CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

UITM PAHANG, KAMPUS JENGKA

WATER & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING
ECW351
OPEN-ENDED LAB
MARCH 2019 – JULY 2019
TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : JAR TEST
DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 3rd JUNE 2019
GROUP : EC1105D
GROUP MEMBERS : 1.AMIERUL IZZUDDEN BIN MD ANUAR (2016472774)
2.MUHAMMAD NAJIB BIN ISHAK (2016475394)
3. NURUL AMIRA ASHIKIN BINTI SYAHZUL BADRY
(2016455308)
4. WAN NUR SYAHIRAH BINTI WAN MUHAMAD SUBRI
(2016471492)

LECTURER : SIR MOHD FAIRUZ BIN BACHOK

LEVEL OF OPENESS : 2

NO ELEMENT COPO Marks COMMENTS

1 INTRODUCTION

2 BASIC CONCEPT

SUMMARY OF
3 2 4 6 8 10
PROCEDURES/METHOD
ANALYSIS AND
4 2 4 6 8 10
INTERPETATION OF DATA

5 DISCUSSION OF RESULT 2 4 6 8 10

6 CONCLUSIONS 2 4 6 8 10

TOTAL MARKS /40

 LAB REPORT SELF-ASSESMENT

√ (If VERIFIED
Available) AND
NO ITEM DETAILS BY TEAM COMMENTS
LEADER BY
LECTURER
1. Introduction of results
2. Right data collected form experiment
3. Value of data relate to objectives
4. Analysis of data with caption
➢ Average 3 data
ANALYSIS AND
1 INTERPETATION ➢ Pattern or trend
OF DATA ➢ Graph
➢ Tables
➢ Equations
➢ Sample calculation
5. SI unit
1. Introduction of discussion
2. Explain direct relationship of
variables
3. Explain the results means
4. Comparison of results to standard
DISCUSSION OF value (BS/ASTM/current practice)
2 RESULT
5. State the value of error to standard
value
6. Implication of results
7. Error of experiment
8. Precaution
1. Explain finding based on objective
2. Answer objective of the experiment
3 CONCLUSION
3. Percentage of data error
4. Future recommendation
INTRODUCTION

Lakes in urban region are ecologically sensitive zones and true indicators of sustainable and
progressive urban development. Generally, the wastewater discharged to lakes contains excess
levels of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous and organic substances. These are an important
macro-nutrient for plant and microorganisms growth resulting in excessive growth of algae and
aquatic weeds in lakes resulting in serious impairment to water quality leading to eutrophication.
Thus, it is necessary to reduce the concentration of external phosphorus, nitrogen from inflowing
wastewater to prevent the algal bloom. To achieve this innovative method of reducing organic
loading to lakes uses engineered systems to treat lake inflows with chemical coagulants such as
aluminum sulfate (Alum), polyaluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate and iron-based
coagulants like Ferric chloride, Ferric sulfate and Ferrous sulfate. The addition of these coagulants
to inflowing wastewater results in the production of chemical precipitates which remove
pollutants.

OBJECTIVE

The objectives of the tests is:-

1. To determine the effectiveness of chemical coagulation of water or wastewater.

BASIC CONCEPT

Jar test is a method of stimulating a full scale water treatment process , providing system operators
a reasonable idea of the way a treatment chemical will behave and operate with a particular type
of raw water. It entails adjusting the amount of treatment chemicals and the sequence in which
they are added to samples of raw water held in jars. The sample is then stirred so that the formation,
development and settlement of floc can be watched just as it would be in full scale treatment plant.
The tests are therefore used to determine the most effective doses of coagulant for a specific water
in the control of coagulation and flocculation at a water treatment plant, especially when water
quality fluctuates rapidly
SUMMARY OF PROCEDURES

Apparatus

1. Jar test beaker

2. pH meter, Turbidity Meter / DR890 / DR500 spectrometer / YSI PRO series meter

Procedures

1. 1 liter graduated cylinder is used , 1 liter of raw water is added to each jar test beakers. The
pH and turbidity are recorded .
2. Next , a stock solution is prepared by dissolving 10.0 grams of alum into 1,000 mL distilled
water. Each 1.0 mL of this stock solution is equivalent to 10 mg/L (ppm)
3. Each beaker is dosed with increased amounts of the stock solution.
4. Stirring paddles are lowered , the stirrer is started and operated for 1 min at a speed of 80
rpm and reduce to 30 rpm for 15 min.
5. The stirrer is stopped and note how long it takes for the floc to settle to the bottom of the
beaker.
6. The flocs are allowed to settle for 20 min. The turbidity of the supernatant is determined .
ANALYSIS AND INTERPETATION OF DATA

When conducting the experiment, the data collected in the lab are to determine the effectiveness
of chemical coagulation of water or wastewater.

