Check Below The Important Formulas, Terms and Properties For CBSE Class 10 Maths Exam 2020: 1. Real Numbers

Check below the important formulas, terms and properties for CBSE Class
10 Maths Exam 2020:

1. Real Numbers:
Euclid’s Division Algorithm (lemma): According to Euclid’s Division Lemma if we
have two positive integers a and b, then there exist unique integers q
and r such that a = bq + r, where 0 ≤ r ≤ b. (Here, a = dividend, b = divisor, q =
quotient and r = remainder.)
2. Polynomials:
(i) (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(ii) (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
(iii) a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
(iv) (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
(v) (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab(a – b)
(vi) a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
(vii) a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
(viii) a4 – b4 = (a2)2 – (b2)2 = (a2 + b2) (a2 – b2) = (a2 + b2) (a + b) (a – b)
(ix) (a + b + c) 2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac
(x) (a + b – c) 2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab – 2bc – 2ca
(xi) (a – b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab – 2bc + 2ca
(xii) (a – b – c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab + 2bc – 2ca
(xiii) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
CBSE Class 10 Mathematics Exam 2019: Important questions with
solutions
3. Linear Equations in Two Variables:
For the pair of linear equations
a1 + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2 + b2y + c2 = 0,
the nature of roots (zeroes) or solutions is determined as follows:
(i) If a1/a2 ≠ b1/b2 then we get a unique solution and the pair of linear equations in
two variables are consistent. Here, the graph consists of two intersecting lines.
(i) If a1/a2 ≠ b1/b2 ≠ c1/c2, then there exists no solution and the pair of linear
equations in two variables are said to be inconsistent. Here, the graph consists
of parallel lines.
(iii) If a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2, then there exists infinitely many solutions and the pair
of lines are coincident and therefore, dependent and consistent. Here, the graph
consists of coincident lines.
CBSE Class10 Mathematics Sample Paper 2019
4. Quadratic Equation:
For a quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0
 Sum of roots = –b/a

 Product of roots = c/a
 If roots of a quadratic equation are given, then the quadratic equation can
be represented as:
x – (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots = 0
2
 If Discriminant > 0, then the roots the quadratic equation are real and
unequal/unique.
 If Discriminant = 0, then the roots the quadratic equation are real and
equal.
 If Discriminant < 0, then the roots the quadratic equation are imaginary
(not real).
 Important Formulas - Boats and Streams
(i) Downstream
In water, the direction along the stream is called downstream.
(ii) Upstream
In water, the direction against the stream is called upstream.
(iii) Let the speed of a boat in still water be u km/hr and the speed of the stream
be v km/hr, then
Speed downstream = (u + v) km/hr

Speed upstream = (u - v) km/hr.
CBSE Class 10 Mathematics Previous Years' Solved Question Papers
(2010-2018)
5. Arithmetic Progression:
 nth Term of an Arithmetic Progression: For a given AP, where a is the
first term, d is the common difference, n is the number of terms, its nth
term (an) is given as
an = a + (n−1)×d
 Sum of First n Terms of an Arithmetic Progression, Sn is given as:
CBSE Class 10 Maths Exam 2019: Revision Tips by Experts

6. Similarity of Triangles:
 If two triangles are similar then ratio of their sides are equal.
 Theorem on the area of similar triangles: If two triangles are similar, then
the ratio of the area of both triangles is proportional to the square of the
ratio of their corresponding sides.
7. Coordinate Gemetry:
 Distance Formulae: Consider a line having two point A(x1, y1) and B(x2,
y2), then the distance of these points is given as:
 Section Formula: If a point p divides a line AB with coordinates A(x1,

y1) and B(x2, y2), in ratio m:n, then the coordinates of the point p are given
as:
 Mid Point Formula: The coordinates of the mid-point of a line AB with
coordinates A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2), are given as:
 Area of a Triangle: Consider the triangle formed by the points A(x1,

y1) and B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) then the area of a triangle is given as-
Download CBSE Class 10 Mathematics Solved Guess Paper 2019

8. Trigonometry:
In a right-angled triangle, the Pythagoras theorem states
(perpendicular )2 + ( base )2 = ( hypotenuse )2
Important trigonometric properties: (with P = perpendicular, B = base and H
= hypotenuse)
 SinA = P / H
 CosA = B / H
 TanA = P / B
 CotA = B / P
 CosecA = H / P
 SecA = H/B
Trigonometric Identities:
2 2
 sin A + cos A=1
2 2
 tan A +1 = sec A
2 2
 cot A + 1= cosec A
Relations between trigonometric identities are given below:
Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary Angles are given as follows:

 sin (90° – A) = cos A
 cos (90° – A) = sin A
 tan (90° – A) = cot A
 cot (90° – A) = tan A
 sec (90° – A) = cosec A
 cosec (90° – A) = sec A
NCERT Exemplar Problems and Solutions Class 10 Maths: All Chapters
Values of Trigonometric Ratios of 0° and 90° are tabulated below:
9. Circles:
Important properties related to circles:
Equal chord of a circle are equidistant from the centre.
The perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle, bisects the chord of the
circle.
The angle subtended at the centre by an arc = Double the angle at any part of
the circumference of the circle.
Angles subtended by the same arc in the same segment are equal.
To a circle, if a tangent is drawn and a chord is drawn from the point of contact,
then the angle made between the chord and the tangent is equal to the angle
made in the alternate segment.
The sum of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is always 180o.

Important formulas related to circles:
 Area of a Circle = πr2

 Circumference of a Circle = 2πr
 Area of the sector of angle θ =
 Length of an arc of a sector of angle θ =
 Area of a Segment of a Circle: If AB is a chord which divides the circle into
two parts, then the bigger part is known as major segment and smaller one
is called minor segment.
Here, Area of the segment APB = Area of the sector OAPB – Area of ∆ OAB
NCERT Solutions for CBSE Class 10 Maths: All Chapters
10. Mensuration:
Check below the important formulas for areas and volumes of solids:
11. Statistics:
For Ungrouped Data:
Mean: The mean value of a variable is defined as the sum of all the values of
the variable divided by the number of values.
Median: The median of a set of data values is the middle value of the data set
when it has been arranged in ascending order. That is, from the smallest value
to the highest value.
Median is calculated as
Where n is the number of values in the data. If the number of values in the data
set is even, then the median is the average of the two middle values.
Mode: Mode of a statistical data is the value of that variable which has the
maximum frequency
For Grouped Data:
Mean: If x1, x2, x3,......xn are observations with respective frequencies f1, f2,
f3,.....fn then mean is given as:
Median: For the given data, we need to have class interval, frequency
distribution and cumulative frequency distribution. Then, median is calculated as
Where
l = lower limit of median class,
n = number of observations,
cf = cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class,
f = frequency of median class,
h = class size (assuming class size to be equal)
Mode:Modal class: The class interval having highest frequency is called the
modal class and Mode is obtained using the modal class.
Where
l = lower limit of the modal class,
h = size of the class interval (assuming all class sizes to be equal),
f1 = frequency of the modal class,
f0 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class,
f2 = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class.
12. Probability:
Question 1. In which season are rabi crops sown in India?
Answer: The rabi crops are sown in India in winter from October to December.
Question 2. Which is the leading sugarcane producer state of India?

Answer: Uttar Pradesh is the leading producer of sugarcane in India.
Long Answer Type Question [5 Marks]
Question 3. Explain any five steps taken by the central and state governments to improve
Indian agriculture after independence.
Answer: Various initiatives taken by the central and state governments to ensure the
increase in agricultural production after independence are as follows.
 Collectivism, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc.

were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after
independence.
 Land reforms were the main focus of the First Five Year Plan.
 The Green Revolution based on the use of package technology and the White
Revolution (Operation Flood) were some of the strategies initiated to improve Indian
agriculture.
 Minimum Support Price Policy, provisions for crop insaurance, subsidy on agricultural
inputs and resources such as power and fertilisers, Grameen banks, Kissan Credit
Card (KCC) and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme are some of the reforms
brought by the government.
 Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural
universities, veterinary services and animal breeding centres, horticulture development
and weather forecast etc. were given priority for improving Indian agriculture.
Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]
Question 4. What term is used for grouping of small land holdings with bigger ones?
Answer: The term used for grouping of small land holdings with bigger ones is consolidation
of land holdings.
Question 5. What is White Revolution related to?
Answer: White Revolution is related to the production of milk. It is also called Operation
Flood.
Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]
Question 6. Describe the conditions required for the cultivation of tea. Name two major tea-
producing states of India.
Answer: Tea is an important beverage crop. The following are the conditions required
for its cultivation.
 The tea plant grows in tropical and sub-tropical regions, which have deep, fertile and
well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter.
 Tea bushes require warm and moist frost-free climate all through the year.
 Tea bushes require frequent showers throughout the year to ensure continuous growth
of tender leaves. It needs abundant, cheap and skilled labour.
 Two major tea-producing states are Assam and West Bengal.
Question 7. Name the two most important staple food crops in India. Mention the
geographical conditions required for their growth.
Answer: The two most important staple food crops in India are rice and wheat.
The geographical conditions required for the growth of rice are as follows.
 It requires high temperature—above 25°C.

 It requires high humidity for its growth.
 It requires annual rainfall above 100 cm.
The geographical conditions required for the growth of wheat arenas follows.
 It is a rabi crop and needs cool growing season.
 It requires bright sunshine at the time of ripening.
 It also requires 50 to 70 cm of annual rainfall, well distributed over the growing season.

Question 8. By what other name is ‘slash and burn’ agriculture known?
Answer: ‘Slash and burn’ agriculture is also known as jhumming.
Question 9. Of which agricultural product is India the largest producer as well as consumer
in the world?
Answer: India is the largest producer as well as consumer of pulses in the world.
Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 10. Mention any three geographical conditions required for rice cultivation in India.
of land holdings.
Question 11. Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of wheat in India.
of land holdings.
Question 12. Suggest any five measures to enhance the agricultural production in India
Answer: Agricultural is an important economic activity in our country. I would like to
suggest the following measures to enhance the agricultural production in India.
 Each district and block can be made self-sufficient in agricultural production if the
government provides proper agricultural infrastructure, irrigation facilities, electricity,
etc.
 Loans can be provided at lower interest rates to cultivator.
 The use of latest techniques can be encouraged.
 Instead of concentrating only on rice or wheat, the food crop with a better growth
potential in that particular area must be encouraged.
 attracting foreign investment in agriculture and also free trade in grains will not only
increase agricultural production, but will also create massive employment and reduce
poverty in rural areas.
 Farmers should diversify their cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops.
Question 13. Name the state which is the largest producer of ragi.
Answer: Karnataka is the largest producer of ragi.
Question 14. Mention the geographical conditions required for the growth of cotton along
with any four cotton-producing states.
Answer: Cotton is a kharif crop. India is believed to be the original home of the cotton
plants. The geographical conditions required for the growth of cotton are as follows.
 Cotton grows in the drier parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan Plateau.
 Cotton needs high temperature, light rainfall, 210 forest-free days and bright sunshine
for its growth.
 It requires 6 to 8 months to grow.
 Major cotton-producing states are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and
Karnataka
Very Short Answer Type Question [1 Mark] 2012

Question 15. Name the crop of which India is the largest producer and consumer.
Answer: India is the largest producer and consumer of the pulses in the world.
Question 16. Distinguish between primitive subsistence farming and intensive subsistence
farming.
Answer: The following are the differences between primitive subsistence farming and
intensive subsistence farming.
Question 17. Define plantation agriculture. Explain any four characteristics of

plantation agriculture.
Answer: Plantation is a type of commercial farming where a single crop is grown on a
large area. The following are the four characteristics of plantation.
 Plantations have very large areas.

