Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Ranchodhdas Chachadh
Adviser
Rahul Kamal
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Abstract 4
I. Introduction 5
6
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d. Conceptual Framework
e. Hypothesis
h. Definition of Terms
III. Methodology
a. Materials
b. Procedures
a. Primary Comparisons 18
Appendices 24
Bibliography 26
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ABSTRACT
lighting wirelessly through the use of a solid state tesla coil and how it compares to a
as the wired one. The materials that were mainly used were the copper wire, battery,
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2n3904 Transistor, 10uf mylar Capacitor, 1n4007 Diode, 100kΩ (ohms) Resistor, and
light bulbs. The two circuits were compared according to brightness, effects, material
Based on the results, the wired circuit took more advantage than the wireless circuit
based on the primary comparisons which was used before to compare the two circuits;
brightness, price, material availability, effects and construction time. Though the wireless
circuit provided brighter light and material availability, the wired circuit was proven
better since it consumed less construction time, less harmful effects and a lot cheaper.
I. INTRODUCTION
These days, wireless technology had been a trend to most people because of its
Information, “The first wireless transmitters went on the air in the early 20th century
voices and music via wireless, the medium came to be called "radio." With the advent of
television, fax, data communication, and the effective use of a larger portion of the
spectrum, the term "wireless" has been resurrected.” Now, wireless technology had been
far more complex, in terms of distance or range, that it can connect all people around the
world.
On the other hand, wireless electricity is the transfer of electricity from a power
pbs.org, on 1891, Nikola Tesla, invented an electrical resonant transformer circuit and
named it Tesla coil. Since Tesla's original experiments, researchers have gone to great
lengths to find safer and more efficient methods of wireless power transfer.
lighting wirelessly through the use of a solid state tesla coil and how it compares to a
To observe and state the advantages and disadvantages of both wired and
To compare the two (2) kinds of circuits(4) (wired and wireless) in terms of
construction time.
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of the wired and wireless circuit?
Which one is better between wired and wireless circuit in terms of brightness
Conceptual Framework
Hypothesis
The wireless transmission of electricity will have more advantages than that of the
People who are now still confused of the advantages and disadvantages of both
wired and wireless transmission of electricity will benefit from this study for they will not
only know these, but they will also know what materials they are made of and how they
are made. Thus, if these people would want to try this experiment, they will now what
advantages and disadvantages they will face and know other information before
conducting it, so that they will know what dos and don’ts they must observe and have
This study mainly covered the advantages and disadvantages of the wired and
wireless circuit in lighting a bulb. The only comparisons that were covered are the
brightness, price, availability of materials, construction time, and harmful effects of each
circuit.
This study did cover the transmission of electricity on other electrical devices
other than a light bulb. This also did not cover the effects of different kinds of batteries(5)
for the researchers only used two batteries with the same type and voltage(6).
This study was conducted at Espera’s residence, Curamen Subdivision, San Jose
Definition of Terms
1. Electromagnetic waves
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- they are formed when an electric field couples with a magnetic field. The
magnetic and electric fields of an electromagnetic wave are perpendicular to each other
- they are the one that the wireless circuit uses to transfer electricity, instead of
manmade wires.
2. Wire
- It is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are used
- they are the ones that are present in a wired circuit and absent on a wireless one.
3. Bulb
- it is the item used to prove how much power the wireless circuit can produce.
4. Electric Circuit
- is a conducting path, external to the battery, which allows charge to flow from
5. Batteries
- it is used as the power source of the two kinds of circuit, wired and wireless, to
6. Voltage
- it is used in the researchers’ study as the measurement of the batteries and the
light bulbs.
Coil
One material needed in wireless energy transmission is the coil wire. Coil wires
are electrical conductors that are widely used in electrical engineering, devices such as
inductors, electromagnets, transformers, and sensor coils. In this project, the researchers
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will be using tesla coils, a spark-excited radio frequency resonant transformers type of
coil wire, which generates high AC voltages on elevated capacitive terminals and
produce high-frequency alternating-current electricity. This type of coil is best suited for
transmitting power for short distances without wires.The optimized tesla coil transmitter
is a continuous wave oscillator with a break rate equaling the operating frequency. Tesla
coils are also used to conduct innovative experiments in electrical lighting, x-ray
demonstrations regarding this matter, novelty lighting, and can also manipulate
atmospheric electricity and radiant energy. But even though tesla coils are considered a
normally use since it is dangerous because it is too exposed in circuits that may cause
damages not only in the transmission process but also in people that uses the said
material.
Batteries
tesla coils. An electric battery is a device that consists of one or more electrochemical
cells that convert stored chemical energy to electrical energy. Batteries are attached to a
circuit by its terminals located to its side using wires. Though it has lower specific energy
than common fuels such as in fuels, it is better to use them since it is a lot safer and easier
to use. These come in different size and shapes, used to power many devices used today,
Wireless Electricity
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electrical energy from a power source to an electrical load without a solid conductor.
hazardous, or impossible. In the latter, the proportion of energy received becomes critical
only if it is too low for the signal to be distinguished from the background disturbances.
