Something that make me disagree to some

situation I faced on

1. I disagree with a full day school

I disagree with school full day school because full day scholl is tiring
and boring. So that I could no longer concentrate on the lessons delivered
by the teacher because I was tired. And the homework provided is also
quite a lot so that makes me less rested at doing homework given by the
teacher.

2. I disagree when my mother forced drums to be

extracurricular
I disagree because it's not my hobby. My hobby is playing football. I
prefer sports so playing soccer is one of my hobbies because I know
exercise can make a healthy body. And I think drumming is a difficult
instrument because there are so many beating rules that must be kept in
mind.

3. I disagreed when my father told me not to play games

I disagree when my father forbade me to play games because I thought
when I spent one day wasting energy and thoughts at school, it would be
better to play games because I thought games could refresh my mind which
was already crowded. And also I think the game that I play also trains the
brain so I don't think it hurts to play games.
The Function of these person in a
debat:

a. Moderator
A discussion moderator is a person whose role is to act as a neutral
participant in a debate or discussion, holds participants to time limits
and tries to keep them from straying off the topic of the questions
being raised in the debate.

b. Presenter
Presenter usually introducing participants who will immediately
appear on stage, dialogue with the audience, and broadly try to
maintain the tempo of the event.

c. Audience
The function is as a spectator and listener in debates and can also ask
questions to debate participants about something presented by the
participants debate.

d. Expert/Source
The function of experts in debate is to weigh all the answers on a
topic that is being discussed. And also correct all the wrong that is
being discussed
Natural Disasters in Indonesia
Being located on the Pacific Ring of Fire (an area with a high degree of tectonic
activity), Indonesia has to cope with the constant risk of volcanic eruptions,
earthquakes, floods and tsunamis. On several occasions during the past 20 years,
Indonesia has made global headlines due to devastating natural disasters that resulted
in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of human and animal lives, plus having a
destructive effect on the land area (including infrastructure, and thus resulting in
economic costs).

Meanwhile, extreme wet or dry seasons (El Nino or La Nina weather phenomenons) can ruin
food crop harvests, trigger inflation and put severe financial pressure on the poorer segments
of the Indonesian population. Lastly, man-made natural disasters (such as forest fires caused
by the traditional slash-and-burn culture, particularly on the islands Sumatra and Kalimantan)
have far-reaching environmental consequences.

One important remark is that the weak conditions of some of its infrastructure and property -
which can be the result of mismanagement, too limited financial resources, the lack of skills
or corruption - in fact aggravates the devastating impact of a natural disaster. Meanwhile, in
the urban centers of Indonesia, particularly the bigger cities such as Jakarta, Surabaya, Medan
and Yogyakarta, there is an extremely high population density. The weak state of
infrastructure and property in combination with the high population density imply that natural
disasters in Indonesia may cause more casualties than they should because it will require
smaller force to make a building collapse.

Volcanic Eruptions in Indonesia

Indonesia is the country that contains the most active volcanoes of all countries in the world.
The Eurasian Plate, Pacific Plate and Indo-Australian Plate are three active tectonic plates
that cause the subduction zones that form these volcanoes. Indonesia is estimated to have 129
volcanoes, all carefully observed by the Centre of Volcanology and Geological Hazard
Mitigation (Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi), because a number of
Indonesian volcanoes show continuous activity. Moreover, it is estimated more than five
million people are living (and/or working) within the "danger zone" of a volcano (who need
to be evacuated immediately in case of significantly rising activity).

There is at least one significant volcano eruption in Indonesia every year. However, usually it
does not cause great damage to the environment or cause casualties as most of the active
volcanoes are located in isolated regions.

Some notable volcanic eruptions in Indonesia's modern history are listed below. This list only
contains major eruptions that led to at least 20 fatalities.

