2 Proceediction of STGSF 17 1 8 PDF

Smart Technologies for Green and Sustainable Future (STGSF-2017)
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal (M.P.)

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technoigy, Bhopal
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 1

Patron
Dr. N. S. Raghuwanshi
Director, M.A.N.I.T., Bhopal
Chairman
Dr. J. L. Bhagoria
Prof. & Head Mech.Engg
M.A.N.I.T., Bhopal.
Dr. Rajesh Gupta

Associate Professor, Mech.Engg.
M.A.N.I.T., Bhopal.
Co Chairman
Dr. R. M. Sarviya
Chairman (Energy Centre)
M.A.N.I.T., Bhopal.
Organizing Secretary
Dr. Prashant Baredar,
Energy Centre
Associate Professor,
M.A.N.I.T., Bhopal.
Dr. P. K. Soni
Asst. Prof. Mech.Engg,
M.A.N.I.T., Bhopal
Joint Secretary
Dr. C. M. Krishna
Asso. Prof Mech.Engg.
M.A.N.I.T., Bhopal.
Dr. Deepak Singh Tomar

Asst. Prof. Comp. Sci.
M.A.N.I.T., Bhopal.

Proceedings
On the occasion of
International Conference on
Smart Technologies for Green & Sustainable Future
Organized By
Mechanical Engg. Department,
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal – 462 003
(An Institute of National Importance)

Vision
Contribute to the development of next generations of highly qualified and ethical

professionals through specialized training and knowledge build-up in areas of
green technology and renewable energy. Promote the vision of the centre among
academic, industrial, and public sectors through demonstration and dissemination
of green technology projects and create environment.

PREFACE
MANIT Bhopal hosted Two Days International Conference and an Exhibition on

Smart Technologies for Green and Sustainable Future (STGSF-2017) was held on
08-09 December, 2017.
The objectives of this International Conference “STGSF-2017” is therefore to
provide platform to researchers, engineers, academicians and industrial
professionals to present and discuss smart green technologies for sustainable
future with recent advances, trends, and development which is taking place all
across the globe
STGSF-2017 was an effort to provide an important forum for international
discourse on renewable energy. Accordingly, the conference was carefully divided
into four major themes - Technology & Infrastructure, Policy, Finance and
Renewable and sustainability.
The overwhelming response received from the international community reiterated
the significance of ‘Up scaling and Mainstreaming Renewable for Energy Security,
Climate Change and Economic Development’, which was also the theme of the
conference. It also showcased that the strides made in this sector have surpassed
predictions.
We are pleased to bring out a Roadmap, which was deliberated threadbare by the
participants of STGSF-2017, with a hope that this document will act like a guiding
force for the continuing efforts and forthcoming energy related conferences.






INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE – STGSF 2017, MANIT BHOPAL

(8th - 9th December, 2017) Date: 29/11/2017
List of Committee Members
Reception committee Organising Committee
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma, Dean (SW) Dr. J.L Bhagoria, (HOD, Mech. and Chairman Conference)
Dr. Alok Mittal, Dean (Academic affairs and R&C) Dr. Rajesh Gupta (Chairman Conference)
Dr. M.S. Chouhan, Dean (P&D) Dr. R.M. Sarviya (Co-Chairman Conference)
Dr. Namita Shrivastava, Dean (FW) Dr. Prashant Baredar (Organising Secretary)
Dr. Manmohan Kapshe, Dean (Institutional Development) Dr. P.K.Soni (Organising Secretary)
Dr. N.D. Mittal, Professor and I/c Registrar Dr. Deepak Singh Tomar (Joint Secretary)
Dr. G. Dixit Dr. C.M. Krishna (Joint Secretary)
Dr. A.R. Siddiqui
Dr. Siraj Ahmed
Dr. S.P.S. Rajput
Invitation Committee Inauguration Committee (Preparation of G-9)

Dr. K. R. Aharwal (Convenor) Dr. Manish Viswakarma (Convenor)
Dr. Sunil Kumar (CF) Dr. R.S. Rana
Mr. Raj Kumar (Ph.D. Scholar) Dr. Amit Suhane
Mr. Rajan Kumar (Ph.D. Scholar) Mr. Aman Malaviya (CF)
Mr. Anoop Pratap Singh (Ph.D. Scholar) Mr. Prem Kumar Chaurasia (Ph.D. Scholar)
Mr. Sandeep Dwivedi (Ph.D. Scholar)
Registration Committee (at G-9) Hospitality Committee

Dr. Atul Lanjewar (Convenor) Dr. Prashant Baredar
Dr. Amit Telang Dr. P.K. Soni
Dr. Varun Tiwari (CF) Mr. Akhilesh Kumar Soni
Mr. Lakhan Patidar (Ph.D. Scholar) Mr. Niranjan Dhanoriya (Ph.D. Scholar)
Mr. Vikas Kushwaha (Ph.D. Scholar) Mr. Girish Chandra (Ph.D. Scholar)
Mr. Shubham Jain (Ph.D. Scholar)
Technical Sessions Committee (Mechanical Transportation Committee

Seminar Hall-1 and Energy Centre)
Dr. C.M. Krishna Dr. Vilas Warudkar (Convenor)
Dr. Prashant Baredar Dr. Vishal Parashar
Dr. P.K. Soni Mr. Pramod Sharma (Ph.D. Scholar)
Dr. Deepak Singh Tomar Mr. K.K. Patel
Dr. Anil Kumar Mr. Sumer S Patel (Ph.D. Scholar)
Dr. K.K. Dhakar (CF)
Mr. Gangaram Mourya (CF) Committee (Proceeding and Book)
Mr. Ashish Kumar Singh (Ph.D. Scholar) Dr. Prashant Baredar
Mr. Yogendra Rathore (Ph.D. Scholar) Dr. Anil Kumar
Mr. Kashish Kumar (Ph.D. Scholar) Dr. P.K. Soni
Mr. Ashish Kumar (Ph.D. Scholar)
Publicity Committee
Dr. R.K Mandloi (Convenor) Dr. Ajay Verma
Dr. Manoj Arya Mr. Deepak Kumar Pathak (Ph.D. Scholar)
Organising Secretary Chairman

STGSF 2017 STGSF 2017

International Conference on Smart Technologies for Green and

Sustainable Future
8TH -9TH Dec 2017
Programme Schedule
Day 1
Friday 8th Dec .2017
TIME EVENT VENUE
9.30 AM -10.30 AM REGISTRATION G-9
10.30 AM -11.30 AM INAUGURATION G-9
11.30 AM-12.00 NOON HIGH TEA G-9
12.00-1.30 PM KEY NOTE ADDRESS G-9

‘’Overview and Development perspectives of
research activities on sustainable Development’’
DR.V.K.SHARMA, ITALY
1.30 PM -2.30 PM LUNCH MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
TECHNICAL SESSIONS
TECHNICAL SESSION-I (2.30 PM-4.00 PM)
VENUE: MECH.ENGG. CAD LAB.
CHAIR: DR.V.K.SHARMA CO CHAIR: DR.ANIL KUMAR
THEME: RENEWABLE ENERGY
STGSF -23 OVERVIEW OF NON- CONVENTIONAL ENERGY AND CURRENT STATUS OF
INDIA IN RENEWABLE ENERGY
Adarsh Sharma,Vijay K.Dwivedi
STGSF -37 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM BIOMASS- A REVIEW
Prashant Singh Chauhan, Chayut Nantadusit, Anil Kumar
STGSF -58 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON HEAT–TRANSFER AUGMENTATION
USING IN AN INCLINED RIBS WITH A GAP IN STAGGERED MANNER ON
ABSORBER PLATE OF SOLAR AIR HEATER
Mukesh Kumar Solanki, Dr. K. R. Aharwal
STGSF -61 OPTIMAL PLANNING OF HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM FOR DR.
APJ ABDUL KALAM AZAD HOSTEL, MANIT BHOPAL USING HOMER PRO
SOFTWARE
Bharat Girdhani, Archana Soni, Vinay Kumar Singh
STGSF-64 PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT OF ARTIFICIALLY ROUGHENED SOLAR AIR
HEATER DUCTS HAVING INCLINED DISCRETE RIB ROUGHNESS
Dr.K.R. Aharwal, B. K. Gandhi
STGSF -42 A COMPHRENSIVE ANALYSIS ON WIND REOURCE ASSESSMENT – A REVIEW
Pramod Kumar Sharma, Prem Kumar, Dr.Vilas Warudkar, Dr.Siraj Ahmed
STGSF -43 OPTIMIZATION OF A STAND ALONE HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM
FOR TELECOM BASE STATION
Yashwant Sawle, Dr.S.C Gupta

STGSF-68 USE OF SOLAR ENERGY IN HUMIDIFICATION-DEHUMIDIFICATION

TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCING DISTILLED WATER: A DETAILED REVIEW
Aditya Kumar Kumawat, Amrit Kumar Thakur
STGSF-69 THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL COMPARISON OF INSIDE AND OUTSIDE
SURFACES OF GLASS COVER TEMPERATURES IN A SINGLE BASIN SINGLE
SLOPE SOLAR STILL IN CLIMATIC CONDITION OF CENTRAL PART OF INDIA
Abhay Agrawal, Ravindra Singh Rana
STGSF-70 EFFECTIVE CONVERSION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE INTO ENERGY – A
REVIEW
Anusagar P G, Savita Vyas
TEA BREAK 4.00 PM-4.15 PM VENUE: MECH.ENGG. DEPARTMENT

TECHNICAL SESSION-II (4.15 PM-5.45 PM)
VENUE: MECH.ENGG. CAD LAB.
CHAIR: DR.A.REHMAN CO CHAIR: DR. C.M.KRISHNA
THEME: THERMAL ENGG. & SMART TECHNOLOGIES
STGSF -34 IMPACT ANALYSIS OF SMART CITY MISSION ON SOCIETY
Amrita Rastogi, Madhuri Jawale
STGSF -35 INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF PERI URBAN AREAS FOR SUSTAINABLE
CITIES
Seemi Ahmed, Supriya Vyas
STGSF -18 ANALYSIS OF HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT OF ELECTRONIC CHIP
USING CFD
Shubham Goyal, Sanjeev Kumar Gupta, Shashank Singh,Shubham Sachdeva
STGSF -19 OPTIMIZATION OF COOLING FAN SPEED FOR HEAT TRANSFER
ENHANCEMENT OF ELECTRONIC CHIP USING CFD
Shubham Sachdeva, Sanjeev Kumar Gupta, Shubham Goyal, Shashank Shekhar
Nagaich
STGSF -28 ENTROPY GENERATION MINIMIZATION IN A PLATE TYPE FUEL ELEMENT OF
A NUCLEAR FISSION REACTOR
T.K.Favas, G.Jilani
STGSF -57 POWERING A STEER-BY-WIRE SYSTEM USING REGENERATIVE BRAKING: A
CASE STUDY
Arpit Argal,Harsh Singh,Dr.Pradeep Kumar Soni
STGSF -38 PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION ANALYSIS OF JATROPHA AND TURPENTINE
POWERED VARIABLE COMPRESSION RATIO DIESEL ENGINE
Dr.Rajesh Gupta, Pankaj Dubey, Hradesh Kushwaha
STGSF -4 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR GREEN BUILDINGS
Kunj Pawar, S.K Patidar
STGSF -16 PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF URBAN FLOOD IMPACT FOR
SUSTAINABLE SMART CITY
Rajshree Kamat, Rudra priyaYadav
STGSF -17 SMART PLANNING PROPOSAL & GUIDELINES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF
GREEN AND SUSTAINABLEAUTOMOBILE SERVICE SECTOR IN INDIA
Rajshree Kamat, Ashish Kumar Chauhan
Day 2
SATURDAY 9th DEC .2017
TECHNICAL SESSIONS
TECHNICAL SESSION-III (10.00 AM-11.30 PM)

VENUE: ENERGY CENTRE
CHAIR: DR.R.M.SARVIYA CO CHAIR: DR.DEEPAK SINGH TOMAR
THEME: SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY

STGSF -59 ANALYSIS OF ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT- TRANSFER AND FRICTION FACTOR

IN RECTANGULAR DUCT OF SOLAR AIR HEATER WITH A GAP IN STAGGERED
INCLINED DISCRETE RIB ARRANGEMENT
Mukesh Kumar Solanki, Dr. K. R. Aharwal
STGSF -44 RECENT DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS OF EVACUATED TUBE SOLAR
COLLECTORS
Manoj Kumar Gaur,Gurav Saxena, Anand Kushwah, Krishna Dutta Pandey, Ankur
Gupta,C.S.Malvi
STGSF-63 RECENT ADVANCEMENT, APPLICATIONS AND PERFORMANCE STUDY OF
VARIOUS TYPES OF SOLAR DRYERS
Manoj Kumar Gaur, Gaurav Saxena, Ankur Gupta, Anand Kushwah, Bachhoolal
STGSF -9 DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND FABRICATION OF E-CHAUPAL
Yugal Kishor,Dr.Sanjay Kumar ,Sunil Kumar, Manish Rawat,Toshit Jain
STGSF -14 GREEN CLOUD COMPUTING
Sakshi Mishra,Roopali Mishra
STGSF -33 MONITORING AND CONTROLLING OF ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS IN A
POLYHOUSE
Preeti Hazare,Vivek Milmile,Mayur Khanke,Aniket Katre
STGSF -36 PHYTOREMEDIATION: AN OVERVIEW
Sidharth Sharma
STGSF-65 HOMER OPTIMIZATION REVIEW AND PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID ENERGY
SYSTEMS ELECTRIFICATION IN RAPADIYA VILLAGE
Anand Singh, Dr.Prashant Baredar
STGSF-1 PREDICTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE EVOLUTION DURING COMPOSTING OF
AGRO-WASTES USING CONSTRAINED KINETIC MODEL
Shilpa Tripathi
STGSF -31 STUDY ON UTILISATION OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE AND
ITS MANAGEMENT
Amitesh Nalin, Atulya Kumar, Abhinav Vats Raj
STGSF-67 INGENIOUS TECHNIQUES FOR PASSIVE COOLING IN GREEN BUILDINGS FOR
COMPOSITE CLIMATE
Vineet Kumar Arya, Archana Soni, Rajat Soni
TEA BREAK 11.30 AM 12.00 NOON VENUE: ENERGY CENTRE
TECHNICAL SESSION-IV (12.00 NOON-1.30 PM) VENUE: ENERGY CENTRE

CHAIR: DR.RAJESH GUPTA CO CHAIR: DR.PRASHANT BAREDAR
THEME: MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
STGSF -15 STUDY & ANALYSIS OF P & O CONTROL ALGORITHM BASED MPPT IN
COMPARISON WITH FLC FOR PV SYSTEM
Dhananjay Kumar, Jagabandhu Majhi
STGSF -26 AUTOMATIC MONEY DEDUCTION AT TOLL BOOTHS WITH TWO WAY
CHARGE FACILITY
Shubham Kant Dubey, Manju K.
STGSF -39 PLANT BASED REMEDIATION: A REVIEW
Sidharth Sharma
STGSF-66 ROLE OF DEORI TRIBAL WOMEN OF ASSAM TO TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
IN THE CONTEXT OF SUJEN AS NATURAL RESOURCE
Guptajit Pathak
STGSF -30 SMART SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM: FOR SUSTAINABLE FUTURE
Manisha Sabley, Priya Sabley
STGSF -29 CHARGING AND DISCHARGING OF SHELL AND SPIRAL TUBE LHSS USING
PARAFFIN WAX AS A PCM
Mehtab Alam, Toshit Jain

STGSF -32 TECHNOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF ENHANCING THERMAL ENERGY

STORAGE IN BUILDINGS USING PCM
Pushpendra Kumar Singh Rathore
STGSF -3 EMPIRICAL FORMULATION OF JUMP CHARACTERISTICS IN HORIZONTAL
CHANNEL
Sanjeev Kumar Gupta,R.C. Mehta
STGSF -10 ENERGY SAVING BY PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT USING ALTERNATE
MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES
Sunil Kumar, Manish Rawat, Toshit Jain
STGSF -20 NUMERICAL STUDY IN CHANNEL ANGULAR PRESSING OF FRICTION WITH
STRAIN ENERGY ON ALUMINUM ALLOY
Toshit Jain, Alok Soni ,Bhawana Rathore
STGSF -22 TWO ZONE MODEL ANALYSIS OF GASOLINE,METHANOL,ETHANOL AS
ALTERNATE FUEL IN SI ENGINES
Ashish Sharma
STGSF -60 PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF LINSEED &AMP;
TURPENTINE OIL FUELED DIESEL ENGINE
Narendra Kumar Yadav, Rajesh Gupta, Sushant Bhuvad
STGSF-62 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SPLIT AIR CONDITIONER WITH VARIABLE
AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE
Niranjan Dhanoriya, Dr. S. P. S. Rajput, Dr. Manoj Arya
STGSF -25 THERMAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SOLAR AIR HEATER WITH
MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE HEXAHYDRATE (MGCL2. 6H2O)
Jagadish Boddeti, Chandrashekhara M
STGSF -41 SYNTHESIS OF POROUS SI BY TOP-DOWN PROCESS USING SILVER AS
CATALYST MATERIAL
Lalit Kumar, Ritu Sharma
LUNCH 1.30 PM -2.30 PM
VALEDICTORY FUNCTION (2.30 PM -3.30 PM)

VENUE: ENERGY CENTRE

Empirical Formulation of Jump Characteristics in

Horizontal Channel
Sanjeev Kumar Gupta R. C. Mehta
Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Applied Mechanics
GLA University Mathura, India MNNIT Allahabad, India
e-mail: sanjeev.mnnita@gmail.com e-mail:mehtarac@rediffmail.com
Abstract— This paper deals with the experimentation and
empirical formulation of hydraulic jump characteristics
(specific energy) in horizontal prismatic channel. The EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP AND METHODOLOGY
experiment has been carried out in the hydraulic laboratory,
Department of Applied Mechanics, MNNIT Allahabad. The 1. Experimental Set-up
empirical correlations are developed using Buckingham π
theorem and regression analysis of experimental data. The The experiment was carried out in Hydraulic Laboratory
developed empirical correlations are validated using Bhutto of Applied Mechanics Department of Motilal Nehru National
(1987) data. Institute of Technology Allahabad. The general layout of
experimental setup is shown in fig (1). The setup consist of
Keywords- hydraulic jump, Froude number, Reynolds
(1) an over head supply tank (2) feeder pipe with regulating
number, empirical corelation
valve (3) inlet tank (4) stilling basin (5) test section (6) sharp
edged vertical regulating gates (7) point gauges with slider
(8) discharge tank with rectangular weir.
INTRODUCTION B. Experimental Procedure
Behind many types of hydraulic structures such as dams
and barrages, and draft tubes of hydraulic turbines, a Experiments on free hydraulic jump are carried out in a
substantial portion of the kinetic energy in supercritical flow rectangular horizontal prismatic channel. A series of runs at
must be dissipated in case scour and erosion. Different different values of discharge were experimented and
methods of energy dissipation have been utilized to hydraulic jump was formed by operating the tail gate and
accomplish tranquil flow condition as the flow enters the sluice gate. For each run initial depth, sequent depth and
downstream channel. The main role of every such technique length of hydraulic jump were measured. The above steps
is to change over however much as could reasonably be were performed sequentially at different valve opening. The
expected the active vitality of stream into turbulent vitality discharge in the channel is measured with the help of sharp
and eventually into the warmth vitality which is scattered into crested rectangular weir. The initial depth, sequent depth and
air [1]. This goal is most adequately achieved by means of a height of water flowing over the crest of weir are measured
neighborhood phenomenon known as hydraulic jump which with the help of point gauge.
may accept a few particular structures relying upon the
geometry of the channel and tail water conditions. Thus 1. DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
hydraulic jump is a phenomenon well known to hydraulic Based on the phenomenon of hydraulic jump, the
engineers as a useful means of dissipating excess energy and important parameters affecting the hydraulic jump
thereby prevent scour and erosion downstream of spillways, phenomenon and energy dissipation downstream of hydraulic
chutes, power houses and other appurtenances. It has also structures are Y1, Y2, V1, V2, Lj, Hj, E1, E2, EL, ERL, ρ, g, µ,
been used to raise the water level on the downstream to ε and η which can be explored as
provide the requisite head for diversion into canals and rivers
1. (Y1, Y2, V1, V2, Lj, Hj, E1, E2, EL, ERL, ρ, g, μ, ε,
etc for irrigation purpose. Hydraulic jump is a one of the most
η)=0 With the help of Buckingham’s π-theorem and taking
frequently encountered cases of rapidly varied flow which
occur when a supercritical flow changes to sub critical flow. Y1, g and ρ as repeating variables, the following
[2].Earlier researcher has found that formation of empirical dimensionless groups are developed
correlation for hydraulic jump characteristics is very
challenging problem [3-4]. Earlier researchers have
developed empirical correlation considering the effect of
only approach Froude number (Fr) and based on conventional
momentum approach. [5-6].

2 Couple of information focuses are digressed from best fit

Y H j Lj E L E E E 2
EL V V
2
, , , , 1
, 2
, , , 2
, 1 curve which might be because of incorrectness in estimation
Y1 Y1 Y 1 Y 1 Y 1 Y 1 E1 E 1 V 1 gY1 of depth of flow & discharge.
f 0
VY
, 1 1
,
Y1
From the dimensional analysis it is observed that all the
hydraulic jump characteristics are the function of approach
Froude number and incoming Reynolds number. It is noted
that the effect of surface roughness could not be studied as it
could not be possible to change the roughness of the bed.
E1 E2
f Fr1 , Re1 , f Fr1 , Re1
Y1 Y1
Fig 2 Variation of Specific Energy before Jump with

Approach Froude Number
IV. RESULT & DATA ANALYSIS
A. Variation of Relative Energy Before & After the Jump

Figure 2 shows a power variation of specific energy
before jump E1/Y1 with Froude number Fr1 which lies
between 2.0 to 8.0. It is observed from figure2 that the Fig 3 Variation of Specific Energy after Jump with
specific energy before the jump phenomenon increases with Approach Froude Number
increase in Froude number. It is obvious from the figure that
near about 100% of experimental data are existing within ± 5 4. EMPIRICAL COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
% of the best fit curve with R2- value of 0.999. The observational models are created utilizing
Fig 3 shows a polynomial variation of specific energy Buckingham's π-hypothesis and regression analysis of
after jump phenomenon E2/Y1 with Froude number Fr1 which experimental data. On the premise of straight fitting between
lies between 2.0 to 8.0. it is observed from figure 3 that the different characteristics of hydraulic jump phenomenon and
specific energy after the jump phenomenon increases with dimensionless group created, the following empirical
increase in Froude number. It is obvious from the figure that
near about 97% of experimental data are existing within ± 5 correlations were developed.
% of the best fit curve with R2- value of 0.963.

E Fr 3.2 Fig 5 Validation empirical correlation 2 with Bhutto (1987)

1
1.677 1
2.423 ……1 data
0.2
The present empirical correlation (2) for specific energy
Y1 Re1 after the jump phenomenonE2/Y1 is validated using Bhutto
E2 Fr (1987) data and the plot of observed value of E 2/Y1 with
3.482 0.27
1
1.347 ……2 experimental value of E2/Y1 is shown in figure (5). All the
data points are lying within ± 10% of the best fit curve and
Y1 Re1 R2 = 0.977 for straight fit between experimental and observed
value of E2/Y1, clearly indicates the good fitting of present
VI. VALIDATIONS model equation (2). Thus, the empirical correlation
1. now validated from Bhutto (1987) experimental
A. Validation of Specific Energy before Jump Phenomenon observations.
VII. CONCLUSION
The specific energy before the hydraulic jump
phenomenon and after the hydraulic jump phenomenon
increases with increase in Froude number.
The created empirical correlations are relevant between
Froude number 2 to 8 and Reynolds number 5000 to 25000.
REFERENCES
1. Husain Baksh G Bhutto, Hydraulic Jump Control and Energy

Dissipation, PhD Thesis, Department of Hydraulics and Irrigation
Engineering, Mehran Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Jamshoro, 1987.
2. K. Subramanya, Flow in Open Channels, Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, Jan 1982
Fig 4 Validation of empirical correlation1 with Bhutto 3. W. H. Hager, On the Numerical Modeling of Supercritical Flow,
(1987) data Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol.32, No.5, 783 – 786, 1993.
4. Nathan J. LoweTheoretical Determination of Sub critical Sequent
The empirical correlation (1) for specific energy before Depth for Complete and Incomplete Hydraulic Jumps in Closed
the jump phenomenon E1/Y1 is validated using Bhutto (1987) Conduits of any Shape, M.S. Thesis, Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, Brigham Young University, USA, 2008.
data and the plot of observed value of E1/Y1 with
5. H.Chanson et al.,Minimun Specific Energy and Critical Flow
experimental value of E1/Y1 is shown in figure (4). All the Conditions in Open Channel, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage
data points are lying within ± 10% of the best fit curve and Engineering, ASCE, Vol 132, No -5, PP- 498 – 502, 2006.
R2 = 0.967 for linear fit between experimental and predicted 6. O. Iwao, Y. Youichi, G. Hiroshi, Hydraulic condition for
value of E1/Y1, clearly indicates the excellent fitting of undularjump formation. J. Hydraul. Res. 39(2), 203–209, 2001.
present correlation (1).
NOMENCLATURE
B. Validation of Specific Energy after Jump Phenomenon E1 : Specific Energy before the Jump
E2 : Specific Energy after the Jump
EL: Energy Loss
ERL Relative Energy Loss
Fr1: Froude number
F: Function of
G: Gravitational Acceleration
Hj:Height of the Jump
Lj:Length of the Jump
R2:Coefficient of Determination
V1: Velocity of Flow before the Jump
V2 : Velocity of Flow after the Jump
Y1 : Depth of Flow before the Jump
Y2 : Depth of Flow after the Jump

Design, Development and Fabrication of e-Chaupal

Yugal Kishor Sahu1
Dr.Sanjay Kumar2
Saurabh Shukla3
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering1
Vice Chancellor2
Scientist, DARE, DRDO3
ITM University, Raipur (C.G.), India
yugalsahu87@gmail.com
ABSTRACT (8.72%) . The electricity consumption in Industry

The subject paper is based on an innovative sector and commercial sector has increased at a
concept of harnessing solar power for societal much faster pace compared to other sectors during
use, particularly for remote tribal villages of 2005-06 to 2013-14 with CAGRs of 10.97% and
Chhattisgarh or any other state where there is no 8.82% respectively [1].Thus the increasing demand
electricity. The design of e-Chaupal has been and scarcity in conventional sources has triggered
made with two solar panels of 40W each the scientist to pave way for the development of
connected in parallel on a mechanical structure research in the field of renewable energy sources
having two equal gradients of 22.4o (typical especially solar energy sector [1].
latitude of a village) at the height of 7 feet to
optimise the solar insolation throughout the day. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems convert solar
A charge controller and electronic circuit board energy directly into electrical energy. Basic
have been designed to drive e-gadgets namely conversion device used is known as a solar
mobile phones, RF Radio, 9-watt LED bulb, pen photovoltaic cell or a solar cell. Although other light
drive, swipe machine, wifi (20 people access) and sources may also produce photovoltaic electricity,
laptop. It is having a 28Ah tubular battery to but that is not much significant. A solar cell is
optimize the charging rate. It is extremely basically an electrical current source, driven by a
helpful for use in mandees (village market), road flux radiation. Solar cells were first produced in
side vendors Anganbadi workers and village 1954 and were rapidly developed to provide power
panchayat. for space satellites based on semiconductor
electronics technology. Its terrestrial applications
Keywords: Solar panel, charge controller, were considered seriously only after oil crisis of
Mandees (village market) and Anganbadi. 1973 when a real need of alternative energy sources
was felt globally for the first time. Efficient power
1. INTRODUCTION utilization depends not only on efficient generation
in the cell but also on the dynamic load matching in
The trend of India’s energy consumption out of the external circuit [2].
conventional sources is found to increase with
increased industrialization and civilization aspects of Chhattisgarh has made a significant progress and is a
the society. For the modern era too, the increasing leading state in the field of off-grid and decentralized
trend of energy consumption using conventional solar applications including roof tops etc. It has been
sources is alarming for all researchers working in observed that most parts of the State has an average of
power sector. To cite example and relevant data [1] it 300 sunny days every year and receives solar radiation
is pertinent to mention here that the estimated 2
between 1,800kWh/m
electricity consumption increased from 4,11,887 GWh 2
during 2005-06 to 882,592 GWh during 2013-14, and 2,000kWh/m , giving fair scope for
showing a cumulative average growth rate (CAGR) of implementation of rooftop solar photovoltaic
8.84 %. The increase in electricity consumption is projects.
7.07% from 2012-13 (824,301GWh) to 2013-14
(882,592 GWh) Of the total consumption of electricity Solar cell is the most expensive component in solar PV
in 2013-14, industry sector accounted for the largest system (about 60% of the total system cost) though its
share (43.83%), followed by domestic (22.46%), cost is falling rapidly with new research and
agriculture (18.03%) and commercial sectors development. Commercial photocells may have
efficiencies in the range of 10-20% and can

approximately produce an electrical energy of about

1kWh per sq. m. per day in ordinary sunshine
& Typically, it produces a potential difference of
about 0.5V and a current density of about 200A per
sq. m. of cell area in full solar radiation of 1kW per
m2. A typical commercial cell of 100 sq-cm area
produces a current of 2A. It has a life span in excess
of about 25 years. As a PV system has no moving
parts it gives almost maintenance free service for
long periods and can be used unattended even at
inaccessible locations.
Earlier major uses of photovoltaics have been in Figure 1: Block diagram of experimental setup
space satellites, remote radio communication
booster stations and marine warning lights. These The experimental set up has been designed in such
are also increasingly being used for lighting, water a way that it can be transported easily from one
pumping and medical refrigeration in remote areas place to other. The mechanical support structure has
where electricity from grid is not available or been mode robust and a bit heavier to take care of
difficult to establish transmission and distribution wind speed and stability when it is kept in village
lines especially in developing countries. Solar market or at public place. Appropriate boxes and
powered vehicles and battery charging are some of extended panels have been made for keeping battery
the recent interesting applications of solar PV and other devices like mobile charging leads, FM
system [6]. radio, Wi-Fi devices etc. For uniform lighting, LED
strip has been fixed all around the bottom part of the
solar panels. Solar panels have been fastened with
2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND
main device for its safety and security. The system
WORKING PRINCIPLE
has flexibility to orient the solar panel in the
direction of sun to fetch maximum solar radiation.
The design of e-Chaupal has been done keeping in
view of its high reliability. It is an amalgamation of
varieties of applications in a single system to Designed mechanical structures carry all the
components of e-Chaupal. The solar module
enhance its utility. It is the real time solution for
mounted on the top of the structure have gradient of
unelectrified rural area. The following block
diagram illustrates the experimental setup of e- 22.4o which is latitude of Raipur. It is to be noted
Chaupal. The main components of our setup are that maximum solar radiation can be collected only
solar panels, solar charge controller, battery, when the inclination of solar panel is equal to the
connecting leads and mechanical support structure latitude of a particular geographical location of the
for holding all components under sunlight. The place [5].
solar panel directly converts sunlight energy into
electricity. The energy is coming from sun in the The following diagram shown in figure 2 (e-
form of photons, that is absorbed by solar panels. Chaupal CAD Model) and figure 3 (e-Chaupal
The solar panels (40W) transfer power to solar Fabricated Model) are self explanatory.
charge controller for further control and
synchronisation. The controller can automatically
manage the work of Solar Panel and battery in Solar
System, which is below 120W (12V) or below
240W (24V). Here 28Ah battery is connected to
solar charge controller. For all external load
connections separate leads and connectors are
provided in charge controller. The charge controller
provides multiple ports for charging the mobile
phones and 12V load terminal for other external
connection of loads. The designed structure is
illustrated below.
Figure 2: CAD Model of e-Chaupal

Table-3: Battery
Brand TATA Green
Model TG300R
Rating 12V, 28Ah
Table-4: WiFi Router

Brand JioFi
Rating 5V& 1A
4. UTILITIES
The said device has wide ranging utilities. Since it

is portable and transferable it can be used in
Anganwadi, Village Market, Public Places and
remote villages where there is no electricity. It can
be used as demonstrative tool for orienting science
Figure 3: Fabricated model of e-Chaupal and engineering students towards importance of
harnessing Solar Energy. The device is simple yet
effective and very useful. It can be used as
2. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF researcher model where it has fairly good scope of
FABRICATED MODEL extending research on the subject [3].
Table-1: Solar Module (Panel) Model ECO 040 5. CONCLUSION

Rated maximum Power (P max) 40W
The subject paper is very useful for students
Tolerance 0-+3% pursuing graduation and post-graduation in Science
and Engineering streams. Although it looks simple
Voltage at Pmax 18.25V
but it needs sound concept of electronic circuits to
Open-Circuit Voltage (Voc) 21.96V connect to solar radiation. The concept of charge
Short-Circuit Current (Isc) controller and photo voltaic cell have got to be
2.15A
understood minutely to ascertain the efficiency of
Nominal Operating Cell 47-+2C e-Chaupal. The efficiency of Solar Panel and the
Temperature (NOCT) whole system has been observed as about 20%
Maximum System Voltage 1000VDC which is very encouraging. Such utility devices are
innovative in nature and extremely useful for
Maximum Series Fuse rating 15A students, teachers and researchers to carry out in-
Operating Temperature -40C to +85C depth research further. Most importantly e-Chaupal
is extremely useful for the society to have a
Application Class Class A centralized place to use Wi-Fi, FM-radio, mobile
Cell Technology Poly-Si charging system, card swiping machine and intense
light.
Table-2: Solar Charge Controller
REFERENCES:
Brand Microsol
Model 12v10a1 2. B.H.Khan “Non-Conventional Energy
Resources”, 3rd edition, Mc Graw Hill.
Item Weight 649 g
3. M. Shravanth Vasisht, J. Srinivasan, Sheela K.
Item model number 12v10a1 Ramasesha, Performance of solar photovoltaic
Voltage 12 Volts installations: Effect of seasonal variations, Solar
Energy 131 (2016) 39–46.
Wattage 120 Watts
Power Source DC

2. R. Tejwani, G. Kumar and C.S. Solanki,
“Remote monitoring of solar PV system for
rural areas using GSM, V-F & F-V converters”,
Journal of Instrumentation, Volume 11, May
2016.
3. Jiang Fan “Study on the impact of different

installations of solar PV systems on their
operating performance” International
Conference on Green Energy and Applications
(ICGEA), 11 May 2017.
Kartika Dubey, M.T. Shah “Design and
simulation of Solar PV system” International
Conference on Automatic Control and Dynamic
Optimization Techniques (ICACDOT), 9-10
Sept. 2016.
5. Ashish Raj; Manoj Gupta; Sampurna Panda
“Design simulation and performance
assessment of yield and loss forecasting for 100
KWp grid connected solar PV” 2nd
International Conference on Next Generation
Computing Technologies (NGCT), 528 - 533,
2016.


