Unit I – Matter

Chapter 1 How are Properties of Materials Used to Minimize Waste?

Lesson1- Recognizing Useful and Harmful Material

Matter – is everything around us.

Toxic substances – are materials may bring harm to your health, environment, and other organisms when not
used properly. It is present the things you commonly used such as paints, cleaners fumes, gel or powders.

Biodegradable materials – can be decomposed by bacteria or other living things.

Nonbiodegradable materials – do not rot easily.

Waste materials – are safely disposed into a landfill.

Landfill- is a dumping site where waste materials are covered with layers of soil. This is done so as not to
pollute the surrounding land.

Safe waste materials – are not poisonous or toxic.

Harmful waste – cannot be dumped straight into the landfill. These materials can be toxic wastes include
batteries, rubber tires, and paint.

Lesson 2 5R’s Techniques

Reduce - simply means to lessen the amount of waste in the environment. Means using less of a certain
material and using alternative.

Reuse – means to use again or find other ways to use material. Means finding another purpose for materials
that have already been used.

Recycle – means to create a new product using a material that has already served its purpose. Means
producing a new product out of discarded material.

Recover – taking energy or materials from wastes that cannot be use anymore. Means making the most out of
the waste by regenerating energy from it.

Lesson 3 Importance of Practicing the 5R’s

5R’s - help in minimizing garbage, which is the main cause of pollution.

Materials Recovery Facility – is where the wastes are segregated.

Repair – means to fix slightly broken things to make them useful again.

Lesson 4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

Physical Property – matter can be readily observed without changing its composition.

Physical change – is a change in the form and appearance of a matter, with its composition remaining the
same.

Hardness – is the ability of a material to be rigid and resist pressure that may cause deformation or change in
its shape.

Brittleness – the ability of materials to easily broken.

Flexibility – is the ability of material to be bent without breaking.

Elasticity – is the ability of materials to be stretched and then return to its original shape after.

Conductivity – is the ability of material to allow heat and electricity pass through it.

Malleability – it is the ability of material to be hammered into flat sheet until the desired shapes obtained.
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Ductility – the ability to be drawn into thin wires.

Porosity – is the ability of materials to absorb liquid well.

Combustibility – is the ability of material to burn.

Flammability – is the ability of a material to ignite or catch fire easily.

Chemical Property – the composition of a material to change first before a certain property can be observed.

Chemical change – results in the formation of new chemical substances.

Biodegradability – materials can decompose or decay through the actions of bacteria and other organism.
The ability of material to decompose.

Lesson 5 Changes in Matter in the Presence or Absence of Oxygen

Fire Triangle- represents the three important things needed for combustion to occur. (oxygen, heat and fuel)

Rusting - is caused by the reaction of iron with oxygen present in the air.

Lesson 6 Changes in Matter Through Application of Heat

Heat - is a form of energy.

Thermometer – is used to measure heat.

Vermicomposting – one way of composting by making use of worms to speed up the composting process.

Lesson 7 Changes in Matter and Waste Reduction

Unit II Living Things and Their Enviroment

Reproduction – when one or two living things produce their offspring. It ensures the continuity of life.

Penis – is the external male organ.

Glans – tip of the penis. It is covered with foreskin that may be removed through circumcision.

Scrotum – is a pair of pouch like sacs that contains the testes. It also controls the testes’ temperature because
they must be slightly cooler than the body to produce sperm cells.

Testes – are the glands that produce the sperm cells and the male sex hormone called testosterone.

Epididymis – is a narrow coiled tube that stores sperm cells.

Urethra – the urethra in males is the passageway of both urine from the urinary bladder and semen from the
glands.

Seminal Vesicles - are saclike pouches attached to the vas deferens. It contributes to the semen production.

Semen – a sugar-rich fluid which provide energy for the sperm cells’ motility.

Vas Deferens – is a long muscular tube that serves as the passageway of the sperm cells released from the
testes.

Cowper’s gland – also called as the bulbourethral gland, is one of the two- pea-sized organs found beneath
the prostate gland. It is responsible for releasing fluid that flushes out foreign matters and neutralizes the acidic
urine in the urethra.

Prostate gland – is a gland located between the bladder and the penis. It produces fluid that nourishes and
protects the sperm.

Sperm cell - is the smallest cell in a man’s body.

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Lesson 9 – The Female Reproductive System

Egg cell – is the biggest cell in the female human body. Is only one-tenth of a millimeter, about a size of the
diameter of a hair strand?
Ovary – produces egg cell.