 Capital-intensive inputs are used.
 Migrant labourers are used.
 All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries.
 The development of plantations is the result of a well-developed network of
transport and communication, connecting plantations to markets
Question 18. What are the two cotton-producing states of north India? Describe four
geographical conditions required for the growth of cotton.
Answer: The two cotton-producing states of north India are Punjab and Haryana. It is
a kharif crop. For geographical conditions required for the growth of cotton.
Question 19. How has irrigation changed the cropping pattern in many regions of
India. Explain with examples.
Answer: Irrigation has changed the cropping pattern of many regions, with farmers
shifting to water-intensive and commercial crops.
- Due to the success oi the Green Revolution in Punjab, Haryana, western

Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan, these states have started growing
rabi crops like wheat, barley, peas and gram.
- Paddy has become an important crop of Punjab and Haryana. In states
like Assam, West Bengal and Orissa, three crops of paddy are grown in a
year. They are Aus, Aman and Boro.
- The development of canal irrigation and tubewells has made it possible
to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana, Western
Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.
- The use of modem inputs like HYV (High Yielding Variety) seeds,
fertilizers and irrigation has contributed to high production of maize
Question 20. “Wheat and rice farming in India are fairly different from
each other.” Support the statement with five suitable example
Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks] 2011
Question 21. Explain rubber cultivation in India under the following heads.
(a) Importance
(b) Geographical conditions
(c) Any two rubber-producing states
Answer: Importance: Rubber is an important industrial raw material.
Geographical conditions: It is an equitable crop, which is grown in tropical and
subtropical areas. It requires moist and humid climate with temperature above 25°C
and rainfall above 200 cm.
Two rubber-producing states: It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka
and Garo hills of Meghalaya
Question 22. Explain rice cultivation in India under the following heads.
(a) Temperature (b) Rainfall (c) Agricultural season (d) Major producing areas
Answer: Temperature: Rice requires a high temperature of above 25°C.
 Rainfall: It requires high humidity with an annual rainfall above 100 cm. In the areas of
less rainfall, irrigation is essential.
 Agricultural season: It is a kharif crop, which is grown with the onset of monsoon and
is harvested in September-October.
 Major producing areas: Rice is cultivated in the plains of north and northeastern
India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of canal irrigation and
tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of low rainfall such as Punjab,
Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.
Question 23. What is intensive subsistence farming? Write three features of intensive
subsistence farming.
Answer: Intensive subsistence farming is practised in areas of high density of
population, where pressure of population is high on agricultural land.
The following are the three features of this type of farming.
 It is labour-intensive farming .
 High doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher ,
production.
 Farm size is small and uneconomical due to the division of land.
 Farmers take maximum output from the limited land.
 Farmers do not have any alternative source of livelihood. Thus, there is enormous
pressure on agricultural land.
Question 24. 24. Write the geographical conditions required for the cultivation of rice and
tea.
Answer: Various initiatives taken by the central and state governments to ensure the
increase in agricultural production after independence are as follows.
Collectivism, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc.
were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after
independence.
Land reforms were the main focus of the First Five Year Plan.
The Green Revolution based on the use of package technology and the White
Revolution (Operation Flood) were some of the strategies initiated to improve Indian
agriculture.
Minimum Support Price Policy, provisions for crop insaurance, subsidy on agricultural
inputs and resources such as power and fertilisers, Grameen banks, Kissan Credit
Card (KCC) and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme are some of the reforms
brought by the government.
Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural
universities, veterinary services and animal breeding centres, horticulture development
and weather forecast etc. were given priority for improving Indian agriculture.
The term used for grouping of small land holdings with bigger ones is consolidation
of land holdings.
Question 25. Explain any five features of Indian agriculture.
Answer: The following are the five features of Indian agriculture.
Indian agriculture is mainly of intensive subsistence type.
It is mainly practised in areas of high population pressure on land.
It is labour-intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are
used for obtaining high yields.
Farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited land in the absence of
alternate source of livelihood, which leads to enormous pressure on agricultural land.
The right of inheritance has led to division of land among successive generations and
rendered the size of land holding uneconomical.
Question 26. Explain any five characteristics of commercial farming in India.

Answer: The following are the five characteristics of commercial farming in India.
The main characteristic of commercial farming is the use of high doses of modern
inputs, like HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides, in order to
obtain higher productivity.
The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from one region to another, for
example rice is a commercial crop in Punjab and Haryana but in Odisha it is a
subsistence crop.
Plantation is also a type of commercial farming where a single crop is grown on a large
area.
Plantations cover large areas using capital intensive inputs with the help of migrant
labourers.
In India tea, coffee, rubber, sugar cane and banana are important plantation crops.
Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark] 2010
Question 27. Mention the sowing period of kharif crops.
Answer: Kharif crops are sown with the onset of monsoon in different parts of the country.
Question 28. Mention the sowing period of rabi crops.
Answer: Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December.
Question 29. Which is the main food crop grown in north and northwestern parts of India.
Answer: Wheat is the main food crop grown in the north and northwestern parts of India.
Long Answer Type Questions (5 Marks]

Question 30. Write four geographical requirements each for the growth of tea and sugar
cane.
Answer: For geographical conditions required for the growth of tea.
The following are the geographical conditions required for the production of sugar cane.
It is a tropical as well as sub-tropical crop.
It needs hot and humid climate with temperature of 21°C to 27°C.
It requires annual rainfall between 75 cm and 100 cm.
It can grow on a variety of soil.
Question 31. Describe any four institutional reforms introduced by the government of India
in the interest of the farmers.
Answer: The institutional reforms introduced by the government of India in the interest of
formers are as follows.
 Collectivisation and consolidation of land holdings and abolition of zamindari system.
 Provision for crop insurance against droughts, floods, cyclone, fire and diseases.
 Establishment of grameen banks and cooperative societies to give loans to the
farmers at low rate of interest.
 Announcement of minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for
important crops to check exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.
 Introduction of schemes like Kissan Credit Card (KCC) and Personal Accident
Insurance Scheme (PAIS) for the benefit of the farmers. (any four)
Question 32. “Agriculture and industry are complementary to each other.” Justify the
statement.
Answer: Agriculture and industry are complementary to each other in the following ways.
 Agro-based industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its
productivity.
 Industry has contributed to agriculture by using the implements like irrigation pumps,
fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines tools, sprinkles
and drip irrigation systems.
 Thus, development and competitiveness, and manufacturing industry has not only
assisted agriculturalists in increasing their productivity, but also made production
process very efficient.
 In the present day world of globalisation, industry needs to be more efficient
and competitive.
 Today we are not only self-sufficient in agriculture but our farmers are able to compete
with other farmers in the world. Today, we are able to produce goods for international
market.
Question 33. Why is the growth rate in agriculture decelerating? How did the Government
of India make efforts to modernise agriculture? Explain.
Answer: The growth rate in agriculture is decelerating due to the following reasons.
Reduction in public investment in agriculture especially for irrigation, power, rural roads, etc.
 Subsidy on fertilisers has decreased leading to increase in the cost of production.
 Reduction in import of agricultural goods
 Lack of employment in agriculture
 Erratic nature of monsoon rainfall
To modernise agriculture the Government of India has taken concerted efforts
like the following.
 Setting up of Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
 Setting up of agricultural universities, veterinary services and animal breeding
centres.
 Horticulture development
 Research and development in the field of meteorology and weather forecast
 Improvement of rural infrastructure
Short Answer Type Question [3 Marks] 2009
Question 34. Explain any four features of intensive subsistence farming in India.
Answer: The following are the differences between primitive subsistence farming and
intensive subsistence farming.
MAP QUESTIONS
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
One item is shown in the given political outline map of India. Identity this item with
the help of the following information and write its correct name.
A type of soil
B Type of soil
C Type of soil
D Type of soil
E Type of soil
F Type of soil G Type of soil
FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES
On the given political outline map of India, locate and label the following items.
A Reserved forests
B Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary
C Corbett National Park
D Periyar Tiger Reserve
E Largest area under permanent forests
F Bhandavgarh National park
G Manas National Park
H Sunderbans National Park I Protected forests
WATER RESOURCES
On the given political outline map of India, locate and label the following items.
A Salal Project
B Tungabhadra Dam
C Rana Pratap Sagar Dam
D Koyna Dam
E Hirakund Dam G Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, F Tehri Dam
AGRICULTURE
One feature is shown in the given political outline map of India. Identity this feature
with the help of the following information and write its correct name.
A A tea-producing state [Delhi 2010]
B A coffee-producing state [AI2010]
C A rubber-producing state [Foreign 2011]
D A wheat-producing state [2012] E The largest producer state
F The largest producer state
Question 1. How do the deposits with the banks become their source of income?
Answer: Banks use a major portion of deposits to extend loans. They charge a
higher rate of interest on loans than what they offer on deposits. The difference
between what is charged from borrowers and what is paid to the depositors is
the main source of income for the banks.
Question 2. Why can one not refuse a payment made in rupees in India?
Answer: One cannot refuse a payment made in rupees in India because it is
authorized by the government of India. It is accepted as a medium of exchange
all over the country.
Question 3. Compare formal sector loans with informal sector loans regarding
interest only.
Answer: In formal sector, the rate of interest is low. It is fixed by the Reserve
Bank of India, who supervises the functioning of formal sources of loan.
In informal sector, the rate of interest is very high as there is no organisation to
supervise the functioning of informal sources of loan.
Question 4. Why is the supervision of the functioning of formal sources of loans

necessary?
Answer: It is necessary to supervise the functioning of formal sources of loans
because the banks have to maintain a minimum cash balance out of the
deposits they receive. They should also provide loans to small cultivators, mall
scale industries etc.
Question 5. Prove with an argument that there is a great need to expand formal
sources of credit in rural India.
Answer: There is a great need to expand the formal sources of credit in rural
India because:
There is no organisation to supervise credit activities of the informal sector. It
could lead to increasing debt among the borrowers. The rate of interest is very
high in informal sector.
Question 6. Why are most of the poor households deprived from the formal
sector of loans?
Answer: Most of the poor households are deprived from the formal sector of
loans because they do not have the collateral to keep with the banks.
Question 7. How does money eliminate the need for double coincidence of
wants?
Answer: Money solves the problem of double coincidence of wants by acting as
a medium of exchange.
Question 8. How can money be easily exchange for goods or services? Give an
example to explain.
Answer: Transactions are made in money because a person holding money can
easily exchange it for any commodity or a service. It solves the problem of
double coincidence of wants by acting as a medium of exchange.
For example, a shoe manufacturer wants to sell shoes in the market and wants
to buy rice. Under barter system, both parties selling shoes and rice have to
agree to buy and sell each other’s commodities and this creates a problem
which is referred to as double coincidence of wants. This problem is overcome
by the introduction of money. Now, the shoe manufacturer will sell the shoes for
money and with that money he can buy rice.
Question 9. “The credit activities of the informal sector should be discouraged.”

