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New approaches to the

measurement of food security

Statistics Division
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

AFCAS 23, 2013 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS 1
Outline

• The Suite of Food Security indicators


• Towards a Food Security index
• Experience-based food security
indicators: the “Voices of the Hungry”
project

AFCAS 23, 2013 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS 2
Food Security

Food Security exists when all people, at all


times, have physical, social and economic
access to sufficient, safe and nutritious
food which meets their dietary needs and
food preferences for an active and healthy
life

(World Food Summit, 1996)


Food Security
All people, at all times, have physical, social and
economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious
food which meets their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and healthy life

sufficient food is available, (production


and imports)  Food Availability

social and economic access to food


 Food Access

safe and nutritious food can be


utilized Food Utilization

all people at all times 


Food Stability
The Suite of Food Security indicators
FOOD SECURITY INDICATORS WHAT DOES IT MEASURE? DIMENSION
Average Dietary Energy Supply Adequacy compares food supply with requirements
Average Value of Food Production evolution of total food production
Share of dietary energy supply derived from cereals, roots & tubers importance of staples in food supplies AVAILABILITY
Average protein supply availability of proteins in the country
Average supply of protein of animal origin availability of animal proteins in the country

Percent of paved roads over total roads


Road density availability of pyshical infrastrcutures allowing to access food PHYSICAL ACCESS
Rail-lines density

ECONOMIC
Domestic Food Price Level Index food price level relative to prices of other goods STATIC and
ACCESS
DYNAMIC
DETERMINANTS
Access to improved water sources
availability of hygienic conditions allowing to utilize food UTILIZATION
Access to improved sanitation facilities

Cereal import dependency ratio


Percent of arable land equipped for irrigation exposure of countries to food supply shocks VULNERABILITY
Value of food imports over total merchandise exports

Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism comparative score of political stability


Domestic food price volatility deviation of food prices from trend SHOCKS
Per Capita food production variability deviation of fod production from trend
Per Capita food supply variability deviation of food suply from trend

Prevalence of undernourishment dietary energy deprivation compared to minimum requirement


Share of food expenditure of the poor importace of food in consumptio of poorer housholds ACCESS
Depth of the food deficit average dietary energy gap
Prevalence of food inadequacy dietary energy deprivation under high physical activity

Percentage of children under 5 years of age affected by wasting incidence of low weight for height in children
Percentage of children under 5 years of age who are stunted incidence of low height for age in children OUTCOMES
Percentage of children under 5 years of age who are underweight incidence of low weight for age in children
Percent of adults who are underweight incidence of low weight for age in adults
UTILIZATION
Prevalence of anemia among pregnant women (%) incidence of anemia deficiency in pregnant women population
Prevalence of anemia among children under 5 (%) incidence of anemia in children
Prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency (forecoming) incidence of Vitamin A deficiency
Prevalence of Iodine deficiency (forecoming) incidence of Iodine deficiency
Towards a Food Security Index

Approach:
• Based on the Suite of Indicators
presented in the State of Food
Insecurity 2013 Report
• How to summarize information from a
wide set of indicators?
Indicators from the Suite
DIMENSIONS FOOD SECURITY INDICATORS
Average Dietary Energy Supply Adequacy
Average Value of Food Production
AVAILABILITY Share of dietary energy supply derived from cereals, roots and tubers
Average protein supply
Average supply of protein of animal origin

Food Security Index


Percent of paved roads over total roads
Road density
Rail-lines density
ACCESS
Domestic Food Price Level Index

Prevalence of undernourishment

Access to improved water sources


Access to improved sanitation facilities
UTILIZATION Percentage of children under 5 years of age affected by wasting
Percentage of children under 5 years of age who are stunted
Percentage of children under 5 years of age who are underweight
Cereal import dependency ratio
Percent of arable land equipped for irrigation
Value of food imports over total merchandise exports
STABILITY
Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism
Domestic food price level index volatility
Per Capita food production variability
Food Security Index