Volcano Location Date of Eruption Casualties

Merapi Central Java 03 November 2010 353
Kelut East Java 10 February 1990 35
Galunggung West Java 05 April 1982 68
Merapi Central Java 06 October 1972 29
Kelut East Java 26 April 1966 212
Agung Bali 17 March 1963 1,148
Merapi Central Java 25 November 1930 1,369
Kelut East Java 19 May 1919 5,110
Awu North Sulawesi 07 June 1892 1,532
Krakatau Sunda Strait 26 August 1883 36,600
Galunggung West Java 08 October 1822 4,011
Tambora Sumbawa 10 April 1815 71,000+

The table above shows Indonesia is rocked by a major volcanic eruption (meaning one that
takes a significant number of lives), on average, once every 15-20 years.

Besides taking human lives, a volcanic eruption can cause considerable damage to local
economies by hurting small and medium enterprises that are involved in tourism, culinary,
commercial accommodation, agriculture, plantation, and livestock.

See map of major volcanoes in Indonesia

A positive development is that volcano eruptions take less human lives today (than in the
past) due to better volcano observation methods in combination with better organized
emergency evacuations. However, considering Indonesia's Centre of Volcanology and
Geological Hazard Mitigation carefully monitors activity of the volcanoes and immediately
warns authorities and local communities when a volcano shows a dangerously rising level of
activity, one would think the number of casualties should actually be very low as people have
plenty of time to leave the area (contrary to an earthquake, a volcanic eruption does not strike
suddenly and gives plenty of warning signs before it becomes a life threatening disaster).

The problem is that there are plenty of local residents who simply refuse to leave their homes
(that are located within the danger zone). This refusal can be related to their livelihood (their
farms - their only source of income - are located within the danger zone). But it can also be
related to animist believe-systems (the volcano's warning signs - such as ash and thunder - are
considered to be acts of their angry ancestors, and by praying to the local gods local
communities believe they will be protected from any danger).

Earthquakes in Indonesia

Earthquakes are probably the biggest threat in terms of natural disasters in Indonesia as they
come suddenly and can strike in populous areas, such as the bigger cities. Earthquakes with a
magnitude of around five on the scale of Richter occur almost on a daily basis in Indonesia
but usually cause no, or little, damage. When the magnitude of the quake becomes more than
six on the scale of Richter, then an earthquake can potentially do a lot of damage. On
average, Indonesia experiences about one earthquake per year with a magnitude of six, or
higher, that causes casualties as well as damage to the infrastructure or environment. Below is
a selected list with recent earthquakes that caused severe damage and at least 20 fatalities:

Location Date Magnitude Casualties

Lombok 05 August 2018 6.9 565
Lombok 29 July 2018 6.4 20
Sumatra 07 December 2016 6.5 104
Sumatra 02 July 2013 6.1 42
Sumatra 25 October 2010 7.7 435
Sumatra 30 September 2009 7.6 1,117
Java 02 September 2009 7.0 81
Sumatra 12 September 2007 8.5 23
Sumatra 06 March 2007 6.4 68
Java 17 July 2006 7.7 668
Java 26 May 2006 6.4 5,780
Sumatra 28 March 2005 8.6 1,346
Sumatra 26 December 2004 9.2 283,106

Earthquakes form a constant threat in Indonesia due to the meeting of major tectonic plates
and volcanic activity in the region. Some earth scientists are currently waiting for the next
"great earthquake" in Indonesia due to the building up of stress on one of the earth's great
plate boundaries to the west of Sumatra (the collision between the Indian ocean plate and the
Asian plate), similar to the disastrous 9.2 magnitude earthquake that occurred on 26
December 2004 and caused a devastating tsunami (read more below). However, scientists do
not know when, or where, this next big earthquake will happen.

See map of tectonic plates that make up the Ring of Fire

The high number of Indonesian casualties involved in a big quake is partly inflicted by the
bad state of some housing facilities and infrastructure. This is why a moderate earthquake can
in fact result in many casualties, the collapse of many buildings and the displacement of
many people. A World Bank publication (in October 2010) expressed its concern about the
devastating effects an 8.5 magnitude earthquake can have if it would happen in a mega-city
such as Jakarta.

