Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
DILUTION TECHNIQUE
volume V1 at Sec 1
measurement, also known as
Conc. At Sec 2 chemical method depends
upon the continuity principle
volume V1 at Sec 1
𝑴𝟏 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 = ∀1 𝐶1
Conc. At Sec 2
𝑡2 𝑡2
∀1
𝑴𝟏 = 𝑄 𝐶2 − 𝐶0 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶2 − 𝐶0 𝑑𝑡
𝑡1 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 𝑡1
C0
C2
t1 t t2
Time
Neglecting the second term on the right hand side as insignificantly small,
∀𝟏 𝑪𝟏
𝑸= 𝒕𝟐 Eq.4.13
𝒕𝟏
𝑪𝟐 − 𝑪𝟎 𝒅𝒕
DILUTION TECHNIQUE
• The discharge 𝑸 in the stream can be estimated if for a known 𝑴𝟏 the
variations of 𝑪𝟐 with time at Section 2 and 𝑪𝟎 are determined.
Section 2
Background • At Section 2, the concentration
Conc. gradually rises form background
value 𝑪𝟎 at time 𝒕𝟏 to a constant
value 𝑪𝟐 .
C1 C2
0
Time
DILUTION TECHNIQUE
At a steady state, the continuity
Section 1 equation for the tracer is
C1
𝑄1 𝐶1 + 𝑄𝐶0 = 𝑄 + 𝑄𝑡 𝐶2
Concentration
Section 2 Thus,
Background
Conc. 𝑸𝒕 𝑪𝟏 − 𝑪𝟐
𝑸= Eq.4.14
𝑪𝟐 − 𝑪𝟎
C2
C1
0
Time
DILUTION TECHNIQUE
• The technique in which 𝑸 is estimated
by knowing 𝑪𝟏 , 𝑪𝟐 , 𝑪𝟎 and 𝑸𝒕 is known
as constant rate injection method or
plateau gauging.
2. It should be non-toxic.
• Availability of detection
instrumentation
• Environmental effects
• Length depends:
Geometric dimensions of the channel cross-section
Discharge
Turbulence levels
LENGTH OF REACH
An empirical formula suggested by Rimmar (1960) for estimation of
mixing length for point injection of a tracer in a straight reach is
𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝑩𝟐 𝑪 𝟎. 𝟕𝑪 + 𝟐 𝒈
𝑳= Eq.4.15
𝒈𝒅
Where:
𝑳 = mixing length (m)
𝑩 = average width of the stream (m)
𝒅 = average depth of the stream (m)
𝑪 = Chezy coefficient of roughness
𝒈 = acceleration due to gravity
LENGTH OF REACH
• The value of 𝑳 varies from about 1 km
for a mountain stream carrying a
discharge of about 1.0 m3/s to about
100 km for river in a plain with the
discharge of about 300.0 m3/s.
𝑸 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
STREAM FLOW MEASUREMENT
ELECTROMAGNETIC TECHNIQUE
Where:
𝒅 = depth of flow
𝑰 = current in the coil
𝒏, 𝑲𝟏 , 𝑲𝟐 = system constant
ELECTROMAGNETIC METHOD
• This method involves
sophisticated and expensive
instrumentation and has been
successfully tried in a number of
installations.
• The method was first reported by Swengel (1955), since then it has
been perfected and complete systems are available commercially.
ULTRASONIC METHOD
• Considering a channel carrying a flow with two transducer A and B
fixed at the same level h above the bed and on either side of the
channel.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒗𝒑 𝟐𝒗 cos 𝜽
− = =
𝒕𝟏 𝒕𝟐 𝑳 𝑳
Or
𝑳 𝟏 𝟏
𝒗= − Eq.4.19
𝟐 cos 𝜽 𝒕𝟏 𝒕𝟐
ULTRASONIC METHOD
• Thus for a given 𝑳 and 𝜽, by knowing 𝒕𝟏 and 𝒕𝟐 , the average
velocity along the path AB, i.e. 𝒗 can be determined.
i. Unstable cross-section