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‘SOIL COMPACTION’

Training Report

Submitted by :-

KAPIL JANGID

16ME28

Dept. of Mechanical Engg.

Engineering College, Ajmer

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TOPIC PAGE NO
1) Training Certificate ………………………3
2) Acknowledgement ………………………4
3) Abstract …………………...…5
4) Compaction ………………………

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Acknowledgement
The internship opportunity I had with Larsen and Toubro was a great
chance for learning and professional development. Therefore, I
consider myself as a very lucky individual as I was provided with an
opportunity to be a part of it. I am also grateful for having a chance to
meet so many wonderful people and professionals who led me
through this internship period.
I am also using this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude and
special thanks to Mr. Saurabh Mittal Sir, who in spite of being
extraordinarily busy with his duties, took time out to hear, guide and
keep me on the correct path and for allowing me to carry out my
study at their esteemed organization.
I express my deepest thanks to all the staff at L&T, Bahadurgarh for
taking part in the useful decisions, giving the necessary guidance and
arranging all facilities to make my life easier. I choose this moment to
acknowledge their contribution gratefully.
It is my radiant sentiment to place on record, my best regards, deepest
sense of gratitude to everyone involved in the smooth transition,
especially to Mr. Alok Khatri (HOD, Mechanical Department) and the
Training and Placement Cell of GECA.
I perceive this opportunity as a big milestone in my career
development. I will strive to use gained skills and knowledge in the
best possible way, and I will continue to work on their improvement,
in order to attain desired career objectives. Hope to continue
cooperation with all of you in the future.
Sincerely,
Kapil Jangid

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Abstract

This report consists of all the things learnt by me in Summer

Internship about Heavy Machineries at L&T Plant (Bahadurgarh,
Haryana).
I have studied about “Compaction” in 45 days at this facility. The
study consisted of learning about Compaction and the need of it.
In addition to that, I studied about the different types of Compactors
used by Larsen and Toubro.

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COMPACTION
SOIL COMPACTION
Compaction is the process of applying mechanical energy to a soil mass so
as to rearrange the particles and making it dense through the expulsion of
air from the voids between the soil grains.

Different Takes on Compaction

Soil compaction remediation is necessary to increase the density of soils.
This gives the soil higher strength to bear loads and decreases its
permeability so that the ingress of water is halted. Water can be damaging
to foundation structures and can also rise into a structure through capillary
action, which in turn can damage floors, reinforcement bars, and other
structural elements.
Soil compaction helps to increase the bearing capacity of soils which in
turn can vastly reduce foundation costs.
On the other hand, soil compaction in agricultural soils plays a part in
reducing plant growth and not allowing nutrients to reach the roots.
Gardeners are aware of this and use aerators to reduce compaction for
better lawn growth.
Soils are either cohesive, granular, or both. Cohesive soils like clay are
generally very fine grained and can be compacted very easily.
Granular soils have high drainage properties and are fully compacted when
fully dry or fully saturated. Soils that have both small and large granular
particles need to be analyzed properly before deciding on any compaction
method.
Laboratory techniques are available and have been standardized for soil
analysis. Granular soils are best compacted by vibratory equipment
whereas cohesive soils respond better to ramming and pressure. Standards
set for soil compaction can also be measured through various laboratory
methods.

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NEED OF COMPACTION
Compaction is the process of increasing the density of soil by mechanical
means by packing soil particles closer together with reduction of air voids
and to obtain a homogeneous soil mass having improved soil properties.
Compaction brings many desirable changes in soil properties as follow:

 Helps soil to acquire an increase in shear strength

 Reduces compressibility thus minimizing uneven settlement during
service
 Increase density and reduces permeability, thereby reducing
susceptibility to change in moisture content
 Reduction in erodibility
 Results in a homogeneous uniform soil mass of known properties
 Reduction in frost susceptibility in cold regions
 Helps the pavement designer in assessing the sub-grade strength to a
reasonably accurate strength and thereby produce a safe and
economical design
 Results in little change in volume under traffic loads, thus
minimizing deformation and maintaining good rideability
characteristics of the pavement
 Reduces expenditure on maintenance of formation during service

FACTORS AFFECTING COMPACTION IN THE FIELD

Compaction of a particular soil is affected by following given factors –

 COMPACTIVE EFFORT –

In modern construction projects, heavy compaction machinery is deployed

to provide compaction energy. Types of machinery required are decided
based on type of soil to be compacted. The method of compaction is
primarily of four types such as kneading, static and dynamic or impact and

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vibratory compaction. Different type of action is effective in different type

of soils such as for cohesive soils; sheep foot rollers or pneumatic rollers
provide the kneading action. Silly soils can be effectively roller. For
compacting sandy and gravelly soil, vibratory rollers are most effective. If
granular soils have some fines, both smooth wheel and pneumatic rollers
can be used.

 MOISTURE CONTENT –

Proper control of moisture content in soil is necessary for achieving

desired density. Maximum density with minimum compacting effort can
be achieved by compaction of soil near its OMC (Optimum Moisture
Content). If natural moisture content of the soil is less than OMC,
calculated amount of water should be added to soil with sprinkler attached
to water tanker and mixed with soil by motor grader for uniform moisture
content. When soil is too wet, it is required to be dried by aeration to reach
up to OMC.

 SOIL TYPE –

Type of soil has a great influence on its compaction characteristics.

Normally, heavy clays, clays and silt offer higher resistance to compaction
where as sandy soils and coarse grained or gravelly soils are amenable for
easy compaction. The coarse- grained soils yield higher densities in
comparison to clays. A well- graded soil can be compacted to higher
density.

