DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - COLLEGE OF LAW

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW I
First Semester, AY 2019-2020

I. COURSE INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

Course Objectives:

To help you become lawyers (Pass the bar)

To help you become good lawyers (for your future clients, to be able to
argue any position)
To teach law in a grand manner and to help you become great lawyers (for justice, for the
poor, for the country, and for the world)

*Recommended References:
1. Joaquin Bernas S.J., The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines:
A Commentary. Rex Bookstore (2003)
2. Isagani and Carlo Cruz, Political Law (latest edition)

Course Overview

II. THE LIVING CONSTITUTION: LAW, HISTORY, AND POLITICS

*The Oresteia by Aeschylus

(can be downloaded at http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks07/0700021.txt)

*An Enemy of the People by Henrik Ibsen

(can be downloaded at http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2446/2446-h/2446-h.htm)

*Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch (5 US) 137, 2 l. ed. 60 (1803)

*Valino vs Adriano (GR 182894, 22 April 2014, read dissent of Justice Leonen)

*Imbong v Ochoa, et al. (G.R. Nos. 204819 et. al, 2015)

*Estrada v. Escritor [A.M. No. P-02-1651. August 4, 2003]

*Ocampo et al. vs. Enriquez, G.R. Nos. 225973, November 2016. (Read all
dissents)

*Javellana vs. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. L-36142. March 31, 1973 (Read all
dissents)

*Lagman vs Medialdea G.R. No. 231658/G.R. No. 231771/G.R. No. 231774. July
4, 2017 (Read all dissents)

*Republic vs Sereno G.R. No. 237428. May 11, 2018 (Read all dissents)

*Jose Rizal, Noli Me Tangere and El Filubusterismo, see also ELIAS AND
SALOME, http://thelifeandworksofrizal.blogspot.com/2012/01/missing-chapter-
elias-and-salome.html
 *W. Michael Reisman, Myth System and Operational Code, download at
http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1711&context=fss_papers

III. WHAT IS THE PHILIPPINES? (TERRITORY, PEOPLE, and GOVERNMENT)

1. TERRITORY

*Article 2, Philippine Constitution (National Territory) - Compare with 1935 and

1973 versions

*Magallona vs. Ermita G.R No. 187167 (2011)

*United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Articles 46-54
http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf

*The Republic of the Philippines v. the People’s Republic of China – https://pca-

cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Award.pdf

*Treaty of Paris, Article III

*R. A. No. 3046 as amended b RA No. 5446 - "AN ACT TO DEFINE THE
BASELINES OF THE TERRITORIAL SEA OF THE PHILIPPINES"

*R. A. No. 9522 – “AN ACT TO AMEND CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF R. A. NO.

3046, AS AMENDED BY R. A. NO. 5446, TO DEFINE THE ARCHIPELAGIC
BASELINES OF THE PHILIPPINES, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES”

*PD No. 1599: ESTABLISHING AN EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE AND FOR

OTHER PURPOSES June 11, 1978.

Articles:

*Bateman, Behm, et. al Assessing the South China Award July 2016)
https://www.aspi.org.au/publications/assessing-the-south-china-sea-
award/SI108_SouthChinaSea_anthology.pdf
*Antonio T. Carpio, Protecting the nation’s marine wealth in the West Philippine
sea (2014), download at http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/aboutsc/justices/j-carpio/03-06-
14-speech.pdf

*Paterno Esmaquel II, Top Philippine judge uses Chinese maps vs. China (see
full presentation of Justice Carpio embedded in the Rappler article), download
at http://www.rappler.com/nation/60167-top-philippine-judge-carpio-chinese-
maps- china

*The Arbitral Award and the Future Management of the South China Sea
Disputes
https://amti.csis.org/arbitral-award-future-management-south-china-sea-disputes/

Recent developments: read links below

*The Philippines' pivot to China

http://www.rappler.com/thought-leaders/148928-duterte-philippines-pivot-china
 *The Surprising New Challenge for the US in the South China Sea
http://thediplomat.com/2016/09/the-surprising-new-challenge-for-the-us-in-the-
south-china-sea/

*Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte Meets Xi Jinping: First Takeaways

http://thediplomat.com/2016/10/philippine-president-rodrigo-duterte-meets-xi-
jinping-first-takeaways/

*Duterte on South China Sea claims: We won’t insist now

https://globalnation.inquirer.net/147579/duterte-on-south-china-sea-claims-we-
wont-insist-now

*The contest to control the South China Sea just got a lot more complicated
http://www.businessinsider.com/philippine-president-duterte-complicates-south-
china-sea-power-struggle-2016-10

*Rodrigo Duterte Has Achieved a Strange Feat in the South China Sea
http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/rodrigo-duterte-has-achieved-strange-
feat-the-south-china-17990

Links on Sabah issue:

*http://philippineclaimoversabah.blogspot.com

*http://thediplomat.com/2016/05/malaysia-warns-philippines-duterte-against-
reigniting-sabah-dispute/

*https://kami.com.ph/14792-brace-june-puns-coming.html

*http://web.stanford.edu/group/tomzgroup/pmwiki/uploads/1072-1968-12-xx-ks-a-
ajg.pdf