Estrogen and progesterone – female sex hormones.

Fallopian tube – lead the egg from the ovary to the uterus. This is the usual site of fertilization of the egg cell
and sperm cell.

Uterus – also called as the womb, a hollow muscular organ located at the lower abdomen. It has a soft,
smooth inner lining called the uterine lining or endometrium. This lining becomes thicker as it accumulates
blood and nutrients to accommodate the unborn baby as it develops. It is also the site where the fertilized egg
is implanted.

Menstruation – if the egg cell is not fertilized, together with the uterine lining, it will break down and is
discharge.

Cervix – is located at the lower part of the uterus. It is a narrow opening between the uterus and the vagina.

Vagina – also called as the birth canal, the vagina is a hollow, muscular tube that extends from the cervix to
the vaginal opening called vulva. It expands to let the baby pass during normal delivery.

Lesson 10 Development of Secondary Sex Characteristics

Puberty – is a stage characterized by rapid developmental changes.

Lesson 11 the Menstrual cycle

Menstrual flow – usually last for 3-5 days.

Menstrual Cycle – lasts for 28 days. Preparation of the female reproductive system for possible reproduction.

Menopausal stage – is a phase where menstrual cycle will stop when there are no more egg cells to be
released between 45-55 years of age.

Lesson 12 Care for the Reproductive Organs

Menstrual Cramps or dysmenorrhea – pain in the lower abdomen during menstruation.

Lesson 13 Sexual reproduction – when two parents are present to produce new individual. Takes place
when sex cells from two parent animals (one male and one female) unite to form a new animal.

Sex cells is also called gametes. Produced by animals. These gametes contain information about a new
organism. There are types of sex cell or gametes. The egg cell for female and sperm cell for the males.

Zygote – fertilized egg which develops into an embryo.

Internal Fertilization – happens when the male animal releases sperm cell into the body of the female animal
to fertilize the egg cell. Insects, birds, cats, and cows undergo internal fertilization.

External Fertilization – occurs outside the bodies of the parents. The female releases eggs into the water or
attaches them to a plant or rock. The male then releases sperm cells over the eggs to fertilize them.

Asexual reproduction – does not need one male and one female parent to produce an offspring. A single
parent organism simply makes identical copies of itself.

Lesson 14 – Asexual reproductionin Animals

Asexual Reproduction – does not need one male and one female parent to produce offspring. Is the kind of
reproduction with the involvement of only one parent animal.

Binary fission – occurs when a parent animal divide itself into two. Each half grows into a new individual. Sea
anemone is able to reproduce through this method.

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Budding – happens when an outgrowth of the parent animal develops into a new animal. Plants also develops
anew plant through the process of budding. A bulge appears on the parent’s body, grows into a bud, and
eventually becomes a miniature copy of the parent.

Lesson 15 – Types of Reproduction in Animals

Egg-laying animals – animals lay their eggs to the environment. Examples of the animals that lay eggs are
birds, snakes, frog turtle, lizards, and insects.

Incubation period – is the time between the laying of the egg and the hatching of the young.

Gestation – the time between fertilization and birth of the live young.

Born alive – some animals retain and nourish the fertilized egg inside the body of the female parent. The
fertilized egg develops into an embryo that grows while receiving the nourishment from the mother through the
placenta.

Chapter 5

Lesson 16 – Sexual Reproduction in Plants

Receptacle – is the enlarged upper end of a flower stalk which bears the flower or group of flowers.

Sepals – are modified leaves which enclose and protect other parts of the flower when it is still a bud.

Calyx – when a flower blooms sepals supports the bottom of the flower. A group of petals is called calyx.

Petals – from the most obvious part of a flower.

Corolla – a group of petals.

Stamen – is the male part of the flower. It consist of the filament and the anther.

Filament – holds the anther in a position tall enough to release the pollen.

Anther – consist of two lobes that that contain pollen sacs. Pollen sacs have pollen grains that are released by
the anther that are released when they mature.

Pistil – is the female part of the flower.

Style – is a stalk that connects the stigma to the ovary.

Stigma – is a swollen structure at the end of the style. It receives the pollen rains. The mature stigma secretes
a fluid that stimulates the pollen grains to germinate.

Ovule – it contains the female gametes or sex cells called ovum.