With wireless power, efficiency is a more significant parameter; enough energy sent out
by the transmitter must arrive at the receiver or receivers to make the system economical.
electricity distribution, problems and errors still occur and are highly dangerous since it is
widely used by people to lessen the burden in using electricity needed for many purposes.
The main problem with wireless electricity transmission is that it is sensitive. For
example, when a light shone just from one place to another, and then use photovoltaic
cells ("solar cells") to convert the light into electricity, or to use a steam generator that
gets hot when the light shines on it. It turns out that if we start with electricity in one
place, convert it to light, transmit the light, and reconvert it back to electricity; quite a lot
of energy is lost in the process. Another one, according to a study conducted about the
near field techniques of wireless electricity transmission, its disadvantages includes the
distance constraint, or sometimes the field is unsafe, its initial cost is too high, and its
transmission sometimes need a high frequency. In the far field techniques of wireless
wires, less maintenance cost, and no ecological wastes included. Wireless energy
transmission is an expanding project made by scientists all over the world to make
Related Studies
According to Vikash Kumar of Graphic Era University, United Kingdom, one coil
can recharge any device that is in range, as long as the coils have the same resonant
frequency. "Resonant inductive coupling" has key implications in solving the two
predominantly magnetic field and a secondary coil being within that field so a current
is induced within its coils. This causes the relatively short range due to the amount of
power required to produce an electromagnetic field. Over greater distances the non-
resonant induction method is inefficient and wastes much of the transmitted energy
just to increase range. This is where the resonance comes in and helps efficiency
dramatically by "tunnelling” the magnetic field to a receiver coil that resonates at the
same frequency.
electrical wireless power transfer has been parameterized and experimentally verified
for a variety of size-scales and applications. The main distinction between this and
previous methods of wireless power transfer is the nature of the coupling mechanism,
gear, and an electric generator. Its performance parameters such as power, range and
efficiency are within the same order of magnitude as previously known resonant
inductive power transfer devices. However, it has the distinct benefit of operating at
A theoretical model of the new system has been developed with sufficient detail
treatment has been divided into three main interactions: the motor, the generator and
the magnetic gear. The mechanism for operation, as well as a model for efficiency
The viability of this new method of wireless power transfer was experimentally
verified for two size-scales. The larger size-scale achieved 1.6 kW of power transfer
with 15 cm separation. The main target applications of this size-scale are for wireless
of this size-scale are for powering medical implants and consumer electronics. Both
size-scales achieved efficiencies in the range of 81%, and the operating frequency did
not exceed 150 Hz. The design and construction of the devices are outlined for both
size-scales.
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Misalignment tolerance between the transmitting device and the receiver device
was experimentally investigated, and related control schemes for managing the power
Additionally, the potential risk to human health from the time-varying magnetic
field produced by this system was evaluated using exposure limits set within two
widely adopted standards. For short-term exposure to the larger-scale device, the
fields met the standards at a distance beyond 6 cm, and for long-term exposure,
beyond 1 meter.
III. METHODOLOGY
Materials
2 1n4007 Diode
Procedure
WIRELESS CIRCUIT
1. The copper wire was wrapped around the paper tube properly. The wire was 100
meters long but only 66.44 meters was used to cover the entire tube. 470 turns of
wire were taken for the entire tube to be covered. After wrapping, the both ends of
the wire are taped on the paper tube but a few extra centimetres were left at the
2. The excess copper wire was covered with the gauge and sand paper was used to
get the both ends of the wire. The wire with gauge was twisted in the same
direction of how the secondary coil was made. The primary coil was then formed.
The secondary coil was inserted inside the circle of the twisting of primary coil.
3. The circuit was assembled by placing the transistors, resistor, capacitor, and
4. An alligator clip was used to connect the end of the secondary coil to the
breadboard, to connect the top end of the primary coil to the breadboard and the
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bottom end to the positive row of the breadboard, and to connect the voltage
source (battery) to the breadboard as well. A switch was connected to the voltage
5. A fluorescent bulb was placed near the secondary coil and lightened like a normal
light bulb. A capacitive load was then placed on top of the secondary coil and the
WIRED CIRCUIT
1. A bulb socket was glued to the ½ board. Across the bulb socket, a battery with the
same voltage used on the wireless system of transmitting electricity was glued to
2. The use of the same bulb was tested for the wired system. The bulb could not be
handled by the same battery. Instead, a small bulb with around 3 volts only was
3. A switch for the bulb was also glued to the board and wires were used to connect
all the objects on the board: the switch, bulb socket and the battery.
1. Brightness. The wired and wireless circuits were set to place. First, the light of
the wired circuit was turned on in a room without light. Then, a piece of note
written in a paper was read by a researcher using the bulb’s light. The note was
drawn farther and farther until the researcher cannot read the note anymore. The
range of the light was then recorded. Same was done for the wireless circuit.