Support the statement with arguments.
Answer: The credit activities of the informal sector should be discouraged
because:
There is no organisation to supervise the credit activities of the lenders in
informal sector.
- The informal sector lends at a very high rate of interest and use unfair means
to get the money back.
-Higher cost of borrowing means a large part of the earnings of the borrowers is
used to repay the loan. Hence, the borrowers have less income left for
themselves.
-Sometimes, due to higher rate of interest, the amount to be repaid becomes
higher than the income of the borrower due to that there is always a risk for
borrowers to fall in debt-trap.
Question 10. “Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s
development.” Assess the statement.
Answer: Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for a country’s development
because:
 More lending would lead to higher incomes and encourage people to

invest in agriculture, engage in business and set up small industries.
 Cheap credit will enable more investment. This leads to acceleration of
economic activity.
 Cheap credit would also allow weaker sections of society to access formal
sector of lending and get rid of from informal moneylenders.
 Affordable credit would also end the cycle of debt trap.
 Cheap and easy terms of credit would inspire better investment in
technology and thus increase competition.
Question 11. “Deposits with the banks are beneficial to the depositors as well as
to the nation.” Examine the statement
Answer: Deposits with the banks are beneficial to the depositors as well as to
the nation in various ways. Some of them are:
I. They provide safe and secure deposits to a person’s money.

II. They provide excellent saving and investment options and also help in the
growth of the nation
III. They provide interests on the deposited money to the depositors.
IV. Money can be easily withdrawn from the banks as and when required by
the depositors.
V. They provide easy loans on nominal rates that make it possible for the
common man to build their own assets.
.
Question 12. ‘Credit has its own unique role for development.’ Justify the
statement with arguments.
Answer: Credit has a unique role in the economic development of the country. It
is needed by all the three sectors of the economy.
 In urban sector, big businessmen and small manufacturers need loans

either to expand their enterprises, bring new technology or diversifying
their businesses.
 In rural sector, the main demand for credit is for crop production. Crop
production involves cost of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, water, electricity,
repair of equipments. Cheap credit would thus lead to increase in
production.
 Even tertiary sector needs loans to buy the latest equipments and
technology.
 Thus, we can say that credit has a unique role in the development of a
country.
Question 13. How is money transferred from one bank account to another bank
account? Explain with an example.
Answer: For payment through cheque, the payer who has an account in the
bank, draws out a cheque for a specific amount. The cheque is a statement
asking the bank to pay a specific amount from the person’s account to the
person in whose name the cheque has been issued.
For example, Aman has to pay a specific amount of money to Shruti, say ?
60,000. Aman will write a cheque in the name of Shurti. It means Aman instructs
his bank to pay the money to Shurti. Shurti will deposit the cheque in her bank.
After two or three days, the money will be transferred from Aman’s account to
Shurti’s account.
Question 14. “Poor households still depend on informal sources of credit.”

Support the statement with examples.
Answer: Poor households still depend on informal sources of credit because:
- Bank loans require proper documentation and collateral which is rarely

available with poor households.
- Informal sources of credit such as moneylenders know the borrowers
personally and are often willing to give a loan without a collateral.
- Sometimes, if the borrowers are unable to return the loan, they can get
additional loans from moneylenders.
Question 15. Describe the vital and positive role of credit with examples.
Answer: Credit plays a vital and positive role in the following ways:
1. It helps people from all walks of life in setting up their business, increase
their income and provide support to their family needs.
2. It makes it possible for the people to own or construct their own house
and get relief from monthly rent.
3. People often avail themselves of credit to purchase luxury items like
vehicles, A.Cs, etc., which further raises their standard of living.
4. It enables us to invest in human resource. People take credit for
education, training, etc. which allows enrichment of human resource.
For example, Salim availed credit facility to meet the working capital needs
of production. It helped him to meet the ongoing expenses of production,
complete production on time, thereby, increasing his income.
Question 16. How can the formal sector loans be made beneficial for poor
farmers and workers? Suggest any five measures.
Answer: The formal sector loans can be made beneficial to poor farmers and
workers in following ways:
The process of providing loans should be made easier and accessible to them.
Large number of banks and cooperatives should be opened in the rural areas.
Banks and cooperatives should expand their facility of providing loans so as to
decrease dependence on informal sector.
Special focus should be paid on poor and small farmers along with small scale
industries.
Loan processing should be simple, faster and timely.
2015 Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]
Question 17. What is the meaning of barter system?

Answer: A system where goods are directly exchanged without the use of
money is called barter system.
Question 18. hat is meant by double coincidence of wants?

Answer: Double coincidence of wants means owner of good X, say shoes, to
find someone else with good Y, say wheat, and both being in need of each
other’s good
Question 19. How does money act as a medium of exchange?

Answer: Money acts as an intermediary in the process of exchange, thus it is
called a medium of exchange.
Question 20. What is a cheque?

Answer: A cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount from
a person’s account to the person in whose name the cheque has been issued.
Question 21. Who supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans?

Answer: Reserve Bank of India
Question 22. What are the two forms of modern currency?
Answer: Paper notes and Coins
Question 23. Why is it necessary for the banks and cooperative societies to
increase their lending facilities in rural areas? Explain.
Answer: Banks and cooperatives should extend their lending activities in rural
areas because:
Rural poor and farmers have to borrow money from moneylenders at a very high
rate of interest. Therefore, the cost to the borrowing is very high.
A large part of the earnings of borrower is used to repay the loans. Hence, they
have less income.
Sometimes, a higher rate of lending means that the amount to be repaid is
more than the earnings of the borrower.
To save the people from the clutches and exploitation by the moneylenders, it is
necessary for the banks and co-operatives to extend their lending activies.
It would lead to higher incomes and improve the condition of the rural poor.
People can also start a business or set up a small scale industry
Question 24. Why is modern currency accepted as a medium of exchange

without any use of its own? Find out the reason.
Answer: Modern money has been accepted as a medium of exchange because:
- It is authorised by the government of a India.

- It is issued by the apex bank on behalf of the government.
- No other individual is allowed to issue currency.
- The law of the country legalises its use as a medium of payment and setting
transactions.
- No one in a country can refuse payment made in the currency of that country.
Question 25. “Money has made transactions easy.” Justify.

Answer: Money has made transactions easy because:
It can be easily exchanged with any commodity or service.

It solves the problem of double coincidence of wants.
It is the perfect store of value.
It makes economic activities quite independent from each other.
Question 26. How are deposits with the banks beneficial for individual as well as
for the nation? Explain with examples.
Answer: Deposits with the banks are beneficial to the depositors as well as to
the nation in various ways. Some of them are:
They provide safe and secure deposits to a person’s money.
They provide excellent saving and investment options and also help in the
growth of the nation.
They provide interests on the deposited money to the depositors.
Money can be easily withdrawn from the banks as and when required by the
depositors.
hey provide easy loans on nominal rates that make it possible for the common
man to build their own assets.
Question 27. What are Self-Help Groups? How do they work? Explain.
Answer: Self-Help Groups are financial support groups that are formed at the
village level particularly by women. These consist of around 15-20 members
who meet and save their money regularly.
The following points sum up the functioning of Self-Help Groups:
These groups help in pooling the savings of the members, especially who are
poor women.
All decisions regarding savings and loans are taken by the members of the
group.
These groups provide timely loans for a variety of purposes and at a reasonable
rate of interest to its members.
These groups help the borrowers to overcome the problem of lack of collateral.
These groups provide a platform to discuss a variety of social issues of rural
people.
These groups are collectively responsible for the repayment of loan.
Question 28. How do banks play an important role in the economy of India?
Explain
Answer: Banks play an important role in developing the economy of India by
taking the following steps:
Banks keep money of the people in safe custody to be used by the depositors in
future.
Banks also increase the savings of the depositors by paying interest on the
money deposited.
Banks mediate between people who have surplus and those who need money.
This is done through granting loans. People avail themselves of these loan
facilities to increase production and income.
Banks, being the formal source of credit, give loans at a very low rate of interest
at flexible terms and conditions.
Special provisions are made through banks for the upliftment of agriculture and
industry like waiving of loans of the farmers.
Question 29. What is credit? How does credit play a vital and positive role?
Explain with an example.
Answer: Credit refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower
with money, goods on services in return for the promise of future payment.
Credit plays a vital and positive role in the following ways:
It helps people from all walks of life in setting up their business, increase their
income and provide support to their family needs.
It makes it possible for the people to own or construct their own house and get
relief from monthly rent.
People often avail themselves of credit to purchase luxury items like vehicles,
A.Cs, etc., which further raises their standard of living.
It enables us to invest in human resource. People take credit for education,
training, etc. which allows enrichment of human resource.
For example, Salim availed credit facility to meet the working capital needs of
production. It helped him to meet the ongoing expenses of production, complete
production on time, thereby, increasing his income.
2014 Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 30. How does money solves the problem of double coincidence of
wants? Explain with an example.
Answer: In barter system, where goods are directly exchanged without the use
of money, double coincidence of wants (i.e. a person desires to sell exactly what
the other person wishes to buy) is an essential feature. But it, indeed, is a very
cumbersome process.
By serving as a medium of exchange, money removes the situation of double
coincidence of wants and the difficulties associated with the barter system. For
example, it is no longer necessary for a shoe manufacturer to* look for a farmer
who will buy his shoes and at the same time sell him wheat. AH he has to do is
to find a buyer for his shoes, who will exchange his money for shoes. Now, he
can purchase wheat or any other good in the market with the help of the money
earned. Thus, the problem of double coincidence of wants gets solved with the
use of money.
Question 31. How is money used in everyday life? Explain with examples.
Answer: In everyday life, money is used in following ways:
It is used as a medium of exchange and facilitates the buying and selling of

goods like car, house, food, clothes etc.
It is used as deposits with the banks or to keep it at home like fixed deposits,
bonds etc.
It is used for borrowing and lending like loan.
Question 32. Explain with examples, how people are involved with the banks.
Answer: People are involved with the banks in the following ways:
Depositors
Borrowers
- The people with excess money deposit it in the banks for safety. In turn they
earn interest on the amount deposited.
- At the same time, there are people who need money for various activities.
They approach the banks for credit. The bank charges interest from the
borrowers.
Question 33. Explain with an example how credit plays a vital and positive role
for development.
For example, Salim availed credit facility to meet the working capital needs of
production. It helped him to meet the ongoing expenses of production, complete
production on time, thereby, increasing his income.
Question 34. Why do lenders ask for a collateral while lending? Give any three
reasons.
Answer: The lenders ask for a collateral before lending because:
It is an asset that the borrower owns and uses this as a guarantee to the lender
– until the loan is repaid.
Collateral with the lender acts as a proof that the borrower will return the
money.
By keeping a collateral with the lender, the borrower is bound to be regular in
paying the interest because the borrower does not want to lose the collateral.
Question 35. Why is it necessary for banks and cooperatives to extend their
lending activities in rural areas? Explain.
Answer: Banks and cooperatives should extend their lending activities in rural
areas because:
~ Rural poor and farmers have to borrow money from moneylenders at a very
high rate of interest. Therefore, the cost to the borrowing is very high.
~ A large part of the earnings of borrower is used to repay the loans. Hence,
they have less income.
~ Sometimes, a higher rate of lending means that the amount to be repaid is
more than the earnings of the borrower.
~To save the people from the clutches and exploitation by the moneylenders, it
is necessary for the banks and co-operatives to extend their lending activies.
~ It would lead to higher incomes and improve the condition of the rural poor.
~ People can also start a business or set up a small scale industry
2013 Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]
Question 36. How is money used as a medium of exchange? Explain with