Pollination – Plant sexual reproduction happens when pollen grains are transferred from the anthers (male)
into the stigma (females). Is the transfer of pollens grains from the anther to the stigma. Pollination usually
brought about by wind, insect, or birds.

Agents of pollination – animals and other agents that aid in sexual reproduction of plants.

Self-pollination – is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or different
flower that belongs to the same plant.

Cross-pollination – is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of another flower
that belongs to the another plant but of the same kind. Cross-pollination is the most common form of
pollination.

Vegetative propagation – is a form of asexual reproduction where new plants are produced from one part of a
parent plant.

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Lesson 17 -Asexual Reproduction in Plants

Bulb - a round stem with fleshy leaves. EX. ONION, TULIP.

Rhizome – a horizontally growing stem (example: ginger, lotus)

Corm – a short, vertical stem (example: gladiolus, taro or Gabi)

Tuber – a fleshy underground stem or root (examples: potato-stem, sweet potat0 – root)

Stolon’s or runner – some modified stems do not grow underground, but instead crawl along the ground.

Chapter 6

Lesson 18 – Abiotic factors in an Intertidal Zone and Estuarine Ecosystem

Population – when organism of the same kind live together, they form a group.

Community – a population interacts with other populations.

Ecosystem – is the relationship between biotic (living) factors and abiotic (nonliving) factors in a certain
place.

Intertidal zones – areas which are constantly exposed to the changing tides.

Brackish waters – areas where sea waters meet the fresh water from the river is also a home to various kind
of animals. Means a mixture of salt water and fresh water.

Brackish – type of water in estuaries.

Estuaries – areas which is very unique characteristic that some organism choose to reproduce in this area. It
is also called “nurseries of the sea”. They filter sediments and pollutants before the fresh water from the river
enters the seas or ocean. They also filter the salt from the seas and the oceans before waters enters the
mouth of the river.

Waves – refers to the movement of the surface of the water. These are strong forces that organism must learn
to live with.

Kelp – a kind of algae has a strong root-like structures that attaches itself to rock to keep it from being carried
away. By the waves.

Salinity – refers to the amount of salt in water.

Temperature – refers to the hotness and coldness of water. It changes because of the tides and amount of
sunlight.

Algae, seaweeds, sea grasses and other marine plants depend on the amount of sunlight that receives in the
estuaries.

The type of soil differ in the estuaries depending on the strength of waves and kinds of rock present in the
area.

Mangrove – trees which grow in saltwater areas.

Intertidal – areas which is directly affected by tides.

Lesson 19 – Biotic Factors in an Intertidal Zone and Estuaries

Coral reefs - are the areas of estuaries which part of the subtidal zone where biodiversity is rich.

Salt Marshes – are areas in the estuary that are filled with sea water during high tides and are drained in
during low tides. They are marshy because they are filled with decomposing plant matter.

Halophytes – salt tolerant plants.

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Mud flats or tidal flats – are areas in estuaries where mud from the seas or rivers is deposited. They are
usually the areas for migratory birds, crabs, sand dollars, mussel’s clams, mollusks shellfish and other fish.

Rocky shore – are areas in estuaries where solid rocks are found. Animals found in rocky shores are
planktons, brittle stars, starfish, hermit crab, barnacles, limpets, mollusks, periwinkle, shore crabs, shrimp and
prawns.

Mangrove Forest - are areas in the estuary that are filled with mangrove trees. These trees are have adapted
to salt water. Breeding ground for different kinds of fish and shellfish.

Mangroves - protects the coast against erosion caused by waves wind and tides. They also protect coral reefs
and seagrass beds from silting or deposition of sand.

Biodiversity – refers to the abundance of different living organisms living in an area.

Lesson 20 – Feeding Relationship in an Intertidal Zone and Estuaries Ecosystem.

Light from the sun – is the source of energy for the ecosystem. The energy is passed from one organism to
another.

Producers – are green plants, algae or microorganism, that are capable of making their own food .They make
their own food by converting the energy from the sun into chemical energy. Producers provide energy and
nutrients to other organisms.

Consumers – get their energy by feeding on plants and other organisms. Therefore all animals are
consumers.

Herbivores – animals that eat only plants. They are known as the primary consumer.

Carnivores – living that eat other animals. Carnivores that eat herbivores are known as secondary
consumers. Carnivores that feed on other carnivores are tertiary consumers.

Omnivores – some animals, like human eat both plants and animals.