Tsunamis in Indonesia

A submarine earthquake or volcanic eruption in the ocean can cause a tsunami water wave
which can have devastating effects on the people and objects near the sea. In 2004 a large
part of the world was rocked by the Indian Ocean earthquake and subsequent tsunami, killing
over 167,000 people in Indonesia (mainly Aceh) alone and resulted in the displacement of
more than half a million of people as thousands of homes were wiped away. Although a
massive tsunami such as the 2004 tsunami is rare, the Sumatra region is often startled by
offshore earthquakes that can potentially trigger a tsunami.

With the 2004 tsunami still fresh in mind, the level of fear is high. Often Indonesians who
live in villages or cities close to the coast, flee to the hills (located more inland) after an
earthquake has taken place as they are afraid of becoming victim of a tsunami (although it is
usually false alarm). On average, once every five years a large tsunami happens in Indonesia,
mostly on the islands of Sumatra and Java. In general, damage done to the infrastructure
exceeds the loss of lives. There are warning systems installed on many coastal areas but there
have been reports that not all of these systems are functioning properly.

Floods in Indonesia

Indonesia's rainy season (which runs from December to March) usually brings plenty of
rainfall. In combination with deforestation or waterways clogged with debris, it can cause
rivers to overflow and this results in floods. Floods and landslides occur in most parts of
Indonesia and can cause hundreds of casualties, destroy houses and other infrastructure, and
ruin local businesses. Even in a mega-city as Jakarta, floods occur regularly (basically every
year) due to weak water management in combination with heavy monsoon rains. In January
2013, a large part of Jakarta was flooded, affecting more than 100.000 households and
resulting in more than 20 fatalities. Also in February 2017 Jakarta was plagued by big floods
causing thousands of homes being flooded by murky brown water, sometimes as deep as 1.5
meters.

In the rainy season floods usually disturb the distribution channels and therefore Indonesia
tends to experience some rising inflationary pressures during the months January and
February when the monsoon rains tend to peak. Wet conditions can be aggravated by the La
Nina weather phenomenon. La Nina (basically the opposite of El Nino), a phenomenon that
occurs once every five years on average, brings cooler-than-average sea temperatures in the
central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. It therefore causes wetter-than-usual weather in
Southeast Asia, usually in the months November to February.

Man-Made Forest Fires in Indonesia

Generally Indonesians have a low awareness of environmental sustainable practices. This is

reflected by farmers' and companies' use of slash-and-burn practices (a strategy to clear land
for plantations, usually for the expansion of crude palm oil or pulp and paper plantations),
primarily on the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan. The slash-and-burn strategy is the
cheapest option and is therefore frequently used. Although this practice is actually not
allowed by Indonesian law, weak law enforcement and corruption make it possible. However,
the practice entails serious and far-reaching risks.

For example, forest fires in the months June-October 2015 ran out of hand completely. Based
on a World Bank report - released in December 2015 - some 100,000 man-made forest fires
destroyed about 2.6 million hectares of land on Kalimantan and Sumatra between June and
October 2015. It also caused toxic haze to spread to other parts of Southeast Asia, giving rise
to diplomatic tensions. This disaster is estimated to have cost Indonesia IDR 221 trillion
(approx. USD $16 billion or 1.9 percent of the country's gross domestic product) and it
released some 11.3 million tons of carbon each day (a figure that exceeds the 8.9 million tons
of daily carbon emissions in the European Union), thus being one of the worst ever natural
disasters in human history.

The forest fires in 2015 ran out of hand partly because of unusual dry weather. The El Nino
weather phenomenon, the strongest one since 1997, brought severe dry weather to Southeast
Asia and therefore firefighters could not count on support from rain. El Nino, which occurs
once every five years on average, causes climatic changes across the Pacific Ocean leading to
droughts in Southeast Asia and therefore also has a major impact on harvests of agricultural
commodities.