Energy Saving by Productivity Improvement using

Alternate Manufacturing Techniques
Sunil Kumar1, Manish Rawat2, Toshit Jain3
1,2,3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, GLA University, Mathura
1.1. Objectives of selecting parameters

Abstract: Productivity is of concern rather an extremely 1) To implement tools from industrial engineering in manufacturing
important concern for any manufacturing industry. Several industry.
ways of improving productivity are suggested in this paper. 2) To identify the defects of high frequency at workstations
Paper explains various productivity parameters which 3) To introduce latest methods in same manufacturing firm.
improved in various sections of Industry under consideration.
Areas of weak productivity identified and suggestions given
are applied to that area and results obtained. Considerable 2. Literature survey:
savings in time taken for new suggested process and hence
energy saving in form of reduction of wastage of electrical PiotrTomaszews et al. [1] identified and analyze the impact comparative
energy is thus obtained as a result. As energy is of at most productivity of given two projects. One represented an initial
importance for Mixed
development stage while the other represents a subsequent and thus more
Economy like India’s. So this paper gives satisfactory result matured development stage. Henri Juslen et al. [2] examined whether or
in terms of electrical energy saving which further saves capital not a controllable task-lighting system that allowed people to select high
input given to Machines in form of electrical energy. lighting levels will enhance productivity under real working conditions.
HannuRantanen[3] found that internal obstacles form the only category
Keywords: Productivity, Energy saving, Machining, Machine of obstacles which is clearly under the control of the firm. He concluded
Shop that by improving productivity, one can increase the price
competitiveness of Finnish products and create the necessary conditions
1. Introduction: for increasing their standard of living. Carrino et al. [4] studies the
typical difficulties of GMAW processes, due above all to the great number
Productivity usually defined as a ratio between output and of main variables and to their interdependence, suggested the possible
input. It is a fundamental concept considering this efficient solution by modeling a fuzzy-logic-based system, whose elements were
and effective use of resources. Dealing with continuous determined by training an artificial neural network (ANN).
competition, company not only needs to produce quality
products but excellence production systems and management Dimitrov et al. [12] focus is put on the efficient utilization of 5-axis
also plays an important roles. . The aim of study is to improve machining along with high-end CAD/CAM-systems with the purpose of
the productivity in manufacturing industry. The objective is to productivity and quality improvement. The analysis of various case
identify the defect of the company and create a better solution studies a comparison between 3-axis machining and 5-axis cutting as an
to improve performance. Various industrial engineering alternative option has been drawn. Weston [18] paper reports on
technique and tools is implementing in this study in order to developments that promise such a step change, initially in auto, aero and
investigate and solve the problem that occurs in the construction equipment industries with roll out to other sectors. It
production. describes how integrated people, product, process and plant (ip4) virtual
environments and innovative forms.
It is the reduction in the wastage of resources and concerned
with optimal utilization of inputs and that input may be man, 2.1Company Analysis
material, machine, time; for the production of goods and
services. OEEC i.e. Organization of European Economic As per the consolidated - Audited financial statement in the fiscal year of
Community defines productivity as the ratio between the 2012, total overall operating revenue in the firm increased by 10.8%, from
productions of given commodity measured by volume and one Indian Rupees 2,739.07 tens of millions to Indian Rupees 3,039.68 tens
or more of the corresponding input factors also measured by of millions. So that the operating results increases from Indian Rupees
output. EPA i.e. European Productivity agency defines 166.4 tens of millions to Indian Rupees 194.11 tens of millions which got
productivity in a different way as “productivity is an attitude at 16.65% change in overall. The results in this period increased to
of mind. It is mentality of progress, of the constant 18.68% to approach Indian Rupees 95.1.44 tens of millions till the
improvement of that which exists. It is certainty of being able completion of the period of INR 80.42 tens of millions last year. Returns
to do better than yesterday and continuously. on its equity (Net income/Total equity) move up to 14.25% to 14.72%,
the Return On Asset (Net income / Total Asset) moved from 3.64% to
4.07% and the Net Margin in Profit (Net Income/Net Sales) went from
2.94% to 3.14% when measure up to to the same phase of last year. The
Debt against Equity Ratio was 262.38% to 293.13% of last year.

the process.
2.2Company Products
Capital Productivity = Turnover
1) Process Equipment Capital Input
2) EPC Power Plants
3) Boilers 3.4. Machine Productivity: It is the ratio of output
4) Sugar Plants & Machinery and Actual machine hours used.
5) Mechanical & Hydraulic Presses
6) Steel & Iron Castings Output
Machine Productivity =
7) Contract Manufacturing and Trading Actual machine hrs. Used
3.5. Overall Productivity: It is the ratio of total output to

the total input i.e. labor input, material input, capital input
and machine input.
Overall Productivity =
Total Output
labor input + material input + capital input + machine input
Process Analysis of selected Jobs:
Fig.1 Company Process layout

MAINTENANCE DESIGN
3. Productivity Analysis:
3.1. Material Productivity: It is nothing but ratio between
output and material input. Material Productivity becomes a
key factor in economic production as given by :
Material Productivity = Output

Total material used as input
ASSEMBLY MACHINE
3.2.Labour Productivity: It is the ratio of output to human

input or it may also be defined as ratio of total revenue
from production to expenditure on labour.
Labour Productivity = Total Re venue from production FABRICATION

Expenditure on labour
3.3.Capital Productivity: It is the ratio of Turnover to

Capital input.
Fig.2 Selected Areas
4.ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS PROCESSES IN 4.1To Reduce the Time in Machining of End shield On
Super Heavy Machines.
5.MACHINE SHOP
4.1.1. Old Method Description:
Various parameter of productivity like capital, labor, 1. Drill 100-Dia 39 Holes on PCD.
material and time are analyzed. But by analyzing different 2. Locate each hole.
machining processes we managed to increase capital 3. Machine 100–dia 57 spot face at back of each hole.
productivity by reducing the time and cost associated with
4.1.2. New Method Description:

1. Changing the process to radial drill machine.
2. Punching is done on machine to 25m deep.
3. Dismantle and drill and spot face each half at radial drill
machine.
4.1.3. Savings:
Saving = 45 Hrs of super heavy. Figure 3: Damper Frame
Time Taken = 50 Hrs on radial drill machine 5.1.2. New Method Description:
Saving =45*2850-50*270=Rs.1, 14,750 Total 1. In new method we joined the channel (back to back) before
saving on basis of 4 end shields per year fabrication.
= Rs. 1, 14,750 X 4 = Rs.4, 59,000. 2. Then marking is done on the channel for drilling.
4.2. Machining Of Slot Eliminated
Old Method Description 3. 55 dia. Drill is made on drilling machine instead of boring
machine.
1. Making 4. After drilling fabrication of damper frame is done.
2. Drilling for slot relief on drill machine. 5. Two nos. shafts are made for achieving accuracy during
3. Machining of 13 nos. and 3 mm wide slots. fabrication.
4.2.1New Method Description
Gas cutting of slots as per drawing on CNC gas cutting
machine.
Process Hours = 1 Hrs. of gas cutter & grinder man.
4.2.2. Total Time Saving In JS-3865 (8 sets) = 32 Hrs of

milling machine 08Hrs. of drilling & marking
In JS-3866 (48sets) = Apr. 600 Hrs of milling machine
4.3. To reduce the machining time of piston because part

machining on lathe machine eliminated from the process.
4.3.1Old Method Description:

1. Machining of bore dia.420 mm.
2. Machining of R20 at corner.
3. Machining of bottom face.

No machining required inside bore.
Figure4: Damper Frame
4.3.3. Savings: 5.2.1. Earlier cost analysis:
Considering 6 presses annually with two pistons in each Earlier cost analysis is as follows:
press.
Total hours saved = 6*2*5=60 hrs of General machines. 1. Time consumed per damper frame for boring in JS-3865 = 3 hours
2. Damper frame left in JS-3865 is 6 nos.(6 x 3= 18 hrs)
3. In terms of rupees =1800 x 18 = Rs 32400
5. ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS PROCESSES IN 4. Time consumed per damper frame for boring in JS-3866 = 5 HRS
FABRICATION SHOP
5. Damper frame left in JS-3866 is 48 nos.(48x5 =240 hrs.)
5.1Process Change from Horizontal Milling Machine to 6. In terms of rupees =1800 x 240 = Rs 432000
Drilling.
7. Total hrs = 18+240 = 258 hrs
8. Total rupees = 32400 + 432000 = Rs464000
1. In this method the process is to complete the fabrication Where Rs 1800 is processing cost per hour
of DAMPER FRAME.
2. Then send it to the machine shop for boring of 55dia.
Bore.
3. Boring was done on HB-1

5.2.2. New Cost Analysis:
In new method we did the slotting process on CNC gas
cutting in preparation shop. This is shown in figure below
1. Time consumed per damper frame for boring in JS-
3865 = 1.5 HRS
2. Damper frame left in JS-3865 is 6 nos.(6 x 1.5 = 9 hrs)
3.In terms of rupees = 270 x 9 = Rs 2430
4. Time consumed per damper frame for boring in JS-
3866 = 2.5 HRS
5. Damper frame left in JS-3866 is 48 nos.(48x2.5 =120
hrs.)
6. In terms of rupees =270 x 120 = Rs 32400
7.Total hrs = 9+120 = 129 hrs
8. Total rupees = 2430 + 32400 = 34830
Where Rs 270 is processing cost per hour.
5.2.3. Saving:
In terms of hrs = 258 Hrs of boring machine changes to 129
hrs of drilling machine
In terms of rupees = 464000 – 34830 = Rs 429170
5.3. Slotting Of Angle Frames Done By Gas Cutting

Instead Of Milling Machine. Figure6: Slots on CNC Gas Cutting
5.3.1. Old Method Description: 5.3.3. Earlier Cost Analysis
Initially the slotting process was done on milling machine Earlier the cost analysis is as follows:
for making slots in angle frame of JS-3865 & JS-3866
which is shown in figure as: 1. Time consumed per angle frame for slotting in JS-
3865 = 14 HRS
2. ANGLE frame left in JS-3865 is 8 nos.(8 x 14 = 112
hrs)
3. In terms of rupees per piece = 900 x 18 = Rs 100800
4. Time consumed per angle frame for slotting in JS-
3866 = 24 HRS
5. Angle frame left in JS-3866 is 48 nos. (48x 24 =1152
hrs.)
6. In terms of rupees per piece =900 X 1152= Rs
1036800
7. Total hrs = 112 + 1152 = 1264 hrs
8. Total rupees = 100800 + 1036800 = Rs 1137600
Where Rs 900 is operating cost of slotting process per
hour

Figure5: Slots on Milling Machine 3865 = 5 HRS
In terms of rupees per piece = 900 x 40 = Rs 36000
2. ANGLE frame left in JS-3865 is 8 nos.(8 x 5 = 40
hrs)
3.
3866 = 9 HRS
5. Angle frame left in JS-3866 is 48 nos.(48x 9 =432
hrs.)

6. In terms of rupees per piece =900 X 432= Rs 5.6.2. Earlier Cost Analysis: 16 hrs of each support
388800 plate filling & capping.16x4 = 64 hrs
7. Total hrs = 40 + 432 = 472 hrs
Cost of operation per hour = Rs 400
8. Total rupees = 36000 + 388800 = Rs 424800 (Where Total cost of operation = 64 X 400 = Rs 25600
Rs 900 is operating cost of CNC gas cutting
per hour)
Filling and capping time of slot = NIL
5.5.5. Saving:
In terms of hrs = 1264 Hrs of milling machine changes to 5.6.4. Saving:
472 hrs of CNC gas
Cutting machine. Total saving of Rs 25600 as no time of filling and
capping is required.
In terms of rupees = 1137600 – 424800 = Rs 712800
6. ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS PROCESS
IN MAINTENANCE SHOP
5.6. Saving In Welding Time of Hm-2472 Bottom Head
5.6.1. Old Method Description: 6.1. Provision Of Alternate Display Unit For
CNC System Against Defective Display System
1) In old process cover plates are 5 mm projected then 6.1.1. Old Method Description:
the support plate. 1 Provided monitor on table near Electrical panel.
2) Thickness of support plate is 100 mm.
2 Due to misjudgment of parameter, chances of taking
3) So there is a slot along the length of the support plate, wrong reading is possible, resulting in rejection of job.
which is to be filled by welding layer.
3 Operator feels uncomfortable while doing machining
4) And after filling, capping layer to be provided to work
merge with the fillet of covering plates.
1. Fitted new LCD monitor in old cabinet of CRT after
removing defective picture tube.
2. In this method, it works same as old display system.
6.1.3. Earlier Cost Analysis:

1. Cost of procuring new Display unit is Rs. 4.5/- Lac.
2. Cost of procuring secondhand Displayunit is Rs. 1.4/-
Lac
Cost of procuring new LCD is Rs. 5000/-
6.1.5. Savings:
Figure7: Joining of Plates Rs 4.45 Lac by considering new Display and Rs. 1.35 Lac
by considering second hand display unit.
1.In new process projection of covering plates are merged
with the support plate. 6.2. To Replace The Imported Geared Motor By In
2.And there is no need of the filling of slot. House Developed Lifting Arrangement for Lifting Of
3.And aesthetics of welding is also good. Charging Trolley
4.Process Time: filling & capping time of slot = NIL
1. Lifting of charging trolley by geared motor.

2. Gear box imported and too much old model.
3. Same model of gear box not available in the market.
1 The charging trolley lifting arrangement made in house.

2 Used worm reduction gear box.3
3 Used old motor from in house stock.
4 Increase charging trolley speed .by approx. 10% .
Figure8: Joint Immersed with Covering Plate 5 Length of wire rope was reduced from 30mtr to 21
meters.

Assembly hrs = 6
6.2.3. Earlier Cost Analysis Machining hrs=4
Cost of new gearbox arrangement RS. 11, 50,000/-
7.3.4. New Cost
6.2.4. New Cost Analysis Analysis: Assembly
1. Gear box 50,000/- + Old motor Rs 12,000/- Cost of hours= 3 Machining hrs.
erection and commissioning Rs. 15,000/- + others Rs = nil
10,000/-
2. Total Approx Rs 87000 7.3.5. Savings:
6.2.5. Savings Saving in labour cost = 3x400x40= Rs 48000
1. Approx .Rs:- 10, 63,000/- Saving in machining cost=4x450x40=Rs 72000
2. Wire rope saving cost Rs: - 9,000/- year
8. TECHNIQUE USED
7. ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS PROCESS
IN ASSEMBLY SHOP 8.1. CNC Gas Cutting
7.1. To reduce the cycle time in machining of the
ecc. Gear & process simplification for assembly CNC cutting profile machines which were integrated with
Route of work change from previous stage to the integrated CAD-CAM software is a very functional tool
assembly shop in heap production manufacturing. It serves number of
7.1.1. Old Method Description: advantages and far superior than manual gas cutting
1. First set the gear on the boring m/c procedures. Time saving, economic and optimized cutting,
2. Take the center and drilling minimum man power requirement, the most appropriate
3. Reset the gear arrangement of profiles which in turn gives minimum scrap
4. Again drilling done value, optimum utilization of plate stock, minimum cutting
7.1.2. New Method Description: time, optimum path to be travelled by cutting nozzle,
1. Take the match marking from the flange optimum gas consumption, reliability, repeatability,
2. Drilling and tapping done reproducibility, automatic control during manufacturing,
3. Reset the gear rapid manufacturing with desired accuracy etc
4. Take match marking In present industrial growth there is the requirement of
5. Drilling and tapping done variety of shapes or profiles to be cut from varying thickness
plates e.g. the thickness of plate is varying from 1 mm to 250
7.1.3. Earlier Cost Analysis: mm and also from variety of materials of plates like MS (
1. Hours waste per Press due to above as per old method mild steel ), SS ( stainless steel) etc. Such cut shaped profiles
4X4 =16HRS. PER PRESS are used in manufacturing and fabrication work.
2. In terms of rupees Per Press With Avg .of
16X1850=29600 8.3. Analysis and results
7.2.1. New Cost Analysis: 1. While incorporating the CNC Cutting Machine the
1. Expected time with this process 20hrs. machining time reduces from 1264 to 472 Hrs with net
2. In terms of rupees per press 20x350=7000 savings of Rs. 712800.
7.2.3. Savings:
2.Saving of Rs 25600 as no time of filling and capping is
Total saving in rupees 22600 per pressper year saving : required, so time energy reduces almost 64hrs.
5*22600=113000
3.Rs 4.45 Lac by considering new Display and Rs. 1.35 Lac
7.3. Cycle Time Reduction in Stud & Nut Fitting by considering second hand display unit. This will able to
On Crown In Intermediate Shaft Assembly. help Floor Head to surveillance the working and operations
to labors and officials more precisely will improve the
7.3.1.Old Method Description: productivity and machine output to extent of 10% in total.
Earlier we used to first check the stud thread by fitting on
crown. 4.Total savings counted while In House Developed Lifting
Then to suit machining of thread was required to be done on Arrangement Approx .Rs:- 10, 63,000/- and the wire cost to
stud. Rs.9000 per annum and saves energy up to 8 to 10 hours per
After that stud fitting was done. month.
In some cases this to suit machining required to be done even
twice. 5. In Machining Of The Ecc. Gear &Process, the saving
7.3.2.New method Description: counted in rupees 22600 per press, and per year saving
A ring gauge of suitable thread in sizes m30, m32, m36, m42 5*22600=113000 and up to 4-6 hours of machining period.
is made & sent to vendor. It worked positively. Now there is 6. Stud & Nut Fitting on Crown Saving in labour cost =
no need to check or correct the threads by machining. Hence
saving of assembly man hrs and machining hrs as well. 3x400x40= Rs 48000 with almost 3 hours of work energy
7.3.3. Earlier Cost Analysis: per labour is saved while incorporating it

7. Saving in machining cost=4x450x40=Rs 72000 per manufacturing industry – analysis of five case studies”, 45th
month and up to 4 hours per cycle. CIRP Conference on Manufacturing Systems 2012.
[12]MOndrej, Hnilica, “Total Factor Productivity Approach
So while taking the estimation, the total savings roughly in Competitive and Regulated World”, International
come out to Rs 1086700 per annum which is almost 5% of Conference on Asia Pacific Business Innovation and
the total expenses and 1326 hours of work energy saved by Technology Management.
installing the new techniques. [13]A. Barcellona1, M. Bruccoleri1, C. D’Onofrio, D.
Palmeri and R. Riccobono, “Improving of the Productivity
and the Quality of a Manufacturing Robotized Cell for
9. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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processes in SHOPS: [14]J. Edosomwan, “Impact of computer-aided
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material which can be seen from the result obtained above. Production Economics.
It also shows the extent of benefits to the concerned [15] R.H. Weston and Z. Cui, “Next generation
company. manufacturing system”, MSI Research Institute and UK
2. Improved productivity helped ISGEC to increase its Centre of Excellence for Customized Assembly(CECA),
turnover and to meet customers’ order within time. Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
3. The productivity improved is sustainable in nature and
further there is an ease of operation two in implementing the
various suggested alternates manufacturing techniques.
4. Productivity can be improved further by Ergonomics as it
directly enhances a worker’s ability to carry out his
operations on different machines.
10. REFERENCES:
[1] P Tomaszewski and L Lundberg, “The increase of
productivity over time”, Information and Software
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[2] H Juslen, M Wouters, A Tenner, “The influence of
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[7] S Salminen, JSaari, “Measures to improve Safety and
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[11] R. Sundkvist, R. Hedman, P. Almström, A. Kinnander,
“Improvement potentials in Swedish electronics

models and application that have “low cost and low power
consumption and promote the sustainable development of
economy and society.”
GREEN CLOUD The growth of cloud computing has led to uneconomical
energy consumption in data processing, storage, and
COMPUTING communications. This is unfriendly to the environment
Sakshi Mishra because of carbon emissions. Therefore, Green IT is
required to save the environment. The green cloud
B.Tech Computer Science, 2nd Year computing approach is part of green IT. It aims to reduce
IBM-ICE Program, People’s University, Bhopal
Email:sakshimishra@puibm.in the carbon footprint of datacenters by reducing their energy
consumption. The green cloud computing is an exciting field
for research. The vision of Green Cloud Computing is to
Roopali Mishra improve utilization of computing resources from different
B.Tech Computer Science, 1st Year aspects such as software optimization, hardware
IBM-ICE Program, People’s University, Bhopal optimization, and network optimization techniques. Data
Email:roopalimishra@puibm.in centers in cloud applications consume huge amounts of
energy which contributes to increased operational costs and
Abstract carbon emission. This paper overviews different problems
Today is the age of Cloud Computing. Cloud computing is a with cloud computing and techniques to promote green
highly scalable and cost-effective infrastructure for running cloud computing.
High Performance Computing (HPC), enterprise and web Green Cloud is the study and practice of environmentally
applications. However the growing demand of cloud sustainable computing or IT. This can include designing,
infrastructure has drastically increased the energy manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers,
and associated subsystems such as monitors, printers,
consumption of data centers, which has become critical issue.
storage devices and networking and communications
Therefore Green Computing has become the Need of the Hour. systems efficiently and effectively with minimal or no effect
The main concern in cloud computing is to reduce on the environment. The green computing is similar to green
environmental impact. Basically, the efficient use of chemistry both reduce the use of hazardous materials,
computers and computing is known as green computing. The maximize energy efficiency during the product's lifetime and
area of green computing is also becoming increasingly promote the recyclability or biodegradability of defunct
important in a world with limited energy resources and an products and factory waste. Green computing is important
for all classes of systems, ranging from small systems to
ever-rising demand for more computational power. Therefore
large-scale data centers. Cloud computing is the whole new
we need green cloud computing solutions that can not only concept in IT and cloud based system increases faster,
save energy, but also reduce operational costs. This paper will because of this cloud based data centers are increasing
draw the attention towards the green cloud computing and how greatly which leads to high energy consumption every day
it can be done. and also the emission of CO2 by these data centers greatly
affect the environment. To overcome this problem Green
Computing came into existence. The main goal of green
Keywords: Cloud Computing, High Performance computing is to recycle and reuse. Green Computing helps
Computing (HPC), Green Computing, Green Cloud to get the same computing speed at decreased energy
Computing consumption [3].
Technologies used for Green
1. Introduction Cloud Computing
Moving to the cloud. Running in the cloud. Stored in cloud.
Accessed from the cloud, these days seems like everything is 2.1 Cloud Computing
happening in cloud. Cloud computing is the delivery of Cloud computing refers to as the delivery of computing
computing services, storage, databases, networking, software, resources over the Internet. Instead of keeping data on your
analytics and more – over the Internet (“the cloud”). It is the
new and rapidly spreading versatile technology, delivering
computing as a utility. Cloud is a platform that provides
storage services, software services, data processing, data
access and other computing services through internet. It is an
on-demand service.
Green Computing is defined as computing that is
environmentally sustainable. The goal of green computing is
to maximize the use of power consumption or very little or no
wastage of power with efficient use of energy and to minimize
the cost and CO2 emission. The main purpose of green
computing is to come up with solutions to make energy
consumption more efficient and environment friendly. This
can be done by designing new computer systems, computing

own hard drive or updating applications for your needs, you more advantages. Being more environmentally responsible
use a service over the Internet, at another location, to store can lead to that other green: cash in your pocket.
your information or use its applications. Cloud computing Green computing can help your wallet, since it creates a
consist hierarchy of concepts, which comprises several system of energy efficiency and lower utility costs.
models. The first model is the Service Model which further For example, you can use notebook computers that are
includes three models namely – software as a service, proven to be energy-efficient when compared to desktop
platform as a service and infrastructure as a service. Second computers. By putting an automatic power-down system in
is the Deployment model which further comprises of public place for reducing energy consumption during periods of
cloud, private cloud, community cloud and hybrid cloud. inactivity, you can save even more in energy costs. Then,
if you also power-down peripherals like laser printers
2.2 High Performance Computing (which are notorious energy users), your energy usage
drops even more. With every green computing strategy,
High-performance computing (HPC) is the use of super cost savings follow. And using fewer resources like this
computers and parallel processing techniques for solving will extend the life of your systems, giving you better ROI
complex computational problems. HPC technology focuses and lowering your carbon footprint.
on developing parallel processing algorithms and systems by Green computing aims to attain economic viability and
incorporating both administration and parallel improve the way computing devices are used. Green IT
computational techniques. High-performance computing is practices include the development of environmentally
typically used for solving advanced problems and sustainable production practices, energy efficient
performing research activities through computer modeling, computers and improved disposal and recycling
procedures.
simulation and analysis. HPC systems have the ability to
deliver sustained performance through the concurrent use of To promote green computing concepts at all possible
computing resources. levels, the following four complementary approaches are
employed:
High-performance computing (HPC) evolved due to meet
increasing demands for processing speed. HPC brings
together several technologies such as computer architecture,  Green use: Minimizing the electricity consumption
algorithms, programs and electronics, and system software of computers and their peripheral devices and using
under a single canopy to solve advanced problems  them in an eco-friendly manner
effectively and quickly. A highly efficient HPC system  Green disposal: Repurposing an existing computer
requires a high-bandwidth, low-latency network to connect or appropriately disposing of, or recycling, unwanted
multiple nodes and clusters. HPC technology is implemented  electronic equipment
in multidisciplinary areas including:  Green design: Designing energy-efficient
  Biosciences computers, servers, printers, projectors and other
 Geographical data  digital devices
  Green manufacturing: Minimizing waste during the
  Oil and gas industry modeling manufacturing of computers and other subsystems to
  Electronic design automation reduce the environmental impact of these activities 
  Climate modeling
 Media and entertainment
2.3 Green Computing

Green computing is an umbrella term, referring to an eco-
conscious way of developing, using and recycling
technology, as well as utilizing resources in a more planet-
friendly manner. Here are some key elements of green
computing:
 Using energy-efficient hardware like notebook
computers, displays, servers, printers and desktop
 computers.
 Better use of resources, such as reduced paper
 consumption and lower energy utilization
 Greater awareness so that technology components
don’t end up in the waste stream.  3. Need of Green Cloud Computing

 Stronger environmental controls for technology Modern data centers, operating under the Cloud
production, leading to fewer toxic chemicals in the computing are hosting a variety of applications ranging
finished products. from those that run for a few seconds (example – serving
In general, green computing works at all levels - requests of web applications such as e-commerce and
development, manufacturing, usage and disposal- to social networks portals with transient workload) to those
minimize technology’s impact on the global environment. that run for longer periods of time (example- simulations
Benefits of Green Computing are: or large data set processing) on shared hardware
For a small-business owner, it can feel satisfying to be platform. The need to manage multiple applications on
employing more earth-friendly tactics, and there are even data centers the challenges of on-demand resources

provisioning and allocation in response to time-varying writing programs. Allocating resources according to the
workloads. The main aim of cloud computing is to provide energy can be saved.
on demand services and high availability of resources. To
provide these services the data centers need to maintain With virtualization, a system administrator could combine
servers in such a way that it has minimum downtime and several physical systems into virtual machines on one single,
provides high availability of resources as and when powerful system, thereby unplugging the original hardware
required by the customer or user. Therefore data centers are and reducing power and cooling consumption. Virtualization
not only expensive to maintain but also unfriendly to the can assist in distributing work so that servers are either busy
environment. High energy costs and huge carbon footprints or put in a low-power sleep state.
are incurred due to massive amount of electricity needed to Terminal servers have also been used in green computing.
power and cool numerous servers hosted in data centers. When using the system, users at a terminal connect to a
Cloud service providers need to adopt measures to ensure central server; all of the actual computing is done on the
that their profit margin is not dramatically reduced due to server, but the end user experiences the operating system on
high energy cost. Lowering the energy usage of data centers the terminal. These can be combined with thin clients, who
is a challenging and complex issue and a matter of concern use up to 1/8 the amount of energy of a normal workstation,
now days. resulting in a decrease of energy costs and consumption.
Green Cloud Computing is envisioned to achieve not only 7. Power management: The Advanced Configuration and
efficient processing and utilization of computing Power Interface (ACPI), an open industry standard, allows
infrastructure but also to minimize energy consumption. an operating system to directly control the power-saving
This is essential for ensuring the future growth of cloud aspects of its underlying hardware. This allows a system to
computing is sustainable. To address this problem, data automatically turn off components such as monitors and hard
center resources need to be managed in an energy-efficient drives after set periods of inactivity. In addition, a system
manner to drive Green Cloud Computing. may hibernate, when most components (including the CPU
and the system RAM) are turned off. ACPI is a successor to
Green Computing or Green IT as Cloud Computing is one an earlier Intel- Microsoft standard called Advanced Power
of the cutting edge IT topics today. The key role of green Management, which allows a computer's BIOS to control
computing is to make the use of computers as energy power management functions. Some programs allow the
efficient as possible with minimal or no impact on the user to manually adjust the voltages supplied to the CPU,
environment. As for the businesses it means to find the which reduces both the amount of heat produced and
methods of cutting the consumption of power recourses and electricity consumed. This process is called Undervolting.
IT waste recycling. But that’s where the trouble lies. Some CPUs can automatically undervolt the processor,
Adopting eco-computing trend, saving energy, you have to depending on the workload; this technology is called
be sure you won’t lose in money because the IT is where "SpeedStep" on Intel processors.
you always need to consume large amount of energy power
[11]. 8. Materials recycling: Recycling computing equipment
can keep harmful materials such as lead, mercury, and
hexavalent chromium out of landfills, and can also replace
4. Green Computing Approaches equipment that otherwise would need to be manufactured,
saving further energy and emissions.
Green computing can be achieved by different approaches.
Some approaches illustrated are: 9. Telecommuting: Teleconferencing and telepresence
6. Product longevity: Gartner maintains that the PC technologies are often implemented in green computing
manufacturing process accounts for 70% of the natural initiatives. The advantages are- increased worker satisfaction,
resources used in the life cycle of a PC. reduction of greenhouse gas emissions related to travel, and
Therefore, the biggest contribution to green computing increased profit margins as a result of lower overhead costs
usually is to prolong the equipment's lifetime. Another for office space, heat, lighting, etc.
report from Gartner recommends to "Looking for product 10. Telecommunication network devices energy
longevity, including upgradability and modularity. “For indices: The energy consumption of information and
instance, manufacturing a new PC makes a far bigger communication technologies (ICTs) is today significant
ecological footprint than manufacturing a new even when compared with other industries. Recently some
RAM module to upgrade an existing one. study tried to identify the key energy indices that allow a
7. Data center design: Data center facilities are heavy relevant comparison between different devices (network
consumers of energy. The U.S. Department of Energy elements). This analysis was focus on how to optimize
estimates that data center facilities consume up to 100 to 200 device and network consumption for carrier
times more energy than standard office buildings. According to telecommunication by itself. The target was to allow an
the U.S. Department of Energy, Information technology (IT) immediate perception of the relationship between the
systems, Environmental conditions, Air management, Cooling network technology and the environmental impact [2].
systems and Electrical systems are the primary areas on which 4.1 Green Computing Techniques to Manage
to focus energy efficient data center design best practices.
Power in Computing System
2. Software and deployment optimization: It includes
These techniques can be classified at different levels [2]:
algorithmic efficiency, resource allocation, terminal servers
H: Hardware and Firmware Level
and virtualization. The efficiency of algorithms has an impact
I: Operating System Level
on the amount of computer resources required for any given
J: Virtualization Level
computing function and there are many efficiency trade-offs in
K: Data Center Level

 Disadvantages: When workload is heavy, real time
migration is performed for achieving more
effective usage of resources but a lot of migration
 increases energy consumption.
3. Efficient Resource Management for Cloud Computing
Environment
 Purpose: To improve the efficiency of the system
in a data center with minimal performance
 overhead.
 Method Used: Power based VM scheduling
 algorithm for scheduling virtual machines.
 Advantages: Power consumption is decreased by
using power based scheduling, which distributes
the VMs with the intended to fully utilize all
  Hardware and Firmware Level processing cores within each node.

Hardware and Firmware level techniques are  Disadvantages: Considered only energy as QoS
applied at the manufacturing time of a machine. (Quality of Services) parameter.

These techniques contain all the optimization 4. Energy Efficient Allocation of Virtual Machines in High
methods that are applied at the time of designing Performance Computing Cloud.
at the logic, circuit, architectural and system
 Purpose: Minimizing total energy consumption of
 levels. physical machines in high performance cloud and
 Operating System Level  satisfying QoS.
Operating System level techniques include  Method Used: Energy-aware and Performance
methods which take care about programs at  Perwatt oriented Best-fit (EPOBF) algorithm.
operator level.  Advantages: Used heterogeneous physical
machines and saved more energy as compare to
  Virtualization Level
 previous work done.
Virtualization level techniques used the concept of  Disadvantages: It saved only 35% of energy.
Virtual Machines (VMs) to manage power. In this 
number of VMs are created on a physical server, 5. Reducing Electricity and Network Cost for Online
so that reduce the amount of hardware in use and Service Providers in geographically located Internet Data
 improve the utilization of resources. Centers.
  Data Center Level  Purpose: An optimization load dispatching model
Data Center level techniques are applied at data to minimize the overall cost for online service
centers and include methods which are used to  providers (OSPs).
manage workload across physical nodes in data
  Method Used: Adaptive optimization algorithm.
centers.  Advantages: This considered total cost of network
4.2 Analysis of Techniques for Managing Power as compared to previous work and also calculate
 total cost using carbon emission.
and Energy in Virtualized Environment
 Disadvantages: It also considered minimum
1. Energy based Efficient Resource Scheduling: A Step number of QoS parameters.
towards Green Computing.
 Purpose: Architectural principles for energy 5. Features of Cloud
efficient management of clouds and energy
efficient resource allocation strategies and enabling Green
scheduling algorithm considering quality of Computing
service outlooks.
 Method Used: Energy based efficient resource The Four core green computing technologies are:
 scheduling algorithm.  Green Data Center
 Advantages: Performs better in all the three cases  Virtualization
 i.e., low, high and random resource usage.  Green Cloud Computing
 Disadvantages: Considered only energy as quality  Power Optimization
of service parameter.  Green data Center

2. A Dynamic Resource Management with Energy Saving 5.1 Green Data Center
Mechanism for Supporting Cloud Computing
A green data center is use for the storage, management,
 Purpose: To manage dynamic resources with energy and dissemination of data in which the mechanical,
 saving mechanism by measuring CPU utilization. lighting, electrical and computer systems are designed for
 Method Used: Dynamic Voltage Frequency scaling maximum energy efficiency and minimum environmental
(DVFS) for dynamically adjustment of voltage and impact. Benefits of Green Data Center are-:
 frequency of the processor in execution time.  Saving energy consumption
 Advantages: In this proposed work with saving  Modular deployment
 energy also CPU utilization is performed.  Intelligent power distribution monitoring system

 Advanced cooling technology 5.4 Power Optimization
 Intelligent management system
Green computing includes the implementation of energy
5.2 Virtualization efficiency central processing units (CPUs), peripherals and
servers. In addition green technology aims to reduce
Virtualization is the process of running two or more logical resource consumption and improve the disposal of electronic
computer systems on one set of physical hardware. waste (e-waste). The growing demands of users for
Virtualization is to make a single piece of hardware function computing services, cloud providers are encouraged to
as multiple parts. Different user interfaces isolate different deploy large data centers which consume very high amount
parts of the hardware, thereby making each one behave and of energy and also contribute to the increase in carbon
function as an individual, separate entity. One of the primary dioxide emission in the environment. Therefore, we require
goals of almost all forms of virtualization is to make the most to develop techniques which will help to get more
efficient use of available system resources. Virtualization environment friendly computing i.e. Green Cloud
results in far more efficient use of resources, including Computing. Green cloud computing can be implemented via
energy. In the context of a data center, installing virtual three approaches: software optimization, hard-ware
infrastructure allows several operating systems and optimization, or network optimization in order to reduce the
applications to run on a lesser number of servers, helping to power consumption.
reduce the overall energy used for the data center and for its
cooling. Benefits of virtualization are:-  Software Technique:
 Planned downtime is eliminated by migrating virtual Reducing the energy consumed by servers (by reducing the
 machines from one physical server to another number of active servers), Reducing the energy consumed
 Dynamically balance workloads across a server by memory (by reducing the number of running memory
group and provide automatic failover for virtualized nodes).
 applications
 Hardware Technique:
 Resource allocation are better monitored and
 managed This technique reduces the consumed energy by utilizing
 Virtualization exponentially increases a server flexible hardware that varies the server computing capability
 groups ability to share resources via controlling the frequencies and voltages in the server,
 Server utilization rates can be increased up to 80% which affects the energy consumption. However, as with all
 as opposed to an initial 10-15%. other hardware techniques, this approach to green cloud is
 Server Virtualization: Virtual server allows several costly and suffers from poor scalability because of the
machines to share the same physical server to run special hardware requirements.
 instead of having their own server.
 Network Technique:
 Storage Virtualization: Storing data across multiple
server Network optimization techniques provide a reduction in the
energy consumption with the ability to meet the Service
5.3 Green Cloud Computing Level Agreement (SLA). On the other hand, a data center is
Benefits of Green Cloud Computing [3]: usually constructed with a fixed network topology, which
limits the scalability and the flexibility in the data center.
 Reduced Cost
 Automatic Updates This approach needs to be aware of network topology to
 Green Benefits of Cloud computing decide the own route.
 Remote Access Lower carbon emission is expected in Cloud computing
 Disaster Relief due to highly energy efficient infrastructure and reduction
  Self-service provisioning in the IT infrastructure itself by multi-tenancy. The key
 Scalability driver technology for energy efficient Clouds is
 Reliability and fault-tolerance “Virtualization,” which allows significant improvement
 Ease of Use in energy efficiency of Cloud providers. Virtualization is
 Skills and Pro-efficiency the process of presenting a logical grouping or subset of
 Response Time computing resources so that they can be accessed in ways
 Increased Storage that give benefits over the original configuration. By
  Mobility consolidation of underutilized servers in the form of
 Reduced energy usage from green computing multiple virtual machines sharing same physical server at
techniques translates into lower carbon dioxide higher utilization, companies can gain high savings in the
emissions, stemming from a reduction in the fossil fuel form of space, management, and energy [3][8].
 used in power plants and transportation.
 Conserving resources means less energy is required to
produce, use, and dispose of products. Energy Reduction Technology
  Saving energy and resources saves money.
 Green computing even includes changing government
policy to encourage recycling and lowering energy use
 by individuals and businesses. Software Hardware Network
 Reduce the risk existing in the laptops such as chemical Technology Technology Technology
known to cause cancer, nerve damage and immune
reactions in human.