examples
Answer: Money is used as a medium of exchange because it serves as a
common medium through which people can carry out buying and selling. Use of
money makes economic activities independent of each other. At the same time,
it removes the inconvenience caused by the barter system.
For example, a person wants to sell sugar and buy wheat. He has to look
for a person who wants sugar and has wheat to sell. In contrast, if in an
economy, where money is used, the person who wants to sell sugar only has to
look for a buyer for his sugar. The money which he will get can be used to
purchase the wheat or any other commodity in the market. Since, money is used
in the exchange process it is called a medium of exchange.
Question 37. What are the modern forms of money? Why is rupee widely
accepted as a medium of exchange? Explain two reasons.
Answer: Modern forms of money include paper notes and coins.
Rupee is widely accepted as a medium of exchange because:
It is authorised by the government of India.
The law legalises the use of rupee as a medium of payment and settling the
transactions. Thus, no one can refuse a payment made in rupees.
Question 38. What is a collateral? Why do lenders ask for collateral while
lending? Explain
Answer: A collateral is an asset such as land, building, livestock, vehicle or
deposits with the banks that the borrower owns and uses this as a guarantee to
the lender until the loan is repaid.
The lenders ask for a collateral before lending because:
It is an asset that the borrower owns and uses this as a guarantee to the lender
– until the loan is repaid.
Collateral with the lender acts as a proof that the borrower will return the
money.
By keeping a collateral with the lender, the borrower is bound to be regular in
paying the interest because the borrower does not want to lose the collateral.
Question 39. ‘Cheap and affordable credit is essential for poor households both
in rural and urban areas.’ In the light of the above statement, explain the social
and economic values attached to it.
Answer: The social value attached to cheap and affordable credit is that it helps
in reducing the dependence of poor on informal sources of credit. The economic
value attached to cheap and affordable credit is that it helps the poor in rural and
urban households to start self-employment ventures. This helps in increasing
their income earning capacity and standard of living.
Question 40. What are demand deposits? How is money safe in the banks?
Explain.
Answer: Deposits in the bank account which are payable on demand are called
demand deposits.
Banks accept deposits from number of people. Some part of that money is given
out as loan and the other part is kept with the banks for making payments. So,
the money is safe with the banks. The depositors can withdraw their money
whenever they want.

Question 41. What are the two categories of sources of credit? Mention four
features of each.
Answer: The two categories of sources of credit are:
Formal sources of credit
Informal sources of credit
The features of formal sources of credit are:
They charge low rate of interest and the mode of repayment is easy.
They keep a collateral from the borrowers for granting loans.
Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of formal sources of credit,
(id) Urban households are largely depend on formal sources of credit.
They include banks and cooperatives.
The features of informal sources of credit are:
They charge higher rate of interest and the mode of repayment is very harsh.
There is no need to keep a collateral in informal sources of credit.
There is no organisation to supervise the functioning of informal sources of
credit.
Poor households are largely depend on informal sources of credit.
They include moneylenders, relatives, friends etc.
Question 42. What are Self-Help Groups? How are they emerging as an
important source of credit? Explain.
Answer: Self-Help Groups are a group of 15 to 20 poor villagers, especially
women, who regularly pool money at regular intervals. When a member of the
group is in need of money, he/she can get the loan from the group at a low rate
of interest.
Self-Help Groups are emerging as an important source of credit because:
They charge less interest on the loans than what the moneylenders charge.
All decisions regarding savings and loans are taken by the members of the
group.
The members can take loans from the groups to meet their daily needs.
If the group is regular in its savings, they can also take loan from the bank. Loan
is sanctioned in the name of the group. The group is responsible for the
repayment of loan.
They help borrowers to overcome the problem of collateral.
They have freed borrowers from the clutches of the moneylenders.
Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks] 2012
Question 43. What is money? Why is modern money currency accepted as a

medium of exchange?
Answer: Money is anything which has common acceptability as a means of
exchange, a measure and a store of value.
Modern money has been accepted as a medium of exchange because:
It is authorised by the government of a India.
It is issued by the apex bank on behalf of the government.
No other individual is allowed to issue currency.
The law of the country legalises its use as a medium of payment and setting
transactions.
No one in a country can refuse payment made in the currency of that country.
Question 44. Why is cheap and affordable credit important for the country’s
development? Explain any three reasons.
Answer: Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for a country’s development
because:
More lending would lead to higher incomes and encourage people to invest in
agriculture, engage in business and set up small industries.
Cheap credit will enable more investment. This leads to acceleration of
economic activity.
Cheap credit would also allow weaker sections of society to access formal
sector of lending and get rid of from informal moneylenders.
Affordable credit would also end the cycle of debt trap.
Cheap and easy terms of credit would inspire better investment in technology
and thus increase competition.
Question 45. “Whether credit will be useful or not, depends upon the situation.”
Give two different examples in support of this statement
Answer: The two examples showing whether credit will be useful or not,
depends upon the situation are:
1. Chirag is a shoe manufacturer. During the festival season, he receives an
order for 3,000 pair of shoes to be completed in a month. He employs two more
workers for pasting and stitching. He takes an advance payment from a large
trader for 1,000 pair of shoes. He asks the leather supplier to supply leather and
payment would be made later. Chirag completes the order in a month, makes a
good profit and repay all the money that he had borrowed.
2. Sapna, a small farmer, grows groundnut in her three acres of land. She took a
loan from the moneylender, hoping to repay the loan, once the crop is
harvested. Being hit by the pest, the crop fails. Expensive pesticides did not
make any difference. Sapna is unable to repay the moneylender and the other
year, it becomes a bigger amount. Next year again, she took a loan for
cultivation. It is not a bumber crop this year too. Sapna earns little, but it is not
enough to repay the old loans. She had to sell a part of the land to repay the
loan. She is caught in a debt. This situation is called debt-trap.
Hence, we can say that it depends on situation whether credit will be useful or
not.
Question 46. “Most of the poor households still depend on the informal sector for
loans, both in rural and urban areas of India.” Support the statement with three
examples.
Answer: Poor households still depend on informal sources of credit because:
Bank loans require proper documentation and collateral which is rarely available
with poor households.
Informal sources of credit such as moneylenders know the borrowers personally
and are often willing to give a loan without a collateral.
Sometimes, if the borrowers are unable to return the loan, they can get
additional loans from moneylenders.
Question 47. How do SHGs help borrowers to overcome the problem of lack of
collateral? Explain with an example.
Answer: SHGs help borrowers to overcome the problem of lack of collateral in
the following ways:
It is the group that is responsible for the repayment of loan.

Any case of non-payment of loan by any member is followed up seriously by
other members.
The formal sector is willing to lend to the members of SHGs because of their
good track record of managing the credit.
Question 48. Why is there a great need to expand formal sector of credit in
India? Explain any three reasons.
Answer: There is a great need to expand formal sector of credit in India
because:
There is no organisation to supervise the credit activities of lenders in informal
sector.
The rate of interest charged by the informal sector is very high as compared to
formal sector.
People who might wish to start a business by borrowing may not do so because
of high cost of borrowing in informal sector.
The higher interest rate of borrowing can mean that the amount to be repaid is
greater than the income of the borrower in informal sector.
Long Answer Type Question [4/5 Marks]
Question 49. Which government body supervises the functioning of formal
sources of loans in India? Explain its functioning.
Answer: Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of formal sources of
loans in India.
It issues currency notes on behalf of the central government.
It issues guidelines for fixing rate of interest on deposits and lending by banks. ,,
It ensures that banks should maintain a minimum cash balance out of the
deposits they receive.
It ensures that the banks should give loans not only to profit making businesses
but also to poor people and small traders.
Periodically, the banks have to submit a report to the RBI on how much they are
lending, to whom and at what interest rate.
Long Answer Type Questions [4/5 Marks] 2011
Question 50. Describe any four advantages of Self-Help Groups for the poor.
Answer: The advantages of Self-Help Groups for the poor are:
They help the poor to become self-reliant in terms of savings and generating
income as the decisions regarding savings are taken by the group members.
They avail the facilities of loans from formal sources like banks at low rate of
interest.
They create self-employment opportunities by discussion within their group.
They make it possible for the poor to avail timely finance without any collateral.
Question 51. Explain any four terms of credit with examples.

Answer: The four terms of credit are:
Interest rate. The borrower has to pay a sum of money as interest along with the
principal amount.
Collateral. It is an asset that the borrower owns and uses this as a guarantee –
to the lender untill the loan is repaid.
Documentation. Proper documents of borrowing with all the terms and
conditions must be submitted.
Mode of repayment. The mode through which the borrower will repay the loan
must be clearly mentioned. Long-term loans can be repaid in annual, half yearly
or monthly instalments.
Question 52. Explain two points of differences between formal and informal
sources of credit.
Answer: Money and Credit
Question 53. What is collateral?
Answer: Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns such as land, building,
vehicle, livestock, deposits with the banks and uses these as a guarantee to the
lender until the loan is repaid.
Question 54. Define credit.

