Álgebra y Geometría Analítica 2018 TP13: Sistemas de Ecuaciones Lineales (II)

1
Método de Cramer:
1 1 2 −1 1 1 2
a) 𝐴′ = (7 8 1 21 ) → ∆= |7 8 1 |=6
2 3 −3 14 2 3 −3
∆𝑥
𝑥= =1
−1 1 2 1 −1 2 1 1 −1 ∆
∆𝑦
∆𝑥 = | 21 8 1 |=6 ∆𝑦 = |7 21 1 | = 12 ∆𝑧 = |7 8 21 | = −12 𝑦= =2
∆
14 3 −3 2 14 −3 2 3 14 ∆𝑧
{𝑧 = ∆ = −2
1 1 2 5 1 1 2
b) 𝐴′ = (3 4 0 −4) → ∆= |3 4 0| = −40
5 −1 6 19 5 −1 6
∆𝑥
𝑥= =0
5 1 2 1 5 2 1 1 5 ∆
∆𝑦
∆𝑥 = |−4 4 0| = 0 ∆𝑦 = |3 −4 0| = 40 ∆𝑧 = |3 4 −4| = −120 𝑦 = = −1
∆
19 −1 6 5 19 6 5 −1 19 ∆𝑧
{ 𝑧= ∆ =3
1 5 −2 −10 1 5 −2
c) 𝐴′ = (2 −5 4 9 ) → ∆= |2 −5 4 | = −17
3 4 1 −11 3 4 1
∆𝑥
𝑥= =1
−10 5 −2 1 −10 −2 1 5 −10 ∆
∆𝑦
∆𝑥 = | 9 −5 4 | = −17 ∆𝑦 = |2 9 4 | = 51 ∆𝑧 = |2 −5 9 | = 34 𝑦= = −3
∆
−11 4 1 3 −11 1 3 4 −11 ∆𝑧
{𝑧 = ∆
= −2

Método de la Matriz Inversa: 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 . 𝐵

1 1 2 1 1 2
a) 𝐴 = (7 8 1) → |𝐴| = |7 8 1 |=6
2 3 −3 2 3 −3
8 1 7 1 7 8
𝐴1,1 = (−1)1+1 . | | = −27 𝐴1,2 = (−1)1+2 . | | = 23 𝐴1,3 = (−1)1+3 . | |=5
3 −3 2 −3 2 3
1 2 1 2 1 1
𝐴2,1 = (−1)2+1 . | |=9 𝐴2,2 = (−1)2+2 . | | = −7 𝐴2,3 = (−1)2+3 . | | = −1
3 −3 2 −3 2 3
1 2 1 2 1 1
𝐴3,1 = (−1)3+1 . | | = −15 𝐴3,2 = (−1)3+2 . | | = 13 𝐴3,3 = (−1)3+3 . | |=1
8 1 7 1 7 8
−27 9 −15 −9⁄ 3⁄ −5⁄
−27 23 5 −27 9 −15 ( 23 −7 13 ) 2 2 2
𝐴𝑐 = ( 9 −7 −1 ) → 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = ( 23 −7 13 ) → 𝐴 −1 = 5 −1 1
= 23⁄6 −7⁄6 13⁄
6
6
−15 13 1 5 −1 1 5⁄ −1⁄ 1⁄
( 6 6 6)

−9⁄ 3⁄ −5⁄ (−9⁄2). (−1) + (3⁄2). 21 + (−5⁄2). 14

2 2 2 −1 1
𝑋 = 23⁄6 −7⁄6 13⁄
6 . ( 21 ) = ( 23⁄ ). (−1) + (−7⁄ ). 21 + (13⁄ ). 14 = ( 2 )
6 6 6
5⁄ −1⁄ 1⁄ 14 −2
(5⁄6). (−1) + (−1⁄6). 21 + (1⁄6). 14
( 6 6 6) ( )
Álgebra y Geometría Analítica 2018 TP13: Sistemas de Ecuaciones Lineales (II)