Decomposers – get energy by breaking down dead organism and their wastes. When they break down these
dead organisms and wastes, nutrients, from them are returned to the environment. Example are fungi and
bacteria.

Food chain - the feeding relationship among organism. Is a series of organisms in which each organism feeds
on another organism and so on.

Food web – when food web are interlinked. A food web consists of two or more food chains.

Scavengers – organisms that feed on dead animal and wastes.

Lesson 21 – Protecting and Conserving our intertidal Zones and Estuaries

Unit III – Energy, Force and Motion

Chapter 7 – How do We Measure Motion in Terms of distance and Time?

Lesson 22- Motion

Motion – as changed of an object’s position as caused by force. When there is motion there is motion. There
can be no motion without a force or a set of forces. Forces therefore, initiate and influence motion.

Reference point – is a fixed place or an object used to determine the position of an object. If the reference
point is the ground outside the car, the passengers are moving. If the reference point is the floor of the car, the
passenger are not moving. It serves as the basis for which the movement of an object can be related to.
Through a reference point, one can tell whether an object has moved or not.

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Lesson 23 – Distance

Distance -is the measure of how far or near two points are from one another. It can be measured using
different ways such as time, landmark or body parts. Is measured by using tools such as meter stick, tape
measure measuring wheel, and ultrasonic distance measurer.

Metric system – is the world standard for measurement. It is used by scientists throughout the world.
C
Meter – standard unit of measurement for length or distance.

Metric System Conversion

1 km = 1000 meters
1 meter = 100 cm
1 meter = 1000 mm

Speed -P is the movement on how fast or slow it moves.

Chapter 8 How Do Light, Heat, and Sound affect our Daily life?

Lesson 24 – How Light Interacts with Different Materials

Visible light – light that is visible to the human eye. Is only part of the electromagnetic spectrum (EM)

Electromagnetic Spectrum (EM) – shows the entire range of waves present in our world.

Sun – the primary source of the visible light.

Visible light – allows us to see the colors that is not absorbed by the objects.

Optics – is the study of refraction, reflection, absorption, and transmission of light.

Refraction – refers to the bending of light as it passes through different materials.

Reflection – refers to the bouncing back of light when it hits an object some objects with flat surface, like
mirrors, reflect light in a straight, predictable way. Some objects with uneven surfaces, like rocks, reflect light in
a scattered way.

Absorption – refers to a material’s taking in of light and not reflecting it back. For example, when light strikes a
black surface, it is absorbed by the surface and noting is reflected.

Transmission – refers to passing of light through some materials. For example, when a light passes through a
glass window, it is transmitted to the other side, allowing the light to pass through the window.

Transparent materials – allow all light to pass through them. Clear plastic and glass windows are
examples of transparent objects.

Translucent materials – allows some light to pass through them. Stained glasses and frosted window
are example of translucent objects.

Opaque materials – do not allow light to pass through them. Concrete walls, wooden doors and
mirrors are examples of opaque objects.

Lesson 25 – Colors and Heat Absorption

Red shirt – absorbs all the colors of light except for the red color. All the other colors are absorb by the red
shirt.

White – Combination of all colors. When you see a white object, it means that the object is reflecting all the
colors of the light at the same time.

Black is the absence of reflected color. When we see a black object, it means that the object is absorbing all
the colors of light and none of the visible colors are reflected.

The more colors of an object absorbs, the more heat is absorbed.

The more colors an object reflects, the more heat is reflected.
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When colored fabric absorbs light, it turns the light into thermal energy (heat).

When an object takes in light –

Colors that white reflect –
Light is converted into this form of energy when heated – heat
Presence of all colors –
The color of an object that reflects green –
The color that means the absence of all colors –
Light bounces back upon hitting an object –
Colors reflected by black –
The color of an object that absorbs all color except red –

Lesson 26 – Properties of Sound.

Sound is produced due to - vibrations.

Pitch – Refers to the highness and lowness of notes. When vibrations are fast, high notes are heard.
When vibrations are slow, low notes are heard.

Quality – refers to the shape of sound waves an object produces. The smoother the shape of the
waves, the better is the quality of the sound and more pleasing it is to the ears. If the shape of the
waves is ragged, the sound it produces is noise and unpleasant to the ears.

Loudness – Refers to the volume or sound pressure produced by the vibrations of an object. If the
sound produces high pressure, then the sound becomes louder. This pressure can sometimes be so
high that the loud sound becomes irritating to the ears.