2. PEOPLE

1.A CITIZENSHIP
Article IV, Sections 1-5

CASE LIST
Poe-Llamanzares v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 221697-700, Mar. 8, 2016/
David v. Poe-Llamanzares, SET Case No. 001-15, Nov. 17, 2005, available at
http://www.set.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/SET-Decision-SET-CASE-001-15-
David-v-Poe-Lamanzares.pdf
Aznar v. COMELEC, 185 SCRA 703 (1990)
Tecson vs Comelec (FPJ case) 424 SCRA 277 (2004)
Co v. Electoral Tribunal of the House of Representatives, 199
SCRA 692 (1991)
Willie Yu v. Defensor-Santiago, 169 SCRA 364 (1989)
Labo v. COMELEC, 176 SCRA 1 (1989)
Frivaldo v. COMELEC,174 SCRA 245
Frivaldo vs. COMELEC, 257 SCRA 727 (1996)
Angat v. Republic, 314 SCRA 438 (1999.)
Bengzon v. Cruz, 357 SCRA 545 (2001)
Valles v. COMELEC, 337 SCRA 543 (2000.)
 Mercado vs. Manzano and COMELEC, 307
SCRA 630 (1999)

See: Philippine Law Journal, Volume 90, Issue No. 2: High noon in
the Supreme Court: The Poe-Llamanzares Decision and its Impact
on Substantive and Procedural Jurisprudence (2016), by Antonio G.
M. La Viña, Nico Robert R. Martin, and Josef Leroi Garcia

LAWS
THE DUAL CITIZENSHIP LAW, R.A. 9225 (2004)

B. SUFFRAGE
Article 5, Sections 1-2

CASE LIST

Gallego v. Verra, 73 Phil. 453, 455-456 (1941)

Romualdezv. RTC, 226 SCRA 408, 415 (1993)
Romualdez
Akbayan v. COMELEC, 355 SCRA 318 (2001)
Ceniza v. COMELEC, 95 SCRA 703 (1980)
Macalintal v. COMELEC, 405 SCRA 614 (2003)

LAWS
RA 9189 (THE OVERSEAS ABSENTEE VOTING ACT)

*Moot court exercise on citizenship

3. GOVERNMENT
See Bernas, S.J., pp. 35-46

CASE LIST
a. Government of the Philippines, Defined
U.S. v. Dorr, 2 Phil. 332, at 339 (1903)

b. Constituent and Ministrant and Functions of the Government

Bacani vs. Nacoco, November 29, 1956.

c. Traditional Classification of Government Functions

Obliterated
ACCFA v. CUGCO, 30 SCRA 256 (1989)

d. De Facto and De Jure Government

Co Kim Cham v. Valdez, 75 Phil. 113 (1946)

e. Revolutionary Government
Republic v. Sandiganbayan, 406 SCRA 190 (2003)
In Re: Bermudez, G.R. No. 76180, 24 October 1986.

f. Parens Patriae
Government v. Monte de Piedad, 35 Phil. 728 (1916)
Southern Luzon Drug Corporation v. DSWD, G.R. No. 199669, 25
April 2017.
 g. Immunity from Suit
Republic v. Feliciano, 148 SCRA 424 (1987)
Meritt v. Government of the Phil. Island, 34 Phil. 311 (1916)
Phil. Agila Satellite v. Lichauco, G.R. No. 134887, July 27, 2006
Air Transportation Office v. Ramos, G.R. No. 159402, 23 February
2011.
Republic v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 88537, 17 April 1990.
Municipality of San Fernando v. Firme, G.R. No. 52179, 8 April
1991.
Professional Video, Inc. v. TESDA, G.R. No. 155504, 26 June 2009

h. Sovereign Immunity in Relation to a Foreign Entity

Deusche Gesellschaft Fur Technische Zusammenarbeit v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No.
152318, 16 April 2009.
Minucher v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 142396. 11 February 2003.
Republic of Indonesia v. Vinzons, G.R. No. 154705, 26 June 2003.

i. Money Claims
Ministerio v. CFI, 40 SCRA 464 (1971)

j. Inherent Powers of the State

Rubi v. Provincial Board, 39 Phil. 660 (1919)
Agustin v. Edu, 88 SCRA 195 (1979)
National Transmission Corporation v. Oroville Development Corporation,
G.R. No. 223366, 1 August 2017.
Manila Memorial Park, Inc. v. Secretary of the DSWD, G.R. No.
175356, 3 December 2013.

IV. WHO MAKES OUR LAWS? (THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT)

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS

1. MEMBERSHIP IN THE LEGISLATURE

Article VI, Sections 2-14

2. ORGANIZATION OF THE LEGISLATURE

Article VI, Sections 15-21,

3. POWERS OF CONGRESS
Article VI, Sections 1, 5, 18, 21, 25-28
Article III

4. LEGISLATIVE PROCESS
Article VI, Sections 24-29

5. INITIATIVE AND REFERENDUM

Article VI, Section 32

CASE LIST

1. MEMBERSHIP IN THE LEGISLATURE

Article VI, Sections 2-14

Residence Qualification (Section 6)

Romualdez-Marcos v. COMELEC, 248 SCRA 300 (1995)
 Domino v. COMELEC, 310 SCRA 546 (1999)
Jalosjos v. COMELEC GR No. 191970, April 24, 2012
Ongsiako Reyes v. COMELEC, GR No. 207264, June 25, 2013;
motions for reconsideration denied with finality on December
3, 2013

Term and Tenure (Section 7)

Dimaporo v. Mitra, 202 SCRA 779 (1991)
Fariñas, et al. v. Executive Secretary, 417 SCRA
503 (2003)

a.i.1. Election (Section 8)