Server Memory moved between multiple datacenter which are running with
Energy Energy better PUE values. This is achieved by using high speed
network, virtualized services and measurement, and
monitoring and accounting of datacenter.
According to Accenture Report [9], there are following four 6. Conclusion

key factors that have enabled the Cloud computing to lower
energy usage and carbon emissions from ICT. Due to these Green computing presents a responsible way to address the
Cloud features, organizations can reduce carbon emissions issue of global warming. While the performance and the
by atleast 30% per user by moving their applications to the breadth of application of computers is increasing, so too is
Cloud. These savings are driven by the high efficiency of our awareness of the cost and scarcity of the energy required
large scale Cloud data centers. to power them, as well as the materials needed to make them
in the first place. However, because computing
1. Dynamic Provisioning: There are various reasons for developments can enable individuals and businesses to adopt
such over-provisioning: greener lifestyles and work styles, in terms of the
a) It is very difficult to predict the demand at a time; this is environmental debate computing is definitely both part of
particularly true for Web applications the problem and part of the solution. By adopting green
b) To guarantee availability of services and to maintain computing practices, business leaders can contribute
certain level of service quality to end users. positively to environmental stewardship—and protect the
The infrastructure provisioned with a conservative approach environment while also reducing energy and paper costs.
results in unutilized resources. Such scenarios can be readily
managed by Cloud infrastructure. The virtual machines in a
Cloud infrastructure can be live migrated to another host in 6. Future Scope
case user application requires more resources. Cloud
providers monitor and predict the demand and thus allocate Cloud computing is emerging as a critical information
resources according to demand. Those applications that communication technology to heavily impact our daily life
require less number of resources can be consolidated on the in the future. As computing becomes increasingly pervasive,
same server. Thus, datacenters always maintain the active the energy consumption attributable to computing is
servers according to current demand, which results in low climbing that marked the foundation of Green Computing.
energy consumption than the conservative approach of over- Green Cloud is an Internet Data Center architecture which
provisioning. aims to reduce data center power consumption and at the
same time guarantee the performance from users'
2. Multi-tenancy: Using multi-tenancy approach, Cloud perspective, leveraging live virtual machine migration
computing infrastructure reduces overall energy usage and technology. Saving energy or reduction of carbon footprints
associated carbon emissions. The SaaS providers serve is one of the aspects of Green Computing. Green Cloud
multiple companies on same infrastructure and software. Architecture enables comprehensive online-monitoring, live
This approach is obviously more energy efficient than virtual machine migration and VM placement optimization.
multiple copies of software installed on different A Green Cloud System responds to peak utilization periods
infrastructure. Furthermore, businesses have highly variable and adjusts availability of resources based on them
demand patterns in general, and hence multi-tenancy on the expanding or shrinking the cloud as needed.
same server allows the flattening of the overall peak demand Green Cloud architecture, which can help
which can minimize the need for extra infrastructure. The consolidate workload and achieve significant energy
smaller fluctuation in demand results in better prediction and saving for cloud computing environment, at the same
results in greater energy savings. time, guarantees the real-time performance for many
3. Server Utilization: In general, on-premise infrastructure performance-sensitive applications.
run with very low utilization, sometimes it goes down up to .
5 to 10 percent of average utilization. Using virtualization 7. Acknowledgement
technologies, multiple applications can be hosted and executed
on the same server in isolation, thus lead to utilization levels up We wish to express our sincere thanks to Ms.
to 70%. Thus, it dramatically reduces the number of active Megha Vijaywargia Director (IT) Peoples University, Dr.
servers. Even though high utilization of servers results in more Keshavendra Choudhary(Phd) Principal of the School of
power consumption, server running at higher utilization can Research and Technology, Peoples University for
process more workload with similar power usage. providing us with all the necessary facilities for the
research. We are also grateful to our faculties of IBM-ICE,
4. Datacenter Efficiency: As already discussed, the power Mr. Ankit Dwivedi(HOD), Mr. Prakhar Tiwari, Mr. Anjul
efficiency of datacenters has major impact on the total energy Rai and special thanks to our guide Ms. G.Sowjanya in the
usage of Cloud computing. By using the most energy efficient Department of Computer Science. We are extremely
technologies, Cloud providers can significantly improve the thankful and indebted to them for sharing expertise, and
Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) of their datacenters. Large sincere and valuable guidance and encouragement
Cloud service providers can achieve PUE levels as low as 1.1 extended to us. We take this opportunity to express
to 1.2, which is about 40% more power efficiency than the gratitude to Dr. K.N Shukla(Phd) Professor & HOD LNCT
traditional datacenters. The server design in the form of Bhopal for his help and support. We also thank our parents
modular containers, water or air based cooling, or advanced for the unceasing encouragement, support and attention.
power management through power supply optimization, are all
approaches that have significantly improved PUE in 8. References
datacenters. In addition, Cloud computing allows services to be

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Efficiency and Environmental Sustainability Kalange
Pooja R1 1(Department of Information Technology,
LNBCIET Satara Maharashtra)
[2] A Survey on Green Computing Techniques Sonu
ChoudharyDepartment of Computer Science, Acropolis
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Management & Information Technology, Belapur, Navi
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Mishra1, Sonali Jain2, Nirupama Kurmi3 Assistant
Professor, CSE, Acropolis Technical Campus, Indore,
M.P, India
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Laboratory Dept. of Computer Science and Software
Engineering The University of Melbourne, Australia
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Cloud Computing Shaden M. AlIsmail Computer Science
Department Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic
University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Heba A. Kurdi
Computer Science Department King Saud University
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Study & Analysis of P & O Control Algorithm Based

MPPT in Comparison with FLC for PV System
Dhananjay Kumar Jagabandhu Majhi Vedprakash Sharma Dr.Rishi Kumar Singh
Research Scholar, EED Research Scholar, EED Research Scholar, EED Assistant Professor, EED
MANIT Bhopal MANIT Bhopal MANIT Bhopal MANIT Bhopal
M.P.India M.P.India M.P.India M.P.India
dhananjayk00@gmail.com m.jagabandhu91@gmail.com ved44elect@gmail.com rishiksingh@yahoo.com
Abstract— In this paper, PV module is designed. MPPT So with the variation in environmental temperature or
represents an important part in photovoltaic (PV) systems. The
different characteristics curve of solar cell is obtained and it’s irradiation, PV power and the MPP also Varies is shown in
dependency is observed on temperature and irradiation. The DC- figures (3),(4),(5),(6). The non-linear characteristics of PV
DC converter is used as interface between PV panel and the load.
This paper presents a comparative simulation study of two MPPT panel and underutilization (because of shading or low
algorithms: perturb & observe (P&O) and Fuzzy logic control
(FLC) based MPPT controller. A detailed analysis and operation insolation) do affect the efficiency of a PV array. The combine
of DC-DC converter has been discussed. MPPT algorithm has use of controlled DC-DC converter and MPPT algorithm for
been employed for operate the PV panel voltage at the Maximum
power point (MPP). Initially, the PV panel peak voltage is obtained tracking the maximum operating point under different
directly by varying the duty cycle of the DC-DC converter. Due to
direct duty Ratio control method causes stress on the converter environmental condition.
switch. That’s why converter besides a significant amount of
power loss. The performance of both method is compared in this
In this research work, drawbacks of P and O method is
paper. The simulation results show that the FLC based MPPT can
track the MPP with better results as compared to the conventional overcome by using fuzzy logic based P and O techniques. This
(P&O) algorithms in terms of accuracy, transient (speed) and
steady (stability) responses by continuously adjusting the DC-DC proposed scheme depends on the PV system operating point
duty cycle as a control parameter.
location and the current step size in order to adaptively adjust
Keywords—Photovoltaic (PV), MPPT control algorithm,
Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC), Perturb and observe(P&O). the P and O perturbation voltage step-size. The proposed
& INTRODUCTION control method achieves stable performance in the entire

Whenever sun light strikes solar panel, it converts solar energy region of the PV panel and the resulting steady state oscillation
into electric energy using photovoltaic effect. Because of across the maximum power point is eliminated.
continuous depletion of reserve of fossil fuel and environment
issues, the world is switching to various renewable resources 9. PROPOSED SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
like solar, biomass, tidal, wind and geothermal. These various Block diagram of solar PV energy conversion system. With a
energy resources are not only clean, sustainable but also PV panel, DC-DC converter and feedback closed control loop
available in a large amount. However, there are some problems is shown in Figure1.
with these sources like unreliability in supply, resource location
and cost which prevents them from entering in mainstream
energy sources. Solar energy is drawing more attention because
it is an environment-friendly, free and abundant source of
energy. But solar PV system is accused of having high
installation cost, energy fluctuation, location dependency and
low conversion efficiency. The PV array output power is
mainly depends on temperature, illumination. Figure1. Block diagram of system configuration

This is two stage stand-alone PV system in which low PV The different parameters used in modelling PV array is
voltage is stepped up using DC-DC converter. The DC-DC tabulated below at ambient temperature 250 C and
converter is controlled by maximum power point tracking irradiation 1000 W/m2 .
control. For tracking MPP the perturb & observe algorithm and
Peak power 200 watt
Fuzzy logic algorithm is implemented.
Current at MPP 7.62A
II.MODELLING OF PV ARRAY Voltage at MPP 26.34V
Short circuit current 8.22A

A model of PV is designed here. The output voltage level and
current level of photovoltaic cell is very low. To achieve high Open circuit Voltage 32.93V
voltage, PV cells are connected in series. Similarly for No. of PV cell connected in series 54
increasing current, PV cells are connected in parallel. No. of PV cell connected in parallel 1
Photovoltaic cell is non-linear current source and diode is
Table1. Electrical parameters of photovoltaic module
connected across it. The circuit of PV cell is shown in Figure2.
Photovoltaic voltage and current vary when there is change in
temperature and irradiance. So the PV power also varies. The
various characteristics of PV module at different-different temp
and irradiation is shown in the Figures (3),(4),(5),(6).
Figure2. Circuit of Photovoltaic cell
Applying Kirchhoff’s current law at point A
V i R
 1] (V pv  i pv Rs )
PV PV s
(
i pv  I pv  I 0[e
V *n
t
) (1)
R Figure3. P-V characteristics at 1000W/m2 for different temperature.
p
N kT
V  s
(2)
t q
Where,
IP is photon current which is directly proportional to

solar insolation
Figure4. P-V characteristics at 250 C for different irradiation.
I0 is diode reverse saturation
current q is charge of electron
Vpv is voltage across load
Vt is thermal voltage
RS is series resistance RP is parallel resistance k
is Boltzmann constant (1.3806503e-23 J/K) n is
ideality factor of diode
Figure5. V-I characteristics for 250C at different irradiation.
T is p-n junction temperature in kelvin

(Ropt) for maximum power transfer from the PV module
to the load.
Figure6. V-I characteristics for G=1000W/m2 at different temperature.
A. Equivalent circuit of PV array

To analyze the PV array with flyback converter, first we need
Figure7. Circuit of boost converter
to linearize the (ipv, Vpv) curve at maximum operating point
7. The slope of tangent to (ipv, Vpv) curve at maximum Non-Isolated boost converter also called as voltage step up
power point (V, I) is given by converter. It is used to obtained higher output voltage from
i
m (V , I )  PV
  I 0 * e (V  RS I )  1 (3) lower input voltage. The boost converter topology is shown in
V VN n VN R
PV t S t S P
Figure7. When switch S is turned on by the pulse of PWM,
The linear model of (ipv, Vpv) becomes current through the inductor L and energy is stored in it. Also
input voltage and voltage across the inductor are in series and
i pv  I  m(V , I ) *(VPV V)(4)
collective charge the output capacitor to a voltage
higher than input voltage. Boost converter provides a step up

regulated version of input voltage according to the following
equation: V 0  Vi
1 d
Where: D is the duty cycle (0<D<1).
Duty cycle ratio is produced by the controller and given to the

Figure6. Linearized equivalent circuit of PV module
MOSFET switch of power converter. By proper controlling of
From Fig .6, ipv can be written as this converter switch can achieve stable performance in the
V V entire region of the PV panel.
i E pv (5)
pv  RE  RE
IV. Perturb & Observe Algorithm
By comparing Eq.(4) and Eq.(5) we can find
P&O method is mostly used because it is simple and less
RE = and VE = V - . Using the PV module
expensive. This algorithm is mainly based on the sign of slope
data RE = 2.2323 and VE = 50.90. of PV curve of solar module. In this algorithm, voltage is
perturbed and slope (dP / dV) is checked weather it is positive,
III. DC-DC converter Topology
The switch mode DC-DC converter represents the heart of
negative or zero. If the slope is zero then that point is MPP and
MPPT. The converter is used for adjusting the operating if slope is negative then voltage is perturbed in reverse
voltage of the PV module at the MPP voltage (Vmp) thereby direction else voltage perturbation is continued in same
matching the load impedance to the PV optimal impedance direction until we reach peak point. . The algorithm for

Perturb and observe(P&O) algorithm is shown in Figure8.
Table2. Fuzzy Rules based on if then
Here FLC output is the change in step size C(k) which is made
of five normalized membership function termed as Negative
Big (NB), Negative Small (NS), Zero (ZE), Positive Small (PS),
Positive Big (PB) respectively as shown in Fig. 11.
A. Membership functions of input variable.
Figure8. Algorithm for Perturb and observe (P&O)
The direction of perturbation of duty cycle depends on the slope

of PV curve. If slope is +ve then perturbation direction is
reversed, in other word D becomes D D .
Figure10. Input Membership Function Slope and Old Step Size
V. FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL ALGORITHM B. Membership function of output variable(Duty cycle)
In Fuzzy logic control deals with imprecise inputs, doesn’t need

accurate mathematical model & can handle non-linearity.
Fuzzy logic algorithm undergoes three steps viz., Fuzzification,
Inference, Defuzzification. The MPPT operation is
accomplished by monitoring the following equation.
Figure11. Output Membership Function Change in Step Size
Figure9. Structure of fuzzy logic controller
The MPPT operation is accomplished by monitoring the

following equation (6).
(6)
Figure12.Simulation Model of fuzzy logic based MPPT Controller

VI. SIMULATION RESULT
To analyze the performance of both the Perturb & observe

MPPT and Fuzzy logic control algorithms the power output
plotted with respect to time refer Fig. 13 and Fig. 19. These
power output graphs are plotted for MPPT. From the graphs it
is apparent that the average power generated by P&O and the
Figure15. PV current of converter using duty ratio control
average power generation with Fuzzy logic control is slightly
more than other algorithms and more consistent during
moderate to higher irradiation level. Results are presented
with a comparison between MPPT with P&O, and Fuzzy Logic
controllers. Increased Efficiency of the P&O and Fuzzy Logic
MPPT algorithms under varying irradiation level are noted and
Figure16. converter output voltage at D=0.54 using duty ratio control MPPT
compared with the efficiency of without MPPT graph as shown algorithm
in Fig.21. It is very clear from efficiency graphs that efficiency
with and without MPPT is significantly higher when irradiation B.Simulation results of fuzzy logic based MPPT
level is higher and efficiency is deteriorated when irradiation

The results observed in Fig.13 and Fig.19 shows that the almost
level decreases.
same power is generated by both algorithms. However for
To perform time study the tests were carried out rapidly with maximum power generation it is important that the
different algorithms changes in Voltage Current and Power are responsiveness of the algorithm to achieve MPP. The
observed at smallest possible interval of time. Refer Fig.14, algorithm that converges faster towards MPP will produce
Fig.15 & Fig.13. more power for given time .It is also noted that the Fuzzy Logic
gives better performance compared to the P&O and MPPT
A. Simulation result based on Perturb and observe MPPT
algorithm.
Figure17. Converter output voltage using FLC MPPT.

Figure13. PV power of converter using duty ratio control
Figure18. Converter output current using FLC MPPT.

Figure14. PV voltage of converter using duty ratio control

VII.REFERENCES
4. Verma, D.,Nema, S.and Shandilya, A.M.,A different approach to design
non-isolated DC-DC converters for MPPT in solar PV systems. Journal of
circuits system, and computers.
[2] shah Arifur Rahman; Rajeev k Varma; Tim Vanderheide, “Generalised

model of a PV panel”, IET Renewable Power Generation,vol.8,2014.
Figure19. PV Array Power evaluated using FLC MPPT.
[3] Jaw-Kuen Shiau , Yu-chen Wei , “A study on the fuzzy-logic based solar
power mppt algorithms using different fuzzy input variables,”Algorithms
2015,8,100-127, Published: 8April 2015.
8. Nasir Coruh, Satilmis Urgun and Tarik Erfidan, “Design and

Implementation of Flyback Converters,”in the Proc. of 5 th IEEE conference
on Industrial Electronics and Applications, Taichung June 2010.
9. N. Kasa, T. Iida, and L. Chen, “Flyback inverter controlled by sensorless

current MPPT for photovoltaic power system,”IEEE Trans .Ind.Electror.
Figure20. Duty cycle evaluated using FLC MPPT. vol.52,Aug.2005.
. 10. Bhim Singh and G.D. Chaturvedi, “Comparative performance of isolated

forward and flyback ac-dc converters for low power applications,”in Power
System Technology and IEEE Power India Conference POWERCON 2008.
8. Zheng shicheng; Liu Wei, “Research and implementation of PV changing

system with MPPT”,IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and
Applications,2008.
3. Verma, D., Nema, S.,Shandilya, A.M. and Dash, S.K..,Comprehensive

analysis of MPPT technique in solar PV system under uniform insolation and
partial shaded condition.
4. M. A. Algendy, B. Zahawi and D. J. Atkinson, "Assessment of perturb and

observe MPPT algorithm implementation techniques for PV pumping
Figure21. Comparision of PV power and converter output power.
applications "IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 3, 2012.
VII. CONCLUSION 5. Sachin Jain; Vivek Agarwal, “A Single-Stage Grid Connected Inverter
The PV module is designed and simulated in MATLAB Topology for Solar PV System With MPPT”,IEEE Transaction on Power
Simulink. The P-V and V-I curve is plotted for different Elecrtonics,vol.22,2007.
temperature and irradiation. We observe that with increase in
temperature PV power is decrease and decrease in irradiation 11. M. E. Fraser, C. D. Manning “Performance of Average Current Mode
PV power is decreases. The perturb and observe(P&O) MPPT Controlled PWM UPS inverter with High Crest Factor load.” IEEE Power
algorithm is also implemented in the Simulink and we obtained Electronics and Variable-Speed Drives, October 1994,conference Publication
the PV power, current, voltage curves. The FLC provides better
No. 399.
transient and steady state performances than the classical
methods. It can track MPP with more speed as shown in
L: M.G Villalva, J.R Gozoli, E.F Ruppert, “Comprehensive approach to
Simulation results and more stability at steady –state also
modeling and simulation of PV array”, IEEE Trans. On power Electron. vol.25,
shown . As compared with P&O and FLC methods. We
observed that tracking time is less in Fuzzy logic based MPPT May 2009.
control. It is fast and accurate however practical design of such
system is complex. The ripples of the current component using
FLC are less.

PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF URBAN FLOOD

IMPACT FOR SUSTAINABLE SMART CITY
Dr. Rajshree Kamat
Senior Assistant Professor,
Department of Architecture and Planning,
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology,
Bhopal, India
E-mail- kamatrajshree@yahoo.co.in
Rudrapriya Yadav
School of Planning & Architecture, New Delhi, India
E-mail- rudra.yadav28@gmail.com
Abstract— Flooding is an accumulation of water in an area volumes by up to 6 times. Consequently, flooding occurs
either by direct rainfall irresistible to the volume of drainage very quickly due to faster flow times (in a matter of
systems or a spill of huge amount of water from water bodies
minutes). Urban areas are densely populated and people
beyond normal limits. It could be localized, impacting a small
area or could be vast or massive, impacting very large area. living in vulnerable areas suffer due to flooding, sometimes
Urban flooding is caused by heavy rainfall overwhelming resulting in loss of life. It is not only the event of flooding
drainage capacity. It already has large economic and social but the secondary effect of exposure to infection also has
impacts. These are very likely to increase if no changes are its toll in terms of human suffering, loss of livelihood and, in
made to the unplanned development of buildings and extreme cases, loss of life.
infrastructure and poor management of urban drainage.
Urban floods are a great disturbance of daily life in the
city.Flood impact is one of the most significant disasters in the Urban floods occur due to a variety of reasons including
world. More than half of global flood damages occur in Asia. meteorological, hydrological and human factors. These
Causes of floods are due to natural factors such as heavy floods cause considerable damage to property and life,
rainfall, high floods and high tides, etc., and human factors which in turn triggers large insurance claims. Over the last
such as blocking of channels or aggravation of drainage
decade, two major flood events including Mumbai 2005 and
channels, improper land use, deforestation in headwater
regions, etc. Floods result in losses of life and damage Surat 2006 caused estimated claims of about INR 5000 Cr
properties. Problems become more critical due to more severe and 3500 Cr respectively. The most recent Chennai Floods
and frequent flooding likely caused by climate change, socio- in 2015 were also estimated to generate claims between
economic damage, population affected, public outcry and INR 3500 to 5000 C.(Agrawal, 2017)
limited funds. Flood loss prevention and its management Disasters are as old as human history but the dramatic
includes structural flood control measures such as construction
increase and the damage caused by them in the recent past
of dams or river dikes and non-structural measures such as
flood forecasting and warning, flood hazard and risk have become a cause of national and international concern.
management, public participation and institutional Over the past decade, the number of natural and manmade
arrangement, etc. disasters has climbed inexorably. From 1994 to 1998,
reported disasters average was 428 per year but from 1999
This study describes concepts, policy, plan and operation on
to 2003, this figure went up to an average of 707 disaster
integrated impact of urban flood disaster and its risk
assessment & management. In most developing countries, events per year showing an increase of about 60 per cent
government handles flood disaster management activities. In over the previous years. The biggest rise was in countries of
the recent times, city after city has experienced floods. Through low human development, which suffered an increase of 142
this paper, we are trying to review urban flood events within per cent.
India in recent past. This paper describes why it is important Drought and famine have proved to be the deadliest
to study urban floods scenarios and what the need for this study
is. It highlights the types and causes of the localized flooding as
disasters globally (45%), followed by floods (16%),
well as its impact and consequences. The study concludes the technological disaster (14%), earthquake (12%), windstorm
infrastructure and economic losses due to these urban events. (10%), extreme temperature and others (3%). Global
economic loss related to disaster events average around US
Keywords: Urban floods, flood impacts, Flood disaster $880 billion per year. (CBSE, 2006)
management; Flood control measures; Risk management
In Indian context: In India is no different from the global
Introduction
context. The super cyclone of Orissa (1999), the Gujarat
Urban flooding is significantly different from rural flooding earthquake (2001) and the recent Tsunami (2004) affected
as urbanization leads to developed catchments, which millions across the country leaving behind a trail of heavy
increases the flood peaks from 1.8 to 8 times and flood loss of life, property and livelihood. Table 3 shows a list of

some of the major disasters that have caused colossal prone to cyclones and 68% of the area is susceptible to
impact on the community. drought. In the decade 1990-2000, an average of about
India has been traditionally vulnerable to natural disasters 4344 people lost their lives and about 30 million people
on account of its unique geo-climatic conditions. Floods, were affected by disasters every year. The loss in terms of
droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides have been private, community and public assets has been
recurrent phenomena. About 60% of the landmass is prone astronomical. (Disaster management in India, 2004) Table
to earthquakes of various intensities; over 40 million 2.1 shows the major disasters occurred in our country since
hectares is prone to floods; about 8% of the total area is 1970, which caused a lot of physical and social damages.
MAJOR DISASTERS IN INDIA SINCE 1970
S.
Disaster Impact
No.
Cyclone
Cyclone and tidal waves killed 10,000
1. 29th October 1971, Orissa
people
19th November, 1977, Cyclone and tidal waves killed 20,000
2.
Andhra Pradesh people
29th and 30th October 1999, Cyclone and tidal waves killed 9,000
3.
Orissa and 18 million people were affected
Earthquake
20th October 1991 An earthquake of magnitude 6.6
4.
Uttarkashi killed 723 people
Approximately 8000 people died and
30th September 1993 Latur
5. there was a heavy loss to
infrastructure
6. 22 May 1997 Jabalpur 39 people dead
7. 29th March 1997, Chamoli 100 people dead
26th January, 2001, Bhuj, More than 10,000 dead and heavy
8.
Gujarat loss to infrastructure
Landslides
300 people killedm heavy loss to
9. July 1991, Assam
roads and infrastructure
500 killed and more than 200 houses
10. August 1993, Nagaland destroyrd and about 5 kms road
damages
Floods
1978 Floods in North East 3,800 people killed and heavy loss to
11.
India property.
1994 Floods in Panjab, Uttar More than 2000 people killed and
Pradesh, Goa and Gujarat thousands affected
ource: (CBSE, 2006)
I. DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS

Over the past couple of decades there have been several
major urban flood events across the wos, rld. In some
This section includes all the terminologies and various regions flood events can occur due to short duration high
concepts that are been discussed in this study. intensity rainfall, combined rainfall with snowmelt, or the
Due to fast urbanization in Delhi during last four decades gradual increase of flood flows ((Garvelmann et al., 2015).
resulting in increase in paved area and decreases in the
These types of floods are observed in natural waterways
agricultural land, which used to act as a percolation zone and
is continuously depleting. causing a surcharge of water levels in natural or built flood
paths, infrastructure failure, rapid snowmelt, or
II. URBAN FLOODSING ITS NEED deforestation of river catchment basins (Ghanbarpour,
A. Urban floods 2014).
Floods can be defined as naturally occurring events that B. Causes of Urban Flooding
cause the rising and overflow of water out of the Urban flooding is caused by heavy rainfall overwhelming
boundaries of streams, rivers, lakes or drainage drainage capacity. It already has large economic and social
systems(Mendez-Antonio, 2013). In urban regions there are impacts. These are very likely to increase if no changes are
multiple types of floods that can occur: costal flooding, made to the management of urban drainage. Urban floods
riverine flooding, flash floods, urban floods, and drainage are a great disturbance of daily life in the city. Roads can be
system floods. Urban flooding is a growing environmental blocked; people can’t go to work or to schools. The
concern in cities. Accordingly, urbanization has a significant economic damages are high but the number of casualties is
influence on flood behavioral changes in urban areas. usually very limited, because of the nature of the flood. The

water slowly rises on the city streets. When the city is n flat the inadequate storm water drainage capacity. This results
terrain the flow speed is low and you can still see people in traffic jams and traffic diversions resulting in loss of man-
driving through it. The water rises relatively slow and the hours. In the events of heavy rainstorms air traffic gets
water level usually does not reach life endangering heights diverted. Telecommunication gets disturbed and
(Aggarwal, 2014). Then, if an intense rainfall burst occurs, maintenance of supply of essential commodities becomes
causing a large amount of rain within a brief period, flash challenge. As communications is disrupted industrial
flooding may occur with little or no warning. production gets hampered. Prices of essential commodities
Developments encroach floodplains, obstructing floodways shoot up.
and causing loss of natural flood storage. Continued During and after urban floods the immediate task is
development and redevelopment to higher density land restoration of damaged roads, railway tracks, damaged
uses by high land costs. The proportion of impermeable buildings (which is very common for over lived buildings)
ground in existing developments is increasing as people and other structures and rehabilitation of residents from
build patios and pave over front gardens. Increased low-lying areas and collapsed buildings. The scenario study
impervious areas such as roads, roofs and paving, due to is the basic ingredient for development of disaster
increasing development densities means more run- offs. management plan for vulnerable area.(Kamat R. , 2007)
Some of the major hydrological effects of urbanization are: Damages of assets are significant in warehouses and
(1) Increased water demand, often exceeding the available buildings due to flooding by storm and sewage water.
natural resources; Disruption in supply of essential commodities including
(2) Increased wastewater, burdening rivers and lakes and power supply results in unrest. Water bodies get polluted
endangering the ecology; (Ganaie et al., 2013). Waste disposal gets hampered due to
(3) Increased peak flow; traffic disruption. Flood is claimed as one of the common
(4) Reduced infiltration and hazards that affect more people than any other (Ward
(5) Reduced groundwater recharge, increased use of 1978; UNDRO 1978:1). Floods account for approximately
groundwater, and diminishing base flow of streams. forty percent of natural disasters and may become more
According to natural hydrological phenomena, due to frequent and severe due to global warming (Reacher, 2004
increased impervious area precipitation responds quickly ).
reducing the time to peak and producing higher peak flows
in the drainage channels. The main reflection is on the development of method by
Causes of floods evaluation of existing flood risk management (FRM)
frameworks. Through evaluation, there is a possibility to
notice the level of integration and implementation of
crucial element of flood risk. As defined here the main
elements (i) flood, (ii) vulnerability and (iii) exposure are the
main elements.(Batica, 2015) Using the evaluation
principles the FRM framework is evaluated regarding
achieved readiness level considering its elements, level of
integration and implementation.
D. Need of Urban Flood Study
Urban flooding is significantly different from rural flooding,
as urbanization increases flood risk by up to 3 times, peak
flows result in flooding very quickly due to faster flow times
(in a matter of minutes), large number of people are
affected in dense population clusters and severe economic
Source: (Ganaie et al., 2013) and infrastructure loss to industry and commerce. Urban
flooding can be reduced with measures like: maintaining
The urban areas have been constructed upon and now it is
existing drainage channels, providing alternative drainage
too late to plan and tackle the problem of flooding for such
paths (may be underground), control of solid waste
centers. Yet if the people want to save themselves from the
wrath of the floods and the government wants to avoid entering the drainage systems, providing porous
paying recurrent compensations to the people one of the way pavements to allow infiltration of rainwater, etc. (Ranger,
out is to 2011)
Climate models predict that winter rainfall will increase by
C. Consequences of urban flooding 20-30% by the 2080s. Such an increase could lead to a much
Urban Floods results in stagnation of water on roads, larger (up to 200%) increase in flood risk. Poor natural
railway tracks and in few cases even at airports because of drainage, chocking of drainage system, extreme climate

events and development in river flood plain are the main Land use Spatial Planning Flood Building codes Zoning
control risk adapted land use ordinances
causes of the urban flooding.
Building regulations
III. URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT Flood Flood action plan (local Flood action plan (local
preparedness scale) Infrastructure scale) Infrastructure
A. Resillience and Urban flood risk management
maintenance maintenance
In recent years, a distinctive rainfall pattern and quantity Contingency Financial Preparedness Emergency infrastructure
rainfall results in a greater volume of flood discharge along measures Insurance of residual risk Allocation of temporary
with a higher peak discharge than before. Furthermore, the Reserve funds Emergency containment structures
number of heavy rainfall’s, the primary external force of a Response: Evacuation Telecommunications
flood hazard, has been in increase in urban areas especially and rescue plans network Transportation and
in Asian countries. Consequently, if this trend continues, it Forecasting and warning evacuation facilities 
might become a major factor in increasing the flood risk in services Control Recovery – disaster recovery
Emergency Operations plans, pecuniary provisions
urban areas. (Batica, 2015)
Providence of emergency of government
Understanding flood risk is a key step in managing the
response staff
impacts of flooding. Flood risk is a combination of the Source: (Batica, 2015)
likelihood of flooding and the potential consequences
arising.   Flood risk is then normally expressed in terms of IV. URBAN FLOOD PLANNING AND RESPONSES
the following relationship: A. Planning approaches
Urban flood response planning is defined as the techniques
…(The Planning System and Flood Risk Management, 2009) and tools used to respond to floods effectively and to
B. Flood risk management and flood management reduce floods impacts. Effective flood management is key
Managing the flood risk in urban areas, the priority is to to reduce flood impacts by enhancing technology and
minimize damages caused by flood. Operational flood risk planning tools. This involves identifying causes of urban
management has as benefit resilience. The potential of floods and developing standards to reduce flood
implementing resilience in urban flood management can consequences. Urban flood responses comprise integrated
provide a cost-effective component. Efficiency and cost socio-economic, and ecological factors. In Canada flood
effectiveness is in both, decrease flood damage away from management practices can be distributed into three
existing structural measures and add additional categories; (1) planning, (2) flood emergency management
performance to flood risk management. and (3) post-flood recovery.
Implementation of resilience concept and introduction of
resilience into existing flood risk management plans and In term of natural hazards, for instance, flood, the
strategies is realistic. Implementation of resilience is application of indigenous knowledge in the face of hazards
through three dimensions. Resilience relevant measures and other threats is referred to as a “coping mechanism” or
consider (i) interplay of institutions, (ii) communication “coping strategy”. In a range of disaster contexts, the
regarding flood risk and (iii) development and coping mechanism has been categorized into four broad
implementation of flood modeling tools. All three of them categories:
considers as very important. •Economic/material; (economic diversification, such as
having more than one source of income, even having large
C. Urban flood management and flood resilience family can be seen as part of economic coping strategy
The measures listed under flood resilience are related to because it gives household additional labor; saving and
strong intent to increase capacity building of human credit schemes are often an important component of
resources, better land use management, increased flood economic coping strategies)
preparedness and emergency measures that are taken •Technological ;( the way that housing is adapted to
during mostly usually and after flood event. repeated floods. Common adaptations include building
houses on stilts so that floodwater can pass underneath,
FLOOD RESILIENCE MEASURES
building them on plinths or platforms of mud or concrete so
Capacity Flood maps (Inundation Face-to-face learning Web- that they remain above flood levels, and building escape
building of and Risk) Info material based learning Training
human areas under or on top of roofs).
(brochures, public Collaborative platforms • Social/organizational; (the family is a fundamental social
resources
presentations, internet mechanism for reducing risk.
portals etc  Education -
Extended kin relations are networks for exchange, mutual
Communication
assistance and social contact).
• Cultural: (include risk perception and religious views,
which are frequently connected) in areas where

floodwaters are shallow and slow moving, temporary

barriers composed of sand bags may be used to protect
individual buildings.
Similar to the concept as mentioned above, few more
concepts of coping mechanism are:
 Use of non-structural measures, including flood
insurance (regulation for proofing of flood plains
(zoning and coding); defense from flood; and flood
insurance))  
 Use of intensive and extensive structural
technologies; (intensive: a flood levee along the
riverbank, terracing of land, changing biological
cover and soil conservation in a catchment.
Extensive: reshaping of the land surface,
protection of soil from erosion, delay of runoff of
Decision makers, planners and stakeholder’s research framework
rain and increase of infiltration)
 Joint use of non-structural measures and B. Flood Vulnerability Assessment
structural technologies Before steps can be taken to reduce risk and vulnerability,
they must first be understood. Vulnerability assessments
and risk analyses allow for the identification of areas of
critical concern and help to guide mitigation efforts.
There are a variety of vulnerability assessment methods,
which are different in their vulnerability description,
theoretical framework, variables and methodology (Hajar
Nasiri, 2016). According to earlier works vulnerability
assessment methods can be categorized in four distinct
groups, which are given below:
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT METHODS

Vulnerability Vulnerability Disaster
Method Model
index system index system loss data
Example of Flood proofing (UNESCO,1995) •Is founded
-Commonly on real •Low
used in flood damage validity
One of the challenging matters is for stakeholders to take vulnerability investigation in data
personal responsibility and to get involved in the planning studies •Should be shortage
and decision making process. Often many citizens rely on -Pertain to
Charact- fairly precise Simple conditio
complex
government agencies to manage all land-use and zoning eristics
indices and
•Takes a lot of Imprecise n
policies, insurance, and emergency response issues. Often weighting of time and •Intelligi
their resource ble for
stakeholders lack interest in participating in flood •Not valid for public
subjective
management planning. other areas
Source: (Nasiri, 2013)
C. Flood vulnerability assessment through indicators

Vulnerability indicator method, which adapted to use
available data for providing a logical Image of the place
vulnerability. This method is widely used in flood
vulnerability studies and preferred by policy makers for its
clarified vulnerability image over space, a depiction which
aims to priorities measures and plan for the risk response in
specified region. (Nasiri, 2013)
 This group of methods depends on complicated
indices with and without weighting; however,
these methods also faced with considerable

complexities related with standardization, inundated most of the parts of the city. In total Chennai
weighting and aggregation methods. drenched with 1049 mm of rainfall touching a return period
 Uncertainty is one more struggle with this method. of almost 100 years.
Since each additive layer includes a diverse
variable, struggle about variable Second system developed and brings heavy rainfall on 28th
Interdependencies must be fixed. to 29th of November. It precipitates 490 mm of heavy
 The best proposed solution for this concern is rainfall in 24 hours. It was recorded as an official disaster
weighting variables to reduce their impact in (zeenews.india.com, 2015).
forming a final expression (Lein 2010).
Indicator based method does not measure flood risk B. Delhi Urban Floods
directly, but contribute to evaluating flood risk. (Nasiri, Delhi has a long past of flooding in Yamuna river and the
2013) Najafgarh Drain system. A steady monitoring of floods in
Delhi due to in Yamuna River was started in 1958. The
V. URBAN FLOODING IMPACS
danger level was fixed at 204.83m. During the past 33 years,
A. Chennai Urban Flood of Nov-Dec 2015 Yamuna River has crossed its maximum level 25 times. Since
Chennai is crisscrossed by sluggish tributaries namely 1990, Delhi has witnessed 6 massive floods in different
Cooum and Adhyar. Cooum flows over the core of the city. years. The peak level of Yamuna was above danger level of
Between the buildings of the University of Madras and Fort 204.49 m in the years 1924, 1947, 1976, 1978, 1988 and
St. George, it drains in the ocean. It accumulates excess 1995. The highest recorded peak of 206.92 m was on
from 75 tanks in its catchments within Chennai September 27, 1988.
Metropolitan Area. The Adhyar river collects surplus from One of the most populous areas of Delhi is to the eastern
about 450 tanks in its catchments, apart from overflows side of Delhi ridge. It includes Connaught Place, the hub of
from the Chembarambakkam tank. Chennai and its suburbs commercial activity. Unfortunately, during storm showers,
once boasted of over 150 small and big water bodies. Today it is the site for heavy water impounding. This may be
the numbers of waterbodies in Chennai have been reduced attributed to providing concrete surface over the entire
to a mere 46 due to onslaught of development. available surface on the pretext of beautifying the area. The
Geographically Chennai is a flat topography and absences non-availability of sufficient recharge surface has
of natural slope cease unrestricted run off. This is a major compounded the problem of water impounding. The drains
reason for development an active scheme for storm water in the Delhi were initially designed to transport excess
drainage. The Corporation of Chennai has developed and storm water and sewerage flow.
maintains a storm water drain network of 855 km in the
city. The storm water drainage system is divided into Micro The risk of urban flooding increases during the progress of
Drainage and Marco Drainage System. Past records have urbanization. It causes severe consequences as they
shown that there were several catastrophic flooding in happen. Few more urban flood events have been reviewed
Chennai in 1943, 1976, 1985, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and summarized in the following table:
and 2015 (Gupta and Nair, 2010).
RECENT URBAN FLOODS AND ECONOMIC LOSSES CAUSED
Haphazard town planning, chocked drains, poor garbage Events Vulnerability index system
management, and the rampant destruction of mangroves,
rinagar received more than 550 mm of rainfall in one week.
forests, and pastures have been identified as contributory Entire city of Srinagar was inundation by 7 – 8 m of flooded
factor to flood risk in Chennai. The unprecedented rain from water.
Srinagar
northeast monsoon from November to December 2015 left 215 people who lost their lives in the deluge. 2,600 villages
Event of
were reported affected out of which 390 villages were
vast portion of Chennai submerged. Most of the flood in Sep, 2014
submerged.
Chennai is credited to depression over Bay of Bengal. The infrastructural damage is likely to cross Rs. 6,000
However, 2015 Chennai flood has been attributes to El Nino crore. Hectares of ripe crop and orchards have been lost.
phenomenon (The Indian Express, 2015). Low-pressure Hyderabad received over 15 cm of rainfall in less than 14
area was amalgamated and gradually strengthened into a hours within a span of two days. It is second highest in four
deep depression on 8th of November 2015. As a result of decades. Normal life came to a grinding halt in the affected
2008 areas. With some roads under water, vehiculartraffic
which, there was very substantial downpour over Chennai Urban between twin cities remained paralyzed. Hyderabad bore
and northern districts of Tamil Nadu starting from 9th of Flood of the brunt of the natural calamity with 14 people losing their
Nov. (The Hindu, 2015). There was 370 mm rainfall in 24 Hyderabad lives, mostly in house collapses. As many as 52 residential
in Aug areas in and around the state capital were inundated as
hours. Several low-lying areas were inundated by 13th Nov.
twenty tanks and several major storm water drains
In continuation, 15 to 16th of Nov, Chennai city and overflowed. Even after rains, hundreds of houses under
neighboring areas got 246.5 mm of rain precipitation. It water.