Answer: Credit refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower
with money, goods or services in return for the promise of future payments with
interest.
Question 55. Which are the two major sources of formal loan for rural
households?
Answer: Banks and Cooperatives
Question 56. Mention any three points of distinction between formal sector loans
and informal sector loans.
Answer:
long Answer Type Questions [4/5 Marks]
Question 57. How does the use of money make exchange of things easier?
Explain with examples.
Answer: Money is used as a medium of exchange because it serves as a
common medium through which people can carry out buying and selling. Use of
money makes economic activities independent of each other. At the same time,
it removes the inconvenience caused by the barter system.
For example, a person wants to sell sugar and buy wheat. He has to look
for a person who wants sugar and has wheat to sell. In contrast, if in an
economy, where money is used, the person who wants to sell sugar only has to
look for a buyer for his sugar. The money which he will get can be used to
purchase the wheat or any other commodity in the market. Since, money is used
in the exchange process it is called a medium of exchange.
Let us take an example of a farmer who wants to sell wheat and wants to
buy goat in lieu of that. If he opts for barter system, he will have to search a
person who may be interested in giving off his goat and in taking wheat. But
finding such a person can be difficult and time-consuming. On the other hand, if
the farmer sells wheat and takes money for that, he can easily go and purchase
goat with that money.
Question 58. Why are the deposits in the banks called ‘demand deposits’? What
are the benifits of deposits with the banks?
Answer: People deposit the surplus or extra money in the banks. The banks
keep the money safe and provide interest on it. The deposits can be drawn at
any time on demand by the depositors. That is why they are called demand
deposits.
The benifits of deposits with the banks are:
They can be encashed by issuing cheques in the name of the person to whom
the payment is to be made.
They make it possible to directly settle payments without the use of cash.
Since demand drafts/cheques are widely accepted as a means of payment
along with currency, they constitute money in the modern economy.
Question 59. How does credit plays a vital and positive role? Explain with
suitable example.
For example, Salim availed credit facility to meet the working capital
needs of production. It helped him to meet the ongoing expenses of production,
complete production on time, thereby, increasing his income.
Question 60. When does credit push the borrower into a debt-trap? Explain with
the help of an example.
Answer: In situation with high risks, credit might create problems and pushes the
borrower into a debt-trap. He is much worse off than before. For example, crop
production involves high costs on inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, water etc.
Farmers generally take loans at the beginning of the season and repay the loan
after harvest. But the failure of the crop makes loan repayment impossible. They
have to sell part of the land to repay the loan or a fresh loan may be required to
repay the previous loan, and the borrower may find himself caught in a vicious
circle and recovery from such a situation is very painful.
Important Very Short Answer Type Questions for CBSE Class 10 Science
Exam, are:
Q. Explain why a ray of light passing through the centre of curvature of
concave minor gets reflected along the same path.
Ans.
The light falling on the centre of curvature is reflected back along the same path
because the incident ray falls on the mirror along the normal to the reflecting
surface.
Q. What is the important function of presence of ozone in earth’s atmosphere?

Ans.
Ozone is the Earth’s natural process for all life forms. It shields our planet from
the UV radiations, as these ultraviolet rays are harmful for all the living things.
Therefore, any change in the size of this layer will automatically affect the life of
people, plants and animals living on earth.
Q. Dark reaction of photosynthesis does not need light. Do plants undergo dark
reaction at night? Explain.
Ans.
Dark reaction does not mean that it occurs in the absence of light i.e., at night.
Infact, it is the reaction occurring simultaneously with light reaction. It a
chemical process occurring independent of light. This reaction is completely
based on enzymes.
Get here the complete set of CBSE Class 10 Science: Important Very Short Answer Type
Questions
Important Short Answer Type Questions
Here you will get important questions to be prepared for 3 marks answer type
questions asked in CBSE class 10 Science paper.
 Question numbers 6 to 15 in Section- C of Class 10 Science paper will be asked for

three marks each. These are to be answered in about 50 words each.
Important Short Answer Type Questions for CBSE Class 10 Science
Exam, are:
Q. How are we able to see distant and nearby objects clearly? Which part of eye
helps in changing curvature of lens? Why no image is formed at blind spot?
Ans.
We can see distant and near objects clearly because of the property of
accommodation of eye. Accommodation is the name given to the ability of
the lens of the eye to change its focal length and produce focused images of
both distant and near objects on the retina.
Ciliary muscle helps in changing curvature of the lens. They are attached to
the lens and contract or release to change the lens shape and curvature.
No image is formed at blind spot because there are no photoreceptors, i.e.,

cones and rods to detect the light and send it to brain.
Q. (a) Which property of carbon leads to formation of large number of
compounds? Define it.
(b) What is the functional group in the following molecules?
(i) CH3CH2CH2OH
(ii) CH3COOH
Ans.
(a) The two features of carbon that give rise to a large number of compounds
are as follows:
(i) Catenation: It is the ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon.
(ii) Tetravalency: With the valency of four, carbon is capable of bonding with
four other atoms.
(b)
Compound Functional group

(i) CH3CH2CH2OH -OH (Hydroxyl group)
(ii) CH3COOH -COOH (Carboxyl group)
Q. (a) Why magnification is taken negative for real images and positive for
virtual images?
(b) Why convex mirror is used in rear view mirrors and not concave mirror?
Ans.
(a) If image is real, it will be inverted which means height of image will be taken
as negative. Also, the height of object is always positive.
Now as magnification = Height of image / Height of object.
Therefore, in case of real image,
Magnification = Height of image (-) / height of object (+)=Negative.
So, Magnification will be negative.
Similarly, if image is virtual, it will be erect.
Therefore, in case of virtual image,
Magnification = Height of image (+) / height of object (+)= Positive
So, Magnification will be positive.
(b) Convex mirror is commonly used in rear view mirrors in vehicles because it
gives an erect, virtual, full size diminished image of distant objects with a wider
field of view. Thus, convex mirrors enable the driver to view much larger area
which is not possible with a concave mirror.
Get here the complete set of CBSE Class 10 Science: Important Short Answer Type Questions
Important Long Answer Type Questions
Get here a collection of long answer type questions to be prepared for the 5
marks answer type questions:
 Question numbers 16 to 21 in Section-D of Class 10 Science paper will be asked for 5

marks each. These are to be answered in 70 words each.
Important Long Answer Type Questions for CBSE Class 10 Science
Exam, are:
Q. (a) What are ‘magnetic field lines’? How is the direction of a magnetic field at
a point determined ?
(b) Draw two field lines around a bar magnet along its length on its two sides
and mark the field directions on them by arrow marks.
Ans.
(a) The magnetic field lines are the pictorial representation of the strength and
direction of the magnetic field.
The direction of the magnetic field at a point can be found by placing a small
magnetic compass at that point. The north end of the needle of a compass
indicates the direction of magnetic field at a point where it is placed.
(b) Magnetic field lines of a bar magnet emerge from the north pole and
terminate at the south pole. Inside the magnet, the field lines emerge from the
south pole and terminate at the north pole, as shown in the given figure.
Q. (a) Mention the pH range within which our body works. Explain how antacids
give relief from acidity. Write the name of one such antacid.
(b) Fresh milk has a pH of 6. How does the pH will change as it turns to curd?
Explain your answer.
(c) A milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk. Why does
this milk take a longer time to set as curd?
(d) Mention the nature of toothpastes. How do they prevent tooth decay?
Ans.
(a) Our stomach has pH equal to 2. Antacids neutralize the excess of acid in our
body and gives relief from hyperacidity. Sodium hydrogencarbonate is one of
such antacid.
(b) pH will decrease as it turns to curd because curd is acidic due to the
presence of lactic acid.
(c) It takes longer time to set as curd as bacteria do not work well in presence
of sodium hydrogencarbonate, i.e. fermentation will take place slowly.
(d) Toothpastes are basic in nature. They neutralize the acid formed in mouth
which causes tooth decay.
Q. Atoms of eight elements A. B. C. D, E, F. G and H have the same number of
electronic shells but different number of electrons in their outermost shell. It
was found that elements A and G combine to form an ionic compound. This
compound is added in a small amount to almost all vegetable dishes during
cooking. Oxides of elements A and B are basic in nature while those of E and F
are acidic. The oxide of D is almost neural. Based on the above information
answer the following questions:
(i) To which group or period of the periodic table do the listed elements belong?
(ii) What would be the nature of compound formed by a combination of

elements B and F?
(iii) Which two of these elements could definitely be metals?
(iv) Which one of the eight elements is most likely to be found in gaseous state
at room temperature?
(v) If the number of electrons in the outermost shell of elements C and G are 3
and 7 respectively, write the formula of the compound formed by the
combination of C and G.
Ans.
(i) The listed chemicals belong to third period; it includes Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S,
Cl& Ar.
(ii) Compound formed by the combination of B (Mg) and F (S) will result in
formation of salt called MgSO4
(iii) Compound A (Na) and B (Mg) are definitely metals as their oxides are basic
in nature.
(iv) Element H (Ar), is likely to be found in gaseous state at room temperature

as it is the 8th element of the group so it would have 8 electrons in its
outermost shell which is the electronic configuration of an Nobel gas.
(v) They will form AlCl3 (Aluminium chloride)

Get here the complete set of CBSE Class 10 Science: Important Long Answer Type Questions
Important Practical Based Questions
Here you will get the important questions based on practical skills. From this
year onwards CBSE class 10 Science paper will have a separate section
consisted of practical based question only.
 Question numbers 22 to 27 in Section- E Class 10 Science paper will be based on

practical skills. Each question will be asked for two marks. These are to be answered in
brief.
Q. Mention the essential material (chemicals) to prepare soap in the laboratory.
Describe in brief the test of determining the nature (acidic/alkaline) of the
reaction mixture of saponification reaction.
Ans.
Raw Materials Required For preparation of soap in laboratory are :
 Vegetable oil
 Sodium Hydroxide
 Commom salt
Test to determine the nature of reaction mixture: When a red litmus paper is
dipped in the reaction mixture, the paper changes its colour to blue. Hence, the
reaction mixture of the saponification reaction is basic in nature.
Q. Write two precautions to be taken while identifying different parts of an

embryo of a dicot seed.
Ans.
(i) The slide should be properly focused.
(ii) Slide should be observed first under low-power magnification and then under
high-power magnification of the compound microscope.
Q. A student is to conduct an experiment to show CO2 is released during

respiration. List two precautions that he/she must take for obtaining correct
observation.
Ans.
Two precautions to be taken are:
(i) Germinating seeds (living) should be used.
(ii) The experiment set up must be air-tight.
SECTION A
1. Define catenation.
2. How does valency of an element vary across a period?
3. Answer question numbers 3(a) - 3(d) on the basis of your

understanding of the following paragraph and the related studied
concepts.
Renewable energy sources such as wind energy are vital for the Indian
economy, not only from the point of view of supply, but also from the
perspective of environmental and social benefits. India is the world’s fifth largest
wind-power producer and the largest windmill facilities in India are installed in
Tamil Nadu. Muppandal is a small village of Tamil Nadu and one of the most
important sites of wind-farm in the state. It uses wind from the Arabian Sea to
produce renewable energy. The suitability of Muppandal as a site for wind farms
stems from its geographical location as it has access to the seasonal monsoon
winds.
The electrical generators used on wind turbines in sites like Muppandal, produce
an output AC of 240 V and a frequency of 50 Hz even when the wind speed is
fluctuating. A transformer may be required to increase or decrease the voltage
so it is compatible with the end usage, distribution or transmission voltage,
depending on the type of interconnection.
3 (a) State the principle behind electric generator.