Codilla v. De Venecia, 393 SCRA 639 (2002)

a.i.2. Special Election (Section 9)

Tolentino v. COMELEC, 420 SCRA 438 (2004)

a.i.3. Party List System (Section 5)

Veterans Federation Party v. COMELEC, 342 SCRA 224
(2000)
Ang Bagong Bayani v. COMELEC, 359 SCRA 698
(2001)
Ang Bagong Bayani-OFW Labor party v. COMELEC, June 2,
2003
Barangay Association for National Advancement and Transparency
(BANAT) v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 179271, April 21, 2009
Atong Paglaum v. COMELEC GR No. 203766, April 2, 2013
Cocofed-Philippine Coconut Producers Federation Inc. vs.
COMELEC GR No. 207026, August 6, 2013
Abang Lingkod Party List v. COMELEC GR No. 206952, October
22, 2013

c. Privilege from Arrest (Section 11)

People v. Jalosjos, 324 SCRA 689 (2000)

d. Privilege of Speech (Section 11)

Jimenez v. Cabangbang, G.R. No. L-15905,, August
3, 1966
Antonino v. Valencia, G.R. No. L-26526, May 27,
1974
Pobre v. Defensor-Santiago, A.C. No. 7399, 25 August 2009.

e. Prohibitions (Section 14)

Puyat v. De Guzman, 113 SCRA 31 (1982)
Liban v. Gordon, G.R. No. 175352, July 15, 2009

2. ORGANIZATION OF THE LEGISLATURE

Article VI, Sections 15-21,

a. Composition
Chavez v. Judicial and Bar Council, G.R. No. 202242, 17 July 2012.
Social Justice Society v. Dangerous Drugs Board, G.R. No. 157870, 3 November 2008.
Sema v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 177597, 16 July 2008.
Aquino v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 189793, 7 April 2010.

b. Officers (Section 16)

 Avelino v. Cuenco, March 4, 1949
Santiago v. Guingona, supra
Arroyo, et al. v. De Venecia, 277 SCRA 268 (1997)

c. Internal Discipline (Section 16)

Osmeña v. Pendatun, 109 Phil. 863 (1960)
Paredes, Jr. v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 118364, August 8,
1995
Defensor-Santiago v. Sandiganbayan, G.R> No. 128055, 18 April
2001.

d. Journals (Section 16)

US v. Pons, 34 Phil. 729 (1916)
Casco v. Phil. Chemical Co. v. Gimenez, 7 SCRA 347 (1963)
Astorga v. Villegas, 56 SCRA 714 (1974)

Electoral Tribunals (Section 17)

Angara v. Electoral Commission, 63 Phil. 139 (1936)
Abbas, et al. v. Senate, 166 SCRA 651 (1988)
Lazatin v. COMELEC, 157 SCRA 337 (1988)
Lazatin v. COMELEC, 168 SCRA 391 (1988)
Vinzons-Chato v. House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal
(HRET) and Panotes G.R. No. 199149; GR No. 201350,
January 22, 2013
Tagolino v. HRET and Torres-Gomez, G.R. No. 202202, March
19, 2013.
Barbers v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 165691, 22 June 2005.
Pimentel v. HRET, G.R. No. 141489, 29 November 2002.
Bondoc v. Pineda, G.R. No. 97710, 26 September 1991.

3. POWERS OF CONGRESS
Article VI, Sections 1, 5, 18, 21, 25-28
Article III

a. Non-delegability of legislative power (Section 1)

Eastern Shipping Lines v. POEA, 166 SCRA 533
(1988)
Tablarin v. Gutierrez, 152 SCRA 730 (1987)
Tatad v. Secretary of Energy, 282 SCRA 337 (1997)
People v. Dacuycuy, 173 SCRA 90 (1989)
Chiongbian v. Orbos, 245 SCRA 253 (1995)
Sema v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 177597, July 16 2008 [In
relation to Art. VI, Sec. 5]

b. Commission on Appointments (Section 18)

Daza v. Singson, 180 SCRA 496 (1989)
Coseteng v. Mitra, Jr., 187 SCRA 377 (1990)
Guingona, Jr. v. Gonzales, 214 SCRA 789 (1992)

c. Legislative Investigations (Section 21)

Arnault v. Nazareno, 87 Phil. 29, 45 (1950)
Bengzon v. Senate Blue Ribbon Comm., 203 SCRA 767 (1991)
Sabio, v. Gordon, et al. - G.R. No. 174340, October 17, 2006
Romulo L. Neri v. Senate Committee on Accountability of Public
Officers and Investigations, Senate Committee on Trade and
Commerce, and Senate Committee on National Defense and
Security, G.R. No. 180643 (2008)
 Garcillano v. House Committee on Public Information, G.R. No.
170338, 23 Decemnber 2008.

