ST 703 SHIP DESIGN II

Access Equipments Part I

Topics Covered
∙ Load line rules
∙ Access equipments
− Hatches
− Manholes
− Doors
− Other closing & opening devices
− Gang ways and ladders

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ICLL - History
∙ Lloyds Rules
∙ The first recommendations about cargo loading limits based on the freeboard
were introduced by Lloyds Register in 1835, but were only applied to the
ships registered
∙ The FB was assigned as a function of the height of the cargo hold (3 inch/ft)
∙ Plimsoll Line
∙ A member of the British Parliament and coal merchant, Samuel Plimsoll
advocated the creation of legislation about load lines
∙ The Merchant Shipping Act of 1876 made the load lines mandatory
∙ In 1894 it was adopted the positioning on the hull of marks composed by a
circle cut in half by an horizontal line, later designated by Plimsoll marks
International Load Lines Convention
∙ The first International Convention was adopted in 1930

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ICLL 1966

∙ Convention
∙ • It was adopted in 1966, Protocol of 1988 and amendments in
2003
∙ Determines
− Freeboard
− Minimum bow height
− Heights of the hatchway coamings, dimensioning of the hatch
covers and their means of watertight closing
− Minimum heights for ventilators and air pipes
− Measures for protection of the crew – hand-rails and bulwarks
− Standard for checking the flooding conditions
− Minimum stability conditions acceptable after flooding
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ICLL 1966
∙ Application
∙ Ships engaged on international voyages

∙ Exceptions
∙ New ships, with length < 24 m
∙ Existing ships, with GT < 150
∙ Pleasure craft not engaged in trade
∙ Fishing vessels
∙ War ships

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International Convention on Load Lines 1966
(ICLL 1966)

∙ ICLL 1966 and its Protocol of 1988 are a comprehensive set of

regulations to determine the minimum allowable freeboard and
defines conditions of load line assignment.
∙ The minimum geometric summer freeboard is computed by
taking a freeboard for a standard ship of the same length
(provided in tabular form) and correcting it for those geometric
properties of the ship which differ from those of the standard
ship.
∙ There are corrections for block coefficient, depth,
superstructure, trunks and sheer. The result of this calculation,
the Freeboard mark, is permanently marked on the ship hull.

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International Convention on Load Lines
1966 (ICLL 1966)

∙ The assignment of the computed freeboard is conditional upon

the prescribed means of protection and closure of openings
such as hatchways, doorways, ventilation, air pipes, scuppers
and discharges being complied with.
∙ Regulations are also included for freeing ports in bulwark to
prevent water accumulating on deck, and for guard rails and
walkways to provide safe passage.

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International Convention on Load
Lines; Air pipes

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International Convention on Load
Lines; Door sills

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International Convention on Load Lines;
Required coaming heights (mm) of hatches

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International Convention on Load Lines;
Required ventilator coaming heights (mm)

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Hatch cover

∙ A large steel structure fitted over a hatch opening to prevent the

ingress of water into the cargo hold.
∙ It may also be the supporting structure for deck cargo.
∙ The hatch cover has to be weatherproof and has to remain so
when conditions change as a result of waves, temperature and
cargo.

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Types of Hatch Covers

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Folding hatch covers

∙ Folding hatch covers for weather decks can be either of the low
or high stowing type. The low stowing version and single pull
hatch covers are designed in a number of panel configurations.
The high stowing versions are also available in a number of
configurations: for example, with two to six panels and with
stowing taking place at one or both ends of a hatch.

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Folding Type Hatch Cover

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Operating requirements

∙ • Necessary power
∙ • Location of hydraulic power pack and control stands
∙ • Running the hydraulic pipelines
∙ • Operating forces
∙ • Arrangement of securing and cleating devices

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Hull Deformation and hatches

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Types of Folding Hatch

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Single Pull Type Hatch Cover

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Rolling hatch covers

Rolling covers are divided into two main types considering

opening direction. Side-rolling covers open sideways and
end-rolling covers lengthwise. Both types are well suited to act
as weatherdeck covers for dry bulk carrier and, when designed
to sustain internal liquid loads, also for OBO and Ore/Oil ships.

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Rolling Covers

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Type of Drives

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Lift-and-roll Piggy-Back covers

One panel of each pair is operated by high-lifting hydraulic

cylinders for vertical movement. The horizontal movement of the
other panel is achieved by traction drive via electric motor,
planetary gear and hydraulic brake after it has been raised by a
wheel-lifting device.

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Piggy Back Type Hatches

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Lift-away hatch covers

∙ Usually multi-panel units designed so that there are several

panels for each hatch opening. They can be opened in an
independent order and they allow partial hatch opening.
Hatches are opened with a spreader using the vessel cranes or
container cranes on shore. After removal, the panels can be
stowed on top of adjacent covers which are placed on the quay
or on the ship deck. The weight of the cover, and any cargo
stowed on it, is transferred to the ship structure by bearing pads.

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Lift away type hatches

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Lift away type hatches

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Lift Away – Types of sealing

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Lift Away Type Hatch

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Lift Away Type Hatch
Securing and Load Transmission

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Lift and Roll Covers

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Stacking Covers

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Reefers Hatch Covers

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Spring Loaded Covers

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References

∙ Taggart; Ship Design and Construction, SNAME

∙ Cargo Handling Systems in Ships
∙ Rules & Regulations – IMO, SOLAS, IMS
∙ Class Rules
∙ Venugopal K.; Maritime Law of India, Law Publishers, India
∙ MARPOL Consolidated edition, 2011
∙ SOLAS Consolidated Edition, 2014
∙ IACS Common Rules

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