3 (b) The output frequency of wind turbine is 50 Hz. What is meant by this
statement?
3 (c) Why do you think Muppandal is at an advantageous position for this
project?
3 (d) Based on the data represented in the graph below, which of the two cities
A or B would bean ideal location for establishing a wind-farm and why?
NCERT Class 10 Political Science: NCERT Chapter 1 – Power Sharing
Expected - 1 Mark
• Recognize the form of power sharing which is represented by the
Community Government in Belgium
• The different forms of power sharing in modern democracies (with
example)
• One prudential reason or one moral reason for power sharing (with
example)
NCERT Class 10 Political Science: NCERT Chapter 2 – Federalism

Expected - 3 Marks
• State any three important features of Federalism.
• State any three major steps taken by the Indian Government towards
decentralization in 1992..
• Point out one feature in the practice of federalism in India that is

similar to and one feature that is different from that of Belgium
• What is the main difference between a federal form of government

and a unitary one?
Q. Why did France take up the idea of civilizing mission during mid-
nineteenth century? Give one reason.
Ans. To bring the benefits of civilization to the backward people of

Vietnam.
Ch-2, Nationalism in Indo-China Page no. 32
Q. “Conservation of resource is vital for development.” Give one

example regarding the statement.
Ans. Conservation of resources- afforestation, water treatment.
Geography, Page No.4
Q. Describe the ideology of liberalism during early 19th century.
Ans. i. Liberalism in the early 19thcentury stood for freedom for the
individual and equality to all before law for the new middle classes.
ii. Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent.

iii. It stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges. (Any other
relevant point)
History, Ch-1 The rise of Nationalism in Europe Page no. 9
CBSE Class 10 Syllabus 2018-2019: All Subjects
Q. Establish the difference between Commercial farming and

Subsistence farmingwith the help of a suitable example.
Ans. A. Commercial Farming
i.Use of higher doses of modern inputs like HYV seeds, fertilizers,etc.
ii.Commercialization of agriculture varies from region to another
iii. Plantation is also a type of commercial farming
iv.Use ofwell-developed network of transport and communication
v.High productivity for commercial purpose
B. Subsistence Farming
i. Is practiced on small patches of land
ii. Labour intensive farming
iii. Use of primitive tools
iv. Dependent on Monsoons
v. Called as ‘Slash and burn’ agriculture.
vi. Low productivity (Any two to be mentioned in each unit)
C. Example: Rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab but in

Odisha it is a subsistence crop.
1. Greece had been part of which empire since the fifteenth century?
Answer. Greece had been part of Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.
OR
1. Who were called colons in Vietnam?
Answer. French citizens living in Vietnam were called colons.
2. Who remarked, ‘When France Sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold’?
Answer. Mettemich remarked.
OR
2. Name the female allegory that represents France.
Answer. The female allegory who represents France is Marianne.
3. Minerals are deposited and accumulated in strata of which rocks?

Answer. Minerals are deposited and accumulated in strata of sedimentary rocks.
OR
3. Which state is the largest producer of mineral oil?
Answer. Maharashtra is the largest producer of mineral oil.
4.Name two public sector industries.

Answer. (i) Bharat Heavy Electronic Ltd. (BHEL)
(ii) Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL)
5.Jhumming agriculture is popular in which part of India?

Answer. Jhumming agriculture is popular in north eastern states of India.
OR
5. Which is the major source of irrigation in peninsular India?
Answer. Tanks are the major source of irrigation in peninsular India.
6.What is the most distinctive feature of democracy?

Answer. The most distinctive feature of democracy is that its examination never gets over. As
it passes one test, it produces another test.
7. What are non-renewable resources?

Answer. These are the resources that cannot be replenished by nature and get exhausted.
For example, coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc.
SECTION – B
8. How was Italy unified? Explain.
Answer. The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the mantle now
fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler. King Victor Emmanuel II, to unify the Italian states
through war. Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was
neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. By a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered
by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. Regular
troops and a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Garibaldi joined the fray.
In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the two Sicilies and succeeded in
winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers. In 1861 Victor
Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of United Italy.
OR
8. Explain any three steps taken by the French to achieve their aim to exploit the natural
resources of Vietnam.
Answer.(i) The French built canals and drained land in the Mekong area to increase
cultivation. The vast system of irrigation works, built mainly with forced labour, increased
rice production and allowed export of rice to international markets. By 1931, Vietnam had
become the third largest exporter of rice in the world.
(ii) The French followed rice production with infrastructure projects to help transport goods
for trade, military garrisons and to control the whole region.
(iii) The construction of Trans-Indo-China rail network began to link northern and southern
parts of Vietnam and China. The final link with Yunan was completed by 1910. A second line
was built, linking Vietnam to Siam.
9. Explain any three main characteristicsof Tonkin Free School.
Answer. Following were the main features of Tonkin Free School:

(i) Tonkin Free School was started in 1907 to provide a Western style education to the
Vietnamese.
(ii) It provided education to rich classes in science, hygiene and French culture. For these
three subjects the students had to attend evening classes and also pay separately.
(iii) The students were encouraged to adopt the Western styles such as having a short hair
cut.
OR
9. What were the results of the colonisation of Vietnam by the French?
Answer. The impact of Colonialism on Vietnam:

• The Vietnamese economy was based on rice cultivation and rubber plantation to meet the
French needs. Labours were hired on contracts;
gradually landlordism became well entrenched and standard of living declined.
• The French in order to consolidate its control and authority introduced
Christianity in Vietnam, establish Christian Missionaries and encourage conversions.
• The French introduced modern education and dismantled the traditional education system
in Vietnam. They followed the policy of discrimination
against the Vietnamese students, of deliberately failing students.
• France prevented Vietnamese from qualifying for white collar jobs which resulted in
resistance and formation of political groups and parties.
10. What was the objective of Simon Commission? Why was it opposed in India?
Answer. The effects of the worldwide economic depression in the late 1920s were severely
felt in the countryside in India. Against this background the new Tory government in Britain
constituted a statutory commission under Sir John Simon. Set up in response to the
nationalist movement, the commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional
system in India and suggest changes. But the problem was that the Commission did not have
a single Indian member. Ail members were British. When the Commission arrived in India in
1928, it was greeted with the slogan, ‘Go Back Simon’. All parties, including the Congress
and the Muslim League, opposed it and participated in the demonstrations.
OR
10. How and when nationalism captures the hearts and minds of people?
Answer. (i) Nationalism grew in India upto the first decade of 20th
century through Satyagraha movements launched by Gandhiji
(ii) Through these non–violent movements people discovered their unity and
joined hands beyond community, religion, etc in the struggle against colonialism (iii) They
understood that they were being oppressed by British and this was the reason behind the
bond of togetherness in the national struggle for freedom (iv) National movement gained
access to different areas after 1919 and various social groups participated in this non
cooperation and Civil Disobedience movement which was understood
by people in different ways.
11. Explain any three reasons for which the multi-purpose projects and large dams have
come under great scrutiny and opposition in the recent years.
Answer. Multi-purpose projects and large dams have come under scrutiny because of the
following reasons:
• Large dams affect the natural flow of rivers. This results in ha

mpering the flow of sediments. Excessive accumulation of sediments in the water reservoirs
causes damage to the marine life.
• The dams on the floodplains submerge the vegetation and soil leading to its gradual
decomposition.
• It causes destruction of the forest areas and the displacement of tribal and local
communities.
• The construction of big dams destroys the natural surroundings and biodiversity of an area.
12. How are agriculture and industries interdependent on each other? Explain any three
points.
Answer. Agriculture and industries go hand in hand due to the following factors:
• The agro-industries have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
• Agriculture needs pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, etc, which creates demand for industry to
produce such items.
Competitiveness of manufacturing industries as well as efficiency of production processes
are both improved.
OR
12. Why does the pattern on net sown area vary from one state to another?
Answer. In Punjab and Haryana, the net sown area is more than 80% of the total land in the
state. On the other hand, it is less than 10% in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In these states, the proportion of net sown is low because•
These states are covered by dense tropical forests.
•These states receive very heavy and a large amount of rainfall.
•The topography and soil types are not favourable for the cultivation.
•These states are still considered as backward where the farmers or peasants are
economically poor and do not have access to technological resources.
13.Why are petroleum refineries termed as ‘nodal industries’?
Answer. Petroleum refineries act as a ‘nodal industry’ for synthetic textile, fertiliser and
numerous chemical industries. During fractional distillation of mineral oil, apart from petrol,
diesel and kerosene which act as fuel, a number of by products like naphtha, gasoline,
paraffin wax, asphalt or tar and a number of petrochemicals are obtained. Chemical
fertilisers, insecticides, artificial fibres and artificial rubber are products of petrochemicals.
Thus, petrochemicals provide raw materials for fertilisers, numerous chemicals, synthetic
textiles, synthetic rubber and plastic industries.
14. Explain the idea of Satyagraha.
Answer.The idea of Satyagraha was based on the following ideologies:

•The ideas of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need
to search of truth.
•It suggested that if the cause is true, if the struggle is against injustice,
then physical forces are not necessary to oppose the oppressor• Without being aggressivea
satyagra hican win the battle through non-violence.
•This could be do ne by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.
• People-including the oppressors-had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being
forced to accept truth through the use of violence.
•By this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately triumph.
CBSE Class 10 Social ScienceSolved SamplePaper
OR
14. What was the cause of disagreement between the Congress-led Non-Cooperation
Movement and the peasants’ and workers’ movements?
Answer. The Congress under Gandhiji believed in achieving ‘Swaraj’ by peaceful means and
total non-violence. He believed in Satyagraha, truth and non-violence. He believed in non-
cooperation with British regime.
The peasants and workers, though believers in Gandhi’s Swaraj, khadi and boycott, did not
believe in non-violence. They turned violent to gain their aims, which went against the
Congress creed. The violence at Chauri-Chaura led to suspension of the Non-Cooperation
movement.
15.How can the government ensure that globalisation is fair and its benefits are shared in a
better way by all?
Answer. Following are the three prominent ways through which government can ensure fair
globalization:
• Government’s policies must protect the interests, not only of the rich and the powerful, but
all the people in the country. It should ensure that the labour laws are properly implemented
and the workers get their rights.
• It can support small producers to improve their performance till the time they become
strong enough to compete. If necessary, the government can use trade and investment
barriers.
• It can negotiate at the WTO for ‘fairer rules’. It can also align with other developing countries
with similar interests to fight against the domination of developed countries in the WTO.
16. How does power sharing help in democracy? Mention three points.
Answer. Power sharing helps in democracy in the following three ways:
(i) It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.
(ii) It is a good way to ensure the stability of political order and unity of the nation.
(iii) A legitimate government is one where citizens through
participation acquire a stake in the system.
OR
16. What could be the two possible outcomes of politics of social divisions?
Answer.Two possible outcomes are :

(i) Political divisions could lead to violence and disintegration of
a country. Example: Yugoslavia.
(ii) They could be amicably settled in a democracy where rulers share power, and people
think of themselves first as nationalists and then as belonging to a religious or ethnic or
linguistic group. Example: India.
17.Explain any three ways in which MNCs set up or control production in other countries.
Answer. Multinational Corporations (MNCs) set up their factories or production units close to
markets where they can get desired type of skilled or unskilled labour at low costs along with
other factors of production. After ensuring these conditions MNCs set up production units in
the following ways:
(i) Join with some local companies of the existing country.
(ii) Buy the local companies and then expand its production with the help of modem
technology.
(iii) They place orders for small producers and sell these products under their own brand
name to the customers worldwide.
OR
17. How does foreign trade lead to integration of markets across the countries? Give any
three examples.
Answer. Foreign trade leads to integration of markets across the countries as follows:
• It creates opportunities for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets or the
markets of their own countries.
•Import of goods from various countries provides choice of goods for consumers beyond the
goods that are produced domestically.
• Producers of different countries compete with each other although they are thousands of
miles away.
18.What is organised sector? Describe its working conditions.

