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Functions [C]
INTRODUCTION Section - 1
1.1 Definition :
Function can be defined as :
To every element in domain, there exists unique image in co-domain.
Generally, we write f : A B and is read as f maps from A to B and this correspondence is denoted by
y f ( x ) such that A and B are two non-empty sets, i.e. to every element of A, there exists one and only
one elements in B.
Note : From definition, it follows that there may exist some elements in B which may not have any corresponding
elements in set A. But there should not be any x left (elements of A) for which there is no elements in set B.
i.e. Functions can’t be multi - valued ( A mappying that is multi -valued is called relation from A to B)
(vii) y = tanx : 0, , R
2 2
SOLUTION :
2
(i) y x ; R R (ii) y nx : R R (iii) y nx ; [0, ) R
Illustration - 1
(vii) y tan x : 0, , R
2 2
2.1.2 Home to decide whether mapping is one – one (or Injective) or many – one ?
1. Theoretically / Analytically :
Take two arbitrary elements x1 and x2 in the domain of f (i.e. in set A)
Operate f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ).
Solve f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ). If f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) gives x1 x2 only, then f : A B is a one – one function
otherwise many – one.
2. Graphically
Draw the graph of function in Domain and Co – Domain.
Draw horizontal lines. If horizontal line cuts the graph at atmost one points, then function is one -
one else many - one.
3. By calculus Approach
dy
Find (First derivative of y.w.r.t. x)
dx
dy dy
If 0 (Function is strictly increasing curve) or 0 (Function is strictly decreasing curve),
dx dx
then mapping is one - one (injective) else many – one.
Note : dy
0 may also occur. But is should not exist in a interval.
dx
Illustration - 2 Check whether the following function are one – one or many one ?
(i) y n n n x : (e, ) R (ii) y 5 x3 sin x : R R
x
x3 3 x 2 4 e e x
(iii) ye : (, 1) (0, e ) (vi) y :R R
e x e x
SOLUTION :
(i) y n n n x : (e, ) R
Draw graph of y n n n x
As x e ne 1 n n e 0
n (n ne) n ( 0) y
x e is the vertical asymptote
y 0 occurs when n n x 1 x ee
dy
Hence 0 Function is increasing (strictly)
dx
Hence mapping is injective.
(ii) y 5 x3 sin x : R R
dy
15 x 2 cos x
dx
dy
Lets check ! 0 occurs for what value of x.
dx
15x2 cos x 0 15x2 cos x
From graph ; 15 x 2 cos x occurs x R.
Hence mapping is injective.
3
(iii) y e x 3 x 2 ;(, 1) (0, e 4 )
dy 3 3
(3 x 2 3) e x 3 x 2 3( x 1) ( x 1) e x 3 x 2 0 x (, 1)
dx
Hence mapping is injective
x
e e x
(iv) y ; RR
e x e x
e x e x
x ; x0 2
e ex 2 x
; x 0
y y 1 e
e x e x 1 ; x 0
x x ; x 0
e e
n Cm m ! ; n m
0 ; n m
Range = Codomain
Hence mapping is surjective.
(ii) y 5 x3 sin x
3
(iii) y e x 3 x 3 : (, 1) (0, e 4 )
As we know that function is strictly increasing in (, 1) and is continuous, hence mapping will have range
for end values of domain. [Refer Illustration 2 (iii)]
3 x3 3 x 2
lim e x 3x 2 e( ) 0 and lim e e4
x x 1
But g : A B is itself not a function as {1} [as an input] has two outputs a and b which is not possible.
Also {2} and {4} do not have any image in A.
So. no inverse exists in this case.
Case II : Many – One and Onto
Points to Note :
(i) f : A B is an function [all domain elements have exactly one image]
(ii) f : A B is a many - one function as for the image elements {1}
there are two pre-images {a, b} in A [domain]
(iii) f : A B is an Onto mapping as all the elements in codomain are
paired [i.e. Range = Codomain]
But g : B A is itself not a function as {1} [as an input] has two outputs a and b which is not possible.
Hence, no inverse exists in this case.
Case III : One - One and Into
Points to Note :
(i) f : A B is a function [all domain elements have exactly one image]
(ii) f : A B is a one - one function as for each image elements there is
exactly one pre-image in A [Domain]
(iii) f : A B is an Into mapping as all the elements in Codomain do not
have pre-images.
But g : B A is itself not a function as {5} does not have any image in A.
so, no inverse exists in this case.
Case IV : One - One and Onto
Points to Note :
(i) f : A B is a function [all domain elements have exactly image]
(ii) f : A B is one - one function as for each image elements therefore is
exactly one pre-image in A [Domain]
(iii) f : A B is an onto mapping as all the elements in Co-domain are
paired [i.e. Range = Codomain]
Now g : B A is a function [as all domain elements in B have exactly one image in A]
Also, g is one - one mapping as all elements in A have exactly one pre - image in B. Also g is onto mapp-
ing as all the elements of set A have pre - images in B [i.e. Range = Codomain]
Hence, g is one - one and onto such that we say g is inverse of f and f is inverse of g.
To conclude, we have :
y f 1 ( x ) : B A . . . . . . (ii)
1. Replace x by y and y by x. Also interchange the role of domain and Co-domain.
2. If (ii) i.e. y f 1 ( x) : B A is a function, then inverse exists else inverse does not exist.
3. If possible, express y as a function of x.
1
Note : (i) If you want only the graph of f ( x), do not check existence; simply x y and y x.