Events Vulnerability index system  Recurring basement backups from surcharged

Number of affected cities rose to 35. Kolkata was worst sanitary sewers 
affected.
2007 It is estimated that over 15 million people have been  Inflow of storm water into sanitary sewers 
Kolkata affected. More than 800 people are now feared dead and  Municipal wastewater treatment plant by-passing
Flood eight districts have been declared flood- affected.
USD 680 million, including damage to infrastructure and
 
housing and crops and livestock losses.  Combined sewer overflows - spilling the
Uninsured loss is $2 bn. It has a diamond turnover of surcharged sewers content into streets 
around Rs.130 crore ($28 million) daily, has been forced to
a standstill due to heavy rainfall and high floods. The  Damage to public and personal property
devastating floods push Surat backwards by 25yrs.  Health hazards 
2006 Surat Number of affected cities rose to 22. Surat was worst
affected. 95% of Surat under 10 to 15 feet of water for days
 Disruption of services such as water supply,
together. sewerage and power supply 
Nearly 90 per cent of the households were affected; six of  Delays in public transportation 
the seven wards of the city had water standing for days.
2006  Cleanup demands 
Vishakhapatnam airport was inundated for more than 10
Vishakhap
days.  Adverse effects upon the aesthetics 
atnam
 Disturbance of wildlife habitats 
The losses are accumulating from Rupees 50,000 crores to  Economic losses 
100,000 crores. The automobile sector’s losses alone were
Chennai estimated between 8,000 crore. Maximum people died in  Pollution of local waterways and receiving water
Urban Cuddalore locality. In Saidapet area, 2,000 huts were bodies
flood of submerged. 540 people dead on 10 Dec during the event.
Nov- Dec, 400 people were killed 18 lakhs were displaced. C. Suggestions and recommendations
2015 Several suburban trains’ services were crippled. Several
flights were cancelled and many were diverted since A primary goal of the urban flood management is to have a
runway was flooded. unified conceptual program for storm water drainage and
flood control, in order to mitigate future flood damages
Cities have been permanently developing their water- while systematically reducing annual flood damages. Goals
related infrastructure and discharging their urban waters serve to orient planners and those who wish to develop
into the nearest water body. During time, natural, property within the community. Our objectivesof flood
undisturbed, discharging conditions were becoming management are specific final results that should to be
deteriorated due to the raising of the river water stages. achieved in a predetermined timeframe. Those are:
Floods in urban conditions are flashy in nature and occur  Reducing exposure of people and property to flood
both on urbanized surfaces (streets, parking lots, yards, hazards 
parks) and in small urban creeks that deliver water to large  Reducing existing level of flood damages 
water bodies. Other causes of urban floods are:  Minimizing soil erosion and sedimentation
 Inadequate land use and channelization of natural problems 
waterways  Protecting environmental quality and well-being
 Failure of the city protection dikes  by reducing in-the-catchment pollution
 Inflow from the river during high stages into urban  Improving the usefulness of floodplains
drainage system   Minimizing receiving water pollution 
 Surcharge due to blockage of drains and street  Reducing future after-development flow rates to
inlets  pre-development levels 
 Soil erosion generating material that clogs  Enhancing recreational opportunities and
drainage system and inlets improving overall urban amenities
 Inadequate Street cleaning practice that clogs  Replenishing ground water
street inlets The FM measures can be categorized into structural, non-
structural measures and capacity building. Structural
Floods disrupt the social systems of the countries and the measures for FM are physical in nature and aim to prevent
cities, and cause enormous economic losses. Impacts floodwaters from reaching potential damage centers,
produced by increased runoff in urban setting are the whereas non- structural measures strive to keep the people
following: away from floodwaters
 Loss of human life 
VI. CONCLUSION
 Flooding of housing, commercial and industrial
properties  An optimal engineering solution may not be the best
 Flooding of streets, intersections and because of social and institutional constraints, which means
transportation systems, causing traffic delays that traditional engineering codes reflect criteria which are

not anymore politically permissible  The origins and risk assessment , Kamat, Rajshree. "Planning and managing
consequences of flooding have to be fully understood, earthquake and flood prone towns." Stochastic
particularly in developing countries, in order to propose and environmental research and risk assessment 29.2 (2015):
justify adequate institutional strengthening (regulatory 527.
agencies, conservation authorities) which should overcome Khan, A. (2015). demerits of smart city.
existing institutional and political barriers. Broad multi- http://www.academia.edu/15342042/demerits_of_smart_cit
y , 235.
media promotion of non-structural urban flood
Krishnan, D. (2016, July sunday). nextgenblog.org.
management measures should be carried out particularly at
Retrieved from smart cities : http://nextgenblog.org/smart-
the level of local communities where flood protection cities/
facilities are exposed to atrophy due to globally Mendez-Antonio, B. E.-C.-T. (2013). Weather radar data
experienced budgetary cutting. and distributed hydrological modeling: an application for
Mexico Valley. Open Journal of Modern Hydrology, 3: 79-
88. .
VII. REFERENCES
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Agrawal, S. (2017, January). RMSI. Retrieved from Rising Reacher, e. a. (2004 ). Health impact of flooding in Lewes:
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vulnerability assessment methods. Sustainable Water Retrieved from The Economic Times, Infrastructure - Six
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Kamat, D. R. (2015, Feb). Planning and Managing https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/infrastruc
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Smart Planning Proposal & Guidelines for the

Development of Green and Sustainable
Automobile Service Sector in India
Dr. Rajshree Kamat & Ashish Kumar Chauhan,
Sr. Assistant Professor, MANIT-Bhopal
Urban Planner, Regional Centre for Urban & Environmental Studies (RCUES) – Lucknow
Abstract: The Indian auto industry is one of the largest in the Automobile Service Sector Planning, transportation sector,
world. The industry accounts for 7.1 per cent of the country's Green Coverage, Environment Sustainability, lease rate,
Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The Two Wheelers segment Urban Local Body etc.
with 81 per cent market share is the leader of the Indian
Automobile market owing to a growing middle class and a INTRODUCTION
young population. (Foundation, 2016-17). And, the
The automobile industry in India is expected to be the world's
enormous numbers of vehicles are also a cause of many
third largest by 2016, with the country currently being the
problems i.e. traffic jam, proximity of accidents, environment world's second largest two-wheeler manufacturer. Two-
pollution, health issues. Giant number of vehicles also wheeler production is projected to rise from 18.5 million in
demands enormous numbers of servicing area, workshops, FY15 to 34 million by FY20. Passenger vehicle market in
servicing centers etc which is not sufficient at present. There India is expected to cross the three million unit milestone
is lack of Physical Planning, rules & regulations for this during FY 2016-17, and further increase to 10 million units in
service sector; however private car companies are having FY2019-20.
their own mechanized servicing centre and workshops which
are not meeting the demand of the repairing & service centre. With the rapid production and use of the automobiles in India,
pollution level and contemptible quality of air echelon is also
During literature study, main towns of neighboring country rising. Various reasons and issues related to the problems
Bhutan, was found ideal place for case study due to presence originated by this sector were reported in article, media, social
of all required variety of components/issues related to the sites and papers. Following photos and different news paper
cuttings clearly exhibits about the serious affecting issues on
service sector. And the opted case of Gelephu town, Bhutan
human life and environmental threats.
presents the all phases of transformation from tattered area
to beautifully well planned automobile service area with
minimum green coverage provision which is also aligned to
the derived methodology for the research.
Suggested solutions of the problem/issues of the automobile

service sector is in the form of proposed rules, regulations &
guidelines which is having few similarities in context of Figure 1: Issue addressing via media
Urban Local Bodies (ULB) of India and other Asian
developing countries. The Physical planning of such
classified area and lease rate, strict monitoring and
implementation by ULB can vary as limitation of the Time to time many local authorities, government bodies and
research. NGO came with many solutions but only few get effective
results. It is felt that there is need of work on the actual cause
Auto mobile service sector is one of the important component of the hazardous issues related to the sector which impact
of smart city, transportation sector and sustainable green human health and environment. (Kamat. R., Chauhan, 2017)
environment which create direct and indirect impact on the
human life and there is need of planning and guidelines for
these area as it remained under negligence for a long period
of time by various section of government and private sector.
Keywords
Figure 2. Issue addressing via newspaper

responses during the discussion. Most of the views were in

favor of best planning for the ISCs as it is important activity
Research work on this topic from urban planning prospective for the development of the country. As per ancient discoveries
will incorporate the strategies of man made hazard risk wheel was one of the great inventions next to fire of that age.
management and safety of human beings and environment by On that wheel, vehicles move ‘miles n miles’ and giant
physical planning of the areas related to automobile servicing, turbines rotate to produce hydro energy. So the dynamic
small scale industries and road side auto repair servicing nature of these wheels, physics linked with small and big
places. machines whether they are motorized or non-motorized.
Machine needs repairing sometime or at certain intervals for
better performances in future otherwise it will not work. So in
METHODOLOGY that case repairing centers come in existence later on it
converted in to industrial service centers after involvement of
Following shown figure is reflecting the issue/problem with all types of repairing & maintenance of transport sector and
the possible results in various sub categories due to unplanned industry sector.
automobile service sector.
Since Bhutan is a developing country and it needs heavy,
medium, light vehicles, huge machineries and equipment
to perform construction, loading and unloading activities.
As well as production point of view there are many small
and big industries in Bhutan. They all are running on
machines and when machines stops working then it needs
a doctor of machines who is called as mechanical engineer.
They can be easily found in workshops, service centers etc.
with their team. In Bhutan, there are many industrial units
but few industrial service centers. Noticeable observations
captured during the case study visit of these area to think
Figure 3. Problems/Issues due to unplanned about the better plan for new upcoming ISC of Gelephu.
automobile sector
INDICATORS OF SITE SELECTION

Literature study on the similar topic shows that most of the
After the identification of the issues and problems, a set of
research components have been placed in right order to small scale automobile service area/centre exists along the
achieve the solution of the problems as an aim and result of urban roads due to easy accessibility by the customers with
the research. Following diagram exhibits about the their flawed vehicles for repairing purpose. Areas with
methodology adopted for the research & generalization of the residential and commercial land uses have more proximity to
research findings.
fetch this type of service land use as it gives opportunity to
flourish the business of service sector. With this aspect, case
study for three towns of Bhutan was chosen.
Figure 4. Methodology Figure 5. location of towns (case study sites) in

Bhutan
A. Thimphu (Olakha automobile service

LITERATURE REVIEW AND LEARNING area/centre)
This article comprises three case studies of the existing B. Samdrup Jongkhar Automobile service
Industrial Areas (ISC) of the Bhutan. It received mixed area/centre

C. Gelephu Automobile service area along the

royal boulevard
CASE STUDY AREA

Following given are the three cases of different towns of
Bhutan for the study on automobile service sector
issue/problem and solution finding purpose.
Case – 1 : Thimphu - (Olakha planned automobile service
area/centre) Figure 9: water logging during rain
Olakha Automobile Service Center area is around 5 km away

from Thimphu core town. It is well planned in their Structural
Plan but the practical proposition is failing. Since, the
Industrial Service Centre (ISC) area is encompasses with
small and big automobile workshop units so it need some
planning standards i.e. space, pollution control, waste
treatment etc. before setup of the workshop or production
Figure 6. Olakha – Thimphu, a planned units. There were more than 120 units including small and
automobile service centre/area (Source: Google large automobile workshop in Thimphu. There are many voids
Earth, accessed on 22, Aug, 2012) while planning and implementing the area. Lacking can be
seen on waste management and monitoring in this sector.
There should authority to proper controlling the maintenance
works of road and inside facilities i.e. water, electricity and
check on defaulters. (A.K., 2015)
Case – 2: Samdrup Jongkhar - (Provisional
automobile service area/centre)
Samdrup Jongkhar is a linear small town of Eastern
Bhutan. Present development activities are taken care by the
S/ Jongkhar Thromde (Municipal Corporation). Present
automobile workshops, fabrication units, and industrial units
are temporarily exits near the tri junction of the Government
Hospital Road. All types of vehicles Heavy Carriage Vehicles,
Medium Carriage Vehicles, Low Carriage Vehicles repaired
in one workshop. Sound pollution occurs during denting
Figure 7: open dumping of tyre & glass works and open waste disposal creates drainage blocking and
sometime it direct go to the nearest river via adjacent storm
drain.
There is shortage of space for classified services for various
categories of the vehicles and the motor engine oil, filters
directly scattered on the area due to lack of awareness.
Colossal possibilities of risk of fire hazard in this area due to
multiple activities at one place. It is also not suggestible to
have such type of big area allocation for automobile service
activity in the prime residential area. Following given figures
are clearly exhibiting the ground views and practices of the
automobile servicing area. (Kamat R., Chauhan, 2015)
Figure 8: plastic bottles in chamber

Figure 10: lack of waste management (Plastic & Figure 13: spilling of motor oil in drain
Metals)
Figure 11: No classification for vehicles (type)

services
Figure 12: overview of automobile service area at Figure 14: lack of safety standards
Samdrup Jongkhar
Case – 3: Gelephu - (Temporary / Unplanned service area

along Royal Boulevard)
Existing automobile workshop and fabrication units are in
ruthless condition and temporarily located along the Royal
Boulevard road which connects Gelephu and neighboring
town Dadgiri, Assam, India. . Through photographic analysis
it is found that there is need of planning regarding the specific
size of plot for servicing & parking in service area,
standardization of the workshop unit according to their
vehicles dealing & repairing capacity. Need of specialized
service units for different kind of activities, specially dealing Figure 15: Open waste disposal
with heavy and light vehicles. As well as need of strong

monitoring authority to look after the waste management and
pollutions sound, smoke, fume & dust particles.
INDICATORS AND PARAMETER OF THE CASES

Following indicators and the parameters are found for
the above three case study. On basis of these facts,
research will proceed for the solution findings and
conclusions.
Figure 16: Standard infrastructure is lacking

Table- 1 Indicators and Parameters of the Cases
Sl. No. Indicators Parameters Thimphu Samdrup Jongkhar Gelephu
approx 7-8 acres & approx 2-3 acres in

1. Total Servicing area Area and Location approx 9 acres in town
town town
2. Population as per census 2005 Approx 2 lakh Approx 0.12 lakh Approx 0.15 lakh
3. Classification of activity Workshop, service point Not classified Not classified Not classified
Infrastructure of service
4. Structure & facilities average Below average Below average
centre
Drinking and commercial

5. Water facility Supplied by ULB** Supplied by ULB** Supplied by ULB**
use
For Individual service

6. Electricity Provided by BPC Provided by BPC Provided by BPC
point
7. Space security By local authority Ensured by ULB** Ensured by ULB** Ensured by ULB**
Type & dustbin As per norms & 1 As per norms & no As per norms &
8. Waste Management & ETP*
Numbers ETP* ETP* no ETP*
Safety Standards &

9. Disaster, risk Management Below average Below average Below average
mechanism
ETP*: Effluent treatment Plant ULB**: Urban Local Bodies BPC: Bhutan Power Corporation
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF STUDY AREA FOR RESEARCH

FINDINGS & PROPOSALS
Over the coming years a Special Economic Zone can

develop, first in growth nodes and then gradually linking
them together via the Southern Bhutan highway. The
opening of a dry port in Gelephu, the creation of an Airport,
making Economic zone, and Special Economic Zone in the
city region may have inestimable economic payoffs in the Figure 17: Location map of three case study towns of
future. These relatively flat areas of the country can be Bhutan and Structure Plan of Gelephu, Bhutan
developed as the manufacturing, processing and assembling
Key factor for opting Gelephu as a Study Area for
back-bone of Bhutan, integrating thousands of young people research findings & proposals:
into an expanding economy. This will play a critical role of  Availability of plain area (along the road , dedicated
absorbing unemployed youth, creating happiness where space for such activity)
dispirit can grow and in adding value to a growing national
economy. Thus the structure plan of Gelephu is not directed  Ideal sample size of population and vehicles numbers for
further research generalization
only at the minute existing population of Gelephu, but at the
new industrial belt which can emerge, and at the thousands  Service Sector Economic opportunities which is quite
of Bhutanese from around the country who will come and similar in developing countries.
live in this region! (Benninger, 2005)

 Suggested plan for service centre in Gelephu Structure DATA ABOUT AUTOMOBILE/SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIAL
Plan which is also fulfilling one set of findings of the SERVICE AREA OF GELEPHU-BHUTAN
research.
Gelephu is the largest flat area in the country lying at low
 Interest of the stakeholders for the Planning of such area altitude. Its access to the trans-Assam National Highway
and implementation opens the export doors, not only to India, but through its ports
to a global market. It is also the import "portal" through which
 Availability of various type of existing activities i.e.
all of the goods and services for central Bhutan flow, and is
workshop, service points, small industry, fabrication
the staging place for all major infrastructure projects in central
units etc.
Bhutan. The role of automobile service sector automatically
involved due to transporting elements and medium which
need timely services & maintenance.
Table-2 Highlights of Service Center / automobile workshops, ISC area of Gelephu

Sl. No. Indicators /parameter Gelephu Automobile Service Centre
1. Registered by any Local Authority registered by any authority
2. Total Area of the ISC area/ service centre 111 Acres
3. Total leasable area 46 Acres
4. Total number of Applicants 103
5. Total number of available plots 110
6. Provision of parking 10 parking lot per 10 dc
7. Lease period 30 years maximum
8. Approved Infrastructure by ULB Architectural, Structural & electrical
9. Wastewater management Available
10. Waste generated from Service areas On spot segregation
11. Waste management and monitoring agency Gelephu Thromde
12. Effluent Treatment Plant Standard Provision
13. Canteen and health & safety provision As per standard guidelines of ULB
14. Environment Norm & clearance As per ULB environment section
15. Storm water Drainage system Available and modernize
16. Green space maintenance As per direction of NEC & ULB
SWOT ANALYSIS FOR RESEARCH AREA

Sl. No. Analysis Remarks
1. Strength Pollution, heath issues, environmental problem i.e. air quality, traffic jam, gasoline wastage, mental illness among the
people nearby due to over honking and sound pollution, all will be controlled and reduce with this research.
Geographical location, ease of doing business, number of customers, high chance of growth of market due to
investment in boulevard road and surrounding areas development.
2. Weakness Lacking of advance integrated planning approach, advance infrastructure related to this servicing sector and crowed
place etc.
3. Opportunity Promotion of integrated planning approach, guidelines and modern approach for in-situ and new area planning for
such servicing sector.
4. Threat Sudden migration of interested applicants for running such services which may imbalance the area planning and
commercial activity etc.
CONCLUSION noise and environment related issues to the residence.

Gelephu Structure Plan has special provision for the purpose
Background & Planning Proposal in which the plan has identified Industrial Service Centre as
part of the Special Economic Zone for resolving the issues.
The Gelephu Thromde has the Vision to be “A Vibrant
Regional Growth Centre and a Recreational Hub” and in The primary objective of the plan is to relocate the existing
achieving the vision, the Thromde Administration has operational business activities as per the Structure Plan to
identified, planned and developed the area with the the newly identified location to resolve the stated issue.
necessary infrastructure in line with the Gelephu Structure Secondly, to promote and motivate the entrepreneurs to
Plan. Currently the business establishments are operated in come up with the innovative business ideas and thirdly, the
private and leased government land in various locations plan will help Gelephu Thromde to attain the financial
especially in the residential areas within Thromde creating sustainability. (Tshering L. , 2017)

of two businesses for relocation for the existing

establishments.
e. New applicants who applied for more than one activity
will be required to choose/opt for a single activity before
the lucky dip.
f. The maximum lease period will be up to 30 years.
g. The land lease rent will be levied at the rate of Nu.3 per
sq ft and additionally Nu.1 per sq ft as amenities fees per
annum. (Nu. : Ngultrum ; name of Bhutanese Currency)
h. The demarcation fee of Nu.0.2 per sq ft or Nu.1000/-
whichever is higher will be levied along with the cost of
feno pegs as onetime payment. (Dorji, 2016)
Figure 18: location of service centres (ISC Area) i. As per the approved ISC map (Tshering, 2017), the total
number of plots available for allotment are;
i) Automobile workshop (25)
ii) Manufacturing/Fabrication units (35)
iii) Carwash (4)
iv) Showroom (13)
v) Go-down/Warehouse (15)
vi) Scrap yard (8)
vii) Services (3)
Post-land Lease Allotment
a. The allottees will undertake a lucky dip to choose the

location of the plot. The allottees include;
i) existing establishments and,
Figure 19: Map of Industrial Service Centre (ISC area); a
planning proposal for the service sector ii) successful new applicants from the first lucky
dip (clause B.1.e)
Criteria/terms of reference for service center land lease b. The applicants will not have the option to choose or
request for exchange of allotted land. The exchange of
Pre-Land Lease Allotment plots within the successful allottees may be permitted.
The land on lease will be allotted by the Thromde Land
c. The Thromde Administration will issue provisional
Acquisition and Allotment Committee.
allotment order to successful allotees.
a. Only light home industries with limited use of power,
d. Three months time frame will be given to come up with
driven up to a maximum of 25KW (33.5 HP) will be
comprehensive business proposals, building layout
permitted in order to prevent pollution in terms of noise,
plans and drawings. The failure to do so will result in
dust, air, odor etc.
cancelation of allotment and will be re-allotted to other
b. The existing business establishments considered for applicants through open lucky dip.
relocation will be given the preference in the process of
e. The drawings and business proposal scrutiny will
allotment. In doing so, the establishments located within
commence and complete within another three months.
the private land holdings will not be eligible for
compensation of properties. However, for the f. The final allotment order will be issued and the lease
establishments located within the leased government agreement drawn after which the construction will
land, the firms may have the option to either take commence. The payment of the land lease rent will start
compensation and participate for an open lucky draw or, from the day of signing of the lease agreement.
have the preference in the new industrial area without g. Any development in the leased land will be allowed
property compensation. (Tsheing, 2015-16) subject to development permits issued by the
c. The new applicants will be considered for lucky dip to Development Regulatory Division, Gelephu
encourage transparency subject to submission of land Thromde/ULB.
requirement application to City Corporation/ULB. h. The development within the leased area should
d. In order to evenly distribute the business opportunities commence within six months from the date of final
for all, the Allotment Committee will consider maximum allotment order; failing which, the lease agreement will
be terminated without any further notice.

issues, safety issues of working place by efficient monitoring

by concern authority and by rapid service/repairing of the
General Compliance and Requirements autos/ vehicles.
a) a. The landscaping, greening, plantations and

Research is having vast scope of research work
green growth concepts will be adopted mandatorily.
related to automobile servicing, servicing industries in India,
risk and hazard management associated to this service sector.
b) b. For waste management, comply with “Waste
Above research effort was made to make changes in the graph
Prevention and Management Regulation, 2012 and
amendment thereof” and for automobile services and car of human health and improving the local & regional
washing facilities, Proponent should adhere to Vehicle Wash environment by smart planning approach in this sector. By
Facility Guideline and Environment Discharge Standard. proper compliances of maintaining the minimum green space
(www.nec.gov.bt, 2016) by individual workshop /plot owner will be helpful for
c. The Environmental Clearance for all the activities will be achieving the environmental sustainability.
issued by the Thromde Administration, Gelephu subject to
adherence to the Acts, Rules, Guidelines, and Regulations of
the Kingdom of Bhutan. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Shri S. Tamang, former Consultant, Asian
d. In order to have effective administration, communication Development Bank (ADB), Mr. Chhoephey Dorji, Head
and compliance, the Lessee with similar activities may form Urban Planning Division, Gelephu Thromde, Mr. Jigme
an Association. Tshering, Head Development Control Monitoring Division,
Gelephu Thromde, Kenchog, Urban Designer and Lhendup,
e. The Lessee should adhere to the Regulation on Urban Planner are the key person who had given the right
Occupational Health, Safety and Welfare, 2012 and guidance supportive feedbacks for the research work.
amendment thereof. Lhendup, Environment Officer & Tshering, Legal officer
from Gelephu City Corporation had given the assistance about
the existing and proposed norms about the environment and
f. Any conditions not specified in the ToR/Criteria will be
lease terms condition for the research area.
governed by/referred to Gelephu Structure
Plan/Development Regulation, Gelephu Thromde.
REFERENCES
Lease Agreement
a. The Lease agreement will be as per the format developed
by Urban Local Body which may alike to National Land Maletic, J. I., Collard, M. L., and Marcus, A., "Source
Code Files as Structured Documents", in
Commission lease rate format for the similar cases in Bhutan. Proceedings 10th IEEE International Workshop on
Program Comprehension (IWPC'02), Paris, Fr
Foundation, I. B. “Sectoral report”, Department of
b. Lease rate, term and condition for the land can vary from Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP).
state to state and type of Urban Local Body Automotive Component Manufacturers Association
of India (ACMA), (2016-17).
A.K., Chauhan, “Existing scenariuon of workshops and
service centres in prime towns of Bhutan” Thimphu,
WAY FORWARDS 2015.
C.C.Benninger, “Gelephu Structure Plan”, Gelephu-
Smart Planning Proposal & Guidelines for the Bhutan, 2005.
Development of Green and Sustainable Automobile Service T.Lhendup, “Reason for shifting the existing workshop
Sector & legal lines of the research can be easily adopted in and service centres”, Gelpehu Thromde, Gelephu
Bhutan, 2017.
context of India and for the regions with plain areas. Leasable T. Jigme, “Offcial Meeting Minutes for planning of ISC
periods, waste management policy, environmental norms and area of Gelpehu, Bhutan, 2015-16.
area standard for various activity related to automobile / Dorji, Chhoephy, “Lease rate of ISC area”, Thimphu,
Bhutan, 2016
workshops, auto servicing area along the road side & within
Tshering, Kenchog, “List of Applicatnts for ISC area”,
market & commercial zone can vary from one ULB to ISC Plan, Gelephu-Bhutan, 2017.
another but the physical planning approach will be same for NEC offcial website, “nec.gov.bt”, accessed , 2016.
the auto servicing area. In-situ planning approach for existing Kamat Rajshree & Chauhan Ashish Kumar " Proposal
for need of physical Planning & Guidelines in
workshops and auto repairing units can be adopted as Automobile Service Sector in India, IJR 2017.
immediate action to control over the traffic jam, pollution

Kamat, R., & Chauhan, A. K. (2012, June). An WEBSITE SOURCES

Introduction to Planning for Weekly Vegetable
Markets. In Proceedings of International I. http://www.gcc.bt/
Conference on Advances in Architecture and Civil II. https://en.wikipedia.org
Engineering (AARCV 2012) (Vol. 21, p. 660).
III. https://www.google.co.in
Kamat, R., & Chauhan, A. K. (2014). Weekly Vegetable
Markets of Bhopal, MP, India. GSTF Journal of IV. http://www.mowhs.gov.bt/
Engineering Technology (JET), 2(1).

Analysis of Heat Transfer Enhancement of

Electronic Chip Using CFD
Shubham Goyal, Shashank Singh Shubham Sachdeva, Sanjeev Kumar Gupta
Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
GLA University Mathura, India GLA University Mathura, India
E-mail: shubham.goyal_me13@gla.ac.in E-mail: sanjeev.mnnita@gmail.com
Abstract— As the technology is advancing day by day, Krishnamoorthy presented CFD simulations of heat and fluid
experiments and researches are being carried out to make the flow behavior in a moderate-sized package of electronics
cooling of electronic systems such as PCB and projector’s undergoing very large power dissipation [2]. Deepak Gupta,
internal electronic components more efficient. The motive of Vignesh Venkataraman, and Rakesh Nimje analyzed the greater
this paper is to endow the better cooling environment to the heat transfer rate in rectangular plate fins rather than cylindrical
electronic devices. The location of a fan or the blower installed pin fins with the same dimension and boundary conditions [3].
in them is varied to enhance the heat transfer through forced M.A.I. Rashid, M.F Ismail, and M. Mahbub found that circular
convection phenomenon. If the cooling system of an electronic pin fin carbon nano-tube based micro-channel heat sink shows
device is designed effectively the high heat generated at the better thermal performance than the rectangular pin fins [4].
maximum load can be easily cast off, and hence better reliability Randeep Singh, Aliakbar Akbarzadeh, and Masataka Mochizuki
can be achieved. Turbulence model is applied to visualize the calculated the various design parameters for the design of future
flow behavior. This analysis is done on the software ANSYS 15.0 laptops based on the miniature loop heat pipe (mLHP) [5].
(modeling in ICEM CFD, and flow analysis on FLUENT). This
analysis will help to predict the better conditions for the GOVERNING EQUATIONS
manufacturing of cooling models for electronic systems.
The governing equations considered for the analysis of
Keywords- Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), ANSYS, the convective heat transfer coefficient through the flow over
Forced Convection, Chip Cooling, Heat Transfer cylinder are as follows
A. Continuity Equation
INTRODUCTION
Since the birth of the first generation computers in the u v
0 ……1
1940s, the effective cooling of the system in terms of t x y
enhanced heat transfer rate has played a main role to ensure
the credibility of the system. The principle of forced B. Momentum Equation
convection has become a boon to attain the higher cooling
rate. We are seeing that with the changing world the size of
Du 1 p 2 u 2 u 2 u
the electronic instruments is decreasing drastically day by Dt X x x y z ……2
day. In this scenario, the chips are getting smaller in size but 2 2 2
becoming multitasking with a huge no. of functions. In the Dv 1 p 2 v 2 v 2 v
modern era, the development in IT is very rapid and use of
electronic devices is also increasing in the same, so heating Dt Y y x
y z ……3
2 2 2
of component is a big problem nowadays. CFD is famous
especially as a decision support tool for the design of
different cooling systems for electronic components. C. Energy Equation
In this paper, the analysis is done for the different
locations of cooling fan so that it can be analyzed that what 2 2
T T T T
is the effect of changing its location. c u v k 2 2
……4
p
Many researchers are doing great work in this direction
for the past few decades. Saroj Kumar Patra analyzed the x y x y
flow through a channel via an obstruction for laminar,
transient flow and plotted different contours for pressure,
temperature, velocity and Nusselt number [1]. Kevin R.
Anderson, Matthew Devost, Watit Pakdee, and Niveditha

D. - Equation Case: 2 when fan is installed on the left side with two
outlets
……5
……6
METHODOLOGY
The computational methodology is followed to analyze Fig – 2 Computational domains for case 2
this study of cooling of the electronic chip with the help of
CFD. In CFD there are three main steps to solve a problem
Case: 3 when fan is installed on the top of the chip with two
namely: Pre-Processing, Solver-Execution, and Post-
side outlets
Processing. In the first step i.e. Pre-Processing we deal with
the geometry and modeling of the problem and after that, the
whole computational domain is divided into no. of small parts
to capture the flow behavior in full domain. This process is
called the meshing in CFD and after it, the mesh file is
generated. In the second step of Solver-Execution, the mesh
file is read in the FLUENT, after this the general setup is done
and also the boundary conditions are provided according to
the problem. After it the setup is run until the convergence is
achieved. In Post-Processing step, all the results, contours
and plots are studied.
A. Pre-Processing Fig – 3 Computational Domain for case3
The information about problem geometry and
computational domain is described in this section. This study
is done for three different cases. First is when the cooling fan
is installed at side location to the circuit board on which
electronic chips are mounted with a single outlet, the second
case when there are two outlets and the third case is when the
cooling fan is installed at the top of the hot chips with two
side outlets.
The 2D geometry is used for this analysis. After the
drawing of the computational domain, it is split into no. of
small elements by giving the no. of nodes on different edges.
Certain mesh laws are used to create the mesh-like
Exponential1, Exponential2, Bi-geometric, uniform etc.
Fig – 4 Mesh grid of the problem
Case: 1 when fan is installed on the left side with single The mesh information is as follows:
outlet Table – 1 Mesh Information
Quadrilateral Cells 122588, Zone 12
Interior Faces 244195, Zone 13
Velocity-inlet Faces 218, Zone 14
Pressure-outlet Faces 218, Zone 15
Wall Faces 237, Zone 16

Fig – 1 Computational domain for case 1

Wall Faces 237, Zone 17 C. Post-Processing

The pressure contours, velocity contours, velocity vector,
Wall Faces 358, Zone 18 wall fluxes, temperature contours and different plots are
studied in this section.
RESULT
Nodes 123570 The heat transfer coefficient plot for the chips is
calculated with the help of software package. Temperature
Min. Orthogonal 1.00000e+00
contours are drawn from it to see the cooling effect near the
Quality
chips. The calculated numeric value of heat transfer
Maximum Aspect coefficient by taking the average of it on both the chips.
1.70209e+02
Ratio These are shown as follows:
Table – 3 Results obtained for both the chips at 9 m/sec
air velocity
B. Solver-Execution
Here all the boundary conditions are provided for the Component
domain of interest where the flow is desired to be captured
Case: 1 Case: 2 Case: 3
for the analysis. At the inlet, the ambient air is used to cool Parameter
the chips. The information regarding the boundary conditions Chip 1 Chip Chip Chip Chip Chip
is as follows: 2 1 2 1 2
Table – 2 Boundary Conditions for the domain
Zone Boundary Condition Heat 104.14 121.4 103.1 119. 233. 224.
Transfer 46 544 889 6652 2212 3549
Inlet Velocity-inlet Coefficient,
h (W/m2-K)
Outlet Pressure-outlet
Minimum 3173.0 14448 3172. 1447 873. 873.
Wall No-slip condition with adiabatic wall
Temperature 149 .006 9958 .975 0029 0018
Chip 1 Heat Flux (K) 6
Chip 2 Heat Flux Maximum 5185.5 6048. 5185. 4898 5185 4898
Temperature 254 0298 5159 .016 .525 .015
(K) 1 4 8
Fig – 5 Comparison of heat transfer rate through Chip 1 and Chip 2 for all three cases at 9 m/sec air velocity

As we can see that through the results for all three cases coefficient in the third case gets approximate 2.24 times of
for the air velocity at 9 m/sec. the heat transfer coefficient is the value in the first case.
greater than that for case 1 and case 2. The heat transfer
Table – 4 Velocity and temperature contours for all cases
Velocity Contour Temperature Contour
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
CONCLUSION
The following conclusions can be made from this analysis:

The cooling rate is increased drastically by changing the location of the cooling fan i.e. at the top of the chips.
There is an increment of about 124 % in the heat transfer coefficient for chip 1 and about 85% in the heat transfer
coefficient for chip 2.