Answer. Organised Sector : Organised sectors are the sectors where all the policies and
regulations formulated by the Government regarding the general condition of employment
are followed. People have job security in this sector.Working conditions in an organised
sector are stated below:
(i) Fixed working hours: In organized sector working hours are fixed. If employee is working
after the fixed time, he would be paid extra money
for it.
(ii) Wage structure divided under various heads: The wage structure is divided under various
heads like provident fund, gratuity and various allowances. Employees get pension after
retirement in organized sector.
SECTION–C
19. Illustrate with examples that food offers many opportunities of long - distance cultural
exchange.
Answer. (a) Traders and travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled.
(b) Even ‘ready’ foodstuff in distant parts of the world might share common origins like
spaghetti and noodles or, perhaps Arab traders took pasta to fifth - century Sicily, an island
now in Italy.
(c) Similar foods were also known in India and Japan, so the truth about their origins may
never be known. Yet such guesswork suggests the possibilities of long - distance cultural
contact even in the pre-modern world.
(d) Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes,
chillies, sweet potatoes, and so on were not known to our ancestors until about five centuries
ago.
(e) These foods were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus
accidentally discovered the vast continent that would later become known as the Americas.
OR
19. “Even before factories began to dot the landscape in England and Europe, there was
large-scale industrial production for an international market in the country side.” Elucidate.
Answer. (a) In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from the towns in
Europe began moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans,
persuading them to produce for an international market.
(b) With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the
world, the demand for goods began growing. But merchants could not expand production
within towns because here urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful.
(c) These were associations of producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over
production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people into the
trade.
(d) Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and
trade in specific products. It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in
towns.
(e) So they turned to the countryside. In the countryside poor peasants and artisans who had
lost their common lands began working for merchants and produced goods and indirectly
served the international market.
OR
19. “The function and the shape of the family were completely transformed by life in the
industrial city.” Clarify the statement with regard to urbanization that happened in England in
the 18th century.
Answer. (a) Ties between members of households loosened, and among the working class
the institution of marriage tended to break down.
(b) Women of the upper and middle classes in Britain, on the other hand, faced increasingly
higher levels of isolation, although their lives were made easier by domestic maids who
cooked, cleaned and cared for young children on low wages.
(c) Women who worked for wages had some control over their lives, particularly among the
lower social classes. However, many social reformers felt that the family as an institution had
broken down, and needed to be saved or reconstructed by pushing these women back into
the home.
(d) The city encouraged a new spirit of individualism among both men and women, and a
freedom from the collective values that were a feature of the smaller rural communities.
(e) But men and women did not have equal access to this new urban space. As women lost
their industrial jobs and conservative people railed against their presence in public spaces,
women were forced to withdraw into their homes.
20. How had a series of inventions in the eighteenth century increased the efficiency of
each step of the production process in cotton textile industry? Explain.
Answer.A series of inventions in the 18th century increased the efficiency of each step of the
production process (carding, twisting, spinning and rolling) in cotton textile industry.
They enhanced the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more and produce
stronger threads and yam.Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill. Before this, cloth
production was carried out within village households. Now costly machines could be set up
in the mill and all the mill processes were completed under one roof.Within the mill all the
processes were brought together under one roof and management. This allowed a more
careful supervision over the production process.Spinning jenny devised by James H
argreaves in 1764 speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demand. By turning
one single wheel, a worker could set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads
at a time. The steam engine, invented by James Watt in 1781, was used in co
tton mills.
OR
20. What were the main themes of the novels in the 19th century?
Answer. Main themes of novels written in the 19th century in Europe included:
• Rural life and community like that depicted in the works of Leo Tolstoy
• Problems of industrialization and urbanization like that depicted in Hard Times by Charles
Dickens
• Harsh life of the miners in Emile Zola's Germinal
• Traditional rural communities like that portrayed in Thomas Hardy's works, especially in
Mayor of Casterbridge
• Emotions and struggles of women like that in Jane Austen's
Pride and Prejudice

• Rebel actions of women like that in Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre
• Novels for children and young people like Rudyard Kipling's
Jungle Book and R L Stevenson's Treasure Island
• Love stories for adolescent girls like Ramona by Helen Hunt Jackson
• Adventure stories like Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe
21. Explain any four ways in which multinational corporations have spread their production and
interaction with local producers in various countries across the globe.
Answer. The multinational corporations have spread their production and interaction with local
producers in the following ways:
•Setting up production jointly with local companies. They provide money for additional investments
like buying new machines for faster production. For example: Cargill Foods, a very large MNC (USA),
has bought smaller Indian companies such as Parekh Foods.
• TheMNCs provide efficient managerial and advanced technology for faster

production and efficient use of resources.
• They have increased their investments over the past 15 years. They provide employment
opportunities to the masses. The local companies supplying raw material to these industries have
prospered.
• Many food processing multinational companies such as Pepsi, Coca-Cola have taken over Indian
markets in cold drinks and food products. This helps in greater choice for consumers with a variety of
goods at cheap prices.
22. “Federal power sharing is more effective today than it was in the early years after the Constitution
came into force”. Explain.
Answer. (i) Centre-State relations: As and when the ruling party at the State level was different, the
parties that ruled at the Centre tried to undermine the power of the states. The Central Government has
been misusing the Constitution to dismiss the State governments that were controlled by rival parties.
This undermined the spirit of federalism. All this changed significantly after 1990. This period saw the
rise of regional political parties in many states of the country.
(ii) Coalition Governments and autonomy of states: The era of coalition has changed the relationship
between the centre and state governments since no single party got a clear majority in the Lok Sabha,
the major national parties had to enter into an alliance with many parties including several regional
parties to form a government at the Centre. This led to a
new culture of power sharing and respect for the autonomy of State Governments .
(iii) Judgement of the Supreme Court: The Supreme Court of India has established strict guidelines for
imposing President’s rule. With new guidelines it is very difficult for the Central Government to
dismiss state governments in an arbitrary manner. Thus, federal power sharing is more effective today
than it was in the early years after the Constitution came into force.
CBSE Class 10Social ScienceSolved SamplePaper
23. What makes India a federal country?
Answer.The Constitution declared India as a Union of states. The following points clearly show that the
Indian Union is based on the principles of
federalism:
•The Constitution clearly provided a three-fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union
government and the State governments in the three lists—Union, State and Concurrent lists.
•Sources of revenue for each level of government are c
learly specified to ensure its financial autonomy.
•This sharing of power is basic to the structure of the Constitution, and it cannot be changed by
Parliament; it has to be ratified by at least half of the state legislatures.
•In a federation, judiciary solves the disputes between different levels of government.
In any such case of a dispute, the High Courts and the Supreme Court make a decision.
24. Discuss the merits and demerits of two-party system and multi-party system.
Answer Advantages of two-party system:.

•It gives clear choice to the candidates.
•It is easier to obtain clear majority.
•It provides for a strong opposition to keep a check on the government.
Disadvantages of two-party system:
•It is not suitable for large countries with diverse interests.
•There is not enough choice for the voters.

•It may lead to cabinet dictatorship by the winning candidates.
Advantages of multi-party system:

•It gives representation to most sections and groups of society.
•It gives ample choice to the voters
.Disadvantages of multi-party system:
•Decision making may take lots of time and involve compromises to accommodate different
viewpoints.
•It leads to political instability.
•Too many parties may often confuse the voters.
25. How can religion influence politics?

SECTION – A
VERY SHORT ANS. QUESTIONS
1. Match the following items given in column A with those in column B.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
COLUMN A COLUMN B
A. Rashsundari Debi 1. Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal
B. Sudarshan Chakr 2. Kesari
C. Kashibaba 3. Amar Jiban
D. Bal Gangadhar Tilak 4. Sacchi Kavitayen
2. Identify the appropriate reason for the formation of the Swaraj party
from the options given below:
A. Wanted members of Congress to return to Council Politics
B. Wanted members of Congress to ask for Poorna Swaraj for Indians
C. Wanted members of Congress to ask Dominion State for India
D. Wanted members of Congress to oppose Simon Commission
3. Study the picture and answer the question that follows
Which of the following aspect best signifies this image of ‘Germania’?

A. Heroism and Justice
B. Folk and Cultural Tradition

C. Austerity and Asceticism
D. Revenge and Vengeance
4. Who was called as the architect of Germany’s unification?

5. Which one of the following is an example of Cultivable Wasteland?
A. Gross cropped Area
B. Uncultivable Land
C. Barren Wasteland
D. Current fallow Land
Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

Page No. 224
Question1: Why does a compass needle get deflected when brought near a
bar magnet?
Solution: Compass needle get deflected when brought near a bar magnet as
its magnetic field lines interact with that of the bar magnet.
Page No. 228
Question1: Draw magnetic field lines around a bar magnet
Solution: Magnetic field lines of a bar magnet emerge from the

North Pole and terminate at the South Pole. Direction gets reversed inside
the magnet.
Question2: List the properties of magnetic lines of force.
Solution: The properties of magnetic lines of force are as:

 Magnetic lines do not intersect with each other
 Magnetic field lines emerge from the North Pole.
 They merge at the South Pole.
 The direction of field lines inside the magnet is from the South Pole to the
North Pole.
Question3: Why don’t two magnetic lines of force intersect each other?
Solution: Magnetic lines are parallel to each other. Thus, they can’t
intersect. Also, if two field lines of a magnet intersect, then at the point of
intersection, the compass needle points in two different directions.
Thus , two field lines do not intersect each other.
Page No. 229
Question 1: Consider a circular loop of wire lying in the plane of the table.
Let the current pass through the loop clockwise. Apply the right-
hand rule to find out the direction of the magnetic field inside and outside the
loop.
Solution:For downward direction of current flowing in the circular loop, the

direction of magnetic field lines will be as if they are emerging from the table
outside the loop and merging in the table inside the loop. Similarly, for
upward direction of current flowing in the circular loop, the direction of
magnetic field lines will be as if they are emerging from the
table outside the loop and merging in the table inside the loop.
Question2:The magnetic field in a given region is uniform. Draw a diagram

to represent it.
Solution:The magnetic field lines inside a current-carrying long straight

solenoid are uniform.
Question3: Choose the correct option. The magnetic field inside a long
straight solenoid-carrying current (a) is zero (b) decreases as we move
towards its end (c) increases as we move towards its end (d) is the same at
all points?
Solution:(d)The magnetic field inside a long, straight, current-carrying

solenoid is uniform. It is the same at all points inside the solenoid.
PageNo.231
Question1: Which of the following property of a proton can change while it
moves freely in a magnetic field? (There may be more than one correct
answer.) (a) mass (b) Speed (c) Velocity (d) Momentum
Solution: (c) and (d) When a proton enters in a region of magnetic field, it
experiences a magnetic force. As a result of the force, the path of the proton
becomes circular. Hence, its velocity and momentum change.
Question2: In Activity 13.7 (page: 230) , how do we think the displacement

of rod AB will be affected if (i) current in rod AB is increased: (ii) a stronger
horse-shoe magnet is used: and (iii) length of the rod AB is increased?
Solution: If a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it

experiences a force. This force will increase with the increase in
amount of current, strength of the magnetic field, and the length of the
conductor. Thus, the magnetic force exerted on rod AB and its deflection will
increase if
 Current in rod AB is increased
 A stronger horse-shoe magnet is used
 Length of rod AB is increased
Question3:A positively-charged particle (alpha-particle) projected towards
west is deflected towards north by a magnetic field. The direction of
magnetic field is:
(a) towards south
(b) towards east
(c) downward (d) upward
Solution: (d) The direction of the magnetic field can be determined by the
Fleming’s left hand rule. The direction of magnetic field will be upwards.
PageNo.233
Question1:State Fleming’s left-hand rule.
Solution: Fleming’s left hand rule: -