4. LEGISLATIVE PROCESS
Article VI, Sections 24-29

a. Legislative Procedure and Restrictions

Abas Kida v. Senate, G.R. No. 196271, 18 October 2011.
Abakada Guro Partylist v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 168056, 1 September 2005.
Arroyo v. De Venecia, G.R. No. 127255, 14 August 1997.

a. Appropriations (Section 25)

Garcia v. Mata, 65 SCRA 517 (1975)

b. Transfer of Funds (Section 25)

Demetria v. Alba, 148 SCRA 208 (1987)
Araullo vs.. Aquino III, G.R. No. 209287 February 3, 2015; read
also the original decision on July 1, 2014

c. Subject and Title of Bills (Section 26)

Central Capiz v. Ramirez, 40 Phil. 883, 891 (1920)
Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, 235 SCRA 630 (1994)
De Guzman v. Comelec, G.R. No. 129118, 19 July 2000.

d. Item Veto (Section 27)

Commission of Internal Revenue v. CTA, 185 SCRA 329 (1990)
Gonzales v. Macaraig, 191 SCRA 452 (1990)
Philconsa v. Enriquez, 235 SCRA 508 (1994)
Belgica, et al. v. Executive Secretary, et al GR No. 208566,
November 11, 2013

e. Tax Laws (Section 28)

Commissioner of BIR v. CA, 298 SCRA 83 (1998)
CIR v. Santos, 277 SCRA 617 (1997)

f. Expenditure of Funds (Section 29)

Guingona, Jr. v. Carague, 196 SCRA 221 (1991)
Pascual v. Secretary of Public Works, 110 Phil. 331-346 (1960)
Osmeña v. Orbos, 220 SCRA 703 (1993)
Remman Enterprises, Inc. vs. Professional Regulatory Board of
Real Estate Service and Professional Regulation Commission
G.R. No. 197676, February 4, 2014

5. INITIATIVE AND REFERENDUM

Article VI, Section 32

a. Initiative and Referendum (Section 32)

Garcia v. COMELEC, 237 SCRA 279 (1994)

LAWS:
RA No. 7941: AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE ELECTION OF PARTY-LIST
REPRESENTATIVES THROUGH THE PARTY-LIST SYSTEM, March 3, 1995.
RA No. 6735: AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A SYSTEM OF INITIATIVE AND
REFERENDUM, August 4, 1989

*Simulation exercise: Bicameral conference committee on the Budget

V. WHO IMPLEMENTS THE LAW AND RUNS THE GOVERNMENT? (EXECUTIVE
DEPARTMENT)

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS

1. PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT

Article VII, Sections. 2-13

2. POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE PRESIDENT

Article VII, Sections 1, 13-23
Article X, Sections 4 and 16
Article VI, Sections 9, 23, 27, 28
Article III, Section 13
Article VI, Section 23 (2)
Article XII, Section 21

CASE LIST
1.a.i.1. 1. PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT
Article VII, Sections. 2-13

a.a.i.1. a. Election and Canvass (Section 4)

• Macalintal v. COMELEC. 405 SCRA 614 (2003)
• Congressman Lopez v. Senate and House, G.R. No. 163556,
June 4, 2004
• Pimentel v. Joint Canvassing Committee, June
22, 2004

b. Vacancy situations during the term (Section 8)

Estrada v. Desierto, supra

a.a.i.1. c. Temporary Disability (Section 8)

• Estrada v. Desierto, supra

a.a.i.1. d. Prohibitions (Section 13)

• Doromal v. Sandiganbayan, 177 SCRA 354
(1989)
• Civil Liberties Union v. Executive Secretary, 194 SCRA 317
(1991)
• Bitonio Jr. v. COA, G.R. No. 147392, March 12,
2004
• Estrada v. Desierto, supra
• Soliven v. Makasiar, 167 SCRA 393 (1988)

1.a.i.1. 2. POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE PRESIDENT

Article VII, Sections 1, 13-23

a.a.i.1. a. Executive Power (Section 1)

Carpio v. Executive Secretary, 206 SCRA 290 (1992)
Marcos v. Manglapus, 177 SCRA 668 (1989)
Pichay Jr. v. Office of the Deputy Executive Secretary for Legal
Affairs GR No. 196425, 24 July 2012
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952) See
also: Jackson's Concurring Opinion (focus on Justice Jackson's
three categorization's of presidential power and his concept of
“zone of twilight”)
Saguisag v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 212426, Jan. 12, 2016
b. Power to Appoint and Prohibited Appointments (Section 16)
Government v. Springer, 50 Phil. 259 (1927)
Bermudez v. Executive Secretary, 213 SCRA 733 (1999)
Matibag v. Benipayo, 380 SCRA 49 (2002)
De Castro v. JBC; GR No. 191002, March 17,2010
Funa v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 184740, February 11, 2010
Calderon v. Carale, G.R. No. 91636, 23 April 1992.
Rufino v. Endriga, G.R. No. 139554, 21 July 2006.
Luego v. Civil Service Commission, G.R. No. 69137, 5 August 1986.
Matibag v. Benipayo, G.R. No. 149036, 2 April 2002.

c. Power of Control and Supervision, and the Doctrine of Qualified

Political Agency (Section 17)
Lacson-Magallanes v Paño, 21 SCRA 895
Blaquera, et al. v. Alcala, 295 SCRA 366 (1998)
DENR v. DENR Employees, 409 SCRA 359 (2003)
Senate v. Ermita, 488 SCRA 1 (2006)
Rufino v. Endriga, G.R. No. 139554, July 21, 2006
Drilon v. Lim, G.R> No. 112497, 4 August 1994.
Ople v. Torres, G.R. No. 127685. 23 July 1998.
Kilusang Mayo Uno v. Director General of NEDA, G.R. No. 167798,
19 April 2006.
Biraogo v. Truth Commission, G.R. No. 192935, 7 December 2010.
Angeles v. Gaite, G.R. No. 176596, 23 March 2011.

