsidies and technical support.

Currently the MNES is promoting solar PV (and other) devices through (a) State
nodal agencies of the MNES, (b) NGOs/CBOs, (c) authorized outlets of the MNES and
(d) through local entrepreneurs.

3.2 Solar Energy for Agriculture

The demand for electrical energy is far outstripping supply, especially in the
agricultural sector, and it is becoming increasingly difficult to meet this exponential
growth in demand Agricultural productivity is closely associated to direct and indirect
energy inputs and policies are required to consolidate this relationship to the benefit of
farmers. If rural development is to be achieved, energy inputs must be made available,
and this might require special efforts from the country as a whole, to develop and
utilize renewable energy sources most important being the solar energy, to their potential
which remains far from being tapped to the potential. Rural electrification has eluded the

SSGBCOET, BHUSAWAL Page 6

 Solar Water Pump

most far flung rural areas of the countries. It is cost-prohibitive for the Government to
extend utility grid power to remote areas especially to meet agriculture loads. An
integrated approach for irrigation with water conservation with scientific agricultural
practices the solar water pumping systems assume relevance for optimum exploitation of
the water resource and serving the small/marginal farmers for all time to come.

Intersectoral cooperation is necessary, and should include government, financial

institutions/banks, CBOs/NGOs and the private sector. It would appear that there is a
strong case for the design of institutional mechanisms for encouraging closer cooperation
and collaboration between institutions, in particular between the agricultural and energy
sectors.

3.3 Solar Energy Based Water Lifting and Pumping Systems

Among the solar technologies useful in agriculture are water lifting and pumping
with solar photovoltaic systems. Water pumping by solar power is a concept which has
won widespread interest since the early seventies. Solar energy can be utilized to
operate pumps, utilizing either the thermal or light part of solar radiation. With a solar
pump, energy is not available on demand, and the daily variation in solar power
generation necessitates the storage of a surplus of water pumped on sunny days for use
on cloudy days. In view of the fluctuating water demand of any irrigation scheme, solar
energy needs to be reserved in the form of either electricity in batteries or lifted water in
a storage tank. The suitability of solar power for lifting water to irrigate plants is
undeniable because of the complementarity between solar irradiance and water
requirements of crops. The more intensively the sun is shining the higher is the power to
supply irrigation water while on the other hand on rainy days irrigation is neither
possible nor needed.Small scale irrigation is one of the most potential applications of
solar power. The main advantage is that solar radiation is intense when the need for
irrigation is high. Further, solar power is available at the point of use, making the farmer
independent of fuel supplies or electrical transmission lines. The solar pumps have the
potential to revolutionize small scale irrigation in the developing countries in the near
future.The technical feasibility of solar (photo voltaic) pumps have been established.The
major limiting factor has been the high cost and the lack of familiarity of the technology
which require concerted effort in training of technicians and large scale introduction in a

SSGBCOET, BHUSAWAL Page 7

 Solar Water Pump

region with adequate technical support.However with the incentives and initiatives
undertaken by MNES/State Govt the scheme may be propagated in rural areas for small
irrigation system in far flung rural areas where electrification is a costly proposition.The
model scheme is to introduce solar water pumping and support irrigation schemes to
provide a sustainable economic activity to farmers in unelectrified or under electrified
rural areas .Various agencies and financial institutions are in place to assist in developing
credit scheme targeted for unelectrified rural area.

Intersectoral cooperation is necessary, and should include government, financial

institutions/banks, CBOs/NGOs and the private sector. It would appear that there is a
strong case for the design of institutional mechanisms for encouraging closer cooperation
and collaboration between institutions, in particular between the agricultural and energy
sectors.