REFERENCES Journal of Engineering and Technology, Volume

1. Saroj Kumar Patra, “CFD Analysis of Electronics 3, No. 5, October 2011.
Chip Cooling” A thesis of M. Tech., Department
of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of 5. Randeep Singh, AliakbarAkbarzadeh, and
Technology, Rourkela, 2007. Masataka Mochizuki, “Thermal Potential of Flat
Evaporator Miniature Loop Heat Pipes for
2. Kevin R. Anderson, Matthew Devost, Notebook Cooling” IEEE Transactions on
WatitPakdee, andNivedithaKrishnamoorthy, Components and Packaging Technologies,
“STAR CCM+ CFD Simulations of Enhanced Volume 33, No. 1, March 2010.
Heat Transfer in High-Power Density Electronics
Using Forced Air Heat Exchanger and Pumped 6. Deepak Gupta, MominNausheen, and A.D.
Fluid Loop Cold Plate Fabricated from High Dhale, “CFD Analysis & Simulation of Pin Fin
Thermal Conductivity Materials” Journal of for Optimum Cooling of MotherBoard”
Electronics Cooling and Thermal Control, 3,144- International Journal of Engineering
154, 2013. Development and Research, ISSN: 2321-9939,
Volume 2, Issue 2, 2014.
3. Deepak Gupta, VigneshVenkataraman, and
Rakesh Nimje,“CFD& Thermal Analysis of
NOMENCLATURE
Heat Sinkand its Application in CPU”
International Journal of Emerging Technology ρ: Density of fluid flowing (kg/m3)
and Advanced Engineering, ISSN: 2250-2459, 6. Velocity of flow in x-direction (m/sec.)
ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, I) Velocity of flow in y-direction (m/sec.)
Issue 8, August 2014. 12. Pressure in the direction of flow (N/m2)
M: Body force in x-direction (N)
N: Body force in y-direction (N)
4. M.A.I. Rashid, M.F Ismail, and M. Mahbub,
“CFD Analysis in a Liquid-Cooled Carbon Temperature of Fluid (K)
Nanotube Based Micro-channel Heatsink for µt:Eddy Viscosity
Electronic Cooling” IACSIT International

Optimization of Cooling Fan Speed for Heat Transfer

Enhancement of Electronic Chip Using CFD
Shubham Sachdeva, Shubham Goyal Shashank Shekhar Nagaich, Sanjeev Kumar Gupta
GLA University Mathura, India E-mail: GLA University Mathura, India
shubham.sachdeva_me13@gla.ac.in E-mail: sanjeev.mnnita@gmail.com
Abstract— Demand of high-performance personal computers computers, the cooling is carried out using fans or other
have highly increased today which in turn has increased the systems like a heat pipe. The proper visualization and
need for the efficient cooling system. In heat transfer through analysis of these systems are very necessary as otherwise may
forced convection phenomenon, the former depends upon the make the parent device bulky or if could not fulfill cooling
variation in fluid velocity. The analysis of this paper results that
requirements may destroy the device.
variation in fluid velocity plays a key role in increasing the heat
transfer rate and helps to meet the desired cooling environment Some researchers have done their work on-chip cooling
for the safe performance of electronic components. The fan and cooling through the extended surfaces. Saroj Kumar
location is fixed above the chip and fluid velocity is varied and Patra analyzed the flow through a channel via an obstruction
behavior of heat transfer rate is visualized for better design of for laminar, transient flow and plotted different contours for
the cooling system. Simulation has been carried out on ANSYS pressure, temperature, velocity and Nusselt number [1].
15.0 (modeling on ICEM CFD results from FLUENT). The -ε Arularasan R. and Velraj R. found the optimal design of the
turbulence model has been applied. heat sink carried out on a parallel plate heat sink considering
the geometric parameters [2]. R. Boukhanouf and A. Haddad
Keywords- Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), ANSYS, simulated an electronics enclosure cooling system to be used
Forced Convection, Chip Cooling, Heat Transfer as part of a larger radar control system using CFD [3].
N.Hariharan, A.S. Manirathnam, S.Vellingiri, and R.S.
INTRODUCTION Mohankumar founded the better cooling solution for
notebook computers using miniature loop heat pipe with the
Global industries today are hugely demanding the help of CFD [4]. M.A.I. Rashid, M.F Ismail, and M. Mahbub
innovations and developments in design processes and found that circular pin fin carbon nano-tube based micro-
engineering methods. Prototyping of large and complex channel heat sink shows better thermal performance than the
engineering equipment is costly as well as time taking. Thus, rectangular pin fins [5]. Randeep Singh, Aliakbar
computational simulation techniques are gaining importance Akbarzadeh, and Masataka Mochizuki calculated the various
in research and development area. Computational fluid design parameters for the design of future laptops based on
dynamics is an effective tool in analyzing the fluid forces the miniature loop heat pipe (mLHP) [6].
their behavior and their effects on the victimized components.
Fluid as a source of energy, its use in heating and cooling 8. GOVERNING EQUATIONS
applications is in huge demand today. Advancement in The governing equations considered for this analysis of
technology has provided a better platform to use different the heat transfer coefficient for of chip cooling are as follows:
types of fluid for effective cooling.
Technology today is seeking compactness. Which A. Continuity Equation
promotes the use of small ICs and chips. These small
u v
electronic components though are fast but emit huge bumps 0 ……1
of heat, which if not cast off the device can cause a lot of t x y
harm to the parent device. Thus the advancement and
development of cooling systems have become a need of the
hour. Cooling system requirements are not only limited to the
electronic components. All the machine components generate
heat and require cooling systems. In personal

B. Momentum Equation generated on the ICEM CFD 15.0. Thus mesh generation
Du 1 p helps in finding out the précised results. Exponential1,
2u 2u 2 u
Exponential2, Bi-geometric, uniform etc. are the mesh laws
Dt X x x
y z ……2 used to for mesh generation.
2 2 2
The mesh information is as follows:
Dv 1 p 2 v 2 v 2 v Table – 1 Mesh Information
Y ……3
Dt y x y z
2 2 2
Quadrilateral Cells 122588, Zone 12
Interior Faces 244195, Zone 13

C. Energy Equation
T T 2 T 2 T Velocity-inlet Faces 218, Zone 14
cp u v k 2 2 ……4 Pressure-outlet Faces 218, Zone 15
x y x y
D. - Equation
……5 Wall Faces 358, Zone 18
……6 Nodes 123570
COMPUTATIONAL Min. Orthogonal 1.00000e+00

Quality
APPROACH A. Geometrical Modeling
Maximum Aspect 1.70209e+02
The computational methodology has been employed to Ratio
analyze the rate of heat transfer achieved through the cooling
fan with a change in its velocity. The two integrated chips
system is allowed to cool using the fan installed at the top
wall which is considered to be the inlet. The computational
domain, considering which the analysis has been carried out
is shown in figure 1.
Fig – 2 Quadrilateral Mesh Grid
C. Boundary Conditions
The boundary conditions are given in certain regions in a
Fig – 1 Computational Domain domain where the flow is needed to be analyzed. Cooling of
chips is achieved using the ambient air. Boundary conditions
B. Mesh information is as follows:
For the accurate and exact analysis of the computational
domain, it is divided into many a number of small finite
elements. This so generated is called as a mesh. The analysis
work carried out on the small elements is integrated to the
results of whole geometry. Geometry and mesh are

Table – 2 Boundary Conditions for the domain D. Solution and Discussions

An implicit algebraic multigrid method of the solution
Zone Boundary Condition along with second-order upwind scheme is used in the
discretization to converge the results with higher accuracy.
Inlet Velocity-inlet Pressure-velocity correlation is used to establish velocity-
pressure coupling using Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-
Outlet Pressure-outlet Linked Equations (SIMPLE) algorithm. Continuous residual
Wall No-slip condition with adiabatic wall monitoring is done to keep a check on all parameters for
proper convergence rate.
Chip 1 Heat Flux IV. RESULT
Chip 2 Heat Flux The heat transfer variations on the chips for various
air flow velocities has been plotted.
Setup is initialized and run to reach the convergence

rate required.
Fig – 3 Variation of Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient for Chip 1 and Chip 2 at different air velocities
Contours of pressure and velocity are generated using the 3 69.57 69.28 2023. 288. 518. 5185.
software package to determine the flow behavior and its 23 38 0068 5117 5249 5249
thermal effects on chips. The calculated values are shown in
the table-3. 5 69.62 72.43 1735. 259. 518. 5185.
08 99 5022 0076 5244 5244
Table – 3 Results obtained for different velocities
6 71.66 70.98 1448. 231. 518. 5185.
Parameter 22 99 0028 5078 5249 5249
Heat Transfer Minimum Maximum
Velocity Coefficient, h Temperature Temperature 8 76.15 79.10 1160. 116. 518. 5185.
(m/sec) (W/m2-K) (K) (K) 92 04 5023 5028 5249 5249
Chip Chip Chip Chip Chip Chip
1 2 1 2 1 2 10 81.07 85.52 873.0 873. 518. 5185.
23 84 0098 0009 5249 429
2 69.52 69.28 231.4 3173 5185 5185.
98 38 954 .003 .522 522

Table – 4 Velocity and temperature contours

Velocity Velocity Contour Temperature Contour

(m/sec)
ε: Turbulent Dissipation Rate
V. CONCLUSION G: Turbulent Generation Rate
The following conclusions can be made from this σ: Constant
analysis: σε: Constant
The increase in cooling rate is achieved with increasing C1ε: Constant
velocity of fluid. C2ε: Constant
The heat transfer coefficient for chip 1 and chip 2 are h: Heat Transfer Coefficient (W/m 2-K)
increased by 16.6 % & 23.44 % respectively for velocity T∞: Ambient air temperature (K)
variation of 2 m/s to 10 m/s.
REFERENCES
1. Saroj Kumar Patra, “CFD Analysis of Electronics 5. M.A.I. Rashid, M.F Ismail, and M. Mahbub, “CFD
Chip Cooling” A thesis of M. Tech., Department of Analysis in a Liquid-Cooled Carbon Nanotube
Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Based Micro-channel Heatsink for Electronic
Technology, Rourkela, 2007. Cooling” IACSIT International Journal of
Engineering and Technology, Volume 3, No. 5,
2. Arularasan R. and Velraj R., “CFD Analysis in a October 2011.
Heat Sink for Cooling of Electronic Devices”
International Journal of the Computer, the Internet 6. Randeep Singh, AliakbarAkbarzadeh, and Masataka
and Management Vol. 16. No.3 (September- Mochizuki, “Thermal Potential of Flat-Evaporator
December, 2008) pp 1-11. Miniature Loop Heat Pipes for Notebook Cooling”
IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging
3. R. Boukhanouf, and A. Haddad, “A CFD Analysis Technologies, Volume 33, No. 1, March 2010.
of an Electronics Cooling Enclosure for Application
in Telecommunication Systems” Accepted
NOMENCLATURE
Manuscript by HAL archives-ouvertes.fr, PII:
S1359-4311(10)00259-0, DOI: ρ: Density of fluid flowing (kg/m3) Velocity of
10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.06.012. flow in the x-direction (m/sec.)
Velocity of flow in the y-direction
4. N.Hariharan, A.S. Manirathnam, S.Vellingiri, and (m/sec.)Pressure in the direction of flow
R.S. Mohankumar, “CFD Thermal Analysis on (N/m2)
Laptop Cooling System Using Loop Heat Pipe Body force in x-direction (N) Body force in y-
Technology” IJRET: International Journal of direction (N)
Research in Engineering and Technology, eISSN: O: Temperature of Fluid (K) µt:Eddy Viscosity:
2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308, Volume: 03 Issue: Turbulent Kinetic Energy
05 | May-2014.

Numerical study in Channel Angular Pressing of
friction with strain energy on Aluminum Alloy
Toshit Jain1, Alok Soni2 , Bhawana Rathore3
1,2,3
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering
GLA University, Mathura
Abstract
Introduction
Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is a method Ultrafine grained (UFG) materials can be
used to impose strain energy in material which helps obtained by equal channel angular pressing
to increase the mechanical properties of a material. It (ECAP). Many Severe plastic deformation
is generally used to refine grain size of the material by (SPD) techniques have been developed to
produce bulk ultra-fine grain material. Equal
passing sample through equal channel. In this study,
channel angular pressing is widely used
analysis on frictional effect in equal channel angular method among the several severe plastic
pressing using aluminum 1100 has been done by using deformation (SPD) for obtaining bulk, defect
finite element (FEM) software DEFORM-3D version free material. Ultra-fine grains have increased
10.1. Dies with different channel angle were designed their strength at a lower temperature scale and
with the help CATIA. This study shows the effect of rapid formability at some elevated
temperature therefore seeking an important
friction with different die channel angle and changes
industrial prospect. According to the Hall-
incurs with change in energy. It has been found that Patch equation [1] grain size of the material is
with the increase in friction, reduction in corner gap is related to the strength of the material which is
found (dead zone), which may cause material damage given by equation (1):
and improve strain distribution homogeneity. The
result obtained with FEM simulation are compared to
 y  0  kd1/ 2 (1)
those obtained theoretically, thus it is found that the Equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP)
current study is in good agreement to the theoretically developed by Segal [2] and Valiev [3] to
result. produce huge ultra-fine grain materials hence
improve mechanical properties of the
Keywords material. Process of ECAP can be seen in
Die channel angle, Equal channel angular figure (1), which shows, a billet is being
pressing, Finite element analysis, Friction, Strain passed through two equal channel made in die
by pressing the billet by a punch. In this
process plastic strain is imposed by simple
shear at the intersection of the channels. The
main advantage which makes this process
Nomenclature attractive is that strain can be imposed in this
 Shear strain (mm/mm)
y Yield stress (N/mm )
2
process without any reduction in the cross
5. Number of passes
 0 Friction stress Φ Die channel angle
sectional area of work-piece and it is a
(N/mm )
2
(0) Ψ Curve angle (0)
relatively simple procedure that is easily
10. Constant of yielding
performed on a wide range of materials.
d Grain size of material (m)) Lubrication is used in process to reduce
friction between the channel wall and work-
 N Equivalent strain (mm/mm) piece. In this process it is the shear
deformation occurs in the material at the

intersection of two channels meet an angle finite element method and the value of strain
‘Φ’, to impose plastic strain in the work- imposed in the material. Oruganti et al. [5]
piece. Friction is one the factor which affects inspected the influence of friction and strain
the strain homogeneity occurs in the material. rate sensitivity on the actual strain for channel
The speed and temperature are other factors angles valued larger than 900. Nagasekhar et
which also affect the process of ECAP. In al. [6] examined the effect of acute die
ECAP the work-piece is passed through channel angles (Φ≤900) on the deformation
channel by three routes differ by rotation of tendency of material constant with 2D FEM
work-piece. in low-friction condition and revealed that the
deformation occurred in three steps for die
channel angles of 600and 750, in comparison
to only two steps for Φ=900and decrease in
the die channel angle resulted in an increase
in the punch pressure. In this paper, numerical
analysis of frictional effect of pure aluminum
alloy 1100 has been done, using ECAP die
with two different channel angles Φ= 1100
and 1200 and curve angle Ψ= 300 with friction
factor 0.001 and 0.3. Die of different
geometries were made with the help of
designing software CATIA. Analysis has
been done using software DEFORM-3D
version 10.1 for FEM simulation. The result
obtained from FEM simulation is compared to
the theoretical value obtained from the eq. (3)
and the effect of friction has been observed.
Also using die channel angle and curve angle
Figure (1) Schematic diagram of an ECAP die showing the each of 900 using material Brass-CDA365
channel angle Φ and the curve angle Ψ.
simulated result is obtained for strain imposed
and compared with theoretical result.
Many studies report says that the magnitude
of strain imposed in the work-piece while
crossing the two channels is determine by the 3. Finite element Analysis
die channel angle ‘Φ’ and curve angle ‘Ψ’.
The relationship which is given by equation Finite element analysis is done with the help
of DEFORM-3D version10.1 and the
(2) [4] is:
numerical results are obtained. Aluminum
alloy 1100 is used as work-piece material.
   
  2 cot     cos ec   (2) Finite element model with round section
2 2  2 2  channel has been used for the ECAP process.
And the equation (3) [4] which give the Dies used in the simulations are with die
relation for equivalent strain ( N ) with channel angle Φ= 1100 and 1200 with curve
number of passes (N) is given by: angle Ψ= 300. Dimensions of the initial billet
used in this numerical study are 20mm in
       diameter and 100mm in length. The billet is
2 cot   cos ec   taken as rigid-plastic materials and the die and
N  N   2 2   2 2 
 punch were assumed as rigid so there is no
 3  (3)
  deformation. The mesh system with 10000
  elements is taken for solid mesh generation
Many studies have been done on and automatic re-meshing is used
deformation behavior of material by using

to accommodate large deformation during all behavior of the samples was studied. The
the analysis at room temperature. Other pressed work-piece can be alienated into three
simulation parameters are given in table main regions along the pressing direction i.e.
1.The ECAP die with both channel angle and the head of that deformation zone, the main
curve angle as 900 using material Brass CDA- part of deformation zone and the tail if given
365 with simulation parameters given in deformation zone. During ECAP, there is a
Table 2, is simulated, after single pass, the generation of corner gap which is also known
effective strain contour and point wise strain as dead zone, especially in the vicinity of the
distribution are shown in figure (4) and result lower part of the deformed sample. It can be
for these die parameters also compared with seen from the figure (2) that the corner gap
theoretical value. generated is reduced when we use increased
friction coefficient of 0.3 instead of using
Table 1 0.001, used in other case.
Simulation parameters used in DEFORM-3D This dead zone may cause the material failure,
For Aluminum 1100 so to reduce this corner gap use of high
Billet length(mm) 100 friction coefficient is recommended during
Billet diameter(mm) 20 equal channel angular pressing. So it may be
Die outside diameter(mm) 250 concluded that friction reduces inside the
Punch speed (mm/sec) 1 upward bending of given sample and roots
Time increment (sec) 0.1 smaller gap in its outlet channel.
Temperature (0c) 20
Friction factor 0.001 & 0.3
Die channel angle 1100 &1200
Curve angle 300
Table 2
Simulation parameters used in DEFORM-3D for
Brass CDA365
Billet length(mm) 80
Billet diameter(mm) 15
Die outside diameter(mm) 255
Punch speed (mm/sec) 0.5
Time increment (sec) 0.1
0
Temperature ( c) 20
Friction factor 0.2
Die channel angle 900
Curve angle 900
4. Results and discussion
4.1 Effect of Friction coefficient on

deformation behavior Figure (1) Effective strain contour with different channel
angle and different friction condition with die channel angle
o
90 and frictional coefficient of 0.001
Different simulated contours obtained from
Finite Element Analysis are shown in figure
(1). Using these contours the deformation

With die channel angle Φ= 1100 and 1200
material in its outer corner region undergoes a
amalgamation of bending and shear instead of
their pure shear, this leads to an increase in
effective strain when moving from bottom to
top. With different die channel angle the value
of strain imposed in material is also different.
The strain imposed is larger in magnitude in
case of less channel angle, so to impose higher
amount of strain in material, use of smaller
(a) (b) channel angle is recommended.
Results obtained from simulation and the
Figures (2) Shows the corner gap with die channel angle theoretical results are shown in table (3) &
0
110 (a) with friction coefficient 0.001, (b) with friction
coefficient 0.3 (4). Thus results obtained from FEM
simulation compared with theoretical value
4.2 Effect of Die channel angle and found a good agreement between them.
Table 4
Evaluation of effective strain values
Table 3 Gained by simulation with its
Evaluation of effective strain Values Speculative values for Brass type CDA365
Gained by simulation with its 0
Φ= 90 , Ψ=90
0
Speculative values for Aluminum type 1100
0 0 0 0 Theoretical 0.907
Φ= 110 , Ψ= 30 Φ=120 ,Ψ= 30
Theoretical 0.742 0.622 FEM 0.922
FEM 0.866 0.676 simulation
simulation
Figure (3) Showing the point wise strain values obtained in the process at the cross section taken at mid of billet with two die channel
o o
angles of 90 and 110

Figure (4) Showing effective strain contour of Brass CDA 365 next ECAP thru die channel angles v/s curve angles of 900
5. R.K. Oruganti, P.R. Subramanian, J.S. Marte, M.F.
5. Conclusion Gigliotti, S. Amancherla,,“Effect of friction,
backpressure and strain rate sensitivity on material
Simulation of aluminum alloy 1100 with flow during equal channel angular extrusion” ,
different die channel angle and different friction Materials Science and Engineering , A406, 2005,
coefficient in ECAP was done by using 3D FEM 102-109.
software DEFORM-3D, following conclusions are
drawn: 6. A.V. Nagasekhar, Yip Tick-Hon, S. Li, H.P. Seow,
“Effect of acute tool-angles on equal channel angular
Lower friction coefficient induces large corner extrusion/pressing”, Materials Science and
gap (dead zone) which may lead to material damage Engineering, A 410– 411, 2005, 269-272.
during ECAP and may get a defected material at the
end of the process whereas higher friction coefficient 7. Ruslan Z. Valiev, Terence G. Langdon, “Principles
eliminates the corner gap which is generated at lower of equal-channel angular pressing as a processing
part of work-piece during ECAP. tool for grain refinement”, Progress in Materials
Science, 51, 2006, 881–981
The die channel angle, ϕ directives the total
strain levied in each pass. A better strain 8. Jong-Woo Park and Jin-Yoo Suh, “Effect of Die
homogeneity distribution is obtained with less Shape on the Deformation Behavior in Equal-
magnitude of strain with larger die channel angle. Channel Angular Pressing” Mtallurgical and
materials transactions, 32A, 2001, 3007-3014.
Use of small die channel angle and higher friction Shubo Xu, Guoqun Zhao, Yiguo Luan, Yanjin
magnitude is suggested for producing uniform Guan, “Numerical studies on Processing
deformation behavior or strain behavior and to routesandde information mechanism of multi-pass
reduce the corner gap (dead zone). equal channel angular pressing processes”, Journal
of Materials Processing Technology, 176, 2006, 251-
259.
6. References
9. F. Djavanroodi, M. Ebrahimi, “Effect of die channel
1. E.O.Hall, “The Deformation and Ageing of Mild angle, friction and back pressure in the equal channel
Steel: III Discussion of Results”, Podc. Phys. Soc. B angular pressing using 3D finite element
64, 1951, 747-753. simulation”, Materials Science and Engineering,
A527, 2010, 1230 1235.
2. Segal V.M. “Material Processing by Simple Shear”,
Material science and engineering, 197, 1995, 157- 10. S. Xu, G. Zhao, G. Ren, X.Ma, “Numerical
164. simulation and experimental investigation of pure
copper deformation behavior for equal channel
3. Ruslan Z Valieve, “Structure and Mechanical angular ressing/extrusion process”, Computational
properties of Ultrafine-grained Metals”, Material Materials Science, 44, 2008, 247–252.
science and engineering, 234-236, 1997, 59-66.
11. Zenji Horita, Takayoshi Fujinami, Terence G.
4. Y. Iwahashi, J. Wang, Z. Horita, M. Nemoto, T.G. Langdon, “The Potential for scaling ECAP: effect of
Langdon, “Principle of equal-channel angular Sample size on Grain Refinement and Mechanical
pressing for the processing of ultra-fine grained Properties”, Material Science and Engineering,
materials”, Scripta Mater. 35, 2, 1996, 143–146. A318,2001,34-41.

Two zone model analysis of gasoline, methanol, ethanol

as alternate fuel in SI engines
Ashish sharma
Department of Mechanical Engineering
KIET-GHAZIABAD
Uttar Pradesh, India
ashish.sharma@kiet.edu
dynamometer tests were performed for running the vehicle for two
Abstract— speeds i.e 80 km/h and 100 km/h, and four different wheel powers (5,
Due to scarcity of petroleum deposits, an immediate need for 10, 15, and 20 kW).
alternate fuels has engulfed the minds of all present researchers.
Methanol, ethanol, aromatic derivatives are fastly been tested for A comparison was made of the results obtained from the use of
efficient pressure, work, power profiles all over the world. A alcohol–gasoline fuel blends with those of gasoline fuel. The results
paucity of a efficient model mars the usage of alternate fuels. The showed that for alcohol–gasoline fuel blends , the brake specific fuel
present work highlights usage of two zone models for investigating consumption(bsfc) increased; the rise of cylinder gas pressure started
pressure profiles for using gasoline, methanol and ethanol as late than gasoline fuel. The lowest peak heat release rate was obtained
alternate fuel. from the gasoline fuel use in almost all the tests.
Keywords— alternate fuel,combustion,two zone Mohand et.al [5]. investigated that in the case of SI engines using
model,methanol,ethanol,gasoline natural gas as fuel , the effect of the choice of the heat transfer
correlation and burned zone heat transfer area calculation method and
Introduction provide an optimized choice for a more efficient two-zone
Nowadays , oil and petroleum extracts are becoming very scarce and thermodynamic model. A computer simulation is developed for
costly. Day-by-day, engine fuel economy is improving and will following purpose. For comparison and validation Experimental
continue to improve. Since vehicles has increased demand for fuel is measurements are carried out. The effect of correlation choice has been
also increasing. in future gasoline and diesel will become most costly. first studied.The most known correlations have been tested and
Due to high depletion and usage of fossil fuels, coming decades will compared. The experimental pressure results, supported for more
see exhaustive use of alternate fuels. During recent years there have general and reliable conclusions, by a literature survey of many other
been quite a few internal combustion(IC) engines running on non- studies, based on measured heat transfer rates for several SI engines,
gasoline fuels. However, the numbers have relatively been very scarce. are used for correlation selection. Hohenberg’s correlation was found
Some developing countries are using alternate fuel technology due to to be the best choice. However, a negligible influence of the burned
very high cost of petroleum products. zone heat transfer area calculation method was found.
As an alternate fuel methanol is used either directly or in combination In this work, we will use two zone model for investigating preesure
with other fuels. China and US are using methanol as fuel or profiles for methanol as fuel and see if it matches with with that
combination fuel. Further , ethanol has less toxic effects, higher energy already in use.
density, yet sustainable production of methanol is less expensive, and
is a less expensivefor the carbon footprint reduction. However, when TWO ZONE MODEL
optimizing engine performance characteristics, availability of fuel ,
toxicity & political advantage, usage of a blend of ethanol, methanol For SI engines two-zone model is one of the most interesting
and petroleum preferable to these individual substances alone. It may engine simulation tools. Further, the accuracy of the heat
be made from fossil or renewable resources, (natural gas and biomass transfer model depends on the pertinence of the simulation. In
respectively). fact, combustion chamber wall loses an important part of the
fuel energy is transformed to heat loss. Also, heat exchange is
The most interesting engine simulation tool, especially for spark closely related to knock appearance.
ignition (SI) engines is two zone model. However, the accuracy of the
heat transfer model is the deciding factor for pertinence of the
simulation . In fact, transformation of an important part of fuel energy
goes out of engine walls. Also, heat exchange is closely related to
knock appearance. However, various choices are made for heat
transfer evaluation and influence study has been carried out in the
previous studies using two-zone models. These days political agenda
include issues like climate change and energy supply. To deviate from
the fossil fuel and petrolem energy supply of
present, a solution has to be found. There is high dependence of
transportation sector in particular on fossil fuels. Therefore, alternative
fuels are in constant attention of researchers for several years.
Muharrem et.al [3]. investigated the performance and combustion

characteristics of a SI engine for ethanol–gasoline (E5, E10) and
methanol–gasoline (M5, M10) fuel blends. A vehicle with a 4-
cylinder, 4-stroke, MPFI system SI engine was used. On a chassis

Now, a two-zone model, used for formulating pressure of cylinder
from IVC to EVO, is described. Fig. shows combustion chamber
d d i d
with the open system boundary for SI engine. Two zones are made Where i gives the total heat transfer through all engine parts in
for combustion gases namely burned and unburned portions. As contact with cylinder gases
flame front proceeds ,mass is entailed by the burned zone from
unburned zone . To determine the burning rate, the Wiebe function is often used.
In the present work, the assumptions and approximations are as To describe the different configurations of application
for SI engines, a simple function with four parameters is used
follows:
1. During intake, compression, expansion, and exhaust 0 m1
processes, the contents in the cylinder fully mix with xb 1 exp a
each other and spacially homogeneous mixture in terms
of composition & properties is made. Where is crank angle, 0 is crank angle at the start of
2. Two zones are used for the combustion process-burned
& the unburned zones. An infinite small thin flame combustion process, is total combustion duration (from
separates the two zones. xb =0 to xb=1), and a and m denote adjustable parameters for
3. There are no pre-flame reactions and the model is a single fixing the shape of curve.
zone until the start of combustion during thermodynamic Heat transferred inside IC engines are convective & radiative
cycle of engine all gases are considered to be ideal. nature. However, the radiative transfers are negligible since they
4. The cylinder pressure remains constant whether it is account for only 3e4% of the total heat transfer for SI engines.
burned zone or unburned zone .Heat transfer to and For diesel engines this cannot be applied where the radiative
from the two zones is negligible. transfers can go up to 10% of the heat exchanges due to soot
5. Uniform and constant cylinder walls temperature is formation during combustion.
assumed. Cylinder inner surface temperature donot vary The burned gas temperature increases significantly with
much from the combustion gases temperature. maximum about 2800 K during combustion. It causes expansion
6. Infinite plenums containing gases at constant of gases and an increase in their motion. Heat transfers are the
temperature and pressure at the intake and exhaust most important during this period. Heat flux induced can reach
manifolds are assumed. several tens megawatts per square meter for some engines.
7. Zero blow-by losses and all crevice effects are ignored. Being non uniform and unsteady heat transfer in between
8. The engine works under steady state condition in such a gases& cylinder walls is generally complicated to find
way that state at the start (two crankshaft revolutions) is Depending on what kind of results may be required many
the same as that at end of thermodynamic cycle. approaches can be used. However, to simplify the formulation
Newton relation could be used:
For a two-zone model the main governing equations are the Qw hg Aw Tg Tw
conservation of energy equation applied on an open system , the
ideal gases equation , the mass conservation , the volume Where,. uniform supposition of Tg , hg in different parts of the
evolution and different sub-models allowing the simulation of the cylinder with same gas is there.
thermodynamic cycle ( combustion, heat transfer, mass transfer Accordingly, to evaluate the parietal losses during an engine
sub-models during the open phases of the combustion chamber cycle, the main parameter to determine, is the heat transfer
and formation of pollutant). coefficient hg .much has been written for years about heat
Since valve leakage and blow-by are neglected the total mass is transfer process from the gas-to-wall in Spark ignition and
assumed to be constant. compression ignition engines and thus a large number of
m mu mb correlations were devised for formulating the heat transfer
coefficient(instantaneous).
The total cylinder volume depends on the geometry of cylinder as The above correlations suggest a heat transfer coefficient which
well as crank angle. It is equal to the volume of the two zones,. represent a spacially-averaged value regarding
11. Vu Vb cylinder. As such, commonly they are called global heat
transfer models. The known ones belong to Borman, Trapy
Assuming gases to be ideal and the each zone has same pressure, and Guibert, Nishiwaki, and Ollivier .
the ideal gas equation gives. Two categories are classified for those correlations, as per the
pVu mRuTu assumption used for the origin of heat transfer.
For the evaluation of heat transfer in engines, the first
pVb mRbTb correlations established used the assumption of natural
The energy equations were written for each zone as follows. convection. In a dimensionless form the heat transfer coefficient,
is then given by:
n
d mu uu dV dQ Nu C Re Gr
p u ui
Nusselt established and used first correlation in 1923. spherical

d d i d
bomb was used for tests for establishing empirical correlation .
(3.5)
Brilling , and Eichelberg followed and adjusted by using the
d mb ub dV dQ experimental test results carried on internal combustion engines.
p b bi

For solution of various differential equations, value of specific
During their use , these models described the impact engine heat at constant pressure is given as: Cp /R=a1 + a2T + a3T2 +
parameters such as gas pressure, temperature and engine a4T3+ a5T4
speed. But limit of this approach quickly reached. a1, a2 ,a3 …can be calculated from JANAF tables
Similarly, for enthalpy:
Even though categorized in this family Eichelberg’s h a a 4 a a
correlation still gives quiet accurate estimation for calculation RT a1 a2T 33 T 2
4 T 3
55 T 4
T6
of heat transfer.
Now, for whole mixture the value of mole fraction of each
Correlations using above assumption gives absurd results
constituent have to be calculated in order to multiply them
other engines because assumption the natural convection is
with individual specific heat to get overall specific heat
inadequate . Thus, forced convection assumption was adopted
Assumptions:
by some experimenters (hohenberg, Annand, Woschni,) . This
  For <1 , CO and H2 can be neglected
was more realistic as the movement of fluid in chamber is the 
result of mechanical efforts which are external. Generally   For >1 , O2 can be neglected
these studies relie on dimension analysis for the turbulent flow   For rich mixtures:
which correlates the Prandtl, Nusselt no., Reynolds numbers.
CO2 H2 CO H2O
Employing engine experiments and assuming quasi-static
conditions led to empirical correlations for heat transfer in
n n
H20 CO
Spark-Ignition and Compression ignition engine. The
formulation of Nusselt number in such a case is written as:
K n
1.761
3
10
n
2 1.611 10 6 .2803 10 9
CO H 2
K 2.743
m n T2
Nu a * Re * Pr T T3
Substitute Nu and Re with physical properties, the global heat K can be determined from a curve fit to JANAF table
transfer coefficient is influenced by, transport properties,
For a fuel of molar composition CHyOz , the reactant mixture
characteristic length, temperature, characteristic velocity and
pressure. A new scaling factor is developed for coefficient
tuning for matching geometry of engine. value for the CH O 1 1 y z ON
exponent m is put forward by by various authors, for example, y z
4 2
2 2
m= 0.5 for Oguri and elser , 0.8 for Woschni and Hohenberg , can be rearranged per mole of O2 , reactant as
0.7 for Annand and Sitkei, 0.75 for Taylor and Toong. Besides
Woschni’s correlation, other correlations forwarded time- C 2 1 H2 O2 N2
averaged gas velocity which was proportional to mean piston Where
speed. Yet , Woschni made two divisons of gas velocity : the
unfired one that is proportional to the mean piston speed, and
4 *
M 1 2 * CH y O2 N2
the time-dependent one which was combustion induced gas
and thus function of the difference between the motoring and The unburned mixture, per mole O2 in mixture, can be
firing pressures. written as:
Furthermore Woschni’s & Hohenberg’s correlations are the 4
most prominent from this class. Woschni’s Correlation:- 1 xb M 1 2* CH y O2 N2
.2
9. 131C B * p .8 T .53 w.8 xb n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 n6
c1 Value of c can be known from:
w = characteristic speed given by:
K 1 c2 c K 2 12 12K1 0
Vdisp p pmot The number of each species in unburned mixture is given by:
w 2.28 U
p 3.4*10 2 *
3C T
V p ivc
Table-2 Unburned mixture composition
ivc ivc
C1 ,C2 = calibrating constants Moles per mole of O2 reactant
All above equations can be used to form SPECIE <1 >1
S
dp A B C
FUEL 4 1 xb 1 2 4 1 xb 1 2
d D E M M
7. RROBLEM FORMULATION AND
SOLUTION METHDOLOGY
O2 1 xb 1 xb
Different thermodynamic properties have been developed N2 Ψ Ψ
which would help in pressure formulation in terms of
crank angle
CO2 xb xbc
H2O 2x 1 x 21 c
b b
CO 0 xbc

From hydrogen balance:
H2 0 x 2 1 c
b X1 2X4 X5 2X9 mX12
nu nu From oxygen balance:
SUM
2 X5 X6 X7 2X8 X9 2X10 2rX12
2 From nitrogen balance:
2z 1 X3 X7 2 X11 2r ' X12
4 Also,
4 y ;
X 112
Now, let 1
* z 1 HH
2 X1 P
*1 2 K1
, 2 X4
The reactant expression becomes:
1 O O X P
* C 2 *1 H2 O2 * 2
K2 2
2 X8
N2
And complete equation:
X
1 N2N K3
3 P
* C 2 *1 H2 O2 * N2 X
2 11
n1CO2 n2 H2O n3CO n4 H2 n5O2 n6 1H 1 O OH K X5
5
N2
Per mole of O2 , molecular weight of the fuel, M depends onthe X X
2 2 2 2 6 4
number of moles of fuel , in the mixture . If the average
molecular formula of the fuel is (CH y)ά , then
M = ά (12+y) 1 1 X7
Fresh fuel-air mixture then becomes: N O NO K7
2 2 X X
2 2 8 11
Now, CO 1 O CO K9 X9
C xC 2 2 2 X8 PX4
pu i pi III. RESULTS AND
X
1 K 10
x is mole fraction
of species
CO O2 CO2 10 X8 PX6
A. Inputs2
4.1.2 For burned zone
For burned gases, the combustion equation:
m 1 TABLE
n
4 2
X CH O
VARIABLE SUBSTITUTION SYMBOL
12 n m O2 3.7274N2
X1 C1√Y1 C1=K1√P
P: 1H X2O X3N X4H2 X5OH X6CO X7 NO X8O2 X9H2O X10CO2 X11N2 X2 C2√Y3 C2=K2√P
Q: -mole fraction of species X3 C3√Y4 C3=K3√P

LHS of equation: X4 C4Y1 C4=1
X12 nC mH rO2 r ' N2 C5=K
X5 C5√Y1√Y2 5
l
r r0
k
2
r' 3.7274r
r" .0044r0
Atom balance m of equationl gives:
rFromn 0 carbon balance:
4 2
X6 X10 nX12

X6 C6Y2 C6=K5
X7 C7√Y3√Y4 C7=K7
X8 C8Y3 C8=1
X9 C9Y1√Y3 C9=K9√P
X10 C10Y2√Y3 C10=K10√P
X11 C11Y4 C11=1
B. Output
PRESSURE PLOT-I (RPM-2000, Equivalence ratio-

0.8, spark advance-35)
Pressure plot and its exploded view are taken for
following conditions:
2. RPM-2000 CONCLUSION
3. Equivalence ratio-0.8
4. Spark advance- 35 6. In present work a two zone heat release model was
presented which could predict performance of fuels like ethanol,
methanol and gasoline. Then their comparison was done in entire
domain of SI engine. Results showed that methanol and ethanol
could be well used as fuels
References
Hsieh WD, Chen RH, Wu TL, Lin TH, Engine performance and
pollutant emission of an SI engine using ethanol–gasoline blended
fuels, Journal of Atmospheric Environment 36/3 (2002) 403–410
C. Ananda Srinivasan and C.G. Saravanan, Study of Combustion

Characteristics of an SI Engine Fuelled with Ethanol and Oxygenated
Fuel Additives, Journal of Sustainable Energy & Environment 1 (2010)
85-91
Muharrem Eyidogan, Ahmet Necati Ozsezen, Mustafa Canakci , Ali
Turkcan, Impact of alcohol–gasoline fuel blends on the performance and
PRESSURE PLOT-II (RPM-2000, Equivalence ratio-0.8, combustion characteristics of an SI engine, Fuel 89 (2010) 2713–2720
spark advance-45) Original plot and its exploded view are
taken for following conditions- Hakan Bayraktar, Experimental and theoretical investigation of using
RPM-2000 gasoline–ethanol blends in spark-ignition engines, Renewable Energy
Equivalence ratio-0.8 30 (2005) 1733–1747
Spark advance-45
Mohand Said Lounici, Khaled Loubar , Mourad Balistrou b,
Mohand Tazerout, Investigation on heat transfer evaluation for a more
efficient two-zone combustion model in the case of natural gas SI
engines, Applied Thermal Engineering 31 (2011) 319-328
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Mcgraw Hill international, ISBN :0-07-100499-8.
Heywood, J.B. (1988) “Internal combustion engine fundamentals”,

Mcgraw Hill international, ISBN :0-07-100499-8
Samir saraswati (2008) “ Neural network and fuzzy logic control of air
–fuel ratio and spark advance for SI engine ” Phd submission at MNNIT
Allahabad, India.
C.R. Ferguson , “Internal combustion engines - Applied

thermosciences” , John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1986
“JANAF Thermodynamic Tables”, U.S National Bureau of

Standards Publications NSRDS-NBS 37 , June 1971
Samir saraswati (2008) “ Neural network and fuzzy logic control of air
–fuel ratio and spark advance for SI engine ” Phd submission at MNNIT
Allahabad, India.
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thermosciences” , John Wiley and Sons, New York,
198“JANAThermodynamic Tables”, U.S National Bureau of
Standards Publications NSRDS-NBS 37 , June 197


Thermal performance analysis of solar air heater with

magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2. 6H2O)
Boddeti Jagadish
School of Renewable Energy and Eficicency
National Institute of Technology
Kurukshetra, India
jagadish24mec@gmail.com
Abstract: Ti Initial temperature, °C

