2 mark questions

1. Write down the components of manufacturing systems. Discuss

any one. 


HUMAN RESOURCES: • TO OPERATE AND MANAGE THE SYSTEM /PROCESS • REQUIRED

EITHER FULLTIME OR PERIODICALLY TO KEEP THE SYSTEM RUNNING • HUMANS REFERS TO
ALL PERSONNEL , OPERATORS , VENDORS • IN CONTEXT OF MANUFACTURING SYSTEM ,
HUMAN PERFORM SOME OR ALL OF THE VALUE ADDED WORK THAT IS ACCOMPLISHED ON
THE PARTS /PRODUCTS . • PERFORMING EITHER MANUAL (DIRECT )WORK ON IT OR BY
CONTROLLING THE MACHINES . • IN FULLY AUTOMATED MACHINE , DIRECT LABOUR IS
STILL NEEDED . • FOR EXAMPLE : LOADING OR UNLOADING PARTS , CHANGING TOOLS ,
RESHARPENING TOOLS ETC .

2. What are the types of manufacturing systems? 
click here

 3. Give two examples each for Job shop, Batch, Mass, Project
production. 

Examples of a job shop include a machine tool shop, a factory machining
center, paint shops, a French restaurant, a commercial printing shop, and other
manufacturers that make custom products in small lot sizes.

Batch production, where groups of items are made together

• Baked goods.
• Clothing.
• Computer chips.
• Computer software.
• Die- or mold-making.
• Electrical goods.

Examples of mass production include the following:

• canned goods
• over-the-counter drugs
• household appliances

Examples of project production flows mainly include, construction of airports, dams,

roads, buildings, shipbuilding, etc

4. Write down the advantages of sound PPC in an organization. 


5. 1. Avoidance of Rush Orders
Production is well planned and its time aspects are well controlled. Therefore,
production control reduces the number of risk-orders and overtime work on plant.
2. Avoidance of Bottlenecks
The incomplete work does not get accumulated because production control
maintains an even flow of work.
3. Cost Reduction
Production control programmes minimizes the idleness of men and machines, keeps
in process inventories at a satisfactory level, leads to a better control of raw materials
inventory, reduces costs of storage and materials handling, helps in maintaining
quality and containing rejection and thus reduces unit cost of production.
4. Effective Utilization of Resources
 It reduces the loss of time by the workers waiting for materials and makes most
effective use of equipments.
5. Co-Ordination
It serves to co-ordinate the activities of plant and results in a concerted effort by
workmen.
6. Benefits to Workers
Adequate wages, stable employment, job Security, improved working conditions,
increased personal satisfaction, high morale.
7. Efficient Service to Customers
It ensures better service to the customers by enabling production to be conducted in
accordance with the time schedules and therefore deliveries are made on promised
dates.
6. What are the pre-requisites of PPC? 


1. Data Pertaining to Design

2. Data pertaining toEquipment’s
3. Data pertaining to raw materials
4. Data pertaining to tooling
5. Data pertaining to performance standard
6. Data pertaining to Labour
7. Data pertaining to operating systems

7. Write down the basic elements of PPC with the help of a tree
diagram. 


Some of the important elements involved in the process of production

planning and control in organization are: (a) Planning; (b) Routing;
(c) Scheduling; (d) Dispatching; (e) Checking the progress or follow-
up and (f) Inspection.
8. What are the characteristics of centralization and
decentralization decision making? 


CENTRALIZATION:
It is the process of transferring and assigning decision-making authority to higher
levels of an organizational hierarchy. The span of control of top managers is
relatively broad, and there are relatively many tiers in the organization.

Characteristics
1. Philosophy / emphasis on: top-down control, leadership, vision, strategy.
2. Decision-making: strong, authoritarian, visionary, charismatic.
3. Organizational change: shaped by top, vision of leader.
4. Execution: decisive, fast, coordinated. Able to respond quickly to major issues
and changes.
5. Uniformity. Low risk of dissent or conflicts between parts of the organization.

DECENTRALIZATION:
It is the process of transferring and assigning decision-making authority to lower
levels of an organizational hierarchy. The span of control of top managers is
relatively small, and there are relatively few tears in the organization, because there
is more autonomy in the lower ranks
Characteristics
1. Philosophy / emphasis on: bottom-up, political, cultural and learning dynamics.
2. Decision-making: democratic, participative, detailed.
3. Organizational change: emerging from interactions, organizational dynamics.
4. Execution: evolutionary, emergent. Flexible to adapt to minor issues and
changes.
5. Participation, accountability. Low risk of not-invented-here behavior.

9. Define forecasting, and its broad classification. 


Forecasting is a technique that uses historical data as inputs to make informed

estimates that are predictive in determining the direction of future trends.
Businesses utilize forecasting to determine how to allocate their budgets or plan
for anticipated expenses for an upcoming period of time. This is typically based
on the projected demand for the goods and services offered.

Classification of Forecasting
Forecasting has many dimensions and varieties depending upon the utility and application. The three
basic forms are as follows:

Economic Forecasting: these forecasting are related to the broader macro-economic and micro-
economic factors prevailing in the current business environment. It includes forecasting of inflation rate,
interest rate, GDP, etc. at the macro level and working of particular industry at the micro level.

Demand Forecast: organization conduct analysis on its pre-existing database or conduct market survey
as to understand and predict future demands. Operational planning is done based on demand
forecasting.

Technology Forecast: this type of forecast is used to forecast future technology upgradation.

10. List down the methods of qualitative and quantitative

forecasting. 

10. Write down the objectives of forecasting.
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11. Define rated capacity, available capacity, utilization and
efficiency.
Rated capacity: capacity based on highest production rate established by actual trials is called rated
capacity.
Rated capacity =available time ×utilization × efficiency
Available capacity: The actual working time of a capacity in production. If the capacity consists of several individual
capacities, the actual working time of an individual capacity is multiplied by the number of individual capacities. You
can use a conversion factor to express an available capacity in a different unit (for example, tons).
The actual working time in production is also called the operating time.
Available Capacity = Operating Time x Number of Individual Capacities

Capacity utilization is a percentage measure or KPI which indicates the amount of available
capacity that is being used to supply current demand.

Production efficiency is an economic level at which the company can no longer

produce additional amounts of a good without lowering the production level of
another product.

12. What are methods of measuring capacity?


13. What are the different aggregate planning strategies?


chase level

14. List down objectives of aggregate planning.

1. To minimize the investments in the various inventories.
2. To minimize the total cost over the planning horizon.
3. To maximize the customer service.
4. To minimize the changes in the workforce levels.
5. To minimize the changes in the production rates.
6. To maximize the utilization of the plant and the various equipment.
15. List down the characteristics of Job production?

The main characteristics of job production art as follows :
(i) The product manufactured is custom-made or non-standardized.
(ii). Machines and equipment are waned or assembled at one place, i.e., fixed position layout
is used.
(iii) A wide range of general purpose machines like grinder, drill press, sharper, etc., is used.
(iv) Volume of output is generally small
(v) Variable path materials handling equipment are used.
16. What are the patterns of sales forecasting?