1 1 2 1 1 2
b) 𝐴 = (3 4 0) → |𝐴| = |3 4 0| = −40
5 −1 6 5 −1 6
4 0 3 0 3 4
𝐴1,1 = (−1)1+1 . | | = 24 𝐴1,2 = (−1)1+2 . | | = −18 𝐴1,3 = (−1)1+3 . | | = −23
−1 6 5 6 5 −1
1 2 1 2 1 1
𝐴2,1 = (−1)2+1 . | | = −8 𝐴2,2 = (−1)2+2 . | | = −4 𝐴2,3 = (−1)2+3 . | |=6
−1 6 5 6 5 −1
1 2 1 2 1 1
𝐴3,1 = (−1)3+1 . | | = −8 𝐴3,2 = (−1)3+2 . | |=6 𝐴3,3 = (−1)3+3 . | |=1
4 0 3 0 3 4
24 −8 −8 −3⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄
24 −18 −23 24 −8 −8 (−18 −4 6 ) 5 5 5
𝐴𝑐 = (−8 −4 6 ) → 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = (−18 −4 6 ) → 𝐴−1 = −23 6 1
= 9⁄20 1⁄
10
−3⁄
20
−40
−8 6 1 −23 6 1 23⁄ −3⁄ −1⁄
( 40 20 40)

−3⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄ (−3⁄5). 5 + (1⁄5). (−4) + (1⁄5). 19

5 5 5 5 0
𝑋= 9 1⁄ −3⁄ 9 1 −3
⁄20 10 20 . (−4) = ( ⁄20). 5 + ( ⁄10). (−4) + ( ⁄20). 19 = (−1)
23⁄ −3⁄ −1⁄ 19 3
(23⁄40). 5 + (−3⁄20). (−4) + (−1⁄40). 19
( 40 20 40) ( )

1 5 −2 1 5 −2
c) 𝐴 = (2 −5 4 ) → |𝐴| = |2 −5 4 | = −17
3 4 1 3 4 1
−5 4 2 4 2 −5
𝐴1,1 = (−1)1+1 . | | = −21 𝐴1,2 = (−1)1+2 . | | = 10 𝐴1,3 = (−1)1+3 . | | = 23
4 1 3 1 3 4
5 −2 1 −2 1 5
𝐴2,1 = (−1)2+1 . | | = −13 𝐴2,2 = (−1)2+2 . | |=7 𝐴2,3 = (−1)2+3 . | | = 11
4 1 3 1 3 4
5 −2 1 −2 1 5
𝐴3,1 = (−1)3+1 . | | = 10 𝐴3,2 = (−1)3+2 . | | = −8 𝐴3,3 = (−1)3+3 . | | = −15
−5 4 2 4 2 −5
−21 −13 10 21⁄ 13⁄ −10⁄
−21 10 23 −21 −13 10 ( 10 7 −8 ) 17 17 17
𝐴𝑐 = (−13 7 11 ) → 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = ( 10 7 −8 ) → 𝐴−1 = 23 11 −15
= −10⁄17 −7⁄
17
8⁄
17
−17
10 −8 −15 23 11 −15 −23⁄ −11⁄ 15⁄
( 17 17 17 )

21⁄ 13⁄ −10⁄ (21⁄17). (−10) + (13⁄17). 9 + (−10⁄17). (−11)

17 17 17 −10 1
𝑋= −10⁄17 −7⁄ 8⁄ . ( 9 ) = (−10⁄17). (−10) + (−7⁄17). 9 + (8⁄17). (−11) = (−3 )
17 17
−11 −2
(
−23⁄
17
−11⁄
17
15⁄
17 ) (−23⁄17). (−10) + (−11⁄17). 9 + (15⁄17). (−11)
( )
Álgebra y Geometría Analítica 2018 TP13: Sistemas de Ecuaciones Lineales (II)

2 Los sistemas de ecuaciones en los que el término independiente es igual a cero, se llaman “homogéneos”.
x(-1) 1 1 1 1 0 x(-1) 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
a) (1 0 0 1 0) (0 −1 −1 0 0) (0 −1 −1 0 0) (0 −1 −1 0 0)
1 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 −1 0 0 0 −1 −1 0
ρ(A)=ρ(A’) < n=4, entonces el sistema es un SEL Compatible Indeterminado, el sistema queda:
𝑥+𝑦=0
{𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 𝑆𝑜𝑙. 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑙. = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑤) ∈ ℝ4 / 𝑥 = −𝑤, 𝑦 = 𝑤, 𝑧 = −𝑤, 𝑤 ∈ ℝ}
𝑧+𝑤 =0

