Topic 8 - Practice - 131719 [60

marks]

1. A beaker containing 1 kg of water at room temperature is heated on a [1

400 W hot plate. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg–1 K–1. mark]
The temperature of the water increases until it reaches a constant value. It is then
removed from the hot plate.
What will be the initial rate of change of temperature?
A. 10 K s–1
B. 1 K s–1
C. 0.1 K s–1
D. 0.01 K s–1

Markscheme
C

2. Most power stations rely on a turbine and a generator to produce [1

electrical energy. Which power station works on a different principle? mark]
A. Nuclear
B. Solar
C. Fossil fuel
D. Wind

Markscheme
B
3. A neutron collides head-on with a stationary atom in the moderator of a [1
nuclear power station. The kinetic energy of the neutron changes as a mark]
result. There is also a change in the probability that this neutron can
cause nuclear fission.
What are these changes?

Markscheme
B

4. Three methods for the production of electrical energy are [1

I. wind turbine mark]

II. photovoltaic cell

III. fossil fuel power station.
Which methods involve the use of a primary energy source?
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

Markscheme
D
5. The orbital radius of the Earth around the Sun is 1.5 times that of Venus. [1
What is the intensity of solar radiation at the orbital radius of Venus? mark]
A. 0.6 kW m-2
B. 0.9 kW m-2
C. 2 kW m-2
D. 3 kW m-2

Markscheme
D

6. Which of the energy sources are classified as renewable and non- [1

renewable? mark]

Markscheme
C

7. A black body emits radiation with its greatest intensity at a wavelength of [1

Imax. The surface temperature of the black body doubles without any mark]
other change occurring. What is the wavelength at which the greatest
intensity of radiation is emitted?
A. Imax
Imax
B. 2
I
C. max
4
I
D. max
16
 Markscheme
B

8. The three statements give possible reasons why an average value should [1
be used for the solar constant. mark]
I. The Sun’s output varies during its 11 year cycle.
II. The Earth is in elliptical orbit around the Sun.
III. The plane of the Earth’s spin on its axis is tilted to the plane of its orbit about
the Sun.
Which are the correct reasons for using an average value for the solar constant?
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

Markscheme
A

9. The following are energy sources. [1

I. a battery of rechargeable electric cells mark]
II. crude oil
III. a pumped storage hydroelectric system
Which of these are secondary energy sources?
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

Markscheme
B

10a. Outline the conditions necessary for simple harmonic motion (SHM) to [2 marks]
occur.
 Markscheme
force/acceleration proportional to displacement «from equilibrium position»
and directed towards equilibrium position/point
OR
and directed in opposite direction to the displacement from equilibrium
position/point

Do not award marks for stating the defining equation for SHM.
Award [1 max] for a ω–=2x with a and x defined.

A buoy, floating in a vertical tube, generates energy from the movement of water
waves on the surface of the sea. When the buoy moves up, a cable turns a
generator on the sea bed producing power. When the buoy moves down, the cable
is wound in by a mechanism in the generator and no power is produced.

The motion of the buoy can be assumed to be simple harmonic.

10b. A wave of amplitude 4.3 m and wavelength 35 m, moves with a speed [3 marks]
of 3.4 m s–1. Calculate the maximum vertical speed of the buoy.

Markscheme
3.4
frequency of buoy movement = 35
or 0.097 «Hz»
OR
35
time period of buoy = 3.4
or 10.3 «s» or 10 «s»
2πx0 2×π×4.3
v=«
T
or 2πfx0 » = 10.3
or 2 × π × 0.097 × 4.3
2.6 «m s–1»
10c. Sketch a graph to show the variation with time of the generator output [2 marks]
power. Label the time axis with a suitable scale.

Markscheme
peaks separated by gaps equal to width of each pulse «shape of peak roughly
as shown»
one cycle taking 10 s shown on graph

Judge by eye.
Do not accept cos2 or sin2 graph
At least two peaks needed.
Do not allow square waves or asymmetrical shapes.
Allow ECF from (b)(i) value of period if calculated.

Water can be used in other ways to generate energy.

