BRACINGS

 They are the members which are used to transfer loads (earthquake, wind etc.)
to the foundation
 They can be single diagonal member or cross member
 The roof trusses rest on columns with hinged type connections
 Industrial buildings are braced in three mutually perpendicular direction
a. Transverse plane
b. Longitudinal vertical plane
c. Vertical planes in the end c/s
 Sometimes they obstruct the bay
 There is no sway in the braced industrial building
TRANSVERSE BRACINGS
 They are bracings in transverse direction
 Thick bracing members inclined approximately 450 so the system have relatively modest
member forces compared to other arrangements
 Narrow bracing system with steepy inclined members will increase the sway sensitivity of
the structure
 Wide bracing systems will result in more stable structure
 Structural stability depends upon the fixity of column at base, rigidity of connections
between the steel trusses and columns, nature of soil under foundation
 Suitability of member depend upon the height of the building and the span of truss
METHODS OF BRACINGS OF BENT

Fig a fig b fig c fig d

First type
 This type of bent is braced by providing hinges b/w column and roof truss and the base is
fixed
 Used when vertical load on the column and size of foundation is large
 Height of building increases overturning moment increases, the hinges don’t transfer the
overturning moment to foundation. so this type of bracing provided for low industrial
building
Second type
 Here overturning moment is more so knee bracings are provided;
 Suitable when span of truss is small
 Used when headroom considerations are more
 It is attained by providing rigid support column and truss and by providing large foundation
Third type
 Used when headroom considerations are more
 Knee braces can be provided
 It is attained by providing rigid support between column and truss and by providing large
foundation
 The columns are fixed at base

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF BRACINGS

span
grit

diagonal braces

footing
Due to transverse load compression load will acted onto the beam. if a member without diagonal
braces the load transferring time is less and foundation will collapse.it doesn’t get enough time to
dissipate load.
If we use diagonal braces the transferring time of load will be greater as a result the footing gets
enough time to transfer the load and structure is protected from transverse load. If we use knee
braces the amount of moment transferred will be greater.as a result building is protected.
Diagonal braces

Wind load

Compressive force will acted on the braces. as a result, thick members are required to overcome
the compression acting on the section.
BRACING OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING IN LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION
Function of bracing system is to transfer the longitudinal and lateral forces to the foundation of
structure.in braced industrial buildings roof trusses rest on columns with hinged type of
connections.
When wind acts in the direction normal to the plane of building i.e.; in the longitudinal direction
then it became essential to brace it to another to provide sufficient stability against wind or other
longitudinal forces. When two bents are braced together then they form braced bay. Industrial
building bents are braced together in pairs. It is essential to provide at least two braced bays in
each industrial buildings.
The bents are braced by providing trusses in the plane of top chord and in the plane of bottom
chord of roof trusses.

These trusses maintain the rectangular shape of the building and prevent the collapse of the
structure from twisting action of diagonal wind. The horizontal truss bearings transmit the
longitudinal forces to the columns at the sides. The columns are braced in the longitudinal vertical
planes by providing cross frames. The portal type bracing or knee bracing was used to brace the
column in the longitudinal vertical planes. These bracings can transmit these loads to the
foundations.
 BENTS

When a roof truss is attached to a support by columns then the assembly is known as bent
 The industrial building bents are also termed as transverse bent.
 Distance between adjacent transverse bent is bay length
 Distance between two column lines is aisle
 knee braces attached to lower chord of the truss and the ends of the columns
 Truss span is small, use of knee braces are economical
 Transverse bent and longitudinal bent make industrial building resists against horizontal
wind forces.

BENTS WITH KNEE BRACES

Plan of top chord/bottom chord bracing

The columns acting with diagonal members D, members S, member ES and chords of truss from
a system of double intersection or cross diagonal trusses. The wind acting on the end of industrial
building is resisted by sliding. Sliding is supported by horizontal beams/girts. The end wall frame
supports the girts. The wind load acting on the end sheeting between the rows of columns are
transferred to the columns by the sheeting girts.
The members S are struts. Struts have their reaction on the bracing trusses. The bracing trusses
have been provided in the plane of bottom of the roof trusses. These forces transmit to longitudinal
forces. The members marked T are sometimes resist compression and sometimes to resists tension.
When members resist compression then the wind forces acting on the building are transferred
beyond bays through these members. When they resist tension only then the whole of the wind
force is resisted by the end braced bay
6F cos Ø = p1+2p2
P1 ,P2 - wind loads
F - force in the bracing member
Ø - inclination into eave lines

BENTS WITHOUT KNEE BRACES

Plan of bottom chord bracing

The buildings are braced with cross diagonals. They are provided at bottom chord. The bracings
strut forms a complete truss system. These transmit bracing forces to the ends of buildings. These
forces are transmitted to ground by cross frames in end framing.
Industrial building should not be over braced. The geometry shall be such that the structure shall
be stable under lateral loads.ie all lateral loads are transferred through the structure to the
foundation system.
ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING BENTS
[A] `Columns hinged at the base
The columns of bents are hinged at A $ B at the base. The columns are to the truss at the points c$
D, And to the knee braces at points E$F. The total horizontal load P due to winds act at the top of
the column. This bent is statically indeterminate to the first degree. The exact analysis of this
structure can be done by various methods such as slope deflection method, moment distribution
method. This bent is analyzed by approximate method of analysis. Since it has indeterminacy one,
one assumption is made for the analysis .it is assumed that the horizontal components of the applied
loads are equally divided between two points of support, when the bent is symmetrical and bending
stiffness of the column are equal
The Horizontal reactions at supports A$B,
HA=HB=P/2
Moment about B,
P*[h1+h2]=VA*L
VA=VB= P[h1+h2]/L
Maximum BM occurs at the foot of knee braces, ME
ME = Ph1/2
The horizontal load acts perpendicular to the columns. The column is riveted at top.at pt C and to
knee brace at pt E, assumed that column remains vertical between E$C.Maximum BM ME occurs
at foot of knee.i.e.; at pt E. The BM varies uniformly to zero at top and bottom.
COLUMNS FIXED AT THE BASE
An industrial building bent with knee braces and column fixed at the base is shown in fig.the
columns are riveted to the truss at pts C$D and to the knee braces at the points E$F.total horizontal
force due to wind act at top of column. This bent is statically indeterminate to the third degree.
Three assumptions are made for analysis of bent.
Assumes horizontal reactions at two columns are equal.
HA =HB=P/2
The change of curvature occurs at pt O, midway b/w E$B.This is pt of contraflexure or zero BM.
here two assumptions, the vertical reactions on the bent are equal to the axial forces in the columns.
The vertical reaction can be determined by taking moments.
Sum of moments about O =0
VA *h1/2-p[h2=h1/2] =0
VA=VB=[P(h1/2+h2)/h]
Maximum BM occurs at E$B.
ME=MB=Ph1/4
COLUMNS PARTIALLY FIXED AT BASE

Here usually the span of the bent, i.e. the base of column is wide in the roof truss. The bent can be
considered partially fixed at base .it is better to assume that distance from the base of column at
point of contraflexure is one third of the distance from base of the column to the foot knee braces
HA=HB=P/2
VA=VB=[P(2/3h1+h2)/h]
Maximum BM at E, ME =Ph1/3
BM at base of column MB= Ph1/6