d. Emergency Powers (Section 18)

Lansang vs. Garcia G.R. No. L-33964 December 11, 1971
Sanidad v. COMELEC, 73 SCRA 333 (1976)
Aquino, Jr. v. Enrile, 59 SCRA 183
Enrile v. Salazar G.R. 92163, June 5, 1990
Enrile vs. Sandiganbayan GR 213847 (August 18, 2015)
Ilagan vs. Enrile, G.R. No. 70748 October 21, 1985
Brocka et. al. vs. Enrile G.R. No. 69863-65 (December 10, 1990)
Gudani v. Senga, SCRA 498 SCRA 671 (2006)
IBP vs. Zamora, et al. G.R. No. 141284. August 15, 2000.
Sanlakas v. Reyes, G.R. No. 159085, February 3, 2004.
Gonzales v. Abaya, 498 SCRA 445 (2006)
David v. Macapagal-Arroyo (PP1017), GR 171396, May 3, 2006
Fortun vs. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, as Commander-in-Chief and
President of the Republic of the Philippines, Eduardo Ermita,
G.R. No. 190293 March 20, 2012, See also: Dissent of Justice
Carpio.
Lagman vs Medialdea G.R. No. 231658/G.R. No. 231771/G.R. No.
231774. July 4, 2017
Lacson v. Perez, G.R. No. 147780, 10 May 2011.

Power to Pardon and Grant Amnesty (Section 19)

Barrioquinto v. Fernandez, 82 Phil. 642 (1949)
Monsanto v. Factoran, 170 SCRA 190 (1989)
Llamas v. Orbos, 202 SCRA 844 (1991)
Drilon v. CA, 202 SCRA 378 (1991)
Atty. Alicia Risos-Vidal, vs. COMELEC and Joseph Ejercito Estrada
G.R. No. 206666 January 21, 2015
People v. Salle, G.R. No. 103567, 4 December 1995.
 f. International Agreement (Section 21)
Bayan v. Executive Secretary, 342 SCRA 449 (2000)
Secretary of Justice v. Judge Lantion, 343 SCRA 377 (2000)
Akbayan v. Aquino, supra
Bayan Muna v. Romulo, G.R. No. 159618, 1 February 2011.

REFERENCE – Policy Papers on Emergency Powers of the President (2007)

*Moot court exercise on martial law powers

WHO INTERPRETS THE CONSTITUTION AND THE LAW AND WHO RESOLVES
DISPUTES? (JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT)

A. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
Article VIII, Sections 1-16

2. POWER OF JUDICIAL REVIEW

A. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
Article VIII, Sections 1, 4(2), 5(2), 5(5)

B. CASE LIST:

1. Origin of Judicial Review

Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch (5 US) 137, 2 l. ed. 60
(1803)
Angara v. Electoral Tribunal, 63 Phil. 139 (1936)
The Federalist No. 78, Available at:
http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa78.htm.

2. Requisites of Judicial Review

PACU v. Secretary of Education, 97 Phil. 806 (1955);
Tan v. Macapagal, 43 SCRA 678 (1972).
People v. Vera, Phil. 58, 89 (1937).

3. Actual Controversy
Mariano v. COMELEC, 242 SCRA 211 (1995)
Province of North Cotabato v. GRP, Esperon et. al.,
G.R. No. 183591, October 14, 2008
Muskrat v. United States, 219 US 346 (1911)
Lozano v. Nograles, G.R. No. 187883, 16 June 2009.
Knights of Rizal v. DMCI, G.R. No. 213948, Apr. 18, 2017

4. Moot and Academic Principle

Alunan III v. Mirasol, 276 SCRA 501, 511 (1997)
AKBAYAN v. Thomas G. Aquino, G.R. No. 170516, July 16,
2008
Nieto, Jr vs. SEC GR No. 175263, March 14, 2012
Lacson v. Perez, G.R. No. 147780, 10 May 2001.

5. Legal Standing
Macasiano v. NHA, 224 SCRA 236 (1993)
Kilosbayan v. Guingona, 232 SCRA 110 (1994)
Senate of the Philippines v. Ermita, 488 SCRA 1, at 39 (2006)
 Fortun v. Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 120293, 20 March 2012.

6. Lis Mota
General v. Urro, G.R. No. 191560, 29 March 2011.

7. Raise a Constitutional Issue at the Earliest Possible Opportunity

Macalintal v. Presidential Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 191618, 23 November 2010.
Hacienda Luisita v. Presidential Agrarian Reform Council, G.R. No. 171101, 5 July 2011.

8. Doctrine of Transcendental Importance

Kilosbayan v. Guingona, G.R. No. 113375, 5 May 1994.
Kilosbayan v. Morato, G.R. No. 118910, 16 November 1995.

8. Taxpayer’s suit
Tatad v. Garcia, Jr, 243 SCRA 436 (1995)
Pascual v. Secretary of Public Works & Communications, 110
Phil. 331 (1960)
Del Mar vs. PAGCOR, 346 SCRA 485 (2000)

9. Political Question
Tanada v. Cuenco, 13 SCRA 375 (1965)
Daza v. Singson, 180 SCRA 496 (1989)
Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186 (1962)
Francisco v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 160261, 10 November
2003.

10. Doctrine of Operative Fact

League of Cities of the Philippines v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 176951, 24
August 2010
Chavez v. Judicial and Bar Council, G.R. No. 202242, 17 July 2012.