 LAYER THICKNESS –

The more the thickness of layer of earth subjected to field compaction, the
less the energy input per unit weight of soil and hence, less is the
compaction under each pass of the roller. Suitable thickness of soil of each
layer is necessary to achieve uniform thickness. Layer thickness depends

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upon type of soil involved and type of roller, its weight and contact
pressure of its drums. Normally, 200-300 mm layer thickness is optimum
in the field for achieving homogeneous compaction.

 CONTACT PRESSURE –

Contact pressure depends on the weight of the roller wheel and the contact
area. In case of pneumatic roller, the tyre inflation pressure also
determines the contact pressure in addition to wheel load. A higher contact
pressure increases the dry density and lowers the optimum moisture
content.

 NUMBER OF ROLLER PASSES –

Density of the soil increases with the number of passes of rollers but after
optimum number of passes, further increase in density is insignificant for
additional number of cases. For determination of optimum number of
passes for given type of roller and optimum thickness of layer at a
predetermined moisture content

 SPEED OF ROLLING –

Speed of rolling has a very important bearing on the roller output. The
greater the speed of rolling is, more the length of embankment that can be
compacted in one day. Speed was found to be a significant factor for
vibratory rollers because its number of vibrations per minute is not related
to its forward speed. Therefore, the slower the speed of travel, the more
vibrations at a given point and lesser number of pass required to attain a
given density.

TYPES OF COMPACTING EQUIPMENTS

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A large variety of mechanical equipment is available for compaction of

soil but soil type and moisture condition will often dictate the type of
equipment and method of use.
Some important compacting equipment are given below: -
o Light compacting equipment (Rammers/Plate compactors)
o Smooth wheel Rollers
o Sheep foot Rollers
o Pneumatic Rollers
o Vibratory Rollers
o Grid Rollers

The general characteristics of Vibratory rollers manufactured are given as

below:

Maker Model Operating Drum Details Normal Vibrating

Wt. (kg) Drum Axle load (t) Amplitude Frequency
Width Front Rear
1107 11300 2330 6450 4850 1.8/0.8 30/33
L&T
STD
1107D 11300 2330 6450 4580 1.8/0.8 30/33
1107P 11400 2330 6450 4580 1.8/0.8 30/30
D

L&T 1190
SOIL COMPACTOR
1190 is constructed such that it fits in every market use with ease in
working. It took so many engineering minds in producing such
masterpiece.
It consists of following Constructional Features:-

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 Higher weight on the front module for better compaction.

 Drum drive option for better traction.
 High applied forces for best-in-class compaction.
 Dual frequency selection for easy operation.
 High drum shell thickness for longer drum life.
 Isolated operator platform for enhanced operator comfort.
 Unique Eccentric shaft designed for generating high forces.
 Rotating Operating for better visibility.
 Powerful Ashok Leyland four-cylinder water cooled Engine.
 No slip differential axle for better traction.
 Exhaust at the ground level to prevent exhaust gases from blowing
onto the operator.

DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS -

A. ENGINE -

 Ashok Leyland 4-cylinder 4-stroke Inline Turbocharged Inter

Cooled H series BSIII engine water-cooled.
 Inline fuel Injection Pump.
 Mud filter, Fuel Filter and Water Separator for better filtration.
 Turbo pre-cleaner is a standard fitment.

B. HEAVY DUTY STRUCTURES -

 Heavy duty drum with high shell thickness.

 Heavy duty frame Structures.
 Unique Eccentric shaft designed for generating high forces.
 Sturdy articulation joint for better life.

C. GRADEABILITY -

 Best-in-class gradeability of 40%.

 Capable of working in hilly terrains and steep slope.

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 Machine capable of working in tight radius.

D. PRODUCTIVITY -

Soil Compaction Sand & Gravel Mixed Soil Clay

Compacted Lift 500 400 200

Thickness( in
mm)

Productivity in 350-600 300-500 170-290

Cum/hour

E. High Performance Hydraulic Components -

 Closed circuit hydraulic system with best-in-class heavy duty

hydraulic components, enhancing productivity and reliability.
 Hydraulic System designed for optimizing productivity.

F. SERVICE ACCESSIBILITY -

 Openable rear hood.

 Easy access to all components.
 Ground level access for all refill points.
 Turbo Pre-Cleaner easily accessible.

G. OPERATOR CONSOLE –

 Rotatable operator seat for ease of operation.

 Excellent all-round visibility.
 Large size rear view mirror.
 Height adjustable seat with arm rest.

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 All around Guard rails for operator safety.

H. HIGH OPERATING WEIGHT -

 Higher weight of front drum module gives improved compaction results

 High static linear load reduces the number of passes required for
compaction
 High drum shell thickness of 32 mm gives longer shell life.

I. OPTIONAL CLAMP –ON-PADFOOT SHELL -

 Padfoot shell can be mounted on drum drive machine.

 Ideally suited for compacting soils with high clay content.

J. DRUM DRIVE OPTION –

 Drum drive option – L&T 1190 D has better gradeability.

 Ideally suited for poor underfoot conditions.

K. OPERATING CONDITIONS

 Operating Weight : 11.3 Tonnes

 Engine : Ashok Leyland ALHT4CTIC3-BSIII . 101 HP @ 2200 rpm,
four-cylinder water cooled
 Frequency : 34 Htz ( High ) / 31 Htz ( Low )
 Amplitude : 0.9 mm / 1.8 mm
 Drum Width : 2100 mm
 Gradeability : 40%
 Optional : Compaction Meter

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Study Of Compaction
As mentioned above, the reasons of compaction are so variable that it can’t
be reduced to zero.
So, our aim is to reduce it as much as we can, therefore we reduce the
compaction using these following methods-
We use a tyre inflated to a minimal operational pressure in agricultural
land.
We use cross ply technology tyre to get proper traction.
Hence, reducing the slippage and compaction as well.

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