10d. Outline, with reference to energy changes, the operation of a pumped [2 marks]
storage hydroelectric system.
 Markscheme
PE of water is converted to KE of moving water/turbine to electrical energy «in
generator/turbine/dynamo»
idea of pumped storage, ie: pump water back during night/when energy cheap
to buy/when energy not in demand/when there is a surplus of energy

10e. The water in a particular pumped storage hydroelectric system falls a [2 marks]
vertical distance of 270 m to the turbines. Calculate the speed at which
water arrives at the turbines. Assume that there is no energy loss in the system.

Markscheme
specific energy available = «gh =» 9.81 x 270 «= 2650J kg–1»
OR
mgh = 12 mv2
OR
v2 = 2gh
v = 73 «ms–1»

Do not allow 72 as round from 72.8

10f. The hydroelectric system has four 250 MW generators. Determine the [2 marks]
maximum time for which the hydroelectric system can maintain full
output when a mass of 1.5 x 1010 kg of water passes through the turbines.
 Markscheme
total energy = «mgh = 1.5 x 1010 x 9.81 x 270=» 4.0 x 1013 «J»
OR
total energy = « 12 mv2 = 1
2 × 1.5 × 1010 × (answer (c)(ii))2 =» 4.0 x 1013 «J»
4.0×1013
time = « » 11.1h or 4.0 x 104 s
4×2.5×108

Use of 3.97 x 1013 «J» gives 11 h.

For MP2 the unit must be present.

10g. Not all the stored energy can be retrieved because of energy losses in [2 marks]
the system. Explain two such losses.

Markscheme
friction/resistive losses in pipe/fluid resistance/turbulence/turbine or
generator «bearings»
OR
sound energy losses from turbine/water in pipe
thermal energy/heat losses in wires/components

water requires kinetic energy to leave system so not all can be transferred

Must see “seat of friction” to award the mark.

Do not allow “friction” bald.
 The average temperature of ocean surface water is 289 K. Oceans behave as
black bodies.

11a. Show that the intensity radiated by the oceans is about 400 W m-2. [1
mark]

Markscheme
5.67 × 10−8 × 289 4
OR
= 396 «W m −2» ✔
«≈ 400 W m−2»

11b. Explain why some of this radiation is returned to the oceans from the [3 marks]
atmosphere.

Markscheme
«most of the radiation emitted by the oceans is in the» infrared ✔
«this radiation is» absorbed by greenhouse gases/named greenhouse gas in
the atmosphere ✔
«the gases» reradiate/re-emit ✔
partly back towards oceans/in all directions/awareness that radiation in other
directions is also present ✔

This question is in two parts. Part 1 is about Newton’s laws and momentum. Part
2 is about the greenhouse effect.
Part 1 Newton’s laws and momentum

12a. State the condition for the momentum of a system to be conserved. [1

mark]

Markscheme
the net (external) force acting on the system is zero / no force acting on
system / system is isolated;
12b. A person standing on a frozen pond throws a ball. Air resistance and [5 marks]
friction can be considered to be negligible.
(i) Outline how Newton’s third law and the conservation of momentum apply as
the ball is thrown.
(ii) Explain, with reference to Newton’s second law, why the horizontal momentum
of the ball remains constant whilst the ball is in flight.

Markscheme
(i) no external force/system is isolated so change in momentum is zero; { (do
not accept momentum is conserved/constant)
force on ball must be equal and opposite to force on the person;
so ball and person/Earth/pond move in opposite directions;
(ii) Newton’s second law states that the rate of change of momentum is
equal/proportional/directly proportional to the force acting;
the horizontal force acting on the ball is zero therefore the momentum must
be constant/the rate of change of momentum is zero;
or
Newton’s second law can be expressed as the force acting is equal to the
product of mass and acceleration;
the horizontal force acting on the ball is zero therefore the acceleration is zero
so velocity is constant (and therefore momentum is constant);

12c. The maximum useful power output of a locomotive engine is 0.75 M W. [2 marks]
The maximum speed of the locomotive as it travels along a straight
horizontal track is 44 m s–1. Calculate the frictional force acting on the locomotive
at this speed.

Markscheme
P 0.75×106
F= v
or 44
;
17kN;
12d. The locomotive engine in (c) gives a truck X a sharp push such that X [4 marks]
moves along a horizontal track and collides with a stationary truck Y. As
a result of the collision the two trucks stick together and move off with speed v.
The following data are available.
Mass of truck X=3.7×103 kg
Mass of truck Y=6.3×103 kg
Speed of X just before collision=4.0 m s–1
(i) Calculate v.
(ii) Determine the kinetic energy lost as a result of the collision.