Echolocation – special sonar system that bats use at night.

Lesson 26 – Pleasant or Unpleasant Sound

Orchestra – is a large group of musicians who play different instrument together like string.

Music – Usually made from vibrations that reach our ears harmoniously. Is vocal instrument sounds (or both)
combined in order to produce harmonious sound. It is usually used to express ones emotions.

Noise or unpleasant Sound – sound that make irregular vibrations. Is a sound that is loud, unpleasant and
causes disturbance.

Chapter 9 How Do We Produce Electricity?

Lesson 28 Conductors of Heat and Electricity

Copper Wire – is the most widely used material for connecting devices. Are widely used for electrical wiring
because they are ductile and are good conductors of electricity.

Conductors – Are materials that allow electricity and heat to flow freely through them, allowing electricity and
heat to be transferred from the source through them.

Metals – are good conductors of heat and electricity. Copper and aluminum are metals. Stainless steel is an
iron-based metal with chromium.

Cooking pots and pans – made of metals made cooking faster because they quickly allow heat transfer from
the flame to the cook being cooked.

Insulator – materials that are non-conductors or that do not allow heat and electricity to pass through them.

Lesson 29 Open and Closed Circuit

Closed circuit – a wire is attached to the negative end of the battery, while the other wire is attached to the
positive end. Both wires are attached to the bulb.
- Makes the bulb light up because the path of electricity is complete, allowing electricity to
flow through it. Electricity flows from the negative to the positive terminal of the dry cell.

Open Circuit - electricity does not flow in this kind of circuit because there is a gap or no complete path from
one end of the circuit to the other end.
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Battery – a source of energy.

Wire – Connect the light bulb and the battery.

Lesson 30 Series and Parallel Circuits

Series Circuit – are bulbs that are connected one after the other in one chain. The electric current flows
through a single path, so when one bulb is loosened or busted all the other bulbs in this circuit will not light
anymore. The loosened or busted bulb breaks or opens the pathway, so electricity cannot flow through.

Parallel Circuit – has the light bulbs with different loops. Each bulb is a part of a different circuit.

Lesson 31 – Electromagnetism

Electricity and magnets are closely related to each other. Electricity can produce magnets while magnets
can produce electricity.

Magnet – usually made of iron. It can attract objects such as pins, coins, and other materials made of iron and
steel.

Electromagnet – are temporary magnets. When electricity stops flowing through a coil of wires, the nail stops
attracting any metal or magnetic material. Ex. A nail is not a magnet, but it can be turned into one. This is done
by coiling of wire around it and then letting electricity flow through it. The iron nail acts as a magnet while
electricity is flowing through the coil of wire.

- Can be made stronger by using more coils of wire. Each turn of wire adds more force to the
electromagnet.
- Electromagnets are used in transmitting signals through telephone, radio, and television
- Commercial establishment make use of generator, transformers and motors which are made
of electromagnets.
- A crane that lifts heavy object is also made of an electromagnet.

UNIT 4 – Earth and Space

Chapter 10- What processes Shape the Earth’s Surface?

Lesson 32 Weathering

Earth – is mainly composed of rocks that differ in terms of sizes, shapes and colors.

Weathering – is an important process that helps shape the earth’s surface. The breaking of rocks result in the
formation of soil and different landforms.

Mechanical Weathering – is the physical wearing a way of rocks.

Chemical Weathering – involves a change in the composition of rocks that allows them break down into
pieces.

Agents of Weathering

Water – Water can break rocks in different ways. The strong waves hitting the rocks can make it break.
Wind – Is another agent of weathering that causes many formations like the mahayaw Arch in Sabtang
Island, Batanes, Philippines. As the wind blows, it carries sand or small rock particles that scratch the rocks’
surface. This can bring about mechanical weathering which can also result to different rock formations.

Temperature – When rocks are exposed to varying temperature it, expands. If rocks are exposed to a
low temperature, it contracts. The repeated expansion and contraction of rocks due to change in temperature
results in weathering.

Plants – Some plants like lichens, ferns and mosses, can also trigger weathering. It can grow on rocks
and cause it to break into pieces.

Animals - animals that live underground also contribute to weathering. As burrowing animals dig
deeper, they cause rocks to break into pieces, too.