3.4 Solar Energy Based Water Lifting and Pumping Systems

Among the solar technologies useful in agriculture are water lifting and pumping
with solar photovoltaic systems. Water pumping by solar power is a concept which has
won widespread interest since the early seventies. Solar energy can be utilized to
operate pumps, utilizing either the thermal or light part of solar radiation. With a solar
pump, energy is not available on demand, and the daily variation in solar power
generation necessitates the storage of a surplus of water pumped on sunny days for use
on cloudy days. In view of the fluctuating water demand of any irrigation scheme, solar
energy needs to be reserved in the form of either electricity in batteries or lifted water in
a storage tank. The suitability of solar power for lifting water to irrigate plants is
undeniable because of the complementarity between solar irradiance and water
requirements of crops. The more intensively the sun is shining the higher is the power to
supply irrigation water while on the other hand on rainy days irrigation is neither
possible nor needed.Small scale irrigation is one of the most potential applications of
solar power. The main advantage is that solar radiation is intense when the need for
irrigation is high. Further, solar power is available at the point of use, making the farmer
independent of fuel supplies or electrical transmission lines. The solar pumps have the
potential to revolutionize small scale irrigation in the developing countries in the near
future.The technical feasibility of solar (photo voltaic) pumps have been established.The

SSGBCOET, BHUSAWAL Page 8

 Solar Water Pump

major limiting factor has been the high cost and the lack of familiarity of the technology
which require concerted effort in training of technicians and large scale introduction in a
region with adequate technical support.However with the incentives and initiatives
undertaken by MNES/State Govt the scheme may be propagated in rural areas for small
irrigation system in far flung rural areas where electrification is a costly proposition.The
model scheme is to introduce solar water pumping and support irrigation schemes to
provide a sustainable economic activity to farmers in unelectrified or under electrified
rural areas .Various agencies and financial institutions are in place to assist in developing
credit scheme targeted for unelectrified rural area.
3.5 Photovoltaic Power Generation
Photovoltaic cells frequently referred to as solar cells, convert the light part of the
solar spectrum (Sunlight) into electricity. They are the most rapidly expanding energy
sources in the world. Large scale manufacture of photovoltaic cells, coupled with
continued research and development is expected to further make photovoltaic with in the
economic framework of rural areas in developing countries.

SSGBCOET, BHUSAWAL Page 9

 Solar Water Pump

4.METHODOLOGY

4.1 Solar Cells

The solar cell operates on the principle of the photovoltaic effect - the creation of
charge carrier with in a material by the absorption of energy from the incident solar
radiation. The efficiency of solar cells in converting incident solar energy into electrical
energy depends on the Illumination spectrum intensity, materials of construction and
design of the cell, atmospheric temperature and dustiness of the sky. Solar cell used in
running DC electric motors have efficiencies ranging from 10 to 12 percent.
Silicon is the most commonly used material for making solar cells. Other
materials include cadmium sulfide and gallium arsenate. The fabrication of the solar cell
involves a large number of processes. Wafer form, followed by junction formation,
contact fabrication and anti-reflection coating on the active surface of the cell. The outer
surface of the panel is protected by a special tempered glass which provides high
transmittance of sunlight.

The solar cell operates on the principle of the photovoltaic effect - the creation of
charge carrier with in a material by the absorption of energy from the incident solar
radiation. The efficiency of solar cells in converting incident solar energy into electrical
energy depends on the illumination spectrum intensity, materials of construction and
design of the cell, atmospheric temperature and dustiness of the sky. Solar cell used in
running DC electric motors have efficiencies ranging from 10 to 12 percent.

Silicon is the most commonly used material for making solar cells. Other
materials include cadmium sulfide and gallium arsenate. The fabrication of the solar cell
involves a large number of processes. Wafer form, followed by junction formation,
contact fabrication and anti-reflection coating on the active surface of the cell. The outer
surface of the panel is protected

SSGBCOET, BHUSAWAL Page 10

 Solar Water Pump

4. 2 SPECIFICATION

4.2.1 100W Solar Panel Specifications

Our range of solar panels are constructed from ultra-efficient

polycrystalline and have been designed to provide a reliable and cost-effective
alternative energy solution for applications where mains power is either not
available, or not desirable.
4.2.2 Main features:
Clever engineering makes for minimal power losses during prolonged periods in
shade
Fully weather-resistant - durable white tempered glass, EVA resin and
weather-resistant film enclosed in anodisedaluminium frame
4.2.3 Faster Installation
Large surface area requires fewer interconnects and structural members
All module-to-module wiring is built right into the module
Multi-Contact Plug-n-Play connectors mean source-circuit wiring takes just minutes
Unique mounting systems available for commercial roofs eliminate need for traditional
mounting rails, heavy ballast, and roof penetrations
4.2.4 More Reliability
Bypass diode protection for every 18 solar cells in series, thus minimizing power loss,
and mitigating overheating/safety problems
Advanced encapsulation system ensures steady long-term module performance by
eliminating degradation associated with traditional EVA-encapsulated modules
Moisture impermeable glass on both sides of the module protects against tears,
perforations, fire, electrical conductivity, delamination and moisture