This paper describes about performace of solar air Chandrashekhara M
heater with magnesium chloride hexahydrate Department of Mechanical Engineering
(Mgcl2.6H2O) using scheffler reflector. Solar air National Institute of Technology
heating system proves to be a very effective Kurukshetra, India
chandru3rvce@gmail.com
technology for converting solar energy in to thermal
energy. Hot air was produced at mass flow rates of
2.493kg/hr, 3.7406 kg/hr. During charging time sun Tm Melting temperature of PCM
gives the thermal energy required and during Tout Outlet temperature, °C
discharging time the required energy to heat air is η heater Solar air heater efficiency
given by “magnesium chloride hexahydrate ηPCM Thermal storage efficiency of PCM
(Mgcl2.6H2O)”. Experiment was conducted on 11th 6. Maximum temperature difference of
and 12th April, 2017. Experiment started from the outlet air and ambient air, °C
8:00 AM to 7:00 PM. Thermal energy saved during
Introduction:
charging process has been used to during discharging
process to heat the cold air when solar energy is not Solar energy is the most abundant and most useful
available. renewable energy among all. Due to its nature, solar
energy is most suitable for thermal applications.
Key words: Solar air heater, receiver, phase
Solar concentrator should be designed for transfer
change material, air flow rate.
maximum solar radiation which was incandescing on
Nomenclature: it to receiver and also to absorb maximum amount of
incident radiation. In designing of concentrator optics
Cpa Specific heat of air, kJ/kg°C
CPCM Specific heat of PCM, kJ/kg°C plays a key role.
& Liquid fraction at the end of the Munir et al. (2014) had designed and fabricated a
charging period solar distillery plant assisted by Scheffler reflector. It
11. Solar intensity, W/m2
is used to extraction of oil from the various aromatic
Gmax Maximum solar intensity, W/m2
10. Latent heat of fusion, and medicinal plants. Scheffler reflector total cross
sectional area is 8 m2. Based on experimental result,
kJ/kg Mass flow rate of
it is concluded that performance of the distillation
air, kg/h
plant was being enhanced with the help of Scheffler
mPCM Mass of PCM, kg reflector.
PCM Phase change material
Dafle and Shinde (2012) had designed, developed
Qin Solar radiation energy on area of receiver,
kW and analysed the performance of Scheffler reflector
Qout Useful energy collected by the receiver, kW of cross sectional area of 16 m2 for 2 bar pressure and
QPCM Latent heat stored by PCM, kJ temperature at 100°C. Mainly this system designed
Qstore Total energy stored by a system, kW for steam for cooking and hot water for bathing at
QT,PCM Total energy stored by a PCM, kW Shivaji University hostel for 500 students. Scheffler
l,PCM PCM during liquid phase
reflector along with mild steel absorber plate was
s,PCM PCM during solid phase
Tamb Ambient temperature, °C

evaluated. The had observed that radiation varied Jurinak JJ, Abdel Khalik SI (1978) had studied the
from 620 W/m2 to 937 W/m2. transient behavior of phase change energy storage
Somani and Chandak (2009) has design and units and also studied the simulation techniques to
developed the multistage distillation plant assisted by use in conjunction with these models to determine the
Scheffler reflector. Distilled water was produced by performance of solar heating systems utilizing phase
this system. The system has two Scheffler reflectors hange energy storage unit. They used paraffin wax
2
and each Scheffler reflector has surface area of 16 m . and sodium sulfate decabydrate as a storage media
High pressure steam (8 bar) has been generated with for air heating system and calculated optimum ranges
the help of Scheffler reflector. In distillation unit this of sizes, collector area, and the variation of solar
high pressure steam is being processed in 4 stage supplied fraction of load with storage size for system.
distillation unit. Finally produced distilled water can Alkilani et al. (2009) had presented a theoretical
be effectively used on various industrious purposes. model of output air temperature of air heater with
phase change material.
Enibe (2002) had designed and developed a natural
PCM consists of in-line single rows of cylinders
convection solar air heater with PCM-based energy
which have a compound of paraffin wax with Al
storage. Under natural environmental conditions
powder. At starting system contains the pumped air
performance of the system had been evaluated over the cylinders at room temperature while the
without any load. The maximum hot air temperature PCM in liquid state. To, 8 steps of , and the freezing
is about 15°C. and it was found that peak cumulative time of PCM were started by 0.05 to 0.19 kg/s. Qi et
useful efficiency is 50%. al. (2008) worked on solar heat pump heating system
(SHPH) with seasonal latent heat thermal storage
(SLHTS). They simulated operating performances of
Sreekumar(2013) had designed and developed a
the system and also developed a mathematical model
roof-integrated solar air heater with batch dryer. The
for the system. The simulation results telling that the
performance of the dryer was analyzed by three
temperature of water in a central solar heating system
different methods namely, present worth of annual
with hot water heating storage is higher than that of
savings, annualized cost and present worth of
the PCM in a storage tank, and could be maintained
cumulative savings. The cost of drying by roof
at around the melting point of the PCM. The losses
integrating for 1kg mangos is Rs. 11, which was
of the system from the storage tank to ambient are
roughly half of an electric dryer. The payback period
reduced in SHPH–SLHTS system and the storage
worked out to 0.54 year, it was much less
volume of a SHPH–SLHTS system is smaller
than the estimated life of the system (20 years).
comparatively with central solar heating system with
Karthikeyan et al. evaluated the performance of a seasonal storage system.
packed bed storage unit with encapsulated paraffin
wax. The selected parameters for this study such as Choi and Kim (1995) had calculated heat transfer
the flow rate of heat transfer fluid , the effective rate in circular unfinned and finned tube storage
thermal conductivity, the ball size of the PCM system works with MgCl26H2O. A.A. El-Sebaii et al.
(2009) had designed a solar cooker and performed
capsule, and its temperature as the inlet were
thermal cyclic test on it. They investigated the
investigated. The results were revealed that the
influence of the melting/solidification fast cycling of
charging/discharging time continuously increases the commercial grade magnesium chloride
with the increasing mass flow rate of the air, hexahydrate (MgCl2.6H2O) and acetanilide
increasing ball diameter increase the charging time (C8H9NO) on their thermo physical properties, such
for all selected height. as latent heat of fusion and melting point, to be used
as storage media inside solar cookers. It is found that

MgCl2.6H2O is not suitable for cooking during (PCM). Cold air passed through inlet and hot air
thermal cycling process due to phase segregation comes out from outlet.
problem.
 PCM- Acetamide is used as PCM. The
Experimental setup: properties of Acetamide shown in table 1.
The experiment has been performed for producing Table 1: Thermophysical properties of magnesium
hot air with latent heat storage unit using Scheffler chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2. 6H2O)
reflector. It has been conducted at Melting point 116.7°C

Kurukshetra,(29°58ʹ North and 76°53ʹ East), India.
Latent heat of 168.6 kJ/ kg
Fig 1 shows the schematic diagram of solar air heater
fusion
with phase change material using scheffler reflector. Specific heat 2.25 kJ/kg °C
The experimental setup consists of the following
parts: Density
Solid state 1569 kg/m³
 Receiver- Cavity receiver is made up of G.S. Liquid state 1450 kg/m3
sheet. In this heat exchanger (H.E.) is kept and it
is surrounded by PCM. It has a cavity to
minimize the loss of solar radiation felling on top Pyranometer: Pyranometer is used to
of receiver surface. measure solar intensity during the day, it
can measure an accuracy of 2 W/m2 and
 Scheffler reflector- It is used to concentrate the resolution of 1 W/m2.
solar radiation on cavity receiver. With this
amount of thermal energy received by receiver
can be increases by multiple times. The aperture
area of the Scheffler reflector is 2.7m². quartz
glass mirrors are used to reflect the solar
radiation and it can be tracked manually
 Air blower- It is used to pass cold air into the air

heater. The mass flow rate of air inlet can be
change with it. Fig 1: Schematic diagram of solar air heater
with latent thermal storage unit.
 Heat Exchanger- H.E. is used to pass air through
it. It is placed inside the phase change material

R: System operation: ,
∆
= ( − ), (2) , (3)
,
∆
= + + +
In the experimental set-up, PCM filled in the cavity The thermal storage efficiency of PCM is
receiver and heat exchanger placed in PCM. Air is given by Chaabane, Mhiri, and Bournot
(2014)
passed through the heat exchanger. The solar rays
felts on scheffler reflector reflects on to receiver. The η = , (4)
solar energy which felts on receiver heats the
receiver and it heats the PCM. The heated PCM heats Where QPCM is the latent heat stored by the PCM
the cold air passes through the heat exchanger and during the charging period and it is defined by the
produces hot air. From 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM receiver
following relation:
exposes to solar radiation and this period called as
charging period, the readings noted down for every QPCM=fmPCML, (5)
20 minutes. From 4:00 PM to 7:00 PM the thermal
It is assumed that the specific heat for the solid
energy stored by PCM is used to heat the cold air and and liquid phases of the PCM is same.
produces hot air. This period is called as discharging
Total energy stored by a system is given as:
process. The readings noted for every 5 minutes.
∆
Analysis of experimental data: = + +
,
The thermal performance of solar air collector is ∆
examined over 11 hours for day and night time (6)
,
evaluation. The heat source during day time is solar
radiation, while during night time the heat source is Where
obtained from the PCM. = Energy stored in PCM in solid
state,
The day and night time efficiency of the solar air ,
collector with PCM is given by Al-Kayiem and
Lin (2014).
η = , (1)
= Energy stored in PCM during phase change,

Where

temperature temperature Temperature temperature (T1)

450 1000
400 900
(W/m
350 800
2)
300 700
600
intensit
250
500
y
200
400
150
Temperature (°C)
300
Solar
100 200
50 100
0 0
0008:4008:2009:001 0
1017:2017:3017:401 7
:17:5018:0018:1018:2
018:304018:5018:00 1
:4010:2011:0012:401
2:2013:0014:4014:20
15:0016:1016:2016:3
016:4016:5016:0017:
9:
Time (hr)
Reciever FigureAmbient PCM

2: variation of temperature and solarOutlet Solar
intensity at a flow rate intensity
of 2.493 kg/hr with time
Ambient Reciever PCM Outlet Solar Intensity

temperature temperature Temperature temperature
450 1000
400 900
Solar intensity(W/m2)
350 800
Temperature (°C)
300 700
250
600
500
200
400
150
300
100 200
50 100
0 0
18:10
0008:
4008:
2009:
0010:
4010:
2011:
0012:
4012:
2013:
0014:
4014:
2015:
16:40
16:50
17:20
17:30
18:00
18:20
18:30
18:40
18:50
19:00
0016:16:1
2016:16:3
0017:17:1
4017:17:5
0
Time (hr)
Figure 3: variation of temperature and solar intensity at a flow rate of 3.7406 kg/hr with time
5.
= Energy stored in PCM in liquid state.
,
6. Experimental results and discussions: Case 1: At a air flow rate of 2.493 kg/hr
Figure 2 shows the variation of temperatures at the receiver, inlet, the PCM and outlet air temperatures are 167.1°C and 74.9°C.
outlet, PCM with time. Readings are noted on 11 April, 2017. Here air As the discharging process continues the outlet temperatures
flow is continuous and uniform. The maximum temperature at receiver are decreases. At 19:00 hr the PCM and outlet temperatures
is 384°C at 12:00 hr. The maximum radiation is 915 W/m2 12:00 hr. are 67.4°C and 36.3°C.
The maximum outlet temperature is 88.8°C at 14:00 hr. The range of
ambient temperature is 25.6°C to 32.4°C. The maximum temperature If the mass of the receiver and mass of PCM increases then
of PCM is 172.3°C at 12:40 hr. discharging starts at 16:00 hr. At the discharging process time increases and we can produce hot air
stating of discharging for long time.

Outlet Outlet Solar Intensity

100 temperature (T1) temperature (T2) 1000
2(W/m)
90 900
80 800
70 700
Inntensity
60 600
50 500
Temperature (°C)
40 400
Solar
30 300
20 200
10 100
0 0
0
0
0
8
4
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
0
0
1
0
4
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
0
0
1
2
4
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
0
0
1
4
4
0
1
4
1
5
2
0
0
0
1
6
1
0
1
6
2
0
1
6
3
0
1
6
4
0
1
6
5
0
1
6
:0
0
1
7
1
0
1
7
1
7
2
0
1
7
3
0
4
0
1
7
:5
0
1
7
0
0
1
8
1
0
1
8
1
8
2
0
1
8
3
0
1
8
4
0
1
8
5
0
1
9
:0
0
:
:
Time (hr)
Figure 4: variation of outlet temperature and solar intensity at a flow rate of 2.493 kg/hr and 3.7406 kg/hr with time
Conclusion:
Case 2: At air flow rate of 3.7406 kg/hr
Solar energy is abundant and can be used to
Figure 3 shows the variation of temperatures at the throughout the year in many parts of India.
receiver, inlet, outlet, PCM with time. Readings are Magnesium chloride hexahydrate is used as latent
noted on 12 April, 2017. Here air flow is continuous
heat storage medium to give the thermal energy
and uniform. The maximum temperature at receiver
during offshine hours. Air was passed at airflow rates
is 382°C at 12:40 hr. The maximum radiation is 915
of 2.493 kg/hr and 3.7406 kg/hr. It is found that
W/m2 at 12:20 hr. The maximum outlet temperature
maximum temperature of hot air produced at airflow
is 85.8°C at 13:40 hr. The range of ambient
rate of 2.493 kg/hr is 88 °C. while at 3.7406 kg/hr the
temperature is 25.8°C to 32.9 °C. The maximum
maximum air outlet temperature is 85.8 °C. The
temperature of PCM is 164.1°C at 14:00 hr.
discharging process starts from 16:00 hr and for maximum temperature of PCM is 172.3 °C. It is
every 5 minutes readings have been noted. At the recommended that for improving system and to
stating of discharging the PCM and outlet air produce hot air during off-
temperatures are 162.9°C and 75.7°C. As the
shine ours for long hours we have to increase the
discharging process continues the outlet
mass of PCM.
temperatures are decreases. At 19:00 hr the PCM and
outlet temperatures are 65.4°C and 36.1°C. References:
1. Munir A, Hensel O, Scheffler W, Hoedt H,

Figure 4 shows the variation of outlet air temperature
Amjad W, Ghafoor A. “Design,
at air flow rate of 2.493 kg/hr and 3.7406 kg/hr with development and experimental results of a
time. It shows the difference of temperature of outlet solar distillery for the essential oils
air. It shows that when air flow rate is less the rate of extraction from medicinal and aromatic
heat transfer is more. The outlet temperature is more plants”, Sol Energy vol. 108, pp. 548–59,
2014.
in case of 2.493 kg/hr when compare to air flow rate
of 3.7406 kg/hr. 2. Dafle VR, Shinde NN. “Design,
development and performance evaluation
of concentrating mono axial Scheffler
technology for water heating and low
temperature industrial steam application”.
IJERA, vol. 6. pp. 848–52, 2012.

3. Chandak A, Somani SK. “Design of

multistage evaporators for integrating with 11. A.A. El-Sebaii, S. Al-Amir, “Fast
Scheffler Solar concentrators for food thermal cycling of acetanilide and
processing applications. In: Proceedings of magnesium chloride hexahydrate for
international solar food processing indoor solar cooking”, Energy
conference”, 2009 Conversion and Management” Vol.
50,pp. 304–311, 2009.
4. Enibe SO. “Performance of a natural
circulation solar air heating system with
phase change material energy storage”.
Renewable Energy.Vol.27, pp.69–86,
2002.
5. Sreekumar, “Evaluation of a roof-

integrated solar air heating system for
drying foodstuffs”, IJETAE, Vol.3, pp.
209-213, 2013.
6. S.Karthikeyan, G.Ravikumar Solomon,

V.Kumaresan, R. Velraj, “Parametric
studies on packed bed storage unit filled
with PCM encapsulated spherical
containers for low temperature solar air
heating applications”, Energy Convers.
Manage. Vol.78, pp.74–80, 2014.
7. Jurinak JJ, Abdel-khalik SI. “Properties

optimization for phase-change energy
storage in air-based solar heating
systems”, Solar Energy, Vol. 21, pp.
377–83, 1978..
8. M. M. Alkilani, K. Sopian, S. Mat, and

M. A. Alghoul, “Output air temperature
prediction in a solar air heater integrated
with phase change material,” European
Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 27,
no. 3, pp. 334–341, 2009
9. Qi Q, Deng S, Jiang Y. “A simulation

study on a solar heat pump heating
system with seasonal latent heat
storage”, Solar Energy, Vol. 82, pp.669–
75, 2008.
10. Choi JC, Kim SD. “Heat transfer in a

latent heat-storage system using
MgCl2.6H2O at the melting point”.
Energy, Vol. 20, pp.13–25, 1995.

Automatic Money Deduction at Toll Booths with

Two Way Charge Facility
Shubham Kant Dubey, Manju K. Chattopadhyay,
School of Electronics, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, India
shubham.kant.dubey@gmail.com
Abstract—In order to overcome the major issues of vehicle Solve the problem of deduction of two way charge by
congestion, time consumption and two way charge problem write back the time, date and toll booth ID in card.
new smart transport systems need to be implemented. This
paper proposes one such new method. We present an II.PROPOSED SYSTEM
automated toll collection system using passive Radio
This project deals with the simplification of procedure
Frequency Identification (RFID) smart tag with memory
followed by passengers to pay toll at toll collection booths,
and ARM microcontroller. This system emerges as a
convincing solution to the manual toll collection method
like making it automated, vehicle theft detection etc. All
employed at tollgates without the use of data base. RFID
these activities are carried out using single smart card (RFID
reader (RR) can be fixed at tollgate frame or can be a hand tag), thus saving the efforts of carrying money and records
held reader at manual lane. When RFID tagged (RT) manually [1-2].
vehicle enters manual toll paying lane, RR reads the tag This proposed system utilizes NucleoF401RETx controller
attached to windshield of vehicle. It deducts appropriate as shown in fig. 1. It is a powerful 32 bit ARM processor
money and writes back balance amount in tag with current with low power consumption [3-6]. Using an ARM
time, date and toll booth ID. This makes tollgate transaction microcontroller eases requirement of an upgradation in
more convenient and efficient in terms of public time and future without need of replacement. Our system uses novel
fuel.
method of RFID card money deduction with 1KB memory
based RFID Fudan smart card, so it does not require storing
of details in online data base we can simply write down on
Index Terms— Smart transportation, automatic toll
card memory.
booth, MFRC522 RFID reader/writer, Bluetooth
module, Nucleo F401RE ARM board.
I. INTRODUCTION
T HE main idea behind implementing Automatic Money

Deduction at Toll Booths With Two Way Charge Facility is
to automate the toll collection process using the RFID tags
installed on the vehicle, thereby reducing the long queues at
toll booths. In addition to this, it can not only help in vehicle
theft detection but also can track vehicles crossing the signal
and over speeding vehicles. This system is used by vehicle
owners, system administrator. Other general advantage
for the vehicle owners include fuel saving and reduced
Fig.1: Nucleo STM32F401RE MCU - Development
mobile emissions by reducing or eliminating deceleration,
waiting time and acceleration. Board [3]
Toll authorities also get the benefitted as mentioned below:
Fewer or shorter queues at toll plazas by increasing toll

booth service turnaround rates.
Faster and more efficient service (no exchanging toll fees by

hand), The ability to make payments by keeping a balance
on the card itself. The use of post paid toll statements (no
need to request for receipts). Lowered toll collection
costs.Better audit control by centralized user account and
Expanded capacity without building more infrastructures. Fig.2: MFRC522 Reader/Writer and 1K S50 Fudan Tag

Automatic Toll Collection: The RFID Readers mounted at

toll booth will read the prepaid RFID tags fixed on vehicles’
windshield and automatically suitable amount will be
deducted.
Solve Two way charge Problem: If vehicles returned in 24
hours from the same toll booths. It would deduct the
remaining amount according to the two way charges.
Ex. Two way charge =Rs.120, One way charge=Rs70
When vehicle pass through the toll booth the amount Rs70
would deduct from his RIFD device. If same vehicle returned
from the previous toll booths in 24 hours it will have to pay only
left amount of two way charge (Rs50) instead of Rs.70. Vehicle
Theft Detection: When vehicle is stolen the owner registers
complaint on the website with its registration ID and unique
RFID tag number. Now when stolen vehicle passes by the toll
plaza, the tag fixed on it is matched with the stolen vehicle's tag
in the database at the toll booth.
Signal Breaking Avoidance: The vehicle ignoring the
traffic signal will be detected by the RFID readers fixed at
signal crossing and will be notified to the traffic police. This
can be done efficiently with great accuracy.
Tracking Over speeding Vehicle: Vehicle travelling above Fig.3: Block Diagram of proposed system
speed limit can be tracked with 100 % accuracy.
IV. IMPLEMENTATION
III.WORKING
The electronic toll lanes are set up with the special antennas that
Money Deduction At toll Booth: Every time a vehicle pass
continuously send out signals. These signals are used to
through a toll booth having a smart tag (1K S50 Fudan tag)
automatically identify the vehicles that travel through them. To
on windshield, it would be detected by MFRC522
use the electronic toll facility, the driver needs to set up an
Reader/Writer, which will be at toll booth. It will start
RFID electronic transponder fixed in the vehicle. These
process of money deduction from tag in form of data. After
transponders commonly known as the tags are usually fitted on
that, reader will write back remaining amount, current time,
the windshields of the vehicles. The tag has all the information
date and toll booth ID in RFID tag. In case, there is
regarding the amount, vehicle owner name etc. because these
insufficient balance in vehicle owner’s RFID, a message on
tag have memory of 1K. They can store some data. The antenna
the screen will pop up displaying deficit amount. The user
continuously sends out a radio frequency pulse, which returns
then will have to pay manually.
only when it hits a transponder. These pulses are returned back
Toll Booth ID, current time and date will be used to detect from the transponder and are received by the antenna. These
whether same vehicle returns from the same toll booth microwaves reflected from the tags contain information about
within next 24 hours. Deduction then will be done according the transponder’s UID (Unique ID) a, balance, etc. Other
to two way charge. information such as date, time, and vehicle count could be
Recharge of Smart Tag: The RFID tag recharge machine recorded depending upon the requirement of the data needed by
at RTO offices and Gas stations can be installed. There we the toll agencies. After encrypting the contents of this
will have to connect the mobile phone to machine using microwave, it read amount and subtract the toll booth tax from
Bluetooth and enter amount. Recharge message will be that and write back remaining amount on it. This system uses
displayed on phone. diverse technologies for its working.

Fig.4: Experimental Setup VI. REFERENCES

Fig.5: RFID Tag Data shown on serial terminal
1. Klaus Finkenzeller, “RFID Handbook: Radio-
Frequency Identification Fundamentals and
Table 1: Features of RFID chip MFRC522 Applications”. John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
RF transmit frequency 13.56 MHZ
2. H. Vogt, “Efficient Object identification with
Communications SPI
Interface passive RFID tags”. Int. Conf. Pervasive
Communications ISO/IEC 14443 A Computing. Vol. 2414, Lecture Notes in
Protocol Computer Science, pages 98-113, Zurich,
Power Supply 2.5-3.3V August 2002. Springer-Verleg.
Reading Distance 0~100mm
Antenna Integrated 3. ST Microelectronics, “UM1724 User manual
Size(L*W*H) 40 x 60 mm. STM32 Nucleo-64 board”, November 2016
DocID025833 Rev 11.
Table 2: Features of STM32F401RE MCU, 4. NXP, “MF1ICS50 Functional specification”,

Development Board Rev. 5.3 —29 January 2008 Product data
sheet.
ARM®32-bit 84 MHz max CPU
Cortex®-M4 CPU Frequency 5. ST Microelectronics ,“RM0368 Reference
with FPU manual STM32F401xB/C and
VDD from 1.7 V to 512 KB Flash STM32F401xD/E advanced ARM®-based 32-
3.6 V bit MCUs”, June 2014
96 KB SRAM GPIO (50) with
external interrupt 6. ARM Mbed, https://developer.mbed.org/
Capability
12-bit ADC with 16 RTC
channels
Advanced-control General Purpose
Timer Timers (7)
Watchdog Timers (2) USART/UART (4)
I2C (3) SPI (3)
DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION
Experimental setup is as shown in figure 4. A

snapshot of the activity can be seen in figure 5. We
can see that suitable messages are displayed on
screen for detection of vehicle and deduction of toll
charges.
We have successfully integrated the idea using the

MFRC522 Reader/Writer, 1K S50 Fudan tag and
HC-05 Bluetooth module by suitably programming
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boards.

Smart Technologies for Green and Sustainable Future (STGSF-2017), MANIT-Bhopal
Entropy Generation Minimization in a Plate Type Fuel

Element of a Nuclear Fission Reactor
T.K. Favas G. Jilani

National Institute of Technology Calicut National Institute of Technology Calicut
Kerala, India Kerala, India
favastk@gmail.com jilani@nitc.ac.in
Abstract—Thepresent numerical study aims at minimizing entropy generated by any engineering system is proportional
theentropy generation rates associated with uranium dioxide plate to the work lost irreversibly by the system, which is expressed
type fuel element of a nuclear fission reactor dissipating heat into concisely by well known Gouy-Stodola Theorem [4]. The
a stream of liquid sodium so as to obtain optimum design optimal design of thermal systems by minimizing entropy
conditions according to the combined viewpoint of first and second generation has been the topic of great importance in engineering
laws of thermodynamics. Considering temperature dependent fields such as design of heat exchangers and nuclear
thermal conductivity for uranium dioxide fuel element material reactors[5].The energy generated due to nuclear fission within a
and relatively more realistic non uniform volumetric energy plate type fuel element of a nuclear reactor is first conducted
generation within the fuel element, the equation governing the
from its interior portion to the lateral surface which in turn gets
temperature distribution in the fuel element is solved
simultaneously with the equations governing the flow and thermal
dissipated to the surrounding fluid mediumby convection so as
fields in the coolant by employing finite difference method. to maintain the temperature in the fuel element well
Numerical results are obtained for wide range of values of belowcertain allowable limit placed by metallurgical
involved thermo-geometric parameters such as aspect ratio of the considerations [6]. This heat transfer process occurring across a
fuel element, conduction-convection parameter, total energy non-zero temperature difference results in entropy generation
generation parameter and flow Reynolds number. Finally, it is which has to be minimized [7]. Keeping in view of the preceding
concluded that global entropy generation rate can be minimized facts, entropy generation analysis of energy generating plates
to a certain extent by decreasing the values of total energy simulating plate type fuel elements of nuclear fission
generation parameter, flow Reynolds number and conduction- reactorscooled by either natural, mixed or forced convection
convection parameter. have been the subject for many investigators in the recent past.
A brief review of the literature pertinent to present study has
Keywords—entropy generation minimization, nuclear fuel been illustrated below.
element, variable thermal conductivity, finite difference method, non
uniform volumetric energy generation Shuja et al. [8] numerically investigated the problem of
entropy generation associated with conjugate conduction-forced
VIII. INTRODUCTION convection heat transfer from a rectangular block with uniform
Sustainable nuclear energy which focuses on waste internal energy generation by assuming constant thermal
management and resources utilization is one of the long term conductivity for the material of the block. They concluded that
goals of Generation IV nuclear reactors. Another important goal entropy generation in the viscous fluid is negligible as compared
of such reactors is achieving safe and reliable nuclear systems to that in the block. Ibanez et al. [9] analytically studied the
[1]. The simultaneous need for higher standards of living and problem of entropy generation associated with steady state one-
reduction of emissions has lead many developed countries for dimensional conduction in a plate having uniform volumetric
choosing nuclear power for generation of electricity. The use of energy generation by assuming constant thermal conductivity
nuclear power to generate 20% of electricity in United States for the material of the plate and average convective heat transfer
avoided the emission of 150 million tons of carbon dioxide in co-efficient over its surfaces. Kolenda et al. [10] proposed a new
1999 [2]. The revival of interest in nuclear power arose in the analytical formulation for steady state heat conduction problems
first decade of twenty first century has been characterized as based on minimum entropy generation principle. They
nuclear power renaissance [1]. The availability of raw material concluded that minimization of entropy generation in heat
uranium as one of the abundant element in earth’s crust had also conduction process is possible by introducing additional internal
lead to interests in nuclear power research [3]. heat sources. Ghodoossi [11] analytically studied the problem of
entropy generation associated with heat transfer from uniform
The increased interest in nuclear power research and heat generating areas to a heat sink through tree network of
development also necessitates optimum designs for nuclear conducting paths of different internal complexities. Bautista et
energy systems with minimum loss of available energy. The first al. [12] analytically investigated the problem of entropy
and second laws of thermodynamics taken together, states that generation associated with transient one-dimensional
conduction in a slab having uniform volumetric
energygeneration by assuming constant thermal conductivity for 𝑥
the material of the slab and average convective heat transfer co-
efficient over its surfaces. El Haj Assad [13] analytically studied
the problem of entropy generation associated with steady state 𝑊
one-dimensional conduction in a slab with non-uniform internal
heat generation by assuming constant thermal conductivity for
the material of the slab and average convective heat transfer co- Edge of
thermal
efficient over its surfaces. Aziz and Khan [14] analytically as boundary
well as numerically investigated the problem of entropy layer
generation associated with steady state one-dimensional
Fuel element
conduction in an energy generating plate by taking into account
𝐻 Edge of
of dependence of thermal conductivity on temperature. Sahin
hydrodynamic
[15] analytically studied the problem of entropy generation boundary
associated with steady state heat conduction in a solid wall. layer
Assuming uniform wall temperature boundary conditions, the
effects of variable thermal conductivity and internal energy
generation on total entropy generation rate were investigated.
Aziz and Khan [16] analytically investigated the problem of
entropy generation in an energy generating slab having constant 𝑦
thermal conductivity by assuming one-dimensional conduction
within the slab and average convective heat transfer co-efficient
over its surfaces. Torabi and Zhang [17] investigated the
problem of entropy generation associated with steady state one-
dimensional conduction in a plane wall with temperature-
dependent thermal conductivity and internal energy generation Stream of coolant at 𝑈∞ , 𝑇∞
by assuming convective along with radiative conditions over the
heat dissipating surfaces by employing a semi analytical
method. sodium by conjugate forced convection. Due to existence of
geometric, flow and thermal symmetry, only half of the solution
The review of the literature pertinent to entropy generation domain is chosen as the computational domain as illustrated in
in energy generating plates presented above clearly reveals that Fig. 2.
with the exception of Aziz and Khan [14], Sahin [15]and Torabi
and Zhang [17], most of the studies are based on the assumption
of constant thermal conductivity for the plate material. Physical model
Nevertheless, these studies too are based on one-dimensional
conduction within the plate and idealized boundary conditions In order to numerically simulate the problem described
at the heat transfer surfaces. Deriving motivation from some of above, following additional approximations and assumptions
these shortcomings of the previous studies, the present
investigation aims at analyzing the entropy generation rates are made for obtaining its mathematical model.
arising out of conjugate conduction-forced convection heat (i) The material of the plate is homogenous and
transfer from a plate type nuclear fuel element having non- isotropic.
uniform volumetric energy generation by taking into account of (ii) The heat conduction in the direction perpendicular to
the dependence of thermal conductivity of the fuel element the xx-yplane is negligibly small.
material on temperature. (iii) The coolant flow is incompressible, laminar, and two-
dimensional.
IX. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
(iv) The coolant is Newtonian and viscous.
Fig. 1 depicts a plate type fuel element of height H and (v) The effect of viscous dissipation is negligibly small.
width2Whaving non uniform volumetric energy generation. The
(vi) The effect of thermal radiation on heat dissipation
thermal conductivity of the plate material is ks.The plate is
washed by an upward moving stream of liquid sodium having rate is negligible.
density 𝜌f, absolute viscosity 𝜇fμf , specific heat cp, and thermal
conductivity kf. The velocity and temperature of the upcoming Taking into account the approximations and
fluid stream are U∞U∞ andT∞ T∞, respectively. Under steady assumptions listed above, the linearized form of dimensionless
state conditions, the energy generated within the fuel element is equations governing the temperature distribution in the solid
first conducted to its lateral surfaces resulting in entropy domain can be obtained as:
generation and ultimately dissipated to the surrounding liquid

𝜕2𝜃 𝜕2𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
2
+ 𝐶 2 − 𝑎7 − 𝑎8 + 𝑎9 𝑄 = 0 (1) The presence of constantsa1and a
a2 2 in the above
𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌𝑠 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌𝑠
a
expressions 3 is due to dependence of thermal conductivity
Where,θis the dimensionless temperature in the plate and the k
ksof the material of the fuel element s on temperature which is
constants in (1) are defined as:
expressed for uranium dioxide as [18]:
𝐶 = 4𝐴𝑟 2 𝑎3 = 𝑎2 (𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ )𝑎4 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑇∞ 1
𝑎5 𝑎3 𝜕𝜃 𝑘𝑠 =
𝑎5 = 𝐶𝑎3 𝑎6 = 𝑎7 = ( ) 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑇𝑠
𝑎4 (𝑎4 + 𝑎3 𝜃) 𝜕𝑋 Where, Ts is the temperature of the fuel element.
𝑎5 𝜕𝜃
𝑎8 = ( ) 𝑎 = 𝑎6 𝜃 + 𝐶 The dimensionless volumetric energy generation
(𝑎4 + 𝑎3 𝜃) 𝜕𝑌𝑠 9 functionQ appearing in the last term of (1) varies axially
according to the following expression:
𝑋, 𝑈 𝜕𝛹 𝜕Ω 𝜕𝜃𝑓 1
= 0; = 0; =0
𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑋 𝑄 = 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 ( − 𝑋)
2
Total energy generation parameterQ t Qtemployed in the
present study is related to maximum volumetric energy
𝛹=0
generationQmaxas follows [19]:
𝜕𝜃𝑠
=0
𝑙0 𝜕𝑋 𝛺=0 2
𝑄𝑡 = 𝑄
𝜕𝜃𝑓 𝜋 𝑚𝑎𝑥
=0 Similarly, the equations governing the flow and thermal fields
𝜕𝑌𝑓
in the fluid domain after employing stream function-vorticity
𝛹 = 𝛹𝑏 formulation can be obtained as:
𝜕2𝛹 𝜕2𝛹
𝛹=0 𝛺=0 + = −Ω (2)
𝜃𝑠 = 𝜃𝑓 𝜕𝑋 2 𝜕𝑌𝑓 2
𝜕𝜃𝑓 𝑎10 𝜕𝜃𝑠
= 𝜕Ω 𝜕Ω 1 𝜕2Ω 𝜕2Ω
𝜕𝑌𝑓 𝑁𝑐𝑐 𝜕𝑌𝑠 𝜕𝜃𝑓 𝑈 +𝑉 = ( + ) (3)
𝐻 𝜕𝑌𝑓
=0 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝐻 𝜕𝑋 2 𝜕𝑌𝑓 2
𝜕2 𝛹
Ω=−
𝜕𝑌𝑓 2 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 1 𝜕2𝜃 𝜕2𝜃
𝑈 +𝑉 = ( 2+ ) (4)
𝜕𝜃𝑠
𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝐻 𝑃𝑟 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌𝑓 2
=0 𝑏
𝜕𝑌𝑠
Where the symbols𝛹 and𝛺appearing in (2) and (3) denote the
𝑌, 𝑉
dimensionless stream function and vorticity, respectively
𝜕𝛹 which are defined as:
𝜃𝑠 = 0 = 0; Ω = 0; 𝜃𝑓 = 0
𝜕𝑋
𝜕𝛹 𝜕𝛹 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑈
𝑈= 𝑉=− Ω= −
𝜕𝑌𝑓 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌𝑓
Once the temperature distribution in the plate is obtained, the
dimensionless local entropy generation rateSland
dimensionless global entropy generation rate SgSg can be
computed using the following equations:
𝑎4 1 𝜕𝜃 2
𝑆𝑙 = (( )
(𝑎4 + 𝑎3 𝜃) (𝜃 + 𝜃∞ )2 𝜕𝑌𝑠
1 𝜕𝜃 2
+ ( ) ) (5)
𝐶 𝜕𝑋
Computational domain

−1 1 Fig. 3 depicts the effect of variable thermal
𝑆𝑔 = 2 ∫ ∫ 𝑆𝑙 𝑑𝑋𝑑𝑌𝑠 (6) conductivity ksk s on transverse local entropy generation rate
0 0
Slprofile at an axial locationX = 0.50 in the fuel element while
The dimensionless variables and parameters employed in the the values of Ar Ar, Ncc, Qtand ReH are being kept constant at 10,
present study are: 0.50, 0.35 and 2500 respectively. It is very much clear from this
figure that Sltakes its maximum value along the solid-fluid
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑢 𝑣 interface and it decreases monotonically to negligibly small
𝑋= 𝑌 = 𝑌 = 𝑈= 𝑉= value along the vertical axis of the fuel element.
𝐻 𝑠 𝑊 𝑓 𝐻 𝑈∞ 𝑈∞
𝑇 − 𝑇∞ 𝐻 𝑘𝑓 𝑊 Further, it is quite noticeable from this figure that the