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 Humans – humans also contribute to the weathering of rocks. Subdivision developers use bulldozer to
flatten mountains or hills to build houses.
Lesson 33 Soil Erosion

Erosion – when rocks are broken down into different pieces, it does not stay in one place. Some rock
fragments become part of the soil. Others are transferred from one place to another. The movement of rocks
from one place to another is called erosion.

Slope – Is an inclined surface of land.

Lesson 34- Effects of Soil Erosion

Topsoil – contain the organic materials produced by dead plants and animals.

Lesson 35 – Control Soil Erosion

Natural Vegetation – the simplest and natural way of controlling soil erosion, which is allowing plants and
trees to grow naturally without human interference.

Windbreak – is a row of trees planted in a straight path shielding and protecting plants and crops from strong
winds and gales. Windbreaks prevents strong wind to directly blow the soil, thus lessening the soil erosion that
takes place.

Contour Plowing – Planting on mountainsides follow the contours or curves of land instead of planting the
crops up and down the slopes so as to slow down the flow of water and the soil that it carries.

Strip Cropping – This method involves alternately planting different crops in strips. These crops are planted
across the slope.

Terracing – planting on terraces or steps built on slope of mountainsides.

Crop Rotation – Refers to planting crops in a different spot each year.

Riprapping – another way of controlling soil erosion is by building ripraps or chunks of stone or rocks arranged
on the edge of a slope. This arrangement of stones does not just serve as a foundation but also a ridge to
control soil erosion.

Chapter 11 What Causes Weather Disturbances?

Lesson 36 Weather Disturbances

Typhoon – weather disturbances that brings heavy rains, floods, and landslides.

LPA (low pressure Area) and High Pressure Area – refers to the weight of the air that is pressing down on
earth.

Convection – the rising of warm water air and sinking of cold air, explains how a high pressure area and a low
pressure are formed.

High Pressure Area or HPA– When cold air sinks. Since most of the air is pressing down, the air on the
surface becomes dry.
- Forms when cold air sinks and less warm air arises. It indicates a fair weather since lesser
rain clouds are formed.

Low pressure area or LPA – it is a result when warm air arises, less air presses downward.
- When more warm air arises. This can cause rain clouds to form which leads to rain. LPA
accompanied by strong winds can become a cyclone.

In a cyclone, the cool air flows to take the place of the rising warm air. As a result, the air current spins. The
wind spiral around to the center of the cyclone. This center is called eye.

Tropical Cyclone – when a cyclone is formed over the tropics. Surrounded by bands of clouds and wind.

Tropical Disturbance – it is an isolated weather system with an apparent circulation. It is characterized by a

poorly developed wind circulation. This is commonly observed throughout the wet tropics and subtropics.

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Tropical Depression – It is a week low pressure disturbance with a definite surface circulation. A tropical
depression has a maximum wind speed of up to 61 kilometers per hour (kph). It is most common in the
equatorial region or the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). The ITCZ is the belt of low pressure which
circles the earth generally near the equator.

Tropical Storm – Once the tropical depression has intensified, it becomes a tropical storm. A tropical storm is
a moderate tropical cyclone with maximum wind speed of 62 to 88 kph. A tropical storm is more organized and
more circular shape. The rotation of a tropical storm is more recognizable than that of a tropical depression.
Severe tropical storm has a maximum speed of 89 to 117 kph.

Typhoon – it is an intense tropical cyclone with maximum wind speed of 118 to 220 kph. Most of the time, a
typhoon is accompanied by heavy rains and strong winds.

Weather Disturbance – any disruption that occurs in the earth’s atmosphere.

Air pressure – the weight of the air that presses down on earth.

Convection - is referred as the rising of the warm air and sinking of the cold air.

Monsoon – the prevailing wind continually blow at a distinct direction. The continuous change in its direction.

Northeast Monsoon or amihan – the prevailing wind from the northeast. This wind bring cold air during ber
months and rain over the east coast of the country.

Southwest Monsoon or Habagat - is the prevailing wind that blows from southwest. This wind is warm and
humid and brings rain from June to October.

Intertropical Convergence Zone or ITCZ – is the area near the equator where winds from the north and
South hemisphere meet. Theses causes rain to fall from the clouds.

Lesson 37 Condition of the Environment Before, During, and After a Typhoon

THERMOMETER- measures the air temperature. Most thermometers are closed glass tubes containing liquids
such as alcohol or mercury. When air around the tube heats the liquid, the liquid expands and moves up the
tube.