Solutions for Natural Disasters

Using concrete and plastic insulation for safety and energy efficiency in
residential design

With each passing year, weather extremes seem to become more a part of our daily lives.
Natural catastrophes have recently captured public attention with California wildfires on the
West Coast, hurricanes on the East Coast, and a series of tornadoes in between. The cost of
cleanup alone is in the billions, once the price of home and public infrastructure repairs,
debris removal, and temporary housing is included. Many millions more are spent on less
obvious items, such as medical/dental care, small business loans, water, and ice—the list goes
on.

Natural catastrophes lead to higher costs of living. Food becomes costlier when supply is
destroyed, damaged, or unable to get to market. Damaged buildings suffer electricity,
computer, and telecommunications losses, effectively shutting down businesses inside and
resulting in some unemployment.

Architects/engineers (A/Es) are looking to newer materials in an effort to build more durable,
higher quality residential projects to better withstand some of the effects of natural disasters.
One technique growing in popularity involves the use of concrete in the home’s exterior
shell. While, both precast and poured-in-place concrete walls have been used in the non-
residential construction for over 50 years, applying this technology to residential projects is a
relatively new idea.

Clearly the need exists for residential homes that limit the impact of nature’s destructive
effects, without sacrificing comfort, energy efficiency, and aesthetics. Along with plastic
insulation, concrete may provide the answer.

Plastic and concrete solutions

Photo courtesy Federal Emergency Management Agency. Photo Andrea Booher

As its name implies, an integrally insulated concrete wall system has insulation embedded
within the wall, sandwiched between two facing concrete slabs. The core insulation not only
offers a consistently high insulation R-value, but also resists moisture movement through the
wall. Usually, a connector ties both concrete slabs together so the wall works as a structural
panel. However, integrally insulated wall panel systems should not be confused with
insulated concrete forms (ICF), where the insulation is on the outside of a vertically cast
concrete core.

Integrally insulated concrete panels are usually manufactured using one of two different
techniques—precast or poured-in-place. Precast panels are produced in-plant, and shipped to
the site and erected by trained installers. Poured-in-place walls, on the other hand, are
prepared using conventional forms at the job site. Typically, the forms are set, the insulation
and connectors installed, and the concrete poured into the forms with equal amounts on either
side of the insulation.

Increasingly, plastic insulation is being used within these precast walls. For example, one
proprietary system comprises either 50.8-mm (2-in.) extruded polystyrene (XPS) or 50.8-mm
(2-in.) polyisocyanurate (polyiso) sandwiched between two 101.6-mm and 50.8-mm (4-in.
and 2-in.) reinforced concrete wythes, and held together with a fiber-reinforced composite
connector. Some companies also offer pour-in-place systems that require similar components
as the precast system, but allow above/below-grade walls to be poured on-site using
conventional forms.

According to the Portland Cement Association (PCA), more than 14 percent of all single-
family U.S. homes built in 2002 had concrete or masonry walls. This amount is projected to
grow to an estimated 22 percent in 2006—and the use of insulating plastics can help these
structures face weather extremes.

In August 2004, Hurricane Charley wreaked havoc in cities such as Punta Gorda, Florida
(above and preceding page). At left, the roof of the Denmark Elementary School was torn off
by the West Tennessee F4 tornado. While using insulated concrete and plastic insulation is
far from a guarantee structures remain standing, the combination could mean additional
safety and durability during natural catastrophes.
Photo courtesy Federal Emergency Management Agency. Photo Mark Wolfe