Recent cases:

*Jose Jesus M. Disini, Jr., et al vs. Secretary of Justice G.R. No. 203335 February
11, 2014; See also resolution on motion for reconsideration (April 22, 2014
* Lawyers Against Monopoly and Poverty (LAMP)) vs. The Secretary of Budget and
Management, GR No. 164987, April 24, 2012
*Garcia v. Drilon GR No. 179267, June 25, 2013

JUDICIAL ACTIVISM AND JUDICIAL RESTRAINT

Article VIII, Section 5(5)

Reynato S. Puno, “The View from the Mountaintop,” Keynote Speech
delivered at the National Consultative Summit on
Extrajudicial Killings and Enforced Disappearances, Centennial Hall,
Manila Hotel, 16 July 2017, Available at:
http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/publications.summit/EJK
%20Summit%20CJRSP%20Keynote %20Speech.pdf
Oposa vs. Factoran, G.R. No. 101083, 30 July 1993.

JUDICIAL POWER
Lopez v. Roxas, 17 Phil 766 (1966)

Effect of Section 1 (2) on Judicial Inquiry (Section 1)

 Marcos v. Manglapus, 177 SCRA 688 (1989)
Echegaray v. The Secretary of Justice, 19 January 1999
In Re: Wenceslao Laureta, 148 SCRA 382 (1987)

SC Division and En Banc (Section 4)

People v. Dy, 395 SCRA 256 (2003)
Fortich v. Corona, 312 SCRA 751 (1999)
Firestone Ceramics v. CA, 334 SCRA 465 (2000)
League of Cities of the Philippines v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 176951, 21
December 2009, See also: Dissent of Justice Carpio.
Agoy v. Araneta Center, Inc., G.R. No. 196358, 21 March 2012.
In Re: Problems of Delays on Cases Before the Sandiganbayan, A.M.
No. 00-8-05-SC, 28 November 2001.

a.i.3. Powers of the Judiciary (Section 5)

In re Cunanan, 94 Phil. 534 (1954)
Fabian v. Desierto, 295 SCRA 470, 492 (1998)
In re Integration of the Bar of the Philippines, 49 SCRA 25-27
(1973)
Tan v. IBP Commission on Bar Discipline, 501 SCRA 156 (2006)
Secretary of Defense v. Manalo, G.R. No. 180906, 7 October 2008.
Baguio Market Vendors Multi-Purpose Cooperative v. Cabato-
Cortes, G.R. No. 165922, 26 February 2010
People v. Mateo, G.R. No. 147678, 7 July 2004.

Judicial and Bar Council (Section 8)

Chavez v. Judicial and Bar Council (JBC) GR No. 202242,
April 16, 2014
Chavez vs. JBC GR No. 202242, July 17, 2012
De Castro v. JBC, G.R. No. 191002, 17 March 2010.
In Re: Nomination of Atty. Lynda Chaguile, IBP Ifugao President, as
replacement for IBP Governor for Northern Luzon, Denis B.
Habawel AM No. 13-04-03-SC, December 10, 2013
Jardeleza vs. JBC, G.R. No. 213181 (2014)
Villanueva v. JBC, G.R. No. 211833, April 07, 2015

a.i.4. Salaries fixed by law (Section 10)

Nitafan v. Commission of Internal Revenue, 152 SCRA 284

a.i.5. Legal basis of decisions (Section 14)

Francisco vs.Permskul, G.R. No. 81006. May 12, 1989.
Velarde v. Social Justice Society, 428 SCRA 283 (2004)

a.i.6 One Supreme Court

Macalintal v. Presidential Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 191618, 23
November 2010.
Estrada v. Desierto, G.R. No. 146710, 3 April 2001.
Vargas v. Rilloraza, 80 Phil 297 (1948)
Diaz v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 109698, 5 December 1994.

a.1.7 Fiscal Autonomy

In Re: COA Opinion on the Computatuon of the Appraised Value of the Properties
Purchased by the Retired Chief/Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, A.M. No. 11-7-
10-SC, 31 July 2012.
 VII. WHAT ARE THE INDEPENDENT CONSTITUTIONAL COMISSIONS?
(CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISIONS)

COMMON CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS

Article IX(A), Sections 1-7

CASE LIST
Galido v. COMELEC, 193 SCRA 78 (1991)
Mateo v. CA, 247 SCRA 284 (1995)
Garces v. CA, 259 SCRA 99 (1996)
CHREA v. CHR, G.R. 155336, July 21, 2006
Gaminde v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 140335, 13 December
2000.

1. CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION

Article IX(B), Sections 1-8

CASE LIST
Mathay, Jr. Civil Service Commission, 312 SCRA 91 (1999)
CSC v. Salas, 274 SCRA 414 (1997)
Binamira v. Garrucho, Jr., 188 SCRA 154 (1990)
Canonizado v. Aguirre, 323 SCRA 312 (2000)
Luego v. CSC, 143 SCRA 327 (1986)
Flores v. Drilon and Gordon, 223 SCRA 508 (1993)
Civil Service Commission vs. Maricelle M. Cortes, G.R. No. 200103
April 23, 2014
Department of Health v. NLRC, G.R. No. 113212, 29 December 1995.

2. THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS

Article IX (C), Sections 1-11

CASE LIST
Brillantes v. Yorac, 192 SCRA 358 (1990)
Buac and Bautista v. COMELEC, 421 SCRA 92 (2004)
LDP v. COMELEC, 423 SCRA 665 (2004)
Kilosbayan v. COMELEC, 280 SCRA 892 (1997)
Salazar v. COMELEC, 184 SCRA 433 (1990)
Sanidad v. COMELEC, 181 SCRA 529 (1990)
Diocese of Bacolod vs. COMELEC G.R. No. 205728 January 21, 2015
GMA Network, Inc. vs. COMELEC, Senator Alan Peter
"COMPAÑERO" S. Cayetano G.R. No. 20535, September 2, 2014
Maliksi v. COMELEC and Saquilayan G.R. No. 203302, Maliksi v.
COMELEC, March 12, 2013, reconsidered April 11, 2013
National Press Club v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 102653, 5 March 1992.
Bulilis v. Nuez, G.R. No. 195953, 9 August 2011.

3. THE COMMISSION ON AUDIT

Article IX (C), Sections 1-11

CASE LIST
DBP v. COA, 373 SCRA 356 (2002)
Dingcong v. Guingona Jr., 162 SCRA 782 (1988)
Danville Maritime, Inc. v. COA, 175 SCRA 701 (1989)
Ramos v. Aquino, 39 SCRA 256 (1971)
Funa vs. Manila Economic and Cultural Office and the Commission on Audit, G.R. No.
193462, February 4, 2014
 Funa vs. Villar GR No. 192791, April 24, 2012
Veloso v. COA, G.R. No. 193677,6 September 2011.

4. OTHER CONSTITUTIONAL BODIES

a. Central Monetary Authority
Article XII, Sections 20-21

b. Economic and Planning Agencies

Article XII, Sections 9-10

c. National Commissions
Commission on Human Rights (Article XIII)
Commission on Human Rights Employees Association vs. Commission on Human
Rights, G.R. No. 155336, 21 July 2006.
Simon v. Commission on Human Rights, G.R. No. 100150, 5 January 1994.
National Language Commission ( Article XIV, Section 9)
National Police Commission (Article XVI, Section 6)

VIII. WHAT IS THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS?

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
Article X, Sections 1-21

CASE LIST
Basco v. Pagcor, 197 SCRA 52 (1991)
Limbona v. Mangelin, 170 SCRA 786)
Ganzon v. CA, 200 SCRA 271 (1991)
Pelaez v. Auditor General, 15 SCRA 569 (1965)
Paredes v. The Executive Secretary, 128 SCRA 6
(1984) Acebedo Optical Company v. CA, 329 SCRA 314 (2000)
Binay v. Domingo, 201 SCRA 508, 514 (1991)
Dadole v. COA, 393 SCRA 262 (2002)
Drilon v. Lim, 235 SCRA 135 (1994)
Province of Rizal v. Executive Secretary, 477 SCRA 436 (2005)
League of Cities of the Philippines vs. Commission on Elections, G.R.
Nos.176951, 177499,178056, December 21, 2009
Province of North Cotabato v. GRP, Esperon, et. al. G.R. No. 183591, October
14, 2000

LAWS
The Local Government Code of 1991
R. A. No. 9054 - The Organic Act of Muslim Mindanao
Final version of Bangsamoro Basic Law

SEE ADDITIONAL MATERIALS ON THE BANGSAMORO BASIC LAW

Moot court on the Bangsamoro Basic law

IX. HOW DO WE HOLD PUBLIC OFFICERS ACCOUNTABLE?

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
Article XI, Sections 1-18

CASE LIST
Lacson v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 128096, 20 January 1999.
Uy v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 105965, 20 March 2011.
 Nuñez v. Sandiganbayan, 111 SCRA 433, (1982)
Office of the Ombudsman vs. Atty. Valera, 471 SCRA 715 (2005.)
Ledesma vs. CA, 465 SCRA 437 (2005)
In Re Gonzales, 160 SCRA 771 (1988)
Francisco, et al. v. House Speaker , et al., 415 SCRA 44 (2003)
Zaldivar v. Sandiganbayan, 160 SCRA 843 (1988)
Laurel v. Desierto, 381 SCRA 48 (2002)
Azarcon v. Sandiganbayan, 268 SCRA 747 (1997)
Honasan II v. Panel of Investigating Prosecutors of the Department of
Gonzales III vs. Office of the President of the Philippines, acting
through and represented by executive secretary Paquito N. Ochoa,
Jr., G.R. No. 196231 January 28, 2014
Flor Gupilan-Aguilar and Honore R. Hernandez, vs. Office of the Ombudsman,
G.R. No. 197307 February 26, 2014
Marcos, Jr. vs. Republic of the Philippines, represented by the Presidential
Commission on Good Government, G.R. No. 189434
March 12, 2014
Ligot, et al. v. Republic GR No. 176944, March 6, 2013
Herminio T. Disini vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. Nos. 169823-24, September
11, 2013
Corona vs. Senate . GR No. 200242, July 17,2012
Arroyo vs. People, G.R. No. 220598 (2016)
REPUBLIC VS, SERENO G.R. No. 237428. May 11, 2018

LAWS: R.A. No. 6713 - Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and
Employees." February 20, 1989 (See also The Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices
Act)

X. WHAT IS OUR VISION OF SOCIETY?

Preambles to the 1935, 1973, and 1987 Constitution

A. STATE PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES

Article II, Sections 1-28

CASE LIST

People v. Gozo, 53 SCRA 476 (1973)