Patented no-lead, high-reliability soldering system guarantees long life and ensures
against environmental harm should the module break or be discarded

4.3 Higher Quality

Each of the module’s 216 individual semi-crystalline silicon cells is inspected and
power matched to ensure consistent performance between modules

SSGBCOET, BHUSAWAL Page 11

 Solar Water Pump

Every module is tested utilizing a calibrated solar simulator to ensure that the
electrical ratings are within the specified tolerance for power, voltage, and current

Module-to-module wiring loss is factored into the module’s labeled electrical ratings
by testing through the module’s cable/connector assemblies

4.4 Cell Temperature Coefficients

Power TK (Pp) - 0.47 % / °C
Open-circuit voltage TK (Voc) - 0.38 % / °C
Short-circuit current TK (Isc) + 0.10 % / °C

4.5 Limits

Maximum system voltage 600 VDC U.S.

Operating module temperature -40 to +90° C

UL certified design load 50 PSF
Equivalent wind resistance Wind speed of 120 mph (192 km/h)

4.6 Construction Impeller

The concept of impeller design and the application of inverse designer the vane
profile construction are discussed in this chapter. The vaneprofile plays a vital role to
develop the streamlined flow. In convention design, the designer uses vane arc method to
develop the profile. Due to this approach, the eddy and flow reversal may occur in the
flow path. The main focus on inverse design concept is explained here in detail for the
vane profile construction. Subsequently, the different vane profile geometry is
constructed based on this approach.

The design of the centrifugal pump impeller is not a universallystandardized one. Every
firm depends on its designer’s experience, expertiseand technical intuition to design a
good impeller.The fact that the impellerflow physics has not been understood fully has
led the designers to fall back

SSGBCOET, BHUSAWAL Page 12

 Solar Water Pump

4.6.1 Conventional Design

Impeller dimensions have always been a direct fall down of the headit has to
develop and the discharge it has to supply. Previously used empiricalformulae and thumb
rules have always been the design aid for designers. Thedifferent methods developed by
highly experienced and accomplishedhydraulic engineers like Lebonoff, Kurowzski,
Anderson and Lazarkiewiczalso have elements of empirical design.
4.6.2 Construction of Vane Profile
Having now found the dimensions of impeller like the hub diameter,inlet
diameter, breadth of the impeller at the inlet and the outlet, outsidediameter and the vane
angles, the vane profile or the curve has to begenerated.
The vane profiles can be of different types and the designer has thediscretion to choose
the type of curve to be drawn.The vane profile for the impeller of the pump considered as
modelzin this work is a multiple curvature profile with four different radii ofcurvature
with four different centers as shown in Figure 5.2.The following are the steps involved in
tracing the vane profile:
• The inlet and the outlet circles are drawn.

• Two axes of reference, one vertical and one horizontal

4.6.3 Pump Impeller Dimensions

Inlet Diameter (d1) = 10mm

Outer Diameter (d2) = 16mm

Curvature Radius = 47 mm, 62.5 mm, 81 mm and 98.5 mm

Number of vanes (z) = 6 (4 mm thick)

Breadth of Impeller (B) = 20.5 to 8 mm (converging from inlet tooutlet)