Withstanding wildfires The destruction caused by this summer’s West Coast wildfires
heightens the need to design fire-resistant housing. The Institute of Business and Home
Safety (IBHS) has released recommendations on how homeowners can recover from—and
proactively address—future fires. For example, in extreme fire areas, (IBHS) recommends
exterior wall assemblies have at least a one-hour fire resistance rating with non-combustible
exterior surfaces, such as brick veneer, concrete block, or concrete.¹

The majority of wildfire destruction is caused by firestorms or hot embers blown by high
winds in and around the fire. These embers alight on combustible material, adding fuel to the
fire, so to speak. When building a new home or retrofitting a firedamaged one, A/Es may
wish to consider specifying integrally insulated concrete walls, as they provide a non-
combustible fire barrier. In this system, the plastic insulation is protected by the concrete and
does not contribute to the fire load. For example, one proprietary brand of integrally insulated
concrete panels has a fire endurance of greater than 3.5 hours when tested to the Uniform
Building Code (UBC) Vol. 3 Standard 7-7, Methods for Calculating Fire-resistance of Steel,
Concrete, Wood, Concrete Masonry, and Clay Masonry Construction.

Since integrally insulated concrete walls are structural panels with rigid corners, the exterior
building envelope typically remains in place during and after a fire. When necessary, officials
can enter the home during the fire, knowing the concrete walls minimize the potential for
collapse. So integral insulation may provide an answer.

Hurricanes and tornadoes

For a home to survive a high wind event, it must not only account for the lateral forces on the
walls and roofs, wind-driven rain, and storm surges along the coast, but also flying debris. In
fact, the impact of ‘missile’ debris (i.e. tree limbs or wood torn from damaged homes) causes
great damage since it can puncture the home’s outer shell, allowing wind/water ingress.

Whether dealing with wild fires in San Bernadino County, California, or tornadoes in Hallam,
Nebraska, using precast insulated concrete walls with extruded polystyrene (XPS) or polyiso
insulation can provide some protection.
Photo courtesy Federal Emergency Management Agency. Photo Bob McMillan

There are measures to minimize the effects of hurricanes on homes. The key is making the
home strong and airtight. Using storm shutters over exposed glass can help prevent high
winds from entering the house, while specifying robust anchors (i.e. hurricane straps) at the
walls’ intersection with both the foundation and roof can reduce blow-offs.

Integrally insulated concrete walls offer many design solutions to combat high hurricane
winds and wind-driven rain forces. The 50.8-mm (2-in.) outer concrete slab of an integrally
insulated wall can provide excellent protection from any flying debris during high winds.
Plates, designed to withstand high uplift forces, are cast into the upper and lower portions of
the concrete panel, which allow the panels to be connected to the foundation and roof.
Additional hurricane straps can be installed on-site for further security. Provided there is
proper detailing at the panel joints and around windows/doors, the concrete panels can be
impenetrable to wind-driven rain. Even when the roof blows away, the exterior building walls
typically remain standing.

Although hurricanes may be more of a coastal phenomenon, almost every part of the country
has experienced tornadoes. Designing homes in tornado-prone areas (such as the Tornado
Alley corridor running north from Texas into Indiana) is much like designing in hurricane
regions—one of the key measures taken is to make connections between the roof and
foundation strong enough to resist high winds/pressures.

Photo courtesy Federal Emergency Management Agency. Photo Michael Raphael

Integrally insulated concrete walls provide a measure of protection for homes in places
exposed to high winds, according to Kim Seeber, a professional engineer from Pensacola,
Florida, who has been involved with designing (non)residential precast and poured-inplace
walls for years and received four awards of merit from the Precast/Prestressed Concrete
Institute (PCI).

“Because the structure is stiff, the exterior walls of a precast concrete wall home can
withstand high wind loads, which, depending on where the home is being built, can be in the
[225 km/h to 258 km/h] 140 mph to 160 mph range,” he explains. “In addition, the corners,
with connectors at the top and bottom, are rigid so even in high winds the walls are generally
stable.”
Although homes in the direct path of a tornado may not survive, the exterior walls of concrete
wall homes located further away could suffer less structural damage.