Date : 3rd June 2019

Raw water source : Pond Water

Turbidity : 109 NTU

pH : 5.59

CHEMICALS SUPERNATANT
Jar Alum (mg/L) pH 20 min Settled Turbidity
NTU
1 0 5.59 109
2 2 5.15 55
3 4 5.19 17.3
4 6 5.18 5.59
5 8 5.08 2.53
6 10 4.89 2.62
Table above shows the data collected when conducting the Jar Test experiment
 120

100

80
Turbidity

60

40

20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Alum (mg/L)

The diagram above shows the turbidity vs alum graph

DISCUSSION OF RESULT

Jar test have been used to determine the effectiveness of chemical coagulation of pond
water. In this experiment, Alum was used as chemical coagulant. The best performing chemical
coagulation provide fast floc formation, rapid settling rate, and clear supernatant. Coagulation is
the process of addition of a chemical to de-stabilize a stabilized charged particle. Meanwhile,
flocculation is a slow mixing techniques which promotes agglomeration and helps the particles to
settle down.

Based on this experiment, the coagulant doses increased in the containers from no 1 to no
6. For this water, as does of coagulant increased the residual turbidity improved. It is important to
note that the optimum coagulant dose is the dose which meets the specified turbidity required
permit. The addition of excess coagulant may reduce turbidity beyond what is required but also
could lead to the production of more sludge which would require disposal.

From the data of experiment, the pH is 5.59, 5.15, 5.19, 5.18, 5.08, 4.89 effectively
according to volume of Alum. The pH of pond water is important for a number of pond uses.
Different types of fish tolerate different pH levels but, in general, most fish will do better in ponds
with a pH near 7.0. Ponds with a pH less than 6.0 may result in stunted or reduced fish populations.

Turbidity is a measure of how clear the water is. High turbidity means the water is murkier
that there are a lot of particles suspended in it and light cannot get through. While this may not be
harmful directly, it is certainly undesirable for many water uses. Low turbidity means that there
are fewer particles in the water and it is clearer. Even though highly turbid water can be detrimental
to an aquatic ecosystem, it is not correct to assume that clear water is always healthy. Based on the
data above, the number of 20 minutes settled turbidity is 109, 55, 17.3, 5.59, 2.53 and 2.62.

Based on the graph, we could conclude the optimum dosage of coagulant from the graph
turbidity versus coagulant after experiment is 2 mg/L of alum and most effective pH is 5.19. Lastly,
add more dose of coagulation chemical to make the water high in turbidity.

In this experiment, an error may occur due to some factors such as the mixer is not properly
lifted and cause the solution to shake. Besides, the impurity in the tube should be clear before
taking the sample. This is because to make sure the turbidity value is accurate. Moreover, any
vibration should be avoided to make sure the jars are not shaking during conducting the experiment
because the residual will mixed again with the pond water.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the objective of the experiment which is to determine the effectiveness of chemical
coagulation of water or wastewater. As conclusion, this experiment is successfully been done and
it is because the objective of this experiment which to determine the effectiveness of chemical
coagulation of water or waste water achieved. Jar testing is an experimental method where optimal
conditions are determined empirically rather than theoretically. Jar test are meant to mimic the
conditions and processes that take place in the clarification portion of water and wastewater
treatment plants. After the experiment, graph turbidity versus alum are plot, from the graph we get
the most effective alum is 0 mg/L.

Based on the data, we conclude that although the turbidity is generally declines as the amount of
the alum which added into the water but there is a point where more alum should not be added.
This is because alum will make the water more acidic. Therefore, to overcome these problems,
buffer should be added with same amount of alum at the same time the alum is added.
REFERENCES

1. Engr. Iftikhar Azim “Jar Test for removal of Turbidity Theory + Experiment,”
https://sarat212.wordpress.com/2013/01/03/jar-test-for-determining-coagulant-dosage-
in-water-treatment/

2. Haroldorban “The Jar Test ,”

https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_standard_method_for_Jar_Test

3. PE Zane Satterfield “JarTesting - National Environmental Services Center”

http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/pdf/dw/publications/ontap/2009_tb/jar_testing_DWFSOM73.pd
f