Example Fault loop impedance calculation

A numerical distance relay protects a transmission line having an

impedance of (1.5 + j15)Ω. Voltage and current values sampled after a
fault inception are given in Table 1. Calculate the measured resistance
and reactance values at time 9ms and establish which protection zone
of the relay will be activated.
n Time Voltage Current
(ms) signal - vr(n) signal - ir(n)
Assume conventional distance protection [V] [A]

setting principles. 1 5 -2980.04 -1199.49

2 5.5 -643.61 -1190.20
3 6 1708.67 -1151.61
4 6.5 4018.88 -1084.66
5 7 6230.13 -991.00
6 7.5 8287.97 -872.94
7 8 10141.73 -733.39
8 8.5 11745.78 -575.78
9 9 13060.60 -403.99
10 9.5 14053.82 -222.25
Table 1. Voltage and current samples 11 10 14701.00 -35.04
 n Time Voltage Current
(ms) signal - vr(n) signal - ir(n)
[V] [A]
Fault loop impedance calculation 1 5 -2980.04 -1199.49

vr1ir 2  vr 2ir1
2 5.5 -643.61 -1190.20

R 3
4 6.5
6 1708.67
4018.88
-1151.61
-1084.66
D (vr 2 , ir 2 ) 5 7 6230.13 -991.00

vr 2ir1  vr1ir 2 6 7.5 8287.97 -872.94

L 7 8 10141.73 -733.39
D 8 8.5 11745.78 -575.78

(vr1 , ir1 ) 9 9 13060.60 -403.99

where D  ir1ir 2  ir 2ir1 10 9.5 14053.82 -222.25
11 10 14701.00 -35.04

ir ( n 1)  ir ( n 1) ir (10)  ir (8)  222.25  (575.78) A

ir1 '    3
 353530
2T 2T 2  0.5 10 s
ir ( 6)  ir ( 4)  872.94  (1084.66) A
ir 2 '   3
 211720
2T 2  0.5 10 s
A2
D  ir1ir 2  ir 2ir1  ir (9 )  ir 2  ir (5)  ir1  403.99  211720  (991)  353530  264.815  10 6

s
 n Time Voltage Current
(ms) signal - vr(n) signal - ir(n)
[V] [A]
Fault loop impedance calculation 1 5 -2980.04 -1199.49

vr1ir 2  vr 2ir1 v(9 ) ir 2  v(5) ir1

2 5.5 -643.61 -1190.20
R  3 6 1708.67 -1151.61
D D 4 6.5 4018.88 -1084.66
13060.60  211720  6230.13  353530
 5 7 6230.13 -991.00
264.815 106 6 7.5 8287.97 -872.94

 2.125 Ω 7 8 10141.73 -733.39

8 8.5 11745.78 -575.78
9 9 13060.60 -403.99

vr 2ir1  vr1ir 2 v (5) i(9 )  v(9 ) i(5) 10 9.5 14053.82 -222.25

L  11 10 14701.00 -35.04
D D
6230.13  (403.99)  13060.60  (991)

264.815 106
 39.371 mH

X  0 L  2 50  0.039371  12.369 Ω
 n Time Voltage Current
(ms) signal - vr(n) signal - ir(n)
[V] [A]
Fault loop impedance calculation 1 5 -2980.04 -1199.49
2 5.5 -643.61 -1190.20
X  0 L  2 50  0.039371  12.369 Ω 3 6 1708.67 -1151.61
4 6.5 4018.88 -1084.66
5 7 6230.13 -991.00
 Relay zone 1 and 2 setting 6 7.5 8287.97 -872.94
7 8 10141.73 -733.39
X Z 1  0.8  X L  0.8 15  12 Ω 8 8.5 11745.78 -575.78
9 9 13060.60 -403.99
X Z 2  1.2  X L  1.2 15  18 Ω 10 9.5 14053.82 -222.25
11 10 14701.00 -35.04

 The relay will see the fault in Zone 2