But is it a ‘home’?

While a concrete home may sound like a gray concrete bunker, the reality is far from that.
With the ability to convert conventional blueprints to integrally insulated wall panels with
XPS or polyiso insulation, builders can adapt the exterior shell without compromising
performance or aesthetics. Both precast and poured-in-place walls can be offered with
various exterior/interior finishes. Concrete homes can be made to look like a conventional
frame home, but with some noticeable advantages.

John Stoll of Iowa City, Iowa, is in the business of financing homes, and has investigated all
types of home construction. About three years ago, Stoll was out househunting and toured a
418-m2 (4500-sf) bungalow, constructed of integrally insulated precast panels.

“My heating bills are about the same as my old 186-m2 (2000-sf) house—and my air
conditioning bills are about the same as my son’s 84-m2 (900-sf) apartment” he says. “Even
my home insurance rate is lower; I figure I am saving around 20 percent per year just because
of the fire reduction savings.”

Benefits of Insulated Precast Concrete Wall Homes

Insulated concrete need not mean the ‘bunker look.’ The exterior shell can be adapted to
provide various looks, including brick masonry.

Design flexibility

Almost any conventional home’s blueprints can be translated into an integrally insulated
concrete home. A range of exterior/interior finishes, such as brick, siding, and stucco, are
available for a custom look. Fewer specialized trades required on-site Since much of the
finishing surfaces, electrical rough-ins, opening framing, etc., are cast-in-place at the factory,
fewer on-site trades are required. Additionally, gypsum wallboard is not required on most
interior surfaces—just a paint coating.

Construction time

Once the precast panels are shipped to the site, the home can be erected quickly—up to twice
the rate of some conventional frame houses.

Structural integrity

Precast concrete panels are structural panels that are mechanically fastened to the foundation,
roofs, and other panels to form a robust building envelope that can outperform conventional
frame construction in high winds. Even after a fire or when the roof has been swept away, the
precast panels typically remain in place, helping to protect emergency workers and home
contents.

Thermal performance
The high R-value per inch of the extruded polystyrene (XPS) or polyisocyanurate (polyiso)
insulation core reduces thermal movement through the wall in any season, and the mass of
the concrete moderates the effect of outside temperature extremes during the day. Thermal
mass effect can greatly enhance the overall effective R-value of a home, depending upon
geographic region. In addition, the insulated core is continuous over the wall with no thermal
bridging, allowing for lower air-conditioning and heating bills. Certain concrete wall/plastic
insulation designs also meet third party energy ratings, such as the U.S.

Environmental

Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) Home Energy Star® rating criteria.

Sound barrier characteristics Concrete wall mass makes it an effective barrier to
exterior/interior sound.

Fire resistance

Concrete is a non-combustible material. The material does not burn, soften, or distort, so
concrete homes are more likely to remain standing after a fire.

Maintenance costs

Insurance costs for precast homes can be more than 15 percent lower than conventional
framed homes.

Longevity

Concrete requires less maintenance. Termites and other pests are not problems for concrete
walls, as they are denied their food source and/or warm nesting cavities.

Sustainability

Concrete homes typically outlast similar conventional structures. For example, a home using
integrally insulated technology uses up to 40 percent less wood in its construction.

Conclusion

There are no single, quick fix solutions to building catastrophe-resistant homes. However,
specifying an integrally insulated concrete wall system with plastic insulation in residential
projects could be a step in the right direction. In addition to potentially reducing overall
ownership costs, it offers great strength both within the wall panel and at the connection
points, protection against flying debris and burning embers, and a structure less likely to
collapse on occupants and rescuers.
 Report English
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
d
by:

Name : Gery a. Ginting

Class : xi-arhenius
Subject : English
Sub. teacher : sir. Asido

Pancur batu, 8 oktober 2019

T.A. 2019/20201