𝜃= 𝐴 = 𝑁 = ( ) unrealistic assumption of constant thermal conductivity results
𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ 𝑟 2𝑊 𝑐𝑐 𝑘𝑠∞ 𝐻
in underestimation of SlSl in the plate. To be very precise,
𝜇𝑓 𝑐𝑝 𝑞 ′′′ 𝑊 2 𝜌𝑓 𝑈∞ 𝐻 24.27% underestimation inSl Slcan be noticed at the solid-fluid
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑄= 𝑅𝑒 =
𝑘𝑓 𝑘𝑠∞ (𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ ) 𝐻 𝜇𝑓 interface.
,,, 2
𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑊 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑊 𝑇∞
𝑆𝑙 = 𝑆 = 𝜃 = Fig. 4 illustrates the effect of variable ksk s on the variation of Sg
𝑘𝑠∞ 𝑔 𝑘𝑠∞ 𝐻 ∞ 𝑇0 − 𝑇∞
withQtAr θmax Ar while the values of Ar , Ncc and ReHReH are
being kept
NUMERICAL SOLUTION 0.6
0.6
variable k
Equations (1) - (4) are coupled and non-linear partial 0.5
0.5 constant k
differential equations and therefore, these equations have to be
solved numerically in an iterative manner. While (1) and (2) are 0.4
discretized using second-order accurate central difference 0.4
schemes and the resulting system of linear algebraic equations
are solved using Line-by-Line Gauss-Seidel iterative solution 0.3 0.3
procedure, (3) and (4) in their pseudo-transient form are
discretized using Alternating Direction Implicit finite difference 0.2 0.2
scheme and the resulting system of linear algebraic equations
are solved iteratively using Thomas Algorithm. Once the 0.1
converged values of temperature distribution in the plate is 0.1
obtained, local and global entropy generation rates are computed
using (5) and (6), respectively. 0 0
-1 -0.8 -0.6
5 -0.4 10 -0.212.5 0 15
7.5 17.5 20
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 0.6
The main objective of the present numerical study is to
examine the effect of thermo-geometric parameters on global 0.5
entropy generation rate Sgin a plate type nuclear fuel element
having non uniform volumetric energy generation dissipating 0.4
heat into a stream of liquid sodium by taking into account of the
dependence of thermal conductivity ksof the fuel element 0.3
material on temperature. Considering fluid Prandtl numberPrPr,
free stream temperature T∞T∞ , and maximum allowable
0.2
temperature in the plate T0 as fixed at 0.005, 673 K and 2354 K,
respectively, at first the effect of variable ks on dimensionless
values of local entropy generation rate Sl and global entropy 0.1 Variable k
generation rate Sgin the fuel element is demonstrated. Constant k
Subsequently, numerical results in the form of variation of 0
global entropy generation rate Sg with wide range of values of 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
aspect ratio of the fuel element ArA r , conduction-convection
parameter NccNcc , total energy generation parameterQQtand
flow Reynolds number ReHReH are presented and discussed in
detail.
fixed at 10, 0.50 and 2500 respectively. It is very Variation of
global entropy generation rate in the fuel element with

conduction-convection parameter for different values of aspect figure that irrespective of the value ofAr,Sgdecreases with
ratio. any fixed value of Ar, Sgdecreases with decrease in ReH. decrease in Ncc, the rate of decrease being somewhat higher for
Furthermore, it is worth noticing from this figure that the rate larger values of Ar. Further, it can be noticed from this figure
of decrease in Sg with decrease in ReHincreases as ReHtakes its thatSgdecreases slighlty with increase in Ar, which is
lower and lower values. particularly true for lower range of values of Ncc. Furthermore,
it can be noted from this figure that the rate of decrease in
Although Sgdecreaes with decrease in ReH, it is imortant to Sgwith increase in Areventually decreases as Artakes its higher
emphasize here that, there exists a lower limiting value of ReH and higher values. Although Sgdecreases with decrease in Ncc,
beyond which temperature in the fuel element crosses its it is imortant to emphasize here that, there exists a lower
alowable limit. Variation of global entropy generation rate with limiting value of Ncc beyond which temperature in the fuel
conduction-convection parameter for different values of flow element crosses its allowable limit.
Reynolds number. The effect of variable thermal conductivity
on transverse local entropy generation rate profiles at X = 0.50 Fig. 7illustrates the variation of SgwithNccfor three
in the fuel element. The effect of variable thermal conductivity different values of ReH while the values of Ar and Qt are being
on the variation of global entropy generation rate with total kept fixed at 10 and 0.35 respectively. As noticed in Fig. 6, it is
energy generation parameter. much evident from this figure that also evident from this figure that Sg decreases with decrease in
the assumption of constant ks results in significant Ncc. Further, it can be noticed from this figure that, at any fixed
underestimation of Sg. Further, it can be noticed from this figure value of Ncc, Sg decreases with decrease in ReH, the rate of
that underestimation inSg due to the assumption of constant decrease becoming higher and higher for lower and lower
ksincreases with increase in Qt. To be very precise, underestimation values of ReH.
inSgθmaxincreases from 25.90% to 33.62% as QtAr θmax Ar increases from 0.30 θmax θmax
to 0.50.
Fig. 5shows the variation of Sg withArAr θmax Arfor three

different values of ReH, while the values of Ncc and QtReHare
being kept fixed at 0.50 and 0.35respectively. It can be noticed
from this figure thatSgdecreases slightly with increase in
ArAr θmax Ar,which is particularly noticeable for lower values of
Ar andReH. Further, it can be noted from this figure that, at
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75
Variation of global entropy generation rate in the fuel element with aspect ratio
for different values of flow Reynolds number.
Fig. 6 depicts the variation of SgwithNcc for three

distinct values of Arwhile the values of Qtand ReH are beingkept
fixed at 0.35 and 2500 respectively. It can be noticed from this

Fig. 8 shows the variation of Sgwith Qtfor three distinct
0.6
values of ArReH while the values of Ncc and ReHare being kept
fixed at 0.50 and 2500 respectively. It is quite apparent from this
figure that irrespective of the value of Ar, Sg decreases 0.5
significantly with decrease in Qt . However, it is worth
mentioning here that a decrease in Qt will essentially result in 0.4
reduction of power generation capacity of the nuclear reactor.
Variation of global entropy generation rate in the fuel element with total energy 0.3
generation parameter for different values of aspect ratio.
0.2
Fig. 9depicts the variation of Sgwith Qtfor three distinct
values of ReH ReH while the values of Ar and Nccare being kept
0.1
fixed at 10 and 0.50 respectively. It is clearly evident from this
figure that irrespective of the value ofReH, Sg decreases linearly
with decrease inQt, the rate of decrease being somewhat higher 0
for larger values of ReH as compared to its lower values. 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Further, it can be noticed from this figure that, at any fixed
value of Qt,Sgdecreases with decrease in ReH, the rate of decrease
becoming higher for lower values ofReH as noticed in Fig. 7.
Furthermore, it is important to note from this figure that the rate is concluded that a realistic estimation of entropy generation in
of decrease in Sg with decrease in ReH increases as Qt takes its a nuclear fuel element necessitates the accounting of
higher and higher values. dependency of thermal conductivity on temperature. It is also
concluded that global entropy generation rate in the fuel
CONCLUSIONS element can be minimized to a certain extent by decreasing the
The prime objective of the present numerical study is to values of total energy generation parameter, flow Reynolds
examine the number and conduction-convection parameter.
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Smart Solar Tracking System: For Sustainable Future

Manisha H. Sabley1, Priya Sabley2, Yash Chandak3
1
Dept. of Electrical Engg., Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar College of Engg. & Reserch, Nagpur (India)
2-3
Dept. of Electrical Engg., Ramdeobaba College of Engg. & Mgt., Nagpur (India)
Email : manisha_sabley@yahoo.co.in, sableypriya@yahoo.in,yashchandak0016@gmail.com
Abstract - In today’s world, everyone relies heavily on The maximum solar power is extracted from the solar PV
electrical power which plays an important role in almost every module using MPPT and that power is transferred to the load.
activity of our life. As we know population rate is increasing day Maximum power from the solar PV module transferred to the
by day so the demand for power is increasing rapidly and to fulfil load by a dc to dc converter (step up/ step down).
this requirement we must need to find the exact and trusted
solution. The solar energy is rapidly advancing as an important
means of renewable energy resource and it is available free of cost. SOLAR ENERGY
The problem with solar energy is the poor efficiency of solar
cells. Solar energy is in direct or indirect form of source of nearly
To maximize the photovoltaic array output power, Maximum all energy on the earth. Solar energy can utilize in different
power point tracking (MPPT) is used in photovoltaic (PV) ways which is abundantly available in the nature in the form of
systems, irrespective of the insolation and temperature. heat and light. Sunlight can directly convert into electricity by
Though initial cost of setting up of a solar tracking system is means of photovoltaic effect using solar cell. Researchers are
high, this proposed system provides cheaper solution. attracted towards innovation for electricity generating
The purpose of this proposed system is to find the solution for technologies other than conventional fuels. The location of this
any load connected to solar system with desired power output.
analysis of hardware is Nagpur city.
Affordable and efficient quality through which the common
person could be easily utilized it. Geographical Information of Nagpur city (India)
Latitude 21.1458004
Longitude 79.0881546
Keywords- LDR, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT),
Annual Average Solar Radiation is: 5.09 (kWh/m2/day).
Microcontroller, Photovoltaic (PV) System, Solar radiation.
TRACKING SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
For orienting a solar photovoltaic panel towards the sun by
The rapid increase in the electricity, industrialization using sensors connected with the servo motor, stepper motor or
and issues like global warming led to a need for a new source gas filled piston, a special device is used called as solar tracker.
of energy that is sustainable with reduced carbon emissions. In the application where flat-plate collectors are used, to
Solar energy has offered promising results in the direction of minimize the angle of incidence between the incoming sunlight
finding the solution to the problem due to less maintenance and and a photovoltaic panel solar trackers are used. This will
no noise as no moving parts. The solar energy using solar definitely helpful to increases the amount of energy produced
panels comes has its own problems which arise from the from a fixed plate collectors panels. If the installed capacity of
changes in insolation conditions as well as temperature. Due to commercial application is greater than 1MW then in almost
this problem PV generator gives nonlinear i-v characteristics. 85% applications can be used solar trackers.
These changes in insolation conditions and temperature
severely affect the efficiency and output power of the PV A. Types of tracking system
modules. Due to this problem PV generator gives nonlinear i-v
characteristics. To improve the efficiency of the PV modules
different methods of peak power tracking system has been TYPES OF SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM
proposed by researcher and various products using these

methods have been manufactured and are now commercially
available for consumers use. As varieties of these MPPT
systems that are available in the market meant to improve and
enhance the efficiency of PV modules for various temperature Single Axis Tracker Dual Axis Tracker
and insolation conditions. The investigation of proposed
system based on the analysis of MPPT that are said to be very HSAT VSAT TSAT PASAT TTDAT AADAT
efficient and track the maximum power point under the various
conditions. Fig.1 Various types of solar tracking system

B. Advantages of solar energy and tracking system
 Solar energy like other renewable energies is clean,

eco-friendly, inexhaustible, pollution free and almost
 maintenance free.
 The purpose of tracking technique using
microcontroller helps maximize the power derived
from solar array in order to increase of the capability of
load current.

C. Limitation of solar system

 High installation cost
 No insolation at night
HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE OF TRACKING SYSTEM
Fig.4 Flowchart solar tracking system
10. Hardware implementation of proposed tracking system
Fig.2 Hardware architecture of solar tracking system
A. PCB design for tracking
Fig.5 Hardware of proposed system
8. Componenets required for hardware
 DC Motor
 LCD screen
 Microcontroller
 PCB
 Adaptor
 LDR
 Solar panel
Fig.3 PCB design for solar tracking system

B. Flowchart of solar tracking

E. Working of LDR interfaced with Microcontroller _delay_ms(3000); // delay FOR ROTATE MOTOR
PORTC=0b00000000; // STOP THE MOTOR a=1;
Three LDR are used to sense the sun light which are }
connected at PORT-A in pin PA.0, PA.1 and PA.2 respectively. if(y>=600 && a==1)
LDR 1 is connected to the PA.0, LDR2 is connected to the PA.1 {
and LDR3 is connected to PA.2. Initially the LDR analog value PORTC=0b11110000; // ROTATE MOTOR CLOCKWISE
is set to 350 and solar panel will set at 450 with respect to lcd_clrscr();
ground. Microcontroller will check for analog value if less than lcd_goto(0,1); //to set display posion
350. The microcontroller will start running for the value at lcd_prints("2ND POSI.."); // display
_delay_ms(3000); // DELAY FOR MOTOR
particular pin due to LDR received analog value less than 350.
PORTC=0b00000000; // TO STOP THE MOTOR
Accordingly solar panel will start tracking the sun by using
a=2;
servo motor with AT-MEGA16 microcontroller interfacing. }
if(z>=600 && a==2)
CODING FOR MICROCONTROLLER {
PORTC=0b11110000; // MOTOR ROTATE IN CLOCKWISE
#include<avr/io.h> DIRECTION
#include<util/delay.h> lcd_clrscr();
#define F CPU 800000000 lcd_goto(0,1); //to set display posion
#include<hemant.h> lcd_prints("3RD POSI."); // display
int main(void) _delay_ms(3000); // delay FOR MOTOR
{ PORTC=0b00000000; // STP THE MOTOR
lcd_init(); PORTD=0b00000000; // STO THE MOTOR
init_adc(); }
DDRA=0b00000000; //initialise PORTA as a I/p port lcd_clrscr();
PORTA=0b11111111; // ALL PINS ARE 5V INI. lcd_goto(0,1); //to set display posion
DDRC=0b11111111; //initialise PORTC as a o/p port lcd_prints("MPPT TRACKIG"); // display name
PORTC=0b00000000; // ALL PINS ARE 0V INI. lcd_goto(0,2);
DDRD=0b11111111; //initialise PORTD as a o/p port lcd_printi(x);
PORTD=0b00000000; // ALL PINS ARE 0V INI. lcd_goto(6,2);
int x,y,z,a,m; //INTIGER FOR STORE THE VALUE lcd_printi(y);
while(1) lcd_goto(11,2);
{ lcd_printi(z);
_delay_ms(100); // DELAY FOR ACCURACY _delay_ms(1000);
m=read_adc(4); // first adc pin adc4 _delay_ms(1000);
_delay_ms(100); }
x=read_adc(3); // first adc pin adc3 }
_delay_ms(100);
y=read_adc(1); // first adc pin adc1 OBSERVATIONS
_delay_ms(100);
z=read_adc(2); // first adc pin adc2 Table1. Observations without tracking system
_delay_ms(100);
if(m>=600)
{ TIME INSOLATION PANEL
PORTC=0b00001111; // ROTATE MOTOR SR.NO. (Hrs) ( w/m2) VOLTAGE
(V)
ANTICLOCKWISE 3 TIME
lcd_clrscr(); // CLR LCD SCREEN
1 10 to 11am 1015 19.42
lcd_goto(0,1); //to set display posion ( LOCATION)
lcd_prints("START POSI.."); // display START
POSI. delay_ms(9000); // delay FOR ROTATE 2 11am to 12 1048 18.75
MOTOR ANTICLOCKWISE pm
PORTC=0b00000000; // TO STOP THE MOTOR
PORTD=0b11111111; // FOR RELAY OFF 3 12 to 1 pm 1067 20.12
a=0;
}
4 1 to 2pm 1070 20.26
if(x>=600 && a==0)
{
PORTC=0b11110000; // TO MOTOR STAR CLOCKWISE FOR 5 2 to 4 pm 1055 19.02
ONE TIME
lcd_clrscr();
lcd_goto(0,1); //to set display posion
lcd_prints("1ST POSI.."); // display

CONCLUSIONS
As per market survey and awareness of green energies, its

utilization has great response. This energy utilization varies region
wise and availability wise.
Government started encouraging for utilization of green power
with various schemes, incentives and subsidies. There initiatives
have led to attract foreign investors to invest in these areas with
attractive schemes.
So, as solar energy plays very important role in changing energy
scenario, this work will definitely helpful for effective and
affordable utilization of solar energy.
The proposed prototype model of solar tracking using
Fig. 6 Graphical Representation of Result without Tracking System microcontroller is discussed to achieve maximum power extraction
from solar. These efforts are to improve the life of people especially
Table2. Observations with tracking system in rural areas where electricity from the main grid has not reached
yet. Similarly, this system can be cost effective for household
application. This proposed model provides solution to improve
TIME INSOLATION PANEL
SR.NO. (Hrs) ( w/m2) VOLTAGE power availability.
(V)
1 10 to 11am 1164 19.48 REFERENCES

th
1. G.D. Rai, Non Conventional Energy Sources, 4 ed., Khanna
2 11am to 12 1120 20.09 Publisher, New Delhi, India 2010.
pm 2. Chetan Singh Solanki, Solar Photovoltaics:Fundamental
nd
technologies and applications, 2 ed.,PHI, New delhi, India.
3 12 to 1 pm 1240 20.19 nd
3. B.H. Khan, Non Conventional Energy Resources, 2 ed., Tata
McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India 2013.
4. Manisha Sabley, Sarala Asdhau, Dr. Moharil,“Integration of
4 1 to 2pm 1167 20.31 5. Natural Resources for Green Power Reliability”, IEEE Fifth
India International Conference on Power Electronics (IICPE
5 2 to 4 pm 1085 20.53 2012) organized by Delhi Technological University, Delhi. 06-
08 Dec 2012.
6. [5]Vaibhav Bhope,Tushar Walde, Atul Mankar, Manisha
Sabley,
7. “Study and analysis of solar photovoltaic green power
systems:
8. Mathematical modeling in MATLAB”, IEEE International
Conference on “Telecommunication and Computing”,
ICTC-2013, Kavikulguru Institute of Technology &
Science, Ramtek.
9. Manisha Sabley,Sarala Adhau,R.M. Moharil,,Praful
Adhau,“Experimental analysis of effect of tilt angle and
shading on solar panel”, IEEE International Conference on
“Renewable and Sustainable Energy”, ICRESE-13,
Karunya University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu.
10. Mohammad Saad Alam, Ali T. Alouani, “Dynamic
modeling of photovoltaic module for real-time maximum
power tracking”, Journal of renewable and sustainable
energy, pp 1-16.
11. From above tables it is noticeable that by proposed solar
Fig. 7 Graphical Representation of Result with Tracking System tracking system, panel voltage output varies as compared
with without solar tracking system.

STUDY ON UTLISATION OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION

WASTE AND ITS MANAGEMENT
AMITESH NALIN ATULYA KUMAR ABHINAV VATS RAJ
(Email-naleen.amitesh@rediffmail.com) (Email-atulya.k2011@gmail.com) (Email-abhinavvatsraj@gmail.com)
Indian Institute of Technology, DHANBAD
ABSTRACT- To reduce the impact of waste materials on environment.

To carry out different tests on recycled aggregates & natural
Construction and demolition ( C and D)* waste is defined as aggregates & compare their results
the solid waste generated by the construction, remodeling, To find out the ways of cost saving such as transportation,
renovation, repair, alteration or demolition of residential, excavation etc.
commercial, government or institutional buildings, Keywords-
industrial, commercial facilities and infrastructures such as
roads, bridges, dams, tunnels, railways and airports 1. C&D waste- Construction and Demolition Waste
2. IL&FS- Infrastructure Leasing and Financial
In collaboration with MCD, a pilot project has been Services
developed by IL&FS* Environmental Infrastructure & 3. PPP- Public Private Partnership
Services Ltd (IEISL) to demonstrate the potential of a 4. Uncontrolled Dumping- Dumping of Waste
scientifically managed process in relation to the collection without Proper Provision and Safety
and recycling of C&D waste in Delhi
The project has been set up on a PPP* basis at Burari on

Introduction-
approximately seven acres of land provided by the MCD for
Construction and demolition (C&D) materials consist of the
a period of 10 years. The PPP model created for addressing
debris generated during the construction, renovation, and
the collection, processing and disposal of C&D waste is demolition of buildings, roads, and bridges. C&D materials
successful as it serves the dual purpose of saving of landfill often contain bulky, heavy materials, such as concrete, wood,
space on the one hand, and also developing a market for metals, glass, and salvaged building components.
C&D waste recyclables.
Reducing and recycling C&D materials conserves landfill
Use of recycled aggregate up to 30% does not affect the space, reduces the environmental impact of producing new
functional requirements of the structure as per the findings of materials, creates jobs, and can reduce overall building
the test results. Various tests conducted on recycled project expenses through avoided purchase/disposal costs.
aggregates and results compared with natural aggregates are Changing how we think about these materials will create a
satisfactory. Due to use of recycled aggregate in more sustainable future.
construction, energy & cost of transportation of natural
resources & excavation is significantly saved. This in turn
directly reduces the impact of waste material on environment
The management of C&D waste has become one of the major

environmental issue in the construction industry because of
its long term affects. Uncontrolled dumping* of C&D wastes
not only represents a significant environmental burden but
also a financial cost as well. Environmental and economic
effects of C&D wastes can be reduced by a rational
management policy. The aim of C&D waste management is
based on waste minimization and appropriate disposal,
which both two help to reduce negative environmental
impacts.
To find out the percentage use feasible for construction.


By identifying C&D materials as commodities
that can be utilized in new building projects, thus TYPES OF C&D WASTE-
avoiding the need to mine virgin materials, the
effort to reduce and recycle C&D materials
Classification and recording of C&DW, the origins and
effectively employs EPA's Sustainable Materials
nature of C&DW, the ‘umbrella’ term C&DW can cover a
Management approach very wide range of materials. The most obvious categories
are:
NEED FOR C&D WASTE MANAGEMENT- WHY
NOW?
Waste arising from the total or partial demolition
of buildings and/or civil infrastructure.
During new construction, C&D is produced by
refurbishment or renovation of building. In India,
C&D Waste will increase time to time with the Waste arising from the construction of buildings
development of the town and country. and/or civil infrastructure;
Thus, the C&D Waste management should be study to Soil, rocks and vegetation arising from land
finding solution of C&D waste destination. leveling ,civil works and/or general foundations.
Determine and identify the quantities of C&D Waste Road planing and associated materials arising
produce during new construction from road maintenance activities
Avoiding and minimising building waste through
better management and operating practices.
C&D WASTE SCENARIO ACROSS THE WORLD-
INTERNATIONAL STATUS
According to EDA
Country No. of recycling plant

France 50
Netherland 70
UK 120
Germany 220
Belgium 60
Global best practices show the way Which has serious land constraints and therefore cannot
afford landfills, has very stringent controls over C&D waste. It
imposes a construction waste charge on developers. The
Globally, cities have employed the legal process to
system has lowered the quantity of C&D waste needing
maximize reuse of C&D waste in construction- disposal at landfills by 60 per
cent.
Hong Kong-
Singapore-
Yet another land constrained country, recycles 98 per cent of its
C&D waste

In the US, New York has stringent measures for C&D waste as
it is land-locked and has limited space for disposal. Its disposal The construction industry in India is booming. Already at 10 per
practices are more efficient than the rest of the US. It forces the cent of the GDP, it has been growing at an annual rate of 10 per
developers to segregate waste at site, dismantle and not cent over the last 10 years as against the world average of 5.5
demolish, in addition to other measure per cent per annum. Almost 70 per cent of the building stock in
India is yet to come up. The built-up area is expected to swell
INDIAN SCENARIO- almost five times from 21 billion sqft in 2005 to approximately
104 billion sqft by 2030.
(TOI clipping)
VARIOUS EQUIPMENT USED AT THE BURARI SITE FOR THE WASTE PROCESSING-
S.NO MACHINE USED
11. CDE ASIA
12. FILTER PRESS
13. SANDVIK
14. BATCHING PLANT
15. RMC
Different equipment used

FINAL TEST RESULTS-
SNO PARTICULARS NATURAL RECYCLED COARSE

AGGREGATE AGGREGATE
1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY 2.4-3% 2.35-2.58%
2 WATER ABSORPTION 0.29-0.3% 0.2-0.3%
3 BULK DENSITY 1678KN/M^3 1470KN/M^3
4 IMPACT VALUE 17.65% 35.2%
5 CRUSHING VALUE 18.4% 36.3%
STEPS CAN BE TAKEN TO INCREASE THE use of C & D waste

reuse
USE OF C & D WASTE-
COST SAVING-
India needs urgent intervention to protect its land, water, public
space and environment from the energetic construction expected There are no detrimental effects on concrete & it is
to explode with the urban boom. Policy delay is no longer an expected that the increase in the cost of cement could be
option offset by the lower cost of Recycled Concrete Aggregate
(RCA).
Fast track formation of BIS code on recycled material
As there is lot of controversy on sand mining in India, so
Promote alternative material in buildings we can use it as a replacement to aggregate in concrete
Revise CPWD to include products made out of recycled
C&D waste Save environment: - There is no excavation of natural
resources & less transportation. Also less land is required
Include explicit provision on collection disposal, and
reuse of C&D waste in the draft Municipal Solid Waste When
there is
and Management Rules of 2013 time
Promote efficient construction management practices to boundati
minimize waste on for the
project,
Introduce tax policies to minimize waste generation and then we
prevent unsafe disposal can use
the C&D
Promoting the use of alternative material in other
waste,
infrastructure work.
Save
FUTURE SCOPE- time: -
There is
no
As this topic is new in India and it has immense scope waiting
Since we do not have any set standards and codal for
provision for the reuse of recycled materials, we need to material
setup a well defined standard availabilit
Seeing the best international practices of countries like y
HONGKONG, SINGAPORE, SOUTH KOREA, AND
EUROPEAN UNION, we also need to put the step ahead FINAL PRODUCT OBTAINED AT BURARI-
Though there are also
some initiative taken
Kerb stones
by the Indian architect,
and the local Interlocking bricks
government We can Concrete blocks
follow up some the
steps to increase the Concrete tiles

CONCLUSION-
These plans should identify the types of waste to be generated and
It has been established that materials & components from the method of handling, and the recycling and disposal procedures.
demolished buildings are being reused for new construction
In addition, areas for the temporary accumulation or storage of
works as well as renovation projects, especially by low-income
the construction waste materials should be clearly designated.
communities in developing countries like India.
This current study concentrates on those waste materials,
In developing countries most of the demolition rubble is specifically glass waste, plastics and building construction waste
dumped, the developed world has now started to recycle it into to be used as substitutes for conventional materials, mainly
aggregate for non-structural concrete. aggregates, in ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPC) mixes.
It is hoped that recycling waste material for use in the

building will cut down costs of producing new raw materials
thereby reducing consumption of natural resources like
energy & reduces usage of landfills.
The use of recycled aggregates saves natural resources and

dumping spaces, and helps to maintain a clean environment.
In general, for any construction project, plans for recycling of waste

materials should be developed prior to the commencement of work.

Recycling concrete as aggregate offers a solution to “Assessment of Recycled Aggregate Concrete” publish by S R
Yadav, S R Pathak,
the problems encountered with the quarrying of natural
“Use Of Recycled Concrete Aggregate In Making Concrete- An
aggregates and the disposal of old concrete
Overview” 34th Conference on OUR WORLD IN CONCRETE
& STRUCTURES
The tests carried out in this study were primarily designed to
provide an indication of relative advantages and
Y P Gupta “USE Of Recycled Aggregate In Concrete
disadvantages of the use of a number of construction wastes,
Construction:A Need For Sustainable Environment” 34th
such as crushed concrete waste
Conference on OUR WORLD IN CONCRETE &
STRUCTURES: 16 – 18 August 2009, Singapore
This would provide an overview of the reuse of construction
waste materials in the construction industry.
Centre for science and environment, new delhi, india
REFERENCES-
National Construction and Demolition Waste Council
www.google.com/www.wikipedia.com
International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology.

Monitoring and Controlling of Environmental

Parameters in a Polyhouse
1
PREETI V. HAZARE
Assistant Professor in Electrical Engineering
Datta Meghe College of engineering and technology,
Sawangi Meghe, Wardha.
preetihazare@yahoo.in
2 3 4
VIVEK N. MILMILE ANIKET S. KATRE MAYUR S. KHANKE
Datta Meghe College of engineering Datta Meghe College of engineering Datta Meghe College of engineering
and technology, and technology, and technology,
Sawangi Meghe, Wardha. Sawangi Meghe, Wardha. . Sawangi Meghe, Wardha.
Vivek.milmile2@gmail.com aniketkatre28@gmail.com khankemayur@gmail.com
transfer between the green houses and the control system

ABSTRACT: is mainly provided by suitable wired communication
Flower gardening is a fast emerging and highly system, such as a field bus. It is well known that, about
competitive industry. With the continuous 95% of plants, either crop cash crops are grown in open
introduction of new cultivators and new crops, field where the climatic conditions are extremely
cultural techniques are changing and hence new
adverse resulting poor growth of crops. Hence
products are developing. Decorative crop culture
technology is improving with the availability of greenhouses are particularly needed to grow plants
equipment and there is a sea change in the trend of under natural environmental conditions. Different
consumers. Modern technology is employed with environmental factors are responsible for development
new generation of growers for maximizing of plant growth. In some case Environment composed of
production and offer quality produce for consumer various factors like light, temperature, humidity, CO2
acceptability, thus fetching a better price. It has gas which, poor or weak environment can damage plants
emerged as a lucrative profession with the much
by providing disease. Hence better understanding of
higher potential for returns compared to other agri-
horticultural crops. climatic factors is necessary that may affect the
Keywords: AC Power Supply, AC Motor, DC development of the plants and appropriate actions can
Motor, Sensors, Microcontroller, Relays, Power relays. be drawn to prevent these problems. The imbalance of
INTRODUCTION parameters causes various diseases for crop growth. To
overcome these diseases, environmental parameters are
Previously old and traditional methods of crop needed to be control. Hence the system is made based
cultivation were used by farmers which require a on wireless communication which is stable and suitable
tremendous amount of hard work and attention. Also for data acquisition and device control in different kind’s
the results of crops were obtained with poor quality agricultural sites. The necessary hardware used in this
and less productivity. This causes difficulty in project is microcontroller (At-mega32) as central
implementing traditional cultivation techniques as processing unit, sensors for sensing the physical
old methods need a lot of hard work and also they parameters, relays for controlling output devices and
were time consumable. The green houses provide LCD for displaying the parameters under control. The
automatic and effective controlling techniques for software used is Micro C pro for AVR and protocol for
improvement in crop growth over old growing communication is TCP/IP. The sensors, constitute the
methods. This will reduce human efforts required for data acquisition system, sense the change in parameters
growing crops in open field. Greenhouses are and provide information to the microcontroller.
framed or inflated structures covered with
transparent or translucent material large enough to
grow crops under partial or full
controlled environmental conditions to get optimum

growth and productivity. At present, the data

OBJECTIVES 16. ADC: The main part of our project is

microcontroller which reads only digital input. (0V &
A Poly House is a Structure made up of 5V) But the output of Amplifier is in analog form, so it
polyethylene, usually, 3 shapes known as Barrel has to be converted into digital format, for this purpose
Shaped, Ridges and Furrow and Saw Tooth Shaped we are going to use ADC to convert analog output from
are used. The interior structure of the poly house amplifier into the digital output to be given to
heats up due to incoming solar radiation from the sun microcontroller.
and warms plants, soil, and other things inside
building faster than the heat can escape the structure. 3.Microcontroller: This is the CPU (central processing
Air warmed by the heat from hot interior surfaces is unit) of our project. We are going to use microcontroller
retained in the building by the roof and wall. of 8051 family. The various functions of microcontroller
Temperature, humidity and ventilation can be are like
controlled by equipment fixed in the Poly House.
I. Reading the digital input from ADC which is derived
Poly house is the process in which the plants are
from Temperature and soil moisture sensor,
being monitored and survived for their future
humidity sensors, rain detectors and air pressure .
growth. We are also measuring the various
parameters like temperature, light, humidity, soil
moisture and will be displayed on the LCD. We are 7. Sending this data to LCD so that the person
also giving the security to the playhouse. operating this project should read the values of
Temperature and light is sensed by respective temperature and soil moisture sensor,
sensors and sensor output is amplified and given to humidity sensors, rain detectors and air pressure
ADC. Microcontroller controls these parameters and
keeps them at some predefined levels using relay III. Controlling the parameters like Temperature,
interface. These relays can be connected to all soil moisture sensor, humidity sensors, rain
control devices. And the values of temperature and detectors and air pressure turning On/Off the
light to a computer through serial port. respective relays
IV. Sending the values of temperature and l soil

moisture sensor, humidity sensors, rain detectors and air
pressure to the computer using serial port
4.Relay: We have used 6 relays in our project. First one

will be turned on when the temperature falls below the
desired value. And the second relay will be turned on
when temperature reaches above the desired value. (e.g.
if the desired value is 20 degree C, then Relay 1 will be
turned on when temperature Is 19 or below and Relay 2
will be turned on when temperature is 21 or above)
5.Ac motor: we have use to use 1 ac motor in our project

soil moisture sensors sense the moisture of
the soil ,if soil is dry then ac motor is automatically start
and after at desired moisture of
the soil motor automatically turn off. Also ac motor used
for fogging system through the humidity sensors.
POLYHOUSE AUTOMATION
1.Sensors : we are going to use soil moisture sensors,
humidity sensors, rain detectors sensors temperature Polyhouse is a system which protects the agricultural
sensor and lair pressure sensor to sense soil moisture crops and plants of farmers from
,humidity rain detect, temperature and air pressure
respectively. These sensors sense the parameters and
gives corresponding voltage output

sudden change in weather and regulates the have its own Internet Protocol address. Such a
environment inside the Polyhouse according to the system greatly increases the versatility of the
requirement. Because of this the farmers can grow monitoring and control strategy. The need for
continuous in-situ monitoring by personnel is
their crops without any external obstruction. Thus,
eliminated to a large extent, as farmers and
monitoring and controlling forms the core element stakeholders can be remotely connected to the
of a Polyhouse development. Control of internal polyhouse environment through a simple internet
environment is achieved by managing several connection. The field server (Web server) collects
elements like air movement, sliding louvers, exhaust all the sensor data and publishes it on the World
fans, heaters, air conditioning systems, sunroof, etc. Wide Web (WWW) in the form of HTTP; this is
In our project the complete Polyhouse automation done in real-time and all the clients having
authenticated access to the web server will get this
control system will be done through a network of
data through the internet. Such a system can also be
sensors and controllers/actuators, which in turn will easily extended so that the control and monitoring of
detect the environmental changes of the Polyhouse specified parameters can not only be done through
and take necessary action against predefined set of the internet, but farmers can also use their mobile
normal values. Factors such as economics, size, and telephones to accomplish the same task. Benefit of
ambient environment shall determine the level of using the mobile phone is that there is no limit to the
complexity of a polyhouse control system. In this distance as well as 3 there is no need for proximity
of the client to an internet connection. In this paper,
section we briefly review the various existing and
we demonstrate an internet based process
upcoming technologies which can be incorporated monitoring and control system for a Polyhouse. The
for achieving Polyhouse automation monitoring and developed system, as noted earlier, has the
control. The farmer or a service provider can set possibility of integration with GSM communication
different sensors datum control parameters. When platform
the sensor sense, the network detects a value that is
higher or lower than the predefined datum, then the ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS
required sensors will turn on automatically. Sensors
AFFECTING
CROP GROWTH AND CONTROL
are installed both inside and outside of the
The environmental conditions are mostly
Polyhouse. The outside sensors collect the data responsible for the development of a plant or crop.
about the ambient weather conditions such as rain The environment consists of many different factors
detector sensor, while the insides sensors detect the including light, ambient temperature, soil
Polyhouse response such as temperature, humidity temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and CO2
etc.. In case of multiple control system, a logical which can directly or indirectly influence the natural
advancement from single point static control, a growth of plants. These climate factors play an
important role in the quality and productivity of
single access point can control multiple devices or plant growth. In some cases, poor environmental
elements. For example, exhaust fan followed by conditions can either damage a plant directly or
switching on light and sliding louvers can be indirectly. An Embedded systems approach to
simultaneously activated based on single input monitor greenhouse have become quite important
parameter. For large-scale applications such control now a days, especially for monitoring and control of
strategies can be implemented on an integrated green house systems. A good understanding of these
climate factors allows the grower to be more aware
control platform, e.g.
of any potential problems that may affect the
microcontrollers or Programmable Logic development of the plants and appropriate actions
Controllers (PLC). Individual microcontrollers can can be drawn to prevent these problems from
be networked in a modular fashion with a master happening. At the same time, if the value of these
controller, which manages multitasking. Sensor parameters is continuously changing then it also
networking can be achieved through a wired causes the disease on crops. in case of papaya, high
network (WLAN) or alternatively a Polyhouse humidity of 80-85% and temperature range of 24-
wireless sensor networks (WSN). A field server is 26_C cause development of the powdery mildew
essentially a computer that should be durable, disease because of which small darken areas
compact and economical enough to be installed appears on the leaves of papaya which later become
universally in the fields throughout the year. With white powdery spot. Hence there is need for
deep penetration of internet services to remote controlling of environmental parameters as per the
countryside, it is possible to convert a field server requirement of proper and disease free plants.
into a webserver. In such cases, a field server will

A. Temperature Control is very low which causes pale yellow leaves. Also
Temperature influences most plant development growth of plant gets terminated. Hence there is need
process including photosynthesis, transpiration, to control light in proper proportion for development
absorption, respiration and flowering. In general, of plant growth. So in this project we are using LDR
growth is promoted when the temperature rise and sensor from which temperature gets reduced below
inhibited when temperature falls. The growth rate of the predefined value then the sensor sense and give
a plant will not continue to increase with the instruction to the Microcontroller and light gets on.
increasing of temperature. Each species of plant has
a different temperature range in which they can D. Moisture Sensor
grow. Below this range, processes necessary for life The Moisture Sensor detects the moisture of the soil
stop, ice forms within the tissue, tying up water around the sensor, which is ideal for monitoring the
necessary for life processes. Above this range, plants or the soil moisture. This sensor uses the two
enzymes become inactive and again process probes to pass current through the soil, and then it
essential for life stop. For example, in case of chilies reads that resistance to get the moisture level. Excess
Damping Off disease occurs due to temperature of water makes the soil conduct electricity better; while
20_C, hence seedlings killed before emergence as dry soil conducts electricity poor.
shown in. Therefore there is need to control
temperature. Chilies infected by damping off E. Microcontroller
The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board
B. Humidity Control based on the ATmega2560 (datasheet). It has 54
Humidity is important to plants because it partly digital input/output pins (of which 14 can be used as
controls the moisture loss from the plant. The leaves PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs
of plants have tiny pores, CO2 enters the plants (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator,
through these pores, and oxygen and water leave a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header,
through them. Transpiration rates decrease and a reset button. It contains everything needed to
proportionally to the amount of humidity in the air. support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
This is because water diffuses from areas of higher computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-
concentration to areas of lower concentration [4]. As to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Mega is
there is no one level of humidity that is good for all compatible with most shields designed for the
crops, the preferred humidity level is needed to be Arduino Duemilanove or Diecimila.
established of crops in green house for best growing
condition. During summer season, air is too dry CONCLUSION
which makes humidity level low and hence plants
will transpire more rapidly, this will also lose a large In India traditional farming is popular but Polyhouse
amount of moisture which is not suitable for growth farming has come forward to replace this traditional
of plants. In order to prevent such unbalance farming. It provides better crop in a short period of
conditions, humid atmosphere had been created in time with less manual labor. It reduces reliance on
green house by using humidification technique like rainfall & apex usage of land & water resources.
misters, fogging and roof sprinklers. For plants that Polyhouse farming help the farmers for their living
require very high humidity, automatic spray system by growing multiple crops. Polyhouse cultivation
can be used to control humidity levels. In small avoids over & under irrigation and reduces the
green house spray can be mist by hands. The wastage of water.
humidity control is also provides disease free The main advantage is that the system’s action can
vegetables. For example, Leaf Mold is common and be
destructive disease on tomatoes under humid changed according to the situation for different
conditions. This disease is most destructive in green types of crops, extreme weather conditions like
house when humidity is very high hence there is floods & draught. A stand by battery or solar cell
need to control humidity to overcome this disease. can be used for reducing the power consumption
and to avoid the power failure .
C. Light Control
Light plays most important role in photosynthesis REFERENCE
process as all living organism get energy from light. 11. Priyanka Jayram Gurao, “Auto Monitoring
The rate of photosynthesis process is reduced in And Control Of Environmental Parameters For
absence of light. Polyhouse System”,march 2016.
Without light, a plant would not be able to produce
the energy it needs to grow. The clear effect can be 12. K.Lokesh Krishna, J.Madhuri, Dr.K.Anuradha,
seen between plant grown in normal light and same “A ZigBee based Energy Efficient Environmental
plant grown in total darkness that is without light. Monitoring Alerting and Controlling System”,
The chlorophyll content of plant grown in the dark ICICES2016.

