TEMPERATURE CONCEPT

When our hands are dipped in warm water, what we feel is our hands will feel warm /
hot. Likewise, when our hands hold ice, our hands feel cold. From this statement,
to feel the cold or heat of an object, a person will use his feelings to assess the
condition of the object. In everyday life hot or cold is used to describe the degree
of temperature of an object. An object is said to be hot, meaning the object has a
high temperature. Likewise an object is said to be cold, meaning the object is low
temperature. From the explanation above, it can be concluded that the concept of
temperature is a measure of the degree of heat or cold of an object.

TERMOMETER CONCEPTS

The degree of temperature of an object is not only stated qualitatively but must be
quantitatively. This aims to get information about temperature. However, our
feelings cannot express the temperature of an object precisely, because our range of
feelings is limited. Therefore humans create a tool that can be used to measure
temperature and the magnitude of the temperature can be seen from the figures
indicated, namely the thermometer.

Thermometer (a device to measure temperature) must be filled with a liquid that is

thermometric. Thermometrics, namely experiencing physical changes when heated or
cooled (for example mercury and alcohol). Therefore, the thermometer is made based
on the principle that the volume of liquid will change if it is heated or cooled.
The volume of the liquid will increase when heated, whereas if it is cooled the
volume of the liquid will decrease. The rise or fall of the liquid is used as a
reference to determine the temperature of an object.

SCALE TEMPERATURE ON TERMOMETERS

In order for a thermometer to be used to measure temperature, it is necessary to set

a temperature scale. There are two temperature scales that are often used, including
the Celsius scale and the Fahrenheit scale. The most widely used scale today is the
Celsius scale. Fahreheit scale is the most widely used in the United States, the
temperature scale that is quite important in science is the absolute scale or kelvin.
Halliday Resnick (1978: 705). Note the scale on the following thermometer:

Where the scale is the temperature

of the boiling point of water
minus the temperature of the melting point of ice.
 Scale comparison = C: F: R: K

= 100: 180: 80: 100

= 5: 9: 4: 5

so to change the temperature scale from Celsius to Reamur or to another thermometer

temperature scale as follows:

TYPES OF TERMOMETERS

1. Liquid Thermometer
Liquid thermometer is made based on changes in volume. The use of a liquid
thermometer is made by utilizing the concept of liquid expansion, usually the
liquid used is mercury or alcohol. The nature of the rise or fall of liquid in
capillary tubes as a result of expansion of this liquid is used to measure
temperature. The surface of the liquid rises along the capillary tube and
stops at a certain position in accordance with the temperature of the object.
The measured temperature is expressed by a scale that coincides with the
surface of the liquid in the capillary tube.
Expansion that occurs in liquid substances is volume expansion. The water
coming out of the vessel is an indication of the difference in expansion
between the different solids and liquids. Water spilled from the vessel
indicates a liquid expansion which is greater than the expansion of the solid
substance, in this case the vessel. The higher the temperature rise, the
greater the addition of liquid volume.

2. Gas Thermometer

Gas thermometers use the principle of the effect

of temperature on pressure. This tool chart is
the same as a nanometer. The U pipe which contains
the mercury is initially at the same height. If one
end is connected to a room with gas pressure, a high difference will occur. Example:
a gas thermometer at a fixed gas volume.

3. Bimetallic Thermometer

A mechanical bimetal thermometer

is a thermometer made of two pieces of metal
that have different expansion coefficients which
are chopped (chopped) together. The word
bimetal itself has a meaning that is bi means
two while the word metal means metal, so bimetal
means "two metals".

How it works: Bimetallic pieces are deliberately made to have two pieces of metal
because these pieces can be curved if there is a change in temperature. In
principle, if the temperature changes to a high, the bimetallic chip will curve
towards the metal with a lower expansion coefficient, whereas if the temperature
becomes low, the bimetal chip will bend towards the metal with a more efficient
expansion. Metals with greater expansion coefficient (height) will be elongated
faster so that the pieces will bend (bend) because the other metal will not be
elongated. Usually these bimetal pieces are made of metals whose coefficient of
expansion is much different, such as iron and copper.

4. Optical
Pyrometer Thermometer

Like solids, liquid also expands when heated. In fact, expansion of

liquids is relatively easier or faster to observe than expansion of solids. Gas also
expands when heated. The nature of gas expansion must be considered in daily life,
for example when pumping a bicycle tire not too hard, it should be according to size.