Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
UNIVERSITY
A Thesis Proposal
Presented to
Batangas City
In Partial Fulfillment
by:
Fama, Johndee C.
This chapter presents the introduction and purpose of the study, theoretical
Introduction
Success as the name implies is wished for by everybody but it does not easily come
by on a mere platter of gold. One must work for it through hard work and diligence,
specially when the goal is academic achievement. Performance of both faculty and students
plays an important role to produce best quality professionals who can be of great assets for
employers; thus, faculty and students must put their greatest effort to prepare for career
teacher or institution has attained their short or long-term educational goals. In school it is
and oral tests, performing presentations, turning in homework and participating in class
activities and discussions. Teachers evaluate in the form of grades and offer comments to
describe how well a student has done or back up the specific grade that was given.
Additionally, in a written assignment, the teacher may also offer feedback and guidance on
improving the writing. Students are evaluated by their performance on standardized tests
geared toward specific ages and based on a set of achievements students in each age group
and understanding of children and their learning, subject knowledge, curriculum, the
education system and the teacher’s role. Professional competence also includes skills such
status, ability to use a range of teaching strategies skillfully, and enthusiasm for the subject
Global Academic rates have been climbing over the course of the last two centuries,
mainly though increasing rates of enrollment in primary education. Secondary and tertiary
education have also seen drastic growth, with global average years of schooling being
much higher now than a hundred years ago. Despite all these worldwide improvements,
some countries have been lagging behind, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa, where there are
still countries that have literacy rates below 50% among the youth (Roser and Ortis-Ospina,
2016).
(PSA) is the level of literacy which includes not only reading and writing but also numeracy
skills that would help people cope with the daily demands of life. Based on the 2013
Functional Literacy, Education and Mass Media Survey (FLEMMS), the country registered
a 90.3% rate, which means that nine out of every ten Filipinos aged 10-64 were functionally
literate. Contributory to low academic performance is the high rate of school dropouts. The
survey further revealed that one in every 100 or about 4 million Filipino children and youth
was out-of-school in 2013. Of the total number, 22.9% got married, 19.2% lacked family
income to be sent to school and 19.1% lacked interest in attending schools (Maluyo, 2018).
Our economy is enhanced when learners have good academic performance. Effective
academic performance opens the doors to more educational and employment opportunities
so that people are able to pull themselves out of poverty and chronic underemployment. In
our increasingly complex and rapidly changing technological world, it is essential that
individuals continuously expand their knowledge and learn new skills in order to keep up
The researchers became interested in this study because after the accreditation of
(AACCUP) in College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences (CONAHS) for both
programs BS Nursing and BS Nutrition and Dietetics last August 2019, analysis of the
quality of the graduates. In line with this, a set of variables are to be considered to identify
the affecting factors towards the quality of academic success. Identifying the most
students attending College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences (CONAHS) of Batangas
State University, there is a growing interest in predictors of academic performance. This
CONAHS.
The general purpose of the study will be to assess the faculty and students’ academic
performance in College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Batangas State University
Main I campus. It also aims to determine the various factors that affect the faculty and
student’s academic performance. This study will serve as a basis for the improvement of
Theoretical Framework
The basic premise for Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is that students progress through
the levels, they feel more comfortable in their learning environment and have to confidence
to push further. It’s important to note that any group of students will have learners at
different levels, some may not have the lower levels met at home so making sure these
students feel safe and secure is of the utmost importance as they will find it very hard to
move to the upper levels. Maslow’s theory lends itself more to building student/teacher
relationships rather than lesson or curriculum structure. You can have the best resources
and most tightly planned lessons in the world but if you don’t show enthusiasm, passion
and empathy it will be very difficult for your students to feel their needs have been met
(Fulbrook, 2019).
behavior that result from stimulus-response associations made by the learner. Behavior is
directed by stimuli. An individual selects one response instead of another because of prior
conditioning and psychological drives existing at the moment of the action (Parkay & Hass,
2000). Behaviorists assert that the only behaviors worthy of study are those that can be
directly observed; thus, it is actions, rather than thoughts or emotions, which are the
legitimate object of study. Behaviorist theory does not explain abnormal behavior in terms
of the brain or its inner workings. Rather, it posits that all behavior is learned habits, and
attempts to account for how these habits are formed. In assuming that human behavior is
learned, behaviorists also hold that all behaviors can also be unlearned, and replaced by
new behaviors; that is, when a behavior becomes unacceptable, it can be replaced by an
acceptable one. A key element to this theory of learning is the rewarded response. The
desired response must be rewarded in order for learning to take place (Parkay & Hass,
rewards and punishments in their classrooms by rewarding desired behaviors and punishing
inappropriate ones. Rewards vary, but must be important to the learner in some way. For
example, if a teacher wishes to teach the behavior of remaining seated during the class
period, the successful student's reward might be checking the teacher's mailbox, running
an errand, or being allowed to go to the library to do homework at the end of the class
period. As with all teaching methods, success depends on each student's stimulus and
response, and on associations made by each learner (Zhou & Brown, 2015).