1 −2 2 0 1 −2 2 0 x(-1) 1 −2 2 0
b) ( 0 1 −3 0) (0 1 −3 0) (0 1 −3 0)
−1 3 −1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 4 0
𝑥=0
ρ(A)=ρ(A’)=n=3, entonces el sistema es un SEL Compatible Determinado: Solución Trivial: {𝑦 = 0
𝑧=0

x(-3) x(-2)
1 −4 6 0 1 −4 6 0 x(-1/2) 1 −4 6 0
c) (3 −2 2 0) (0 10 −16 0) (0 10 −16 0)
2 −3 4 0 0 5 −8 0 0 0 0 0
ρ(A)=ρ(A’) < n=3, entonces el sistema es un SEL Compatible Indeterminado, el sistema queda:
𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 0 2 8
{ 𝑆𝑜𝑙. 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑙. = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ ℝ3 / 𝑥 = 𝑧, 𝑦 = 𝑧, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ}
5𝑦 − 8𝑧 = 0 5 5

x(-1) x(-2)
1 −1 1 0 1 −1 1 0 1 −1 1 0 1 −1 1 0
d) (1 −1 −1 0) (0 0 −2 0) x(-1) (0 0 −2 0) (0 0 0 0)
2 −1 1 0 0 1 −1 0 0 1 −1 0 0 1 −1 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0
𝑥=0
ρ(A)=ρ(A’)=n=3, entonces el sistema es un SEL Compatible Determinado: Solución Trivial: {𝑦 = 0
𝑧=0

3
x(-m)
1 𝑚 1 1 𝑚 1
a) ( ) ( )
𝑚 1 1 0 1 − 𝑚2 1−𝑚
i) Sí 𝑚 ∈ ℝ − {1, −1}, el sistema es Compatible Determinado.

ii) Sí 𝑚 = 1, el sistema es Compatible Indeterminado.

iii) Sí 𝑚 = −1, el sistema es Incompatible.

Álgebra y Geometría Analítica 2018 TP13: Sistemas de Ecuaciones Lineales (II)

x(-2)
1 −2 2 1 1 −2 2 1 1 2 −2 1
b) (2 𝑚 4 4) (0 𝑚 + 4 0 2) (0 𝑚 1 1)
−1 3 𝑚−2 0 0 1 𝑚 1 0 0 𝑚+4 2
i) Sí 𝑚 ∈ ℝ − {0, −4}, el sistema es Compatible Determinado.

ii) No existe un valor de “m” que haga al sistema Compatible Indeterminado.

iii) Sí m = −4 𝑦 𝑚 = 0, el sistema es Incompatible.

x(-1) x(-2)
1 𝑚 0 2 1 𝑚 0 2
c) (1 1 1 1) (0 1 − 𝑚 1 −1)
2 𝑚 𝑚 2 0 −𝑚 𝑚 −2
i) Sí 𝑚 ∈ ℝ − {0, 2}, el sistema es Compatible Determinado.

ii) Sí m=2, el sistema será Compatible Indeterminado.

iii) Sí m=0, el sistema será Incompatible.

4
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 40 x(-2)
1 1 40 1 1 40 𝑥 = 30
a) { → ( ) ( ) ρ(A)=ρ(A’)=n=2 → {
2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 100 2 4 100 0 2 20 𝑦 = 10

x(-1)
𝑁 + 𝑅 + 𝐿 = 1.5 𝑁 + 𝑅 + 𝐿 = 1.5 1 1 1 1.5 1 1 1 1.5
b) { 𝑁 = 3(𝑅 + 𝐿) → {𝑁 − 3𝑅 − 3𝐿 = 0 → (1 −3 −3 0 ) (0 −4 −4 −1.5)
2𝑅 − 3𝐿 = 0 0 2 −3 0 0 2 −3 0 x(2)
30𝐿 = 20𝑅
1 1 1 1.5 𝑁 = 1.125
(0 0 −10 −1.5) ρ(A)=ρ(A’)=n=2 → { 𝑅 = 0.225
0 2 −3 0 𝐿 = 0.15

x(-80)
x(-120)
𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 140 1 1 1 140 1 1 1 140
c) {120𝐴 + 160𝐵 + 240𝐶 = 20000 → (120 160 240 20000) (0 40 120 3200)
80𝐴 + 120𝐵 + 160𝐶 = 14000 80 120 160 14000 0 40 80 2800 x(-1)
1 1 1 140 𝐴 = 80
(0 0 40 400 ) ρ(A)=ρ(A’)=n=3 → {𝐵 = 50
0 40 80 2800 𝐶 = 10

x(-1)
𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 300 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 300 1 1 1 300 x(-5)
d) { 𝐴= 𝐵+𝐶 → { 𝐴−𝐵−𝐶 = 0 → (1 −1 −1 0 )
0.05𝐴 + 0.03𝐵 + 0.1𝐶 = 15.5 5𝐴 + 3𝐵 + 10𝐶 = 1550 5 3 10 1550
1 1 1 300 1 1 1 300
(0 −2 −2 −300) x(-1) (0 −2 −2 −300)
0 −2 5 50 0 0 7 350
𝐴 = 150
ρ(A)=ρ(A’)=n=3 → {𝐵 = 100
𝐶 = 50