• Computed so far for 169 countries


• Within food security dimensions: weights from Principal
Component Analysis
• check the correlation structure of the selected indicators
• Sub-groups identified within dimensions (stability,
access)
• Weight derived for each indicator
• Equal weights across dimensions: each contributes 25
percent , but aggregation through Weighted Geometric
Mean (more weight to more severe conditions)
• Normalized on 1 to 5 scale
Weights
Indicator weight on Overall Indicator
each dimension Dimension weight weight on Global
Indicator (from PCA) dimension on Global Index Index
Average Dietary Energy Supply (DES) Adequacy 0.18 0.04
Average Value of Food Production 0.17 0.04
Share of DES derived from cereals, roots and tubers 0.18 availability 0.25 0.04
Average protein supply 0.24 0.06
Average supply of protein of animal origin 0.24 0.06

Percent of paved roads over total roads 0.25 0.02


Road density 0.34 access 0.08 0.03
Rail-lines density 0.41 0.03

Domestic Food Price Level Index 1.00 access 0.08 0.08

PoU 1.00 access 0.08 0.08

water 0.18 0.05


sanitation 0.20 0.05
stunting 0.22 utilization 0.25 0.06
wasting 0.15 0.04
underweight 0.24 0.06

Cereal import dependency 0.40 0.05


% land equipped irrigation 0.32 stability-exposure 0.125 0.04
food imp./tot. merch. exp. 0.28 0.04

Political stability 0.28 0.04


Food supply variability 0.43 stability-shock 0.125 0.05
Domestic FPLI volatility 0.28 0.04
Experience-based food security scales

Based on psychometric scales, similar to those


used globally to measure economic deprivation,
anxiety or depression:

Idea of gathering information directly from people


about whether they or anyone in their household
have had certain experiences related to food
insecurity
Experience-based food security scales

Approach: summarize information from survey


questions in a single synthetic index covering a
range of severity of the food insecurity condition
along a continuum (scale)

Mild food insecurity Severe food insecurity

Worrying about how Compromising on quality Reducing quantities, Experiencing hunger


to procure food and variety skipping meals
Experience-based food security scales

Advantages:

• Provide information on the actual experiences associated


with food insecurity that are not captured by other
(more indirect) measurements

• Provide timely results since this type of tool is easy to


administer and to analyze.

• Provide indicators at different levels of food insecurity


(mild, moderate, severe).

• Potential to measure food insecurity in the same way


across cultures
Experience-based food security scales

Scales have been developed and used since the


early 1990s, such as:

• US Household Food Security Survey Module


• Household Food Insecurity Access Scale
(HFIAS)
• Household Hunger Scale (HHS)
• Latin American and Caribbean Food Security
Scale (ELCSA)
The Food Insecurity Experience Scale FIES

Based on research from the past 2 decades, FAO has


developed this scale for global use. These are the
questions that comprise the scale:

“During the last 12 months, was there a time when, because of


lack of money or other resources:
1. You were worried you would run out of food?
2. You were unable to eat healthy and nutritious food?
3. You ate only a few kinds of foods?
4. You had to skip a meal?
5. You ate less than you thought you should?
6. Your household ran out of food?
7. You were hungry but did not eat?
8. You went without eating for a whole day?”
“Voices of the Hungry” project at FAO

The FIES was field-tested by FAO in Angola, Ethiopia, Malawi


and Niger during 2013.

Aim at including the 8 questions of FIES in a global survey.

Plan is to launch an annual global survey through the Gallup


World Poll in 150 countries world wide starting in 2014.

(Gallup Inc. is a public opinion polling company. The World Poll


gathers information on people’s socio-economic conditions,
social participation, health and many other variables relevant
to food security)
Cross-culturally comparable questions

• Linguistic and cultural adaptation: first step


towards developing a valid, standardized tool for
cross-cultural comparison
• Qualitative research methods are used to find
appropriate phrasing of questions in different
languages
• Inadequate linguistic adaptation could affect
comparability
FIES in the Suite of food security indicators

• Complementary to other indicators and measurement


tools while providing a unique perspective of how people
experience food insecurity
• Experiencing food insecurity shown to be associated with
• Food Insecurity determinants - (poverty, illness (HIV/AIDS),
geographic area, household composition, livelihood.
• Food Insecurity consequences -
• Dietary diversity and quality
• Quantitative food consumption
• Anthropometry (BMI, height-for-age)
• Household food stores
• Psychological health and well being
• Women’s decision making
Thank you

for more information please contact:


Piero Conforti, Statistics Division
piero.conforti@fao.org
http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-fs/en/

AFCAS 23, 2013 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS 18

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