children, children were creating ideas. They were not limited to receiving knowledge from
parents or teachers; they actively constructed their own knowledge. Piaget's work provides
the foundation on which constructionist theories are based. Constructionists believe that
knowledge is constructed and learning occurs when children create products or artifacts.
They assert that learners are more likely to be engaged in learning when these artifacts are
development of children and adolescents, Piaget identified four major stages: sensorimotor,
preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. Piaget believed all children
pass through these phases to advance to the next level of cognitive development. In each
follows this sequence. The ages at which children progress through the stages are averages-
they vary with the environment and background of individual children. At any given time,
a child may exhibit behaviors characteristic of more than one stage (Piaget, 1970).
According to Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) is a learning theory based on the idea
that people learn by observing others. These learned behaviors can be central to one's
personality. While social psychologists agree that the environment one grows up in
contributes to behavior, the individual person (and therefore cognition) is just as important.
People learn by observing others, with the environment, behavior, and cognition all as the
each behavior witnessed can change a person's way of thinking (cognition). Similarly, the
environment one is raised in may influence later behaviors, just as a father's mindset (also
cognition) determines the environment in which his children are raised. The reciprocal
2002).
Sociocultural theory grew from the work of seminal psychologist Lev Vygotsky,
who believed that parents, caregivers, peers, and the culture at large were responsible for
developing higher order functions. According to Vygotsky, learning has its basis in
in psychology that looks at the important contributions that society makes to individual
development. This theory stresses the interaction between developing people and the
culture in which they live. Sociocultural theory also suggests that human learning is largely
a social process.
According to Adult learning theories were first developed by Knowles in 1981, who
proposed the use of the term "andragogy" (rather than pedagogy) for the ways that adults
learn; later, Knowles recognized that both children and adults can and do learn using the
determined by the learning situation rather than the age of the learner (Merriam, 2001).
Andragogy emphasizes that adults pursue learning that is important to them or provides
immediate usefulness.
perspective. Adults naturally seek evidence that their views are correct or they can
through the disorienting dilemma – an experience that forces the individual to question
prior beliefs – and through serious reflection on one's beliefs and assumptions, discussion
of new information, and empathy toward other perspectives. A critical reflection model of
Conceptual Framework
The study focuses on the analysis of the Academic Performance of faculty and
students of College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences (CONAHS) in Batangas State
University Main I and to ascertain the determinants that affect their Academic
performance.
The Conceptual Framework below (Figure 1) shows the input, process and output of
this current research study. The Input variable of the study includes the demographic
profiles of both faculty and students. Other input variables includes faculty-related factors
and students-related factors which can determine the academic performance of the faculty
and students. The process of the study consists of the assessment of the academic
performance of the faculty and students through interview, self-structured questionnaire
and statistical tools. The output variable of the is a policy recommendation for the College
of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences of Batangas State University Main I in order to
Figure 1
Conceptual Framework
Statement of the Problem
The aim of this study is to analyze the faculty and students’ academic performance.
performance?
1.1. Students
1.1.1 age;
1.1.2 gender;
1.2 Faculty
1.2.1 age;
1.2.2 gender;
terms of:
2.1.2 attendance;
academic performance?
academic performance?
6. What particular policy may be developed to improve the faculty and students’
academic performance?
member of CONAHS?
Hypothesis
H2. There is no significant difference in the extent of the identified factors that
H3. There is no significant difference in the extent of the identified factors that
The researchers believe that the findings of the study will be beneficial to the
following:
To the College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences Students. This study will help
them to improve their academic performances in the university, in order for them to achieve
identify and assess themselves if they are effective educators. The study will help them to
figure out their weaknesses in some areas in the field. By them, they will be able to change
or modify their attitude and strategies towards it or make some appropriate adjustments.