Barometer - is a scientific instrument used in meteorology to measure atmospheric pressure. A simple

barometer consists of a long glass tube (closed at one end, open at the other) filled with mercury and turned
upside down into a container of mercury.

Psychrometer measures the humidity (also known as a wet- and dry-bulb thermometer). It uses a pair of
thermometers standing side by side. One has a bulb open to the air; the other has a bulb covered in a wet
cloth. ... You measure the humidity by comparing the readings from the two thermometers.

Anemometer - is a type of weather instrument that measures wind speed. Some of these instruments
measure both wind speed and wind direction. Anemometers are common at weather stations. A cup
anemometer is a type of instrument that uses three or four hemispherical cups mounted on horizontal arms on
a vertical rod

A rain gauge (also known as an udometer, pluviometer, or an ombrometer) is an instrument used by

meteorologists and hydrologists to gather and measure the amount of liquid precipitation over an area in a
predefined period of time.

Lesson 38 Dealing with Weather Disturbances

Chapter 12 How Does the Moon Affect Us?

Moon - the natural satellite that earth has. The moon does not produce its own light. It only reflects the light
coming from the sun.

Satellite – is an object that revolves around a larger object.

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Lesson 39 Phases of the Moon

Phases of the moon – it takes about a week to change from one phase to another.

New moon – When moon is between the sun and the Earth, you cannot see the moon. During this phase, the
moon is not visible from the Earth. This is because the side of the moon that is facing us is not being lit by the
sun.

First Quarter Moon – you see half of the lighted side of the moon.

Full Moon – you can see a whole lighted side of the moon. A full moon appears as an entire circle in the sky.

Last Quarter Moon – half of the moons lighted area.

Crescent – when the moon is between the appearance of the quarter moon and new moon. It is less than half
lit.

Gibbous – when the moon is in between quarter moon and the full moon, gibbous moon is more than half lit.

Month – the moon goes through these eight phases in 29 ½ days. The period takes the moon to complete.

Waxing phase – when the moon seems to be growing.

Waxing Gibbous- when most of the portion of the moon is visible in the sky.
Waning gibbous – when moon appears to be getting smaller each night.

Lesson 40 Beliefs Practices Associated with the Moon

Superstitions – are beliefs based on opinions, observations and experiences but have no scientific
explanation. Superstitious belief – Assumption without scientific bases.

Tides – are the rising and falling of sea levels with respect to land.

High tide – the rising of ocean level.

Low Tide – low water level.

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Chapter 13 What are Some Characteristics and Patterns of Stars?
Lesson 41 Different Characteristic of Stars

VY Canis Major - one of the largest known star has a diameter of 1,975,000,000 kilometers.

Light-year – is the distance light travels in one year. Distance of stars is measured in terms of light-year. One
light year is about ten trillion kilometers.

Proxima Centauri –The 2nd star closest to Earth, about 4.3 light-year.

Polaris or North Star – is the brightest star in the constellation Ursa Minor. It is commonly used by people as
point of reference during early times.

Blue – Color of the hottest star about 20,000 °C.

Red – color of the coolest star about 3,000 °C.

Sun – a giant ball of hot gases. Star that is closest to earth about 150,000,000 kilometers away from the earth.

About 255 days to reach reach the sun.

Lesson 42 Constellation

Constellations – The group of stars that form distinct patterns in the sky.

Draco – In Northern Hemisphere group of star that look like dragon.

Southern Cross – In Southern Hemisphere, a group of star that seemingly form a cross.

Ursa Major – resembles a big bear and is the third largest constellation in the night sky. It includes the big
dipper which is composed of the seven stars, Alkaid, Alcor, and Mizar (appear as one), Alioth, Megrez,
Phecda, Merak, and Dhube.

Ursa Minor – or the little bear contains a group of stars known as the little dipper. The handle of the dipper
serves as the little bear’s tail and dipper’s cup, is the bears thigh. The most famous star in Ursa Minor is
Polaris.

Asterism – is a part of a constellation that represents another object within the pattern.

Cassiopeia - consist of five star that seems to form the letter W. It represents the queen Cassiopeia of the
mythical kingdom Ethiopia.
Orion – is one of the most recognizable constellations in the night sky and is visible throughout the world.
Three of its star from its belt. Orion’s Belt is also an asterism. On Orion’s right shoulder is red supergiant star
called Betelgeuse. A bluish-white star called Rigel is found on Orion’s left knee.
Zodiac – is the imaginary belt or path in the heavens that includes the path of the planets.

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