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2. Price. The price of each material used in each circuit (wired and wireless) was
computed/added.
3. Availability of Materials. The places where the researchers bought the materials
were recorded.
4. Harmful Effects upon Activation. The harmful effects of each kind of circuit
were researched.
5. Construction time. In constructing each circuit, the time was recorded on how
1. The comparisons aside from the primary ones were distinguished for each kind of
2. These advantages and disadvantages were counted for each kind of circuit, to
I. PRIMARY COMPARISONS
A. Brightness of Light
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WIRED CIRCUIT: The note that was written could still be read in 12.5 centimeters of
WIRELESS CIRUIT: The note could still be read in 18 centimeters of range away from
the bulb.
B. Price
C. Availability of Materials
WIRED CIRCUIT: The researcher bought the materials in a nearby electronics store in
WIRELESS CIRUIT: The researchers bought the materials in the following: any
many years that exposure to very high levels of radiation can be harmful due to the ability
which microwave ovens cook food. Exposure to very high intensities can result in
humans could occur during exposure to high levels because of the body's inability to cope
with or dissipate the excessive heat that could be generated. Two areas of the body, the
eyes and the testes, are particularly vulnerable to heating because of the relative lack of
E. Construction Time
A. Wired Circuit
ADVANTAGES
- It could minimize the use of the battery, thus saving more energy.
- It is not sensitive. Even if the whole circuit was shaken with a great strength, the
DISADVANTAGES
- It could only light a bulb of around 3 volts, which is a quite small and emits low
brightness.
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- It cannot light the bulb without the use of the bulb socket.
B. Wireless Circuit
ADVANTAGES
- It can light bulbs not only of 3 volts, but also those lights having up to hundreds
of volts.
- It can light bulbs even if there is a solid material/object between the bulb and the
wireless circuit, specifically, to the primary coil. For example, a plastic container,
- After the bulb is put near the primary coil (>10 cm range), it lights up, and then it
could be put away for around 6 inches, still retaining its light, but the light
- In this circuit, light can be turned off in two ways: switching off the circuit or
DISADVANTAGES
- Like other wireless transmitters of electricity, this wireless circuit, if turned on,
- This wireless circuit doesn’t choose what it powers; it just transfers wireless
electricity to whatever device that comes to its range. (Proof: When the
researchers try to light a bulb using this wireless circuit, the bulb lighted normal.
But when we inserted another device (iphone) to the circuit’s range, the bulb’s
brightness decreased. The researchers concluded that the bulb shared some of the
- Some of the open wires of this wireless circuit could ground a person lightly when
- This wireless circuit is sensitive. Some parts, if moved, would make the circuit
Summary
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lighting wirelessly through the use of a solid state tesla coil and how it compares to a
as the wired one. They were compared according to the number of their advantages and
disadvantages after they (advantages and disadvantages) were tested and stated. They
were also compared according to the brightness of their light, their price, the availability
The wired circuit had four (4) advantages and three (3) disadvantages while the
wireless circuit had seven (7) advantages and four (4) disadvantages. The wired circuit
was less expensive, had less construction time, had no harmful effects upon activation
and had easier to buy materials; while the wireless circuit produced the brighter light.
Conclusion
Based on the results, the wired circuit took more advantage than the wireless
circuit based on the primary comparisons which was used before to compare the two
circuits; brightness, price, material availability, effects and construction time. Though the
wireless circuit provided brighter light and material availability, the wired circuit was
proven better since it consumed less construction time, less harmful effects and a lot
cheaper.
Recommendation
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Assembling the wireless circuit should be done properly and the researchers must
prioritize their safety as a one simple mistake can cause harm or danger. The researchers
recommend to wear gloves when assembling the circuit for safety. It is also
recommended to keep the circuit in a place where children would not go to so no one can
play with it and get harmed. It is recommended to place a capacitive load on top of the
secondary coil in the wireless circuit as it brightens the light even more.
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APPENDICES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Exciter/?&sort=ACTIVE&limit=40&offset=40#
Demonstration-Kit/
Power."FultonInnovation, n.d.Pdf
24 Oct. 2011.
Candlestick-Wireless-
Electricity/?&sort=ACTIVE&limit=40&offset=40#DISCUSS
https://www.googlesciencefair.com/en/projects/ahJzfnNjaWVuY2VmYWlyLTIw
MTJyRAsSC1Byb2plY3RTaXRlIjNhaEp6Zm5OamFXVnVZMlZtWVdseUxUS
XdNVEp5RUFzU0IxQnliMnBsWTNRWXJleUtBZ3cM
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Max, W. (2012, April).Building the Poor Man’s Mini Tesla Coil.Instructables. Retrieved
mans-mini-tesla-coil-slayer-exc/
Wilson, T.V. (2012, July). How Wireless Power Works. How Stuff Works. Retrieved
tech/wireless-power.htm