To the College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences. This study will help the college
in solving student related problems and determine what specific areas they should focus
more and further enhance in order to make the program more responsive towards preparing
To the Batangas State University. This research will serve as a basis for continued
support of the university to both its faculty and students. Furthermore, this may help the
university in achieving its mission and vision in developing competent upright citizens and
To the Industry. This study will be beneficial for industries since the
To the Community.
To Future Researchers. The study will serve as a basis for researches that pursue for
more innovative learning strategies that may help them to achieve their goals and
The study will focus on the academic performance of faculty and students of
including the permanent, temporary instructors and guest lecturers. The respondents of the
study will be composed of 100 randomly selected college students which comprises 30%
of the total population of students. While 9 respondents from the faculty will be randomly
selected which comprises 45% of the total population of the faculty. The study will
This study will not include the graduates and does not include the faculty members
not already connected with CONAHS and those faculty from other colleges.
Definition of Terms
The following were the key terms used in the study. They were defined
conceptually and operationally for better interpretation and understanding of the study.
this term is used for students of College Nursing and Allied Health Sciences at Batangas
State University based on how well they are doing in their studies and classes.
Faculty Members. I tis the teaching staff and members of the administrative staff
As used in this study it refers to the instructional personnel holding professorial rank
and assigned primarily teaching responsibilities in the College Nursing and Allied
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter presents the conceptual and research literatures which have significant
bearing on the study. Literature and studies presented in this chapter contain information,
findings that were contributory and fitted for the development of this study.
Conceptual Literature
Foreign
Academic Performance
A number of studies have been carried out to identify and analyse the numerous
factors that affect students’ academic performance in various centres of learning. Their
findings identify students’ effort, previous schooling, parents’ education, family income,
self motivation, age of student, learning preferences, class, and entry qualifications as
factors that have a significant effect on the students’ academic performance in various
is the knowledge gained which is assessed by marks by a teacher and/or educational goals
set by students and teachers to be achieved over a specific period of time. They added that
these goals are measured by using continuous assessment or examinations results. (Zaidi
& Mahmood, 2015) also indicated that academic performance measures education
outcome. They stressed that it shows and measures the extent to which an educational
institution, teachers and students have achieved their educational goals. Similarly, Yusuf,
Onifade and Bello (2016) suggested that academic performance is a measurable and
observable behaviour of a student within a specific period. He added that it consist of scores
Also many studies were conducted by previous researchers have discussed about
the different factors that affect students’ academic performances. According to Mushtaq
and Khan (2012), there are two types of factors that affect student academic performance
which are internal and external factors. The internal factors come from the classroom
environment such as class schedules, class size, student competence in English, learning
facilities, English text books, class test result, homework, internet access, complexity of
course material, exams system, environment of the class and others. While external
classroom environment factors include family-related aspect, financial and work, personal
measurement of student performance that often is more directly connected to the day-to-
day business of teaching and learning than are annual standardized test scores. Grades serve
a number of important functions. The researchers study the effects of students’ age on
academic motivation and academic performance among secondary school students
The result of the study was found that age had no significant effect on the academic
motivation. The higher score for motivation scored by students aged between 12 to 15 years
did not differ significantly as compared to the other age brackets. All the students could be
said to have the same level of academic motivation. The study investigated the effect of
age on the students’ academic performance in the teacher made tests. From the findings,
age had a significant effect on the student’s academic performance. The youngest students
educational issue. In solving any problem however, it is pertinent to understand the causes
of such problems. Many causes or agents have been studied as the etiological starting point
for investigating the phenomena of school failure or success. Gender is one of such factors
feminine and masculine (female and male) population. In view of the belief that students’
Based upon the findings of this study, it was concluded that there is no significant
administered test were even slightly better compared to their male colleagues in public
like Socio-economic Status of the parents, residential locality of the students, gender, age,
school and class room environment and many more. On the other hand, Socio-economic
Status of student’s family or parents have great impact upon academic success of the
students, they are reciprocally related to each other but socio-economic Status is the
it has guided educational policies on admissions and dropout prevention. Although much
of the literature has focused on higher education, the knowledge obtained on behavioral
phenomena observed in colleges and universities can potentially guide research on student
behavior in primary and secondary schools Mones, Nielsen, Sapiezynski, Lassen &
Lehmann,(2018).
