Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
6/17/2019 1
Agenda (Cont.,)
Generalized Decline curve analysis; how to plot and interpret (Explain) the
following approaches by yourself:
G function approach.
Square Root shut in time approach.
Square Root shut in time plus pumping time approach.
Log – log plot approach.
Horner plot approach.
Cartesian plot approach.
How to Calculate :
Fluid loss coefficient
Fluid Efficiency
Fracture dimensions
How to Calibrate stresses data.
Identification of non ideal behaviors during shut In.
New method to determine Closure pressure from calibration pumping period.
Comparing between different techniques simultaneously.
6/17/2019 2
DataFRAC Analysis
To provide accurate fracture design parameters:
Effective design
Increased NPV
6/17/2019 3
Basic Decline Curve Analysis
Start Shut-In Closure
Wellhead Pressure Pressure
Shut-In Pressure
Decline
Pump Rate
Closure Time
Injection time Tc
Ti
Time
Objectives of decline curve analysis
Determination of:
Fluid loss coefficient
Fluid Efficiency
Fracture dimensions
Calibration of stresses data
6/17/2019 5
Basic Decline Curve Analysis
Injection Shut-in Linear Flow Radial Flow
Closure Pressure
Reservoir Pressure
6/17/2019 6
Methods for analysis
G-Function Plot (the most important).
Square Root of Time Plot
Log-Log Plot
Horner plot
6/17/2019 7
G-Function Analysis
Algebraic Definition of the G-Function
G-function is a dimensionless function of shut-in time
normalized to pumping time:
6/17/2019 8
G‐Function: Two limiting cases
6/17/2019 9
6/17/2019 10
6/17/2019 11
6/17/2019 12
6/17/2019 13
6/17/2019 14
Decline Function, G
p CL rp tp
Pws - Pw(DtD) = G (DtD)
2c f
Slope P* = DPi
Gc
= Gc
2 + Gc
p C L rp t p
The slope of straight line: mG = P*, P* =
2c f
Gc
For non ideal behavior, mG P*, and =
2 + Gc
6/17/2019 15
G plot:
6/17/2019 16
G plot:
6/17/2019 17
G plot:
6/17/2019 18
Non-Ideal Behavior
6/17/2019 19
“G” Plot Analysis for Non-Ideal Behavior
Find the slope of “G” plot at DPw And denote as m 3/4
3/4
DPs
KGD, Radial model P* = m3/4
m G' = fc m G,c
Calculate CL
CL = 2 cf P*
p rp tp
Calculate
= G* where G* = DPs , = Spurt Correction
2 + G* P*
6/17/2019 20
“G” Plot Analysis for Non-Ideal Behavior
6/17/2019 21
G –plot for tip extension after shut down
500 4950
450
Characteristic Shape on 4900
400
Superposition Derivative:
Early-time data falls below 4850
300
4750
250
4700
200
4650
150
dP/dG
GdP/dG 4600
100
P
50 4550
0 4500
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
G Function (=1.0)
6/17/2019 22
G –plot for Height recession (cont.,)
6/17/2019 23
G –plot for Height recession (cont.,)
1400 4500
4300
1200
4100
1000 3900
dP/dG and GdP/dG
3700
BH Pressure
800
3500
dP/dG
600 GdP/dG
Pressure 3300
3100
400
2900
200
2700
0 2500
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
G Function
6/17/2019 24
G –plot for Height recession (cont.,)
6/17/2019 25
G –plot for Tip extension after shutdown
500 4800
450 4750
400
dP/dG 4700
4650
300
P 4600
250
4550
200
GdP/dG 4500
150
4450
100
50 4400
0 4350
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
G-function
6/17/2019 26
G –plot for Fissure Opening
1000 5000
900 4800
800 4600
700 4400
GdP/dG
dP/dG and GdP/dG
BH Pressure, spi
600 P 4200
500 4000
400 3800
300 3600
200 3400
dP/dG
100 3200
0 3000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
G Function
6/17/2019 27
6/17/2019 28
6/17/2019 29
6/17/2019 30
6/17/2019 31
6/17/2019 32
6/17/2019 33
6/17/2019 34
Square Root Shut in time plot
6/17/2019 35
Square Root Shut in time plot (cont.,)
6/17/2019 36
Square Root Shut in time plot (cont.,)
6/17/2019 37
Square Root Shut in time plot (cont.,)
6/17/2019 38
Square Root Shut in time plot (cont.,)
6/17/2019 39
Square Root Shut in time plot (cont.,)
Calc'd BH Pressure (psi) A Time CBP SP DP FE
Smoothed Pressure (psi) A 1 Closure 00:15:14 9872 9876 417.1 35.41
A First Derivative (psi/min^0.5) D D
10750 50
1
10500 (Y = 10448.08) 0
10250
-50
(00:13:06, 9999.19)
10000
(m = -242.33)
-100
(00:17:12, 9782.8)
9750
-150
9500
-200
9250
9000 -250
8750 -300
00:30 01:00 01:30 02:00 02:30 03:00
9/12/2002 9/12/2002
Time
Customer: Job Date: Ticket #:
Well Description: UWI: StimWin v4.3.0
17-Apr-03 17:31
6/17/2019 40
Log-Log Plot:
6/17/2019 41
Log-Log Plot: (cont.,)
6/17/2019 42
Log-Log Plot: (cont.,)
6/17/2019 43
Log-Log Plot: (cont.,)
6/17/2019 44
Log-Log Plot: well X (cont.,)
6/17/2019 45
Log-Log Plot: well X (cont.,)
6/17/2019 46
Horner Plot
6/17/2019 47
Horner Plot (cont.,)
6/17/2019 48
Fluid Efficiency Calculation (IFS)
Nolte Equation:
F.E. = ((1 + Tc/Ti)1.5 - (Tc/Ti)1.5 - 1) /
(1 + Tc/Ti)1.5 - (Tc/Ti)1.5
Where:
Tc = closure time (minutes)
Ti = injection time (minutes)
6/17/2019 49
Fluid Efficiency Calculation (FracPro)
Where:
tcD = tc/ti
tc = closure time (minutes)
ti = injection time (minutes)
6/17/2019 50
Pad Volume Determination
Nolte Method % Pad Volume:
% Pad Volume = (1- F.E.)2 + 0.05
6/17/2019 51
Permeability Estimation from Gc
0.0086 0.01 Pz
k 1.96
Gc E rp
ct 0.038
Where:
k = effective perm, md
= viscosity, cp
Pz = net pressure
= porosity, fraction
ct = total compressibility, 1/psi
E = Young’s Modulus, MMpsi
rp = leakoff height to gross frac height ratio
6/17/2019 52
New method to determine Pc
Real Worked Examples\(8) KSW -19 2ND stage New
method for closure pressure determination.xls
6/17/2019 53
6/17/2019 54