Inlet vane angle (_1) = 16 degrees

Exit vane angle (_2) = 23.5 degrees

SSGBCOET, BHUSAWAL Page 13

 Solar Water Pump

5. DESIGN AND CALCULATION

5.1 Design of Photovoltaic Cell

Power ofone photo voltaic cell = 1W

Voltage of photo voltaic cell = 2.5 V

(i.e) In our panel board no. of photo voltaic cells 100

Therefore , power of photo voltaic cells produced =100w

Voltage of photo voltaic cells =17.46V

Current produced in these cells =5.73A

5.2 Design of Battery

Current carrying capacity of 12volt battery =8AH

For batteries the current =12V/8AH

The battery discharges at a rate of 0.75

It will withstand for 20 hours

5.3 Design of Pump

Electric power =12 /24 volt & 100 watt

DC Motor Speed = 2800-3200 rpm

DC Motor Diphagram pump =12 V1.4A-2A

Rated Torque = 0.35N

SSGBCOET, BHUSAWAL Page 14

 Solar Water Pump

5.4 Calculation

Calculation Of Solar PV System For Water Pumping

PV Sizing:
Different size of PV modules will produce different amount of power. To find out the
sizing of PV module, the total peak watt produced needs. The peak watt (WP) produced
depends on the size of the PV module and climate of site location. To determine the
sizing of the PV modules, calculate as follows:
First Step:
Load requirements = 5000 liters of water everyday from a
depth of 5m
Amount of water to be pumped/day = 5000 liter/day
= 25m³
To determine Total Dynamic Head (TDH)
Possible max elevation of piping unit inlet = 3m
Possible max head of running stream fluctuates = 2m
Total vertical lift = 3m + 2m
= 5m
Possible frictional losses = 5% of total vertical lift
= 5 0.05
= 0.25
TDH= 5m + 0.25m =5.25m
To determine estimate load requirement with selected DC pump[Experimental]
Selected DC pump max head = 7m
Selected DC pump max flow = 5m³/hour
Supplied voltage = 12V
No load current = 3A
Loading current = 14A
Power consumption, P = VI = 12X6
= 72Watt
Required running hour/day= 5 hour/day
Required electrical energy/day = Power consumption ×
Running hour/day

SSGBCOET, BHUSAWAL Page 15

 Solar Water Pump

= 72Watt× 5hour/day
= 840 Watt hour/day
To determine Ampere hour requirement of DC load
Load Current = 6A
Required running hour/day = 5 hour/day
Required Ampere hour/day = Load current × Running hour
/day
= 6A × 5 hour/day
= 70A-hour/day

SSGBCOET, BHUSAWAL Page 16

 Solar Water Pump

7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGE OF SPV PUMPING

SYSTEM

 Cost effective:

The life cycle and the cost to ultimate beneficairy make the SPV systems cost effective as
compared to conventional systems. IN addition the farmer is saved from the capital investment he
has to make for drawing lines from the grid to his field/farms.The govt. may save huge resources
which otherwise may be uneconomical to network every agriculture field under the state
electricity grid.

 Reliable:

The SPV is more reliable, consistent and predictable power option as compared to

conventional power system in rural areas.

 Free Fuel:

Sunlight, the fuel source of SPV system is a widely available, inexhaustible, and reliable
and free energy source.Hence the SPV system has no monthly fuel bills.

 Low Maintenance:

The system operates on little servicing and no refueling, making them popular for remote
rural areas, hence the operation and maintenance is very low. The suppliers provide
maintenance at a very low annual maintenance contract rates.

 Local Generation of Power:

The SPV system make use of local resource-sunlight.This provides greater energy
security and control of access to energy.

 Easy Transportation:

As SPV systems are modular in nature they can easily be transported in

pieces/components and are easily expandable to enhance the capacity

SSGBCOET, BHUSAWAL Page 17

 Solar Water Pump

 Energy Conservation:

Solar energy is clearly one of the most effective energy conservation programs and
provides a means for decentrailized PV-generated power in rural areas.Solar pump is
energy efficient and a decentralized system avoids any unnecessary expenditure on T &
D networks

 Water Conservation:

The SPV sets are highly economical when combined with water conservation techniques
such as drip irrigation & night time distribution of (day timpumped& stored) water. The
SPV system leads to optimum exploitation of scarce ground water.

SSGBCOET, BHUSAWAL Page 18

 Solar Water Pump

8. CONCLUSION

A solar PV water pumping system using a new double-sided flat two-phase

variable-reluctance linear stepper motor suitable for developing countries was proposed.
The system consists of a piston-type water pump, a linear motor mounted onto the piston
rod that drives the pump with the help of a rope, a pulley and a counterweight. The
actuator pump ensemble is controlled by a simple electronic unit that manages the electric
power generated by a photovoltaic array. A water reservoir completes the installation.
The system was projected for a specific rural community near the town of Asela in the
Rift Valley in Ethiopia. The proposed system is suitable for rural communities in
developing countries because it is reliable, affordable and easy to maintain; in addition,
most of its parts can be manufactured in developing countries.

SSGBCOET, BHUSAWAL Page 19