When people hear the term “academic performance” they often think of a person’s
GPA. However, several factors indicate a student’s academic success. While some may not
graduate top of their class, they may hold leadership positions in several student groups or
score high on standardized tests such as the SAT or ACT. People often consider grades
first when defining academic performance. This includes schools, which rank students by
their GPA, awarding special designations such as valedictorian and salutatorian for those
who graduate first and second in their class. Scholarship organizations and universities also
start by looking at grades, as do some employers, especially when hiring recent graduates.
Grades carry more weight in some industries, especially technical professions such as law,
medicine and finance. Other industries place less importance on GPA, particularly creative
professions such as writing or art and occupations such as sales where people skills are
more crucial than technical knowledge. Grades don’t always reflect a person’s knowledge
or intelligence. Some students don’t perform well in a classroom setting but are very
intelligent and earn high marks on IQ tests, standardized testing or college entrance exams.
Some of the brightest students don’t earn straight as but are extremely well-rounded,
succeeding at everything from music to athletics. The ability to master a diverse set of skills
employers. Some colleges will admit and even award scholarships to students who earned
average grades but display a pattern of achievement by consistently learning new skills.
Many businesses also see this as a selling point, thinking these candidates are eager to learn
and will be easy to train. Initiative can also indicate academic performance. Some students
positions in student groups such as the honor society or the science club. (William, 2018)
Local
Education is a crucial factor in the growth and development of one’s country. It
plays a vital role in the development of human capital and is linked with an individual’s
well-being and opportunities for better living. It ensures the acquisition of knowledge and
skills that enable individuals to increase their productivity and improve their quality of
life. This increase in productivity also leads towards new sources of earning which
enhances the economic growth of a country. Economy growth depends always on the
kind of education every citizen gains. This task lies in the nation’s educational system,
which tries its best to provide the education needed by the majority of
The quality of students’ performance remains at top priority for educator, trainers,
and researchers who have long been interested in exploring variables contributing
effectively for quality of performance of learners. These variables are inside and outside
school that affect students’ quality of academic achievement. These factors may be
termed as student factors, family factors, school factors and teacher factors. Generally
these factors include age, gender, geographical belongingness, ethnicity, marital status,
parents’ education level, parental profession, and income (Cruz, et. Al, 2015)
Research Literature
Foreign
According to Adzido, et. Al, 2016, “the educational achievement gap has deep
root; it is evident very early in child’s lives; even before they enter schools. Socio–
economic differences – such as health and nutrition status, home environments that
provide access to academically related experiences, mobility rates, and financial assets
Parental educational background, profession and occupation affect their financial status.
Family income is one major factor that affects their children’s educational level,
The study assesses the relationship between family income and academic
performance of tertiary students: the case of Ho Polytechnic, Ghana. 480 students were
used to collect data from respondents. There were mixed results from the study. The
findings of this study partly imply that family income of Polytechnic students could affect
their learning process, motivation and academic performance at the long-run. Thus,
strong financial status of families helps improve students’ motivation, learning process
and hence better academic performance. However, some respondents strongly argued that
family income status is not an essential predictor of better academic performance. This
suggests that the objective of the study has been achieved with reference to the outcomes
of the study. The study concludes that though higher family income may improve
students’ performance, but for the responsible and serious students, low family income
MEDIA/TECHNOLOGY
in all aspects of social, economic &cultural life; the most important of which are over-
population, over-knowledge, education philosophy development & the change of teacher‘s
role, the spread of illiteracy, lack of the staff& the technological development & mass
media.This drove theteaching staff to use the modern teaching technologies to face some
of the main problems, whicheducation & its productivity encounter, by increasing the
learning level which may be achievedthrough providing equivalent opportunities for all
people whenever & wherever they are, whiletaking into account the individual differences
& usingnew educational method. Mainstreaming the technological media within whatis
of computertechnologies. The concept of this technology came into being with the
appearance of soundcards, then compact disks, then came the use of digital camera, then
expanded to become a field on itsown. The concept of multimedia technology is broad &
to its use in medical & statisticaldomains & in establishing databases. Moreover, the
entertainment sector is one of the sectorsthat had the lion‘s share in using this
provide a more effective & more influential experiment than using eachtechnology
separately.The researcher thinks that multimedia is one of the best educational techniques
because itaddresses more than one sense simultaneously, as it addresses the senses of sight
& hearing.Multimedia programs provide different stimuli in their presentations which
include a number ofelements some of which are, spoken words, sound & music,graphics,