It states that if we arrange the thumb, the centre finger, and the forefinger of
the left hand at right angles to each other, then the thumb points towards
the direction of the magnetic force, the centre finger gives the direction of
current and the forefinger points in the direction of magnetic field.
Question2: What is the principle of an electric motor?
Solution: Electric motor is based on the magnetic effect of current. A

current-carrying loop experiences a force and rotates when placed
in a magnetic field. We can find out the direction of rotation of the loop by
the Fleming’s left-hand rule.
Question3:What is the role of the split ring in an electric motor?
Solution: The split ring in the electric motor acts as a commutator. The
commutator reverses the direction of current flowing through the coil after
each half rotation of the coil. This reversal action of current helps in
continuous rotation in the same direction.
PageNo.236
Question1:Explain different ways to induce current in a coil.
Solution: The different ways to induce current in a coil are:

(d) False; Live wire has red insulation cover, whereas earth wire has green
insulation colour in the domestic circuits.
Question7:List three sources of magnetic fields.
Solution: Three sources of magnetic fields:

 Electromagnets
Current-carrying conductors
Permanent magnets
Question8: How does a solenoid behave like a magnet? Can you determine
the north and south poles of a current-carrying solenoid with the help of a
bar magnet? Explain.
Solution: A solenoid is formed of long coil of circular loops of insulated

copper wire. When a current is allowed to flow through it, magnetic field
lines are produced around the solenoid.The magnetic field produced by it is
similar to the magnetic field of a bar magnet.When the north pole of a bar
magnet is brought near the end connected to the negative terminal of the
battery, the solenoid repels the bar magnet. Since like poles repel each
other, the end connected to the negative terminal of the battery behaves as
the north pole of the solenoid and the other end behaves as a south pole.
Hence, one end of the solenoid behaves as a north pole and the other end
behaves as a south pole.
Question9: When is the force experienced by a current-carrying conductor

placed in a magnetic field largest?
Solution: The force experienced by a current-currying conductor is the

maximum when the direction of current is perpendicular to the direction of
the magnetic field.
Question10:Imagine that you are sitting in a chamber with your back to

onewall. An electron beam, moving horizontally from back wall towards the
front wall, is deflected by a strong magnetic field to your right side. What is
the direction of magnetic field?
Solution: The direction of magnetic field is given by Fleming’s left ha

nd rule. Magnetic field inside the chamber will be perpendicular to the
direction of current and direction of deflection i.e., either upward or
downward. The direction of current is from the front wall to the back
wall because negatively charged electrons are moving from back wall to the
front wall. The direction of magnetic force is rightward. Thus, using
Fleming’s left hand rule, the direction of magnetic field inside the chamber is
downward.
Question 11: Draw a labelled diagram of an electric motor.

Explain its principle and working. What is the function of a split ring in an
electric motor?
Solution: An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical

energy. Principle: It works on the principle of the magnetic effect of current.
Working:Acurrent-carrying coil rotates in a magnetic field.
When a current is allowed to flow through the coil MNST by closing the
switch, the coil starts rotating anti-clockwise. This happens because a
downward force acts on length MN and at the same time, an upward force
acts on length ST. As a result, the coil rotates anti-
clockwise. Current in the length MN flows from M to N and the magnetic
field acts from left to right, normal to length MN. Therefore, according to
Fleming’s left hand rule, a downward force acts on the length MN. Similarly,
current in the length ST flows from S to T and the magnetic
field acts from left to right, normal to the flow of current. Therefore, an
upward force acts on the length ST. These two forces cause the coil to
rotate anti-clockwise. After half a rotation, the position of MN and ST
interchange. The half-ringDcomes in contact with brush A and half-ring
C comes in contact with brush B. Hence, the direction of current in the coil
MNST gets reversed. The current flows through the coil in the direction
TSNM. The reversal of current through the coil MNST repeats after each
half rotation. As a result, the coil rotates unidirectional. The
split rings help to reverse the direction of current in the circuit.
These are called the commutator.
Question12: Name some devices in which electric motors are used?
Solution: Some devices in which electric motors are used are electric
mixers, washing machines, electric fans, water pumps, etc.
Question 13: A coil of insulated copper wire is connected to a galvanometer.

What will happen if a bar magnet is (i) pushed into the coil, (ii) withdrawn
from inside the coil, (iii) held stationary inside the coil?
Solution: A current induces in a solenoid if a bar magnet is moved relative to

it. This is the principle of electromagnetic induction.
(i) When a bar magnet is pushed into a coil of insulated copper wire, a
current is induced momentarily in the coil. As a result, the needle of the
galvanometer deflects momentarily in a particular direction.
(ii) When the bar magnet is withdrawn from inside the coil of the insulated
copper wire, a current is again induced momentarily in the coil in the
opposite direction. As a result, the needle of the galvanometer deflects
momentarily in the opposite direction.
(iii) When a bar magnet is held stationary inside the coil, no current will be
induced in the coil. Hence, galvanometer will show no deflection.
Question14: Two circular coils A and B are placed closed to each other. If
the current in the coil A is changed, will some current be induced in the coil
B? Give reason.
Solution: Two circular coils A and B are placed close to each other. When
the current in coil A is changed, the magnetic field associated with it also
changes. As a result, the magnetic field around coil B also changes. This
change in magnetic field lines around coil B induces an electric current in it.
This is called electromagnetic induction.
Question15: State the rule to determine the direction of a (i) magnetic field
produced around a straight conductor-carrying current, (ii) force experienced
by a current-carrying straight conductor placed in a magnetic field which is
perpendicular to it, and (iii) current induced in
a coil due to its rotation in a magnetic field.
Solution:
(i) Maxwell’s right hand thumb rule
(ii) Fleming’s left hand rule
(iii) Fleming’s right hand rule
Question16: Explain the underlying principle and working of an electric

generator by drawing a labelled diagram. What is the function of brushes?
Solution:An electric generator converts mechanical energy into electrical

energy.Principle:When a loop is moved in a magnetic field, an electric
current is induced in the coil. It generates electricity by rotating a coil in a
magnetic field. Working: MNST → Rectangular coil A and B→ Brushes
C and D→ two slip rings X→ Axle,G→ Galvanometer If axle X is rotated
clockwise, then the length MN moves upwards while length ST moves
downwards. Since the lengths MN and ST are moving in a magnetic
field, a current will be induced in both of them due to electromagnetic
induction. Length MN is moving upwards and the magnetic field acts from
left to right. Hence, according to Fleming’s right hand rule,
the direction of induced current will be from M to N. Similarly, the direction of
induced current in the length ST will be from S to T.
The direction of current in the coil is MNST. Hence, the galvanometer shows
a deflection in a particular direction. After half a rotation, length MN starts
moving down whereas length ST starts moving upward. The direction of the
induced current in the coil gets reversed as TSNM. As the direction of
current gets reversed after each half rotation, the produced current is called
an alternating current (AC).To get a unidirect
ional current, instead of two slip rings, two split rings are used, In this
arrangement, brush A always remains in contact with the length of the coil
that is moving up whereas brush B always remains in contact with the length
that is moving down. The split rings C and D act as a commutator. The
direction of current induced in the coil will be MNST for the first rotation and
TSNM in the second half of the rotation. Hence, a unidirectional current is
produced from the generator called DC
generator. The current is called AC current.
Question17:When does an electric short circuit occur?
Solution: Electric short circuits happen when somehow current flowing in the
circuit increases. It can happen if the resistance of an electric circuit becomes
very low. In such case,current flowing through the circuit becomes very high.
This is caused by connecting too many appliances to a single socket or
connecting high power rating appliances to the light
circuits. Also, when the insulation of wires undergoes wear and tear,
they touch each other, and thenthe current flowing in the circuit increases
abruptly. Thus, a short circuit occurs.
Question 18: What is the function of an earth wire? Why is it necessary to

earth metallic appliances?
Solution: Earthing helps in preventing electric shocks. Metallic body of

electric appliances is connected to the earth by means of earth wire.
Because of this, if there is any leakage of electric current, then current will
transfer to the ground. This prevents any electric shock to the user. That is
why earthing of the electrical appliances is necessary.
SYLLABUS FOR TELUGU - TELANGANA STATE (089)
CLASS – X (2018 – 2019)
Time: 3Hrs Total: 80 Marks
A) Reading Section: 10 Marks
1. Aparichita Gadyamsham (unseen prose passage) (5x2=10M)
B) Writing Section: 14 Marks
1. Lekha Rachana (Letter writing) (1X6=6M)
2. Dairy Entry (Dinacharya) (1x4=4M)
3. News Writing (Vaartha Rachana) (1x4=4M)
C) Grammar Section: 24 Marks
1. Telugu Sandhulu –
Amredita, Pumpvadesa, Padvadi, Gasadavadesa, (6x1 =6M)
Rugagama, Dvirukta Takara, Trika Sandhulu
2. Chandassu - Utpalamala, Champakamala, Mattebhamu, Shardhulamu(3X1=3M)
3. Samaasaalu - Dwandva, Dvigu, Bahuvreehi and Rupaka Samaasaalu (3X1=3M)
4. Alankaralu – Upama, Athishayokti, Krama, Arthantharanyasa (3x1=3M)
5. Paryaya Paddalu (3x1=3M)
6. Jaatiyaalu (2x2=4M)
7. Saametalu (2x1=2M)
Prescribed Text Book:
Singidi-2, Published by Government of Telangana (1st Edition 2015)
D) Literature Section: Text 32 Marks
Prose – (Lessons to be taught)
2. Evari bhasha variki vinasompu (2x3=6M)
4. Kothabata (3x2=6M)
8. Lakshya Siddhi
10. Golkonda Pattanam
Poetry - (Lessons to be taught)
1. Daana Sheelam (1x6=6M)
3. Veera Telangana (2x3=6M)
5. Nagara Geetham
7. Shathaka Madhurima
9. Jeevana Bhashyam
11. Bhiksha
Non-Detail Text:
(Mana Ithihasam - Ramayanam) (2x4=8

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Check Below The Important Formulas, Terms and Properties For CBSE Class 10 Maths Exam 2020: 1. Real Numbers

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Check Below The Important Formulas, Terms and Properties For CBSE Class 10 Maths Exam 2020: 1. Real Numbers

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Check below the important formulas, terms and properties for CBSE Class

10 Maths Exam 2020:

 Sum of roots = –b/a

Speed downstream = (u + v) km/hr

CBSE Class 10 Maths Exam 2019: Revision Tips by Experts

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Download CBSE Class 10 Mathematics Solved Guess Paper 2019

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Question 20. What is a cheque?

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- It is authorised by the government of a India.

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It can be easily exchanged with any commodity or service.

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