(ii) If y f ( x) : A B is injective (one - one) and surjective (Onto) i.e. bijective, then inverse will
exist. [see section 3, 2 for reference]
SOLUTION :
(i) y 2 x 1: R R
x 2 y 1
x 1 x 1
y is a function. Hence y represents the inverse of y 2 x 1.
2 2
Another Approach :
As the function y 2 x 1 is bijective (Check yourself) ;
hence inverse exists and it is obtained by
replacing x y and y x i.e. x 2 y 1
x 1
y :RR
2
(ii) y n n nx : (e, ) R
As y n n nx : (e, ) R is a bijection (Refer Illustration 4 (i)) ; hence inverse exists.
Replace x by y and y by x
ex
x n n ny y ee : R ( e, )
(iii) y 5 x3 sin x : R R
As mapping is a bijection (Refer Illustration 4 (ii)) ; hence inverse exists.
Replace x by y and y by x.
x 5 y 3 sin y : R R
But we cannot express above as y in terms of x
3
(iv) y e x 3 y 2 : ( , 1) (0, e4 )
As mapping is a bijection (Refer Illustraction 4 (iii)) ; hence inverse exists.
Replace x by y and y by x.
3
x e y 3 y 2 : (0, e4 ) ( , 1) y 3 3 y 2 nx : (0, e4 ) ( , 1)
x 1
Note : As y 2 x 1 and y are inverse of each other, lets plots their graph.
2
x 1
See carefully, y 2 x 1and y graph intersect on
2
y x line. This should be so as y f ( x ) and y f 1 ( x)
occur when we replace x y and y x.
If both graphs, have to intersects, they will have same x values and same y values of points intersection.
Illustration - 6 Find the area enclosed by y x sin x and the inverse of y x sin x x [0, 2]
SOLUTION :
Draw the graph of y x sin x first.
Graph of y x sin x is same as that of y sin x except
the loops will be on y x line (now not on X-axis)
For all x = 0, , 2 ..., sin x 0, but y x sin x will be
, 2 ... Inv. of y x sin x is the reflection in y x line.
Area 4 {[ x sin x ] x}dx 4 sin xdx 8sq.units
0 0
Note : You can also get this result by the use of vectors.
cos sin
R matrix rotates the system anti clockwise if 0 and clockwise if 0.
sin cos
Reflection matrix :
xnew 1 0 xold 1 0
X axis : reflects any system in X – axis
ynew 0 1 yold 0 1
xnew 1 0 xold 1 0
Y- axis :
ynew 0 1 yold 0 1 reflects any system in Y - axis
xnew 1 0 xold 1 0
x y line: reflects any system in y = x line.
ynew 0 1 yold 0 1
THINGS TO REMEMBER
1. Introduction :
1.1 Function
Function can be defined as :
To every element in domain, there exists unique image in co-domain.
Generally, we write f : A B and is read as f maps from A to B and this correspondence is
denoted by y f ( x ) such that A and B are two non - empty sets. i.e. to every element of A, there
exists one and only one elements in B.
1.2 How to test whether relation is a function or Not ?
A relation f : A B is a function or not can be checked by a graph of the relation. If it is possible to
draw a vertical line in domain which cuts the given curve at more than one point, then the given
relation is not a function and when this vertical line (i.e. parallel to Y-axis) cuts the curve at one and
only one point, then it is a function.
1.3 Important terms : Domain, Range, Co-Domain
If a function f is defined from a set A to set B, then for f : A B set A is called the Doman of
function f and set B is called the co-domain of function f. The set of all f- images of the elements of
A is called the range of function f.
Domain All possible value of x for which f (x) exists.
Range For all values of x, all possible values of f (x).
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2. Type of functions
2.1.2 How to decide whether mapping is one - one (or Injective) or many - one ?
1. Theoretically / Analytically :
Take two arbitrary elements, x1 and x2 in the domain of f (i.e. in set A)
Operate f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ).
Solve f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ). If f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) gives x1 x2 only, then f : A B is a one - one
function otherwise many - one.
2. Graphically
dy
Find (First derivative of y.w.r.t. x)
dx
dy dy
If 0 (Function is strictly increasing curve) or 0 (Function is strictly decreasing curve),
dx dx
then mapping is one - one (injective) else many - one.
n Cm m ! ; n m
0 ; n m
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2.2.1 Definition
If the function f : A B is such that each element of B is the f image of atleast one element in
A i.e. every element of B is paired. It is expressed as f ( A) B i.e. range of f = co-domain of f.
1. Theoretically / Analytically :
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3. Inverse of a function
3.1 Definition
Let f : A B be a one - one and onto function (i.e. Bijective Mapping), then there exists a unique
function g : B A such that f ( x) y g ( y ) x ; x A and y B.
Then g is said to be inverse of f
Thus, g f 1 : B A
3.2 Type of mapping and existence of inverse
y f 1 ( x ) : B A . . . . . (ii)
1. Replace x by y and y by x. Also interchange the role of domain and Co-domin.
2. If (ii) i.e. y f 1 ( x) : B A is a function, then inverse exists else inverse does not exist.
3. If possible, express y as a function of x.
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Illustration - 1
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