Co Kim Cham v. Valdez Tan Keh, 75 Phil. 113 (1945)
In Re Letter of Associate Justice Puno, 210 SCRA 589 (1992)
Republic v. Sandiganbayan, 407 SCRA 10 (2003)
Oposa v. Factoran, 224 SCRA 792 (1993)
Laguna Lake Development Authority v. CA, (1994)
Garcia v. Board of Investments, 224 SCRA 792 (1990)
Pamatong v. COMELEC, 427 SCRA 96 (2004)
Tañada vs. Angara, 272 SCRA 18 (1997)
MMDA v. Concerned Citizens of Manila Bay, G.R. Nos. 171947-48, December
18, 2008
AKBAYAN v. Thomas G. Aquino, G.R. No. 170516, July 16, 2008
Ramon Paje vs. Teodoro A. Casino, G.R. No. 207257, February 3, 2015
Land Bank of the Philippines vs. Yatco Agricultural Enterprises G.R. No.172551
January 15, 2014
Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, G.R. No. 122156, 3 February 1997. (See also:
Dissenting Opinions of Justices Puno and Panganiban)
Tanada v. Angara, G.R. No. 118295, 2 May 1997.
 Duncan v. Glaxo-Wellcome Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 162994, 17 September
2014.

B. NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY

Article XII, Sections 1-22 CASE LIST
Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, G.R. No. 122156, 3 February 1997 (See also:
Dissenting Opinions of Justices Puno and Panganiban.
Garcia v. Board of Investments, G.R. No. 88637, 7 September 1989.
JG Summit Holdings, Inc. v. CA, 412 SCRA 10 (2003)
Gamboa vs. Secretary Teves, (GR No. 176579,October 9, 2012)
Tañada v. Angara, G.R. No. 118295, 2 May 1997.
Garcia v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 157584, 2 April 2009.

Regalian Doctrine, Land Ownership, and Exploitation of Natural Resources

Republic v. Santos, G.R. No. 180027, 18 July 2012.
La Bugal B’laan Tribal v. DENR, 421 SCRA 148 (2004)
Chavez v. PEA and AMARI, 384 SCRA 152 (2002)
Cruz v. Sec. of DENR, et al., 347 SCRA 128 (2000)
Carino vs. Insular Government 212 U.S. 449 (1909)
Krivenko v. Register of Deeds, 79 Phil. 461, 481 (1947)
Cheeseman v. IAC, G.R. No. 74833, 21 January 1991.

LAWS: R.A No. 8371: The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997.

Rights of Indigenous Cultural Communities to their Ancestral Lands.

Province of North Cotabato v. GRP, G.R. No. 183591, 14 October 2008 (Justice
Carpio's Concurring Opinion)

C. SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS

Article XIII, Sections 1-19

CASE LIST
Bautista vs. Salonga, 172 SCRA 160 (1989)
Federation of Free Farmers v. CA, 107 SCRA 352 (1981)
Association of Small Landowners v. Secretary of Agrarian Reform, 175
SCRA 343 (1989))
Cariño v. CHR, 204 SCRA 483 (1991)
Cuba v. Cuenco, 502 vs. 324, (2006)

D. OTHER ASPIRATIONS
All provisions of Articles XIV, XV & XVI

CASE LIST
Ateneo de Manila University v. CA, 145 SCRA 100 (1986)
Licup v. University of San Carlos, 178 SCRA 637 (1989)
Miriam College Foundation v. CA, 348 SCRA 265 ( 2000)
University of San Carlos v. CA, 166 SCRA 570 (1988)
Office of the President v. Buenaobra, 501 SCRA 302 (2006)

XI. HOW CAN WE CHANGE, AMEND, OR REVISE THE CONSTITUTION?

History of Philippine Constitutional Law

(Google and print out these documents)

The Biak-na-Bato Constitution (1897)
 The Malolos Constitution (1899)
McKinley’s Instructions (1900)
Philippine Bill of 1902
Jones Act of 1916

The 1935 Constitution (Original and as Amended)

The 1973 Constitution (As Amended)
The 1986 Freedom Constitution
The 1987 Constitution
The Puno Constitutional Draft

ADDITIONAL READINGS ON FEDERALISM AND OTHER CONSTITUTIONAL

CHANGE ISSUES

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
Article XVII, Sections 1-4

C. CASE LIST
Javellana vs. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. L-36142. March 31,
1973
Sanidad v. COMELEC, 73 SCRA 333 (1976)
Ratification Cases, 50 SCRA 30, 373, note 3 (1973)
Gonzales v. COMELEC, 21 SCRA 774, 797 (1967)
Planas v. COMELEC, 49 SCRA 105 (1973)
Tolentino v. COMELEC, 41 SCRA 702 (1971)
Santiago v. COMELEC, 270 SCRA 106 (1997)
Lambino v. COMELEC, 505 SCRA 160 (2006)

D. LAWS:
R.A. 6735: AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A SYSTEM OF INITIATIVE
AND REFERENDUM. August 4, 1989.

Reference: Antonio La Viña, How to Change the Constitution (2007)

Constitutional Change exercise

XII CONCLUSION AND SYNTHESIS

Plato, The Republic

Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince

Jose W. Diokno, A Nation for Our Children (1987), download at

http://diokno.org/post/3499678968/a-nation-for-our-children

Jose Rizal, Noli Mi Tangere and El Filibusterismo