Markscheme
(i) 3.7×4.0=10×v;
v=1.5ms−1;
(ii) KE lost= 12 [3.7 × 103 × 4.02 ] − 12 [10 × 103 × 1.52 ];
=18kJ;

12e. The trucks X and Y come to rest after travelling a distance of 40 m [3 marks]
along the horizontal track. Determine the average frictional force acting
on X and Y.

Markscheme
initial KE= ( 12 [10 × 103 × 1.52 ] =) 11250J;
friction= 11250
40
;
=280 N;
or
use of kinematic equation to give a=0.274ms–1;
use of F(=ma)=10×103a;
270/280 N;

Part 2 The greenhouse effect

12f. Nuclear fuels, unlike fossil fuels, produce no greenhouse gases. [5 marks]
(i) Identify two greenhouse gases.
(ii) Discuss, with reference to the mechanism of infrared absorption, why the
temperature of the Earth’s surface would be lower if there were no greenhouse
gases present in the atmosphere.
 Markscheme
(i) methane/CH4, water vapour/H2O, carbon dioxide/CO2, nitrous oxide/N2O;
Award [1] for any two of the above.
(ii) mechanism:
mention of resonance;
natural frequency of (resonating) greenhouse gas molecules is same as that of
infrared radiation from Earth;
or
mention of energy level differences;
differences between energy levels of greenhouse gas molecules matches
energy of infrared radiation from Earth;
explanation:
less infrared trapped if absorption is reduced;
so more infrared is transmitted through atmosphere;
or
more infrared is trapped if absorption is increased;
so more infrared is re-radiated back to Earth;
Allow only one variant for each alternative.

Part 2 Wind power and the greenhouse effect

13a. A coal-fired power station has a power output of 4.0GW. It has been [4 marks]
suggested that a wind farm could replace this power station. Using the
data below, determine the area that the wind farm would occupy in order to meet
the same power output as the coal-fired
power station.
Radius of wind turbine blades = 42 m
Area required by each turbine = 5.0×104 m 2
Efficiency of a turbine = 30%
Average annual wind speed = 12 m s–1
Average annual density of air = 1.2 kg m–3
 Markscheme
power output of a
turbine=0.3×½ρAv 3=0.3×0.5×1.2×3.14×[42]2×[12]3(=1723kW);
4×109
number of turbines needed = (= 2322);
1.723×106
area needed = 2322×5.0×104;
=1.2×10 8(m2);
Award [4] for a bald correct answer.
Note: Answers sometimes start with calculating power input from wind which
is 5743 kW and incorporate 0.3 at a later stage.

13b. Wind power does not involve the production of greenhouse gases. [3 marks]
Outline why the surface temperature of the Earth is higher than would
be expected without the greenhouse effect.

Markscheme
look for these main points:
the surface of Earth re-radiates the Sun’s radiation;
greenhouse gases (in atmosphere) readily absorb infrared;
mention of resonance;
the absorbed radiation is re-emitted (by atmosphere) in all directions;
(some of) which reaches the Earth and further heats the surface;
Award [1 max] for responses along the lines that greenhouse gases trap
infrared radiation.

13c. The average solar intensity incident at the surface of the Earth is 238 W [5 marks]
m –2.
(i) Assuming that the emissivity of the surface of the Earth is 1.0, estimate
the average surface temperature if there were no greenhouse effect.
(ii) The enhanced greenhouse effect suggests that in several decades the
predicted temperature of the atmosphere will be 250 K. The emissivity of the
atmosphere is 0.78. Show that this atmospheric temperature increase will lead to
a predicted average Earth surface temperature of 292 K.
 Markscheme
(i) total absorbed radiation= total emitted radiation =238(Wm -2);
1

temperature of Earth=[ ] =255(K);

238 4

5.67×10−8
Award [2] for a bald correct answer.
(ii) total absorbed radiation at surface=238+[(εδT4)0.78×5.67×10 -8×2504];
=410.8(Wm-2);
1

temperature of surface=[ 410.8 −8 ] =291.7(K);

4

5.67×10
≈292K

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