“Realtime Monitoring and Control System for Green House
Based On 802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Network”, IEEE 2014
13. P. S. Asolkar, Prof.Dr. U. S. Bhadade, “An
Effective Method of Controlling the Greenhouse 17. Qui zengshuai, “enviromental parameter control
and Crop Monitoring Using GSM” , IEEE 2015
of the greenhose”,2012
14. S.R.Boselin Prabhu, “Environmental 18. Yogesh R. Sonawane a , Sameer Khandekar a ,
Monitoring And Polyhouse Controlled By Bipin Kumar Mishra a , K. K. Soundra Pandian b,
Distributed Sensor Network”, 2014.
“Environment Monitoring and Control of a
Polyhouse Farm through Internet” , 2008
15. Hemraj, “Power Estimation And Automation
OfPolyhouseUsingWirelessSwnsor
Network”,2014.
16. Jaypal Baviskar∗,Afshan Mulla†, Amol

Baviskar‡, Shweta Ashtekar§ and Amruta Chintawar,

Impactanalysis of smart city mission on society
Ar. Amrita Rastogi (Urban Planner) & Ar. Madhuri Jawale (Urban Planner)
ar.rastogi.amrita@gmail.com, madhurij13@gmail.com
7520663514, 9175358941
Abstract intangible factors that impact the quality of life of

The paper presents the main result of a previously livable citizens in smart society. Quality of life in
developed concept of smart city (1990), which has any city is measured by transportation conditions,
impacted on city network, local government and water supply, solid waste management, waste
exerting a strong influence of smartness in terms of reduction, safety conditions, energy availability,
technology. The biggest objective of smart cities are financial sustainability and housing situation. The
keeping in our mind like sustainable inclusive paper is structured as follows: The first section of
development and social transformation and the paper investigates the impact of real factors of
developmental, policy oriented approach. or smart city concept over society.The second section
(Sustainable inclusive development, social of the paper advantages and disadvantagesof smart
transformation and development, and policy living in smart cities. This paper also outlined some
oriented approach is the most important objective of of the challenges that exist in attempting to
smart cities) The focus of this research paper is to implement smart city idea at communal level.
critically examine the government’s smart city Keywords: Smart city, Technology, Development,
project and explore the various tangible and Society etc.
Introduction
It is estimated that around 40% of Indian population
is going to reside in urban areas which will
contribute around 75% of Indian GDP by 2030. For
this inclusive development of physical, institutional,
social and economic infrastructure is required. All
this factors are important in improving the quality of
life and attracting people and investment. Setting in
motion a good cycle of growth and development.
Development of Smart Cities is a step in that
direction.
Smart city Mission is a five year programlaunched
in 2015 by PM Modi, which will include all the
Indian stated and union territories. The mission will
start showing results from 2022 onwards. Both
central and state government will provide financial
aid from 2017 to 2022 to the cities. There are 98 Figure 20 Smart city selection process
cities are nominated under this mission, at the five
What is smart city Mission? - The concept of
years down will graduate into smart cities, 24 are
Smart Sustainable Cities is traditionally planned and
capital cities, another 24 are business and industrial
organically grown settlements. Smart Cities Mission
centres, 18 are culture and tourism influenced
is an ambitious project of Government of India
areas,05 are port cities and 03 are education and
targeting 100 cities for improving their urban quality
health care hubs. Below flow diagram shows the
of life. The main concept of smart city is a city that
selection process of smart cities are divided into
utilizes innovative technology not just to offer
which type of stages:
services that improve the quality of life, but also to
gather and integrate data on all the different aspects
of the urban environment. If we say in easy words

smart city is the smarter planet initiative. This
mission inclusive of terms digital city and connected
cities. For any city the basics for society
development are human infrastructure that promote
cities and give decent quality of life to its citizens, a
clean and sustainable environment application of
‘smart’ solutions.
The main idea behind this mission is to look a
compact area and create a responsible model which
act a lighthouse to other aspiring cities. The core
infra elements are water supply, assured electricity
supply, sanitation, SWM, efficient urban mobility +
public transport, affordable housing, IT connectivity
+ digitalization, governance + e-governance, citizen
participation, sustainable environment, safety
provision for women and children and health +
education etc.
water
supply Electri Map 1 Topped 20 Smart cities
Educat
city
ion
supply Bhubaneswar, Odisha topped the list of top 20,
followed by Pune, Maharashtra and Jaipur,
sanitat
Health Rajasthan are potential cities. The formula gives
ion
equal weightage (50:50) to urban population of the
Smart
state, and the no. of statutory towns in the state.
city
E
govera SWM Bhubaneswar:known as the “Temple City” -
nce
“Bhubaneswar today is a model of livability evident
IT Urban by the city’s stable growth rate in the recent decades.
connec mobilit It is one of the few cities that has been able to
tivity Housin y
g
successfully capitalize upon its assets- be it the
tangible and intangible heritage (natural, built and
Figure 21Core elements of smart city Mission people) or its strategic location- into economic
drivers that have shaped the city’s growth in the
Example of various smart cities:According to
recent decades.”
MoUD announced the 1st round winner selection of
20 smart cities which are shows in below map.
Post-Independence, the modern city of
Bhubaneswar, designed by German architect Otto
Konigsberger in 1946, was established to shape the
city in serving as an administrative centre for the
state. Today, the city is an emerging hub for
education, health and information technology. The
citizens of Bhubaneswar can take pride in the
several distinctions bestowed to the city,
including:Only Tier-2 city in the country to host the
top five Indian IT companies: Infosys, Wipro, Tata
Consultancy Services, Tech Mahindra and
Mindtree; Ranked 3rd Best Place to “Do Business in
India” by World Bank; One of the planned four
“Information Technology Investment Regions” in
India.Further, Bhubaneswar also plays an important

role as a regional gateway to the Golden Tourist Indore: India’s cleanest city - Indore Municipal
Triangle of Puri, Konark, and Chilika Lake. Its Corporation grants a stage to its residents to actively
strategic geographic location along the east coast of participate in making Indore a Smart City. In
India, has positioned Bhubaneswar to serve as the Swachh Survekshan 2017, Indore has won The
gateway to South-east Asia with easy access to Cleanest City award. In this citizen response along
existing and emerging ports, petrochemical and steel with good governance had played important role to
hubs at Paradeep, Kalinganagar, Dharma and meet their aspirations. Highest number of people
Gopalpur. Additionally, a number of new ports are from Indore as well Bhopal are supporting smart city
being proposed along the Odisha coast, which will mission.
further improve connectivity required for exports.
Below maps shoes the wards and villages in the map
of city:
2017 • Top of the Heap
2016 • 25th positon
• 149th position
2014
Figure 22Progress in cleanliness
Also Indore has been declared ODF in urban areas.

Under the Swachh Bharat Mission, rural Indore also
saw an improvement in construction of toilets.
According to the ministry of drinking water and
sanitation, Indore reached 94.33% in 2016-17 from
72.46% in 2014-15 in toilet construction.According
to the findings of the Swachh Survekshan survey, for
road construction and repair plastic generated in the
city is used. Lot of work is done in SWM likedoor-
to-door solid waste collection, instituted waste
segregation, and installed tracking devices for
garbage trucks after Swachh Bharat mission. Many
redevelopment and retrofitting work has also been
initiated from long time.
Factors derived from smart city concept: Smart

people involve themselves in the definition of the
Smart City, decisions on deploying Smart Solutions,
implementing reforms, doing more with less and
oversight during implementing and designing post-
project structures in order to make the Smart City
developments sustainable. The participation of
smart people will be enabled by the SPV through
increasing use of ICT, especially mobile-based
tools. Factors for smart city are discussed under the
Map 2 Administrative boundary of below data agreeing to advantages and
Bhubaneswar city with above ward map disadvantages.

Impact analysis of smart city concept: The Smart Creating walkable localities to reduce congestion,
city initiative isn’t about union government air pollution and resource depletion, boost local
pumping in extra resource for urban development. economy, promote interactions and ensure security.
The critical elements is about inhabitants planning Preserving and developing open spaces like parks,
and interpreting smartness. The challenges in front playgrounds, and recreational spaces in order to
of selected cities for funding using a strategy of area- enhance the quality of life of citizens. Making
based development. This capture the spirit of governance citizen-friendly and cost effective. That
‘competitive and cooperative federalism’. State and includes increasing rely on online services which
ULBs will play a key supportive role in the brings faster and transparent service.City will be
development, but capacity assistance is require for given its own identity based on its local economic
understanding the concept. In 52 urban activity, such as local cuisine, health, education, arts
agglomerations have a population of over 10 lakhs. and craft, culture, sports goods, furniture, hosiery,
For serving these community there is a need of textile, dairy etc.
strong mission, but some leverages of mission is Disadvantage:
seen in terms of benefits and drawbacks of smarter There are various demerit in smart city mission like,
cities are describe below diagram: old business processes more effected,existing
infrastructure service to citizens, businesses and
Better city planning and development governing agencies, Safety features, Gap between
poor and rich, corruption, grand inspiration on
capital.100% distribution of water supply and
E-governance delived to citizens,
faster & at a lower operating expense. sanitation, which is yet to be achieved even in Metro
Cities.
The total estimate of investment requirements for
Local economic development the smart city comes to Rs 7 lakh crore over 20 years
which means 35000 Crore per year. Most of the
projects will be handled by Private Companies or
Improved productivity and service PPP, in such cases 35000 Crore is lots of money to
invest in one project.70-80% of Indian cities don’t
Figure 23 Parameter of smart city have a master plan which is essential for developing
a smart city.
Advantage:
There are various merit in smart city mission like, For timely completion of the project, all clearances
technological use of GPS data figures for tracking should use online processes and be cleared in a time-
public transport, variety of green transport facility, bound manner. Then only project could be finished
waste management (door to door collection) –waste in time. Smart cities should have universal access to
to energy and fuel, waste water to be treated and electricity 24×7; this is not possible with the existing
recycling and reduction of waste, significance of supply and distribution system. New system need to
economic benefits, increase labour productivity, be developed, more focus is necessary towards
cities that devote in smart-grid technology and renewable source of energy and on green buildings
infrastructure, called “connected cities,” experience and green transport.
an annual GDP growth rate that is 0.7% higher, an
unemployment rate that is a full percentage point
lower, and office occupancy rates 2.5% higher than
less advanced cities. Smart infrastructure is cost-
effective over a long-term.
Promote mixed land use in term of area based
development - planning for ‘unplanned areas’
containing a range of compatible activities and land
uses close to one another in order to make land use
more efficient. Housing and inclusiveness that
features expanding housing opportunities for all.

•Waste to energy & fuel
Ghanbarpour. (2014). Floodplain inundation
Wate analysis combined with contingent valuation:
•Waste water to be treated
management Implications for sustainable flood risk
•Recycling & reduction of waste
management. Water Resource Management .
•Smart meters Governemnt of India, D. m. (2004). Disaster
water •Leakage identification & prevention management in India.
•Water quality monitoring Hajar Nasiri, M. J. (2016). An overview to flood
•Smart meters vulnerability assessment methods. Sustainable
Energy •Green buildings Water Resources Management , II (3), 331-336.
•Renewable sources of energy Kamat, D. R. (2015, Feb). Planning and Managing
Earthquake & flood prone towns. Science citation
•Smart parking
Mobility •Intelligent traffic management
index journal stochastic environment research and
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kamat, R. (2007). Assessing flood hazard
Figure 24 Key factor for smart city vulnerability of hoshangabad town, madhya
pradesh. Spatio- economic development record
Conclusion: (SDR) .
By the study of various example of smart city, and Kamat, R. (2015). Planning and managing
its impact of real factors (tangible and intangible) of earthquake and flood prone towns. Stochastic
smart city mission over social life. Exploring the environmental research and risk assessment ,
advantages and disadvantages of smart living which Kamat, Rajshree. "Planning and managing
are occurs in attempting to implement smart city earthquake and flood prone towns." Stochastic
environmental research and risk assessment 29.2
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http://nextgenblog.org/smart-cities/
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Mendez-Antonio, B. E.-C.-T. (2013). Weather
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includes settlement effects. So, here we strongly an application for Mexico Valley. Open Journal of
agreed with that concluding statement like smart city Modern Hydrology, 3: 79-88. .
mission is intensely impacted the social Mishra, S. S. (2015-16, Jan sunday). Bhubaneswar
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participation. Corporation:
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Inclusive Development of Peri Urban Areas for

Sustainable Cities
Dr Seemi Ahmed
Assistant Professor
Department of Architecture and Planning, MANIT, Bhopal
Dr. Supriya Vyas

Assistant Professor
Department of Architecture and Planning, MANIT, Bhopa
Abstract
The present paper has as goal the analysis of the urban
sprawl phenomenon, from a planetary scale, assuming Despite the diversity of urban sprawl, the increase
the hypothesis that this is an unsustainable process. It in land consumption, the excessive use of land as
aims to demonstrate that what were initially a way of
a limited and constant resource, the urbanization
human settlement characteristic of many civilizations
and that represented in the early twentieth century a process in the early twenty-first century. In this
vernacular urbanism design, has become, particularly sense, the urban sprawl, the process of rapid
in the 70’s of the last century, an International Style, a spread out of urbanization has become a
general trend in global scale. A model as a result of the worldwide phenomenon, especially in the
widespread American Dream, based on the extensive developed world and its environments. The
land consumption, the car as basic transportation, and growing consumption of land, as a result of the
oil as primal source of energy. For this purpose the extension of highway networks in urban areas,
paper analyses, the urban sprawl in three selected seems to have become unstoppable and affects
metropolitan areas in India: Mumbai, Delhi, and virtually all the contemporary metropolis
Kolkata
worldwide.
Key words: Sustainable Development, Physical
Planning, Inclusive Development The sustainable city is a relatively recent concept
which has gained increasing attention the last
decades both through the international community
Introduction :The second half of the twentieth
and through grass root movements. The grass root
century was undoubtedly the times when word has
movement of the sustainable city concept is also
seen a faster urban growth trends. The urban
explored as it is a broader approach to sustainable
population has grown from 750 million in 1950 to
urban planning then the UN HABITAT guide
2860 million in 2000, and now represents over
lines. The study focuses on the integration of land-
approximately 50% of world population. The
use and transportation systems as a way to
expansion and development of cities had its origin
improve the efficiency of mega cities. A well
in the model of life in fringe areas began with the
developed and integrated land-use and
generalized use of the motorized vehicles. A
transportation system can minimise land-use
lifestyle based on the “American Dream: one single
development while reducing green house gas
family-home, and one (or more) car (s)”, that
emissions. This paper discusses the study for
means mobility and homeownership. However it
improving urban planning is through long term
has been since the late 70s when it has had a more
tool for sustainable development. There is no city
rapid development, as a consequence of the crisis
in India which has successfully implemented
of metropolitan areas linked to fringe areas or areas
strategies for sustainable development. A common
on the outskirts and some authors have
problem is the contradicting interest of growth that
characterized as counter-urbanization (Berry,
undermines the potential of integrating adequate
1976) desurbanization (Berg, 1981), edge-cities
strategies. Often governments fail to address the
(Garreau, 1991), ), peri-urbanization (Dezert & alt.,
dynamics of the concept of sustainability which
1991), metapolis (Asher, 1995or diffuse city
must be viewed as a constant process.
(Indovina, 1990).

Genesis that the worlds population is using up natural

resources in a faster pace then it takes the earth to
With continuing rural to urban migration, the regenerate it. [Daily. G., 1997] In addition, the
world’s urban population is widely expected to rapid population growth and the increasing
continue to urbanization put a strain on governments to manage
grow, possibly reaching 60 per cent by 2030. As the flow of people into urban areas [Abbot. C &
stated by the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Gibson. K., 2002] The consequence of these
Ki- processes generates a stress on the environment as
well as the human society. [Roseland. M., 1997] On
Moon, “Our struggle for global sustainability will the other hand, the city has a positive side due to the
be won or lost in cities. The human future is largely high concentration of people on a limited area if
an properly planned and managed cities could support
a high density of people with a limited impact on
urban future, means reducing greenhouse emissions, the environment with benefits for the economy and
strengthening resilience, ensuring basic services such the human health. Approaches to a more sustainable
as water and sanitation and designing safe public urban development have been given an increasingly
streets and spaces for all to share." Sustainable attention at the international community and
cities develop on the extraordinary potential of sub- through grass root movements.
urban areas to enable change due to concentration
of economic activity easily available land, The Concept of Sustainable city- The
innovation and job creation; the potential for sustainable-city is a relatively new concept of a
development and physical transformation, high framework of ideas on how cities can develop
levels of concentration of culture, people, more climate resilient today and in the future. The
infrastructure and buildings and the ability to define pioneers within the sustainable-city movement are
the relationship between rural and urban the non-profit organization Urban Ecology,
settlements, and thereby enable rural prosperity. founded in Berkley, California in 1975. The aim
Cities are often viewed as the engine of growth and was to “rebuild cities in balance with nature”. In
the key to economic success for nations. [Ooi Giok, association with other non profit organizations
2005] The view of the city as a primary source of Urban Ecology arranged the first international
pollutions has been neglected and the conference on eco-cities in 1990.11 Since then five
environmental movement have primarily focused international conferences have been arranged in;
on the green city concept. However, the greening of Adelaide, Australia 1992, Yoff, Senegal 1996,
the city has reached a deeper meaning with a Curitiba, Brazil 2000, Shenzhen, China 2002, and
holistic view of the city and the lifestyles of its Bangalore, India 2006.12 . Yet, the understanding
citizens. [Roseland,1997,] With the majority of the of sustainable development and how it can be
world’s population being urban [Arnstberg, 2005] applied to cities is an ongoing debate. This is
there are many problems associated with the mainly because of many conflicting interests
modern city that needs to be addressed. Firstly, the which justifies a limited action for integrating
city development removes people spatially from the sustainability into urban planning. However, there
productive land leaving them dependent on are cities which have turned theory into practice
resources from rural areas. Secondly, when such as Curitiba (Brazil) and Portland (Oregon,
planning for cities the guiding principles is based USA). [Marie Lundqvist 2005]
on incremental ideas with the objective that water,
air and natural resources are free, [Shireman et. al.,
Urban Development as key factor- The
1996] resulting in serious environmental and health
development of cities has been based on ideas that
related problems affecting human health and
natural resources such as air and water are free
quality of life. Thirdly, cities are reflections of the
commodities. As a consequence the origins of
values embodied in the legal constructions on
many global environmental problems caused by
which society is based, which is why it is difficult
air- and water pollution are related to cities and
to make a fundamental change as these needs to be
consumption patterns. The common problems
reevaluated. A common problem of today is the fact

urban areas are faced with are overcrowding, Sprawl and Mega cities- Urban sprawl is
environmental issues and related health issues, characterized by mono functionality where
social disruption and inadequate housing and housing, offices, malls and industrial areas are
infrastructure. The development pathway with a separated in clusters, also called mono functional
rapid urbanization has contributed to a change from clusters. This type of development is especially
local to global production systems. In addition prominent in the USA. A part of the explanation to
people today are also more dependent on why these mono functional cities develop is due to
environmental services then at any other time in the market and the lower costs of large-scale
history particularly developed nations as they production compared to mixed-use developments.
require a high input of material and energy to The greater risks involved with mixed-use
maintain themselves, affecting ecosystems and development also affects the democratic process
their life support functions. Due to the fact that since it includes more actors with interests in the
urban populations do not development plan. This can affect the realization of
produce much of what they need to sustain the project. Laws that supports sprawling
themselves the ecological foot print of the city is development. The major change that sprawl brings
high. Studies showed that the city of Vancouver is that cities are no longer planned for people but
depends on a productive output of a land area 180- rather for auto-mobiles. Consequently, sprawl
200 times larger than the political boundaries of the increases commuting and reduces the amount of
city to maintain its population.[ibid] As a public spaces. It also exploits vast areas of land in
consequence the lifestyle and development of the an inefficient way contributing to major habitat
modern society has contributed to the global losses. The problems when trying to solve issues of
environmental problems the human society is faced urban planning such as sprawling lays in the fact
with today such as; climate change, air- and water those cities are economical systems which are
pollution, toxic chemicals and hazardous wastes, dependent on their growth potential. In turn this is
conservation and loss of biodiversity, stressed by national governments as the success of
deforestation, and environmentally related health cities is viewed as an indicator of the success of
problems. [Ooi Giok, 2005]. nations in the global economy. There is an
important distinction to make between growth and
Urban Issues-The transition of dispersed sprawl, as urban growth often is viewed as a sign of
settlement patterns in to urban sprawl occurs in increasing welfare. Today some cities are losing
the late nineteenth century, with improved citizens at the same time as sprawl increases. The
communications. The trams and railways, and average shrinkage rate of the cities in the world is
especially the metro systems allow to the cities 25 %. For instance 1970-1990 the population in the
with traditional dispersed pattern reconcile rural / city of Detroit decreased by 8 %, at the same time
urban opposition that industrialization had the political boarders of the city increased by 28 %.
generated. Real estate, mass transit system and Another example is Kansas City which between
low density development (the single family home) 1990 and 1996 increased the city area by 70 %,
appears from the beginning the same model of when during the same time the population
urbanization. The model, until then with local increased by 5 %. This has been the over all trend
consequences, is incorporated in the traditional for cities in the US. The average population density
lifestyles of the countries with low density in US cities 1970 to 1990 decreased by 23 % at the
development tradition, creating an urban pattern same time the road mileage doubled.38 Often the
that could well be characterized as vernacular. focus of sprawl developments is on developed
With the E. Howard theory (Garden Cities of To- countries in west but this development is also
Morrow, 1898) of garden city, and the occurring in less developed countries. The city of
generalization of this model for social housing Lagos in Nigeria has 14 million inhabitants and is
developments in the U.S. and UK (Crawford, sprawling in a rate which according to the estimates
1995) as well as the proliferation of architectural made by the UN will make Lagos the largest city in
movements, such as the Prairie School in the world in 20 years.39 In contrast to sprawl is the
Chicago, are an example. increase of mega-cities, with populations over 10
million. Most of the mega-cities are situated in

developing countries where poverty is widely of urban population is covered by individual water
distributed connections compared with China (91%), South
Africa (86%) and Brazil (80%). Duration of water
Land consumption and urban sprawl In order to supply in India cities is only between one to six
study the urban sprawl and land consumption in the hours. According to 2011 census, about 13% of
selected megacities the research investigates and urban population defecate in the open, about 37%
provides owns quantifications from the available are connected by open drains and 18% are not
databases. The databases analyzed until now are: connected at all. The number of urban poor has
Demography (2007 onwards), for the USA, the increased by about 34.4% between 1993- 2004. In
Urbanized Area (UA), as designated by the so far as the urban transport is concerned, a
Census; Landsat worldwide, World Night Ministry of Urban Development study in 2010
nighttime images (DMSP-OLS Nighttime Lights based on sample of 87 cities has estimated that in
Time Series ) of NOAA's National Geophysical about 20 years time, the expected journey speed of
Data Center (NGDC), ISA (Constructed major corridors in many cities would fall from 26-
Impervious surface area), which identifies the 17 kmph to 8-6 kmph. The air quality has also
sealed area. In a first review and working with the deteriorated sharply carrying with it concomitant
database ISA (Constructed Impervious Surface health costs. The per capita emission levels in
Area) an image of the selected mega regions were India’s seven largest cities have been estimated to
obtained : New York-Philadelphia area has 24.483 be at least three times than WHO standards. Kumar
sq km and 24.521.188 inhabitants, Tokyo mega (2002) studied the process of metropolization in the
region has 9.823 sq km and 36.994.235 inhabitants, urban agglomeration across India and defines peri-
Mexico City Metropolitan Area has 3.300,11 sq km urban in regional context as outgrowths. He looks
and 19.073.825 inhabitants, Los Angeles on urban growth as an evolutionary process, and in
Metropolitan Area has 7.962,38 sq km and that sense, the villages engulfed in the process of
15.292.539 inhabitants, Chicago 10.093,20 sq km urbanization, referred to as “urban villages”, are
and 10.121.359 inhabitants, Barcelona 1.429 sq km already part of the urban agglomeration.
and 4.330.321 inhabitants, Madrid 2.451,58 sq km
and 6.086.016 inhabitants., Seoul 4.904,30 sq km Metropolitan cities in India In India, the Census
and 23.086.147 inhabitants., London. Commission defines a metropolitan city as one having
a population of over four million. Delhi, Mumbai,
Indian Scenario The census of 2011 states that Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore,
there are 53 million plus cities accounting for 43% Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat and Nashik are those Indian
of India’s urban population. The census of 2011 cities that have over 4 million people. For these
also notes that the number of towns in India million plus cities the Census definition of an urban
increased from 5161 in 2001 to as many as 7935 in agglomeration requires that it should be a continuous
2011. Most of this increase was in the growth of urban spread constituting a town and its adjoining
urban growths or two or more physically contiguous
census towns rather than on statutory towns. A
towns together with adjoining outgrowths. There are
large number of towns are born in the vicinity of
53 urban agglomerations in India with a population of
existing cities with million plus population. India’s 1 million or more as of 2011 against 35 in 2001. Each
urbanization, however is in smaller proportion as of such outgrowth may not satisfy the minimum
compared to other large developing countries such population
as China (45%), Indonesia (44%), Mexico (78%)
and Brazil (87%). (Source - 12th Five year plan – limit to qualify it to be treated as an independent
Planning commission of India5.680,53 sq km and urban unit but may deserve to be clubbed with the
12.100.655 inhabitants., Sao Paulo 4.663,33 sq km principal town as part of an urban spread.
and 22.026.935 inhabitants. And finally Moscow However, the definition of metropolitan areas
has 3.323,73 sq km and adopted by the Planners in several cities however,
13.195.799 inhabitants. The main challenges as far much larger areas including villages, whether
as urbanization is concerned in India are the facts urbanizing or otherwise, but which are at the
that there is an urban housing shortage of 18.78 periphery or intervening in an urban
million. According to the 2011 census, only 70.6% agglomeration. As per the preliminary results of

the Census 2011, released by the Registrar General After Independence, Delhi became the capital of the
of India, Greater Mumbai with a population of newly formed Indian Union and had to face a
18,414,288 continues to be India’s biggest city, massive transfer of population following the
followed by Delhi - 16,314,838 and Kolkata- partition. During the 1941-51 period, the population
14,112,536. These three cities are India’s mega- size grew from almost 700,000 inhabitants in 1941
cities with 10 million plus population. But, when to 1.4 million in 1951, corresponding to an annual
we consider Urban Agglomeration as an extended growth rate of 7.5 per cent. (Map 3.2) The overall
city comprising built up area of central core and demographic change in Delhi urban agglomeration
any suburbs linked by continuous urban area, we conceals differences within the urban area. Between
1981 and 1991, the pattern of growth in Delhi was
have a change at the top. Delhi NCR, with the
“clearly centrifugal” (Dupont and Mitra, 1995), 35
inclusion of Gurgaon, Faridabad, Noida and
continuing the trend highlighted by Kumar (2002)
Ghaziabad becomes the No.1 Urban for the
Agglomeration with a population of 21,753,486,
ahead of 20,748,395 Mumbai Metropolitan Region 1961-71 decade. An absolute fall in population size
comprising Mumbai, Navi Mumbai, Thane, Vasai- was reported in the historical city core, known as
Virar, Bhiwandi and Panvel. Kolkata has clocked Old Delhi, as well as in some parts of New Delhi
moderate growth. (the area corresponding to the new capital built by
the British). On the other hand, the highest growth
Delhi Following the promotion of Delhi as the
rate (above 10%) was recorded in the
capital of the British Indian Empire in 1911, the
neighborhoods of the outskirts. During the 1991-
population of the city rose from 238,000 in 1911 to
696,000 in 1947, while quadrupling in area extent.
2001 period, these trends persisted.
Figure 1.0 Land use Delhi in 1992 and 2004 Source:shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/74277/13/13_chapter%203.pdf

The depopulation of the old city area continued Mumbai Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR)
(−1.91% in 10 years). Population growth has also has an area of 4355 sq.km and a population of
been very low in New Delhi (only +2.47% in 10 approx. 17,700,000 (2011 Census). The MMR
years), whereas the districts including the consists of 8 municipal corporations, 11
peripheral zones of the urban agglomeration have municipal councils as for urban municipalities,
recorded higher decadal growth (for example, and 995 village panchayats (rural local bodies).
+62.52% in the north-east 37 district, +61.29% in Its administrative region includes entire district
the south-west district, and +60.12% in the north- of Greater Mumbai (consists of Mumbai city and
west district). During the 1991-2001 period, these Mumbai suburban district) and parts of Thane
trends persisted. The depopulation of the old city and Raigad districts. Population in Thane and
area continued (−1.91% in 10 years). Population Raigad districts has increased at a higher rate
growth has also been very low in New Delhi (only than that in Greater Mumbai in recent decades.
+2.47% in 10 years), whereas the districts Mumbai, the economic capital of India, has been
including the peripheral zones of the urban growing in terms of population as well as space.
agglomeration have recorded higher decadal In 2001, the urban agglomeration of Greater
growth (for example, +62.52% in the north-east Mumbai reached 16.4 million. In spatial terms, it
37 district, +61.29% in the south-west district, and is expanding on reclaimed land from the sea and
+60.12% in the north-west district). eastward expansion in the mainland.
Figure2.0 Landuse map greater Mumbai Source: shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/74277/13/13_chapter%203.pdf

The population growth rate in the municipal immense. The hinterland of Kolkata extends much
corporation area has been declining during the beyond and also to the neighbouring countries of
past two census decades (from 44% during 1981- Nepal, Bangladesh, and Bhutan. The Kolkata Port
91 to 15% during 1991- 2001). However, its and the international Airport in Kolkata connect
periphery has been witnessing dramatic Kolkata to the rest of the world. The first spell of
population increase and is still growing at a faster industrialization in the country had taken place in
rate (63% during 1991-2001) as compared to the the areas in and around Kolkata and resultantly the
core area. This impressive growth is due to the traditional industries like jute, chemicals,
development of new areas and projects by the engineering etc. were located in and around
City and Industrial Development Corporation of Kolkata. In terms of not only the manufacturing
Maharashtra (CIDCO) in the east and the industries, but also the wholesale and retail trades
inclusion of peripheral towns such as Thane (with Kolkata occupies a pre-eminent position in eastern
a population of more than one million) into the India, primarily helped by Kolkata Port.
Greater Mumbai urban agglomeration area. This Agglomeration of all these major economic
had special impact in terms of pressure on activities here have rendered 43 Kolkata the
ecologically sensitive land, encroachment of character of a metropolitan city, which is by far the
open spaces, conversion of agricultural land, etc. largest in eastern India in terms of demographic,
The new areas often came up on reclaimed land, social and economic parameters. The total area
wetlands and mangroves affecting the flora and (2011) of Kolkata is 1887 sq.km. It comprises 42
fauna of Mumbai. urban local bodies (including Kolkata Municipal
Corporation) and 24 panchayat samitis (rural local
Kolkata -Kolkata is now a happening city,
self government units). Its population (2011) is
facilitated both by external and internal factors. Its
17,251,000
importance in the eastern India has always been
Figure 3.0 Landuse map Kolkata Source: shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/74277/13/13_chapter%203.pdf

Conclusion The land consumption as & Abbot. C & Gibson. K., (2002) Urban Europa. A
quantification of sprawl, is an essential indicator study of Urban Growth and Decline. Pergamon,
of the sustainability of urban ecosystems, not Oxford.
only because it allows the evaluation of land & Alonso, W. (1964): Location and Land Use, Harvard
University Press, Cambridge, 1964.
consumption, an scarce resource, but also, it
& Burchfield, et.al., (2006): Causes of
allows an indirect evaluation of energy sprawl: A portrait from space, Quarterly
consumption, CO2 production, and thus the Journal of Economics, Volume 121,
ecological footprint. It is recommended that Issue 2, May 2006, Pages 587-633.
there is a need for a long term pan geographic & Bureau of the Budget (1964): Standard Metropolitan
approach to planning and that it shouldn’t be ad Statistical Areas, Government Printing
Office Washington DC. Bureau of the Census (1942):
hoc. At the same time there was an emphasis on
Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940, US
the fact that the dynamic nature of the peri urban
Government Printing Office Washington DC.
area and urban sprawl of cities should be kept in & Crawford, (1995) Urban sprawl in Europe. The
mind and that here must be provisions made for ignored challenge. European Commission/Joint
that. Further, this must be done by evolving Research Centre.
mechanisms to actively involve the local people & European Union (1999): ESDP. European
based on a needs assessment and in making all Spatial Development Perspective. Towards
the plans, environment must be a major concern. Balanced and Sustainable Development of the
It was suggested by some of the interviewees Territory of the European Union. Agreed at the
that at present despite many efforts by many Informal Council of Ministers responsible for
agencies in the peri urban area, there is gap in Spatial Planning in Potsdam, May 1999.
addressing the environmental problems of these European Commission.
& Ewing, R. (1997): Is Los Angeles-style sprawl
areas of Ahmedabad. The idea is that the city
desirable?, Journal of the American Planning
limits are being drawn and re-drawn based on
Association, Volume 63, Issue 1, December
public and private real estate planning for
1997, Pages 107-126
commercial, housing and industrial purposes. & Ewing, R., et.al.,(2002): Measuring Sprawl and its
And the fact remains that while there are several Impact, Smart Growth America.
bodies working in parallel for many causes in & Fulton, W., et.al. (2001): Who Sprawls Most?
the peri urban areas of Ahmedabad, there is a How Growth Patterns Differ Across the U.S.,
need to bring in more correlation among the Center on Urban & Metropolitan Policy, July
various bodies and to understand the needs of 2001, The Brookings Institution, Survey
the peri urban inhabitants, thus making the Series.
planning process more comprehensive and & Galster, G.,et.al.,(2001): Wrestling sprawl to
inclusive. It was thus highlighted that there must the ground: Defining and measuring an
be a conscious, concentrated and coordinated elusive concept, Housing Policy Debate,
effort by all the stakeholders as well as the other Volume 12, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 681-717.
agencies working in these areas to create a
conducive atmosphere for humanity.
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new urban landscape: developers and edge instrument for delimiting urban systems,
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18. Kumar (2002) Weighing Sprawl Factors. In shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/74277/13/1
Large U.S. Cities. A report on the nearly equal roles 3_chapter%203.pdf
played by population growth and land use choices

PHYTOREMEDIATION: AN OVERVIEW
SIDHARTH SHARMA (Author)
dept of civil engineering(student), MANIT

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology
Bhopal, India
ssiddhartha101@gmail.com
Abstract—
Industrialisation ,urbanization and changing agriculture practices environmentally and ecofriendly rehabilitation stratergy ,is a
have greatly increased release of antropogenic hazardous organic bio remediation technique utilizing plants to remove ,detoxify
,inorganic contaminents into soil and water bodies posing a serious and contain both organic and inorganic contaminants from
threat to global environment ,human health and water resourses. ground water reservoirs and soil. In general plant treat
Novel cost-effective and sustainable remediation stratergies for contaminated and without destroying the top soil thus by
removing or detoxifying contaminents in soil are urgently needed improving soil utility and fertility .
. .phytoremediation using plants and their associate Plant adapt themselves to stresses induced by contaminants by
microorganism to eliminate soil contaminents is cost effective
establishing detoxifying system inside their cells where organic
,reliable and promising technology . Particularly when harvested
plants biomass can be utilized as bioenergy production. In this pollutants are reduced ,converted ,metabolised or even
review ,the background concept and application of eliminated ,giving plants ability to minimize the deleterious
phytoremediation are comprehensively discussed along with role effect of pollutants ,known as green liver model (sandermann
of microorganism and plants ,their mechanism in ,1994)
phytoremediation is discussed in depth .
24.ECONOMICS OF PHYTOREMEDIATION
Keywords—green lever; ; bioenergy ; biofuel;endophytes Phytoremediation is considered as econamical method of
exploiting plants to extract contaminants from soil
& INTRODUCTION (Padmathiama and hi,2007,Prasad 2003). The process is cost
As world is becoming more and more developed day by day effective in comparision of conventional in removal of heavy
,so our industries but with this amount of contaminated lands metals .
,water resources is increasing day by day . For this we need a The cost of phytoremediation is lowest that the reported
cost effective ,reliable remediaton technique that can be used to value of another remediation technologies .Improving the
treat large areas and it should also be economically viable . In mechanisation level of phtoremediation and accurately
recent years world is loking toward phytoremediation as a hope predicting or preventing unforseen situation is suggested for
. further reduction of cost. Considering cost the benefit of
Phytoremediation is an in situ cost effective technology is phytoremediation will offset the project cost in seven years
emerging as the most promising remediation method for
contaminated land and water bodies by introducing a tolerant
plant species . It is ecffective in dealing with large areas with Ⅳ ROLE OF MICROORGANISM
shallow contamination of organic ,metal pollutants . Endophytes have attracted worldwide attention due to there
unique plant growth promoting activities and pollution
Ⅱ CONCEPT OF PHYTOREMEDIATION degrading activities .
In comparision with traditional techniques ,phytoremediation ,a Endophytes assisted phytoremediation is most suitable
form of bioremediation has gradually attracted the attention since ,sustainable and environment friendly approach for clean up
it is best suited for remediation of diffusely polluted areas through and this technology is compatible with major
the use of plants . In addition phytoremediation can be carried out biogeochemical cycle.
on site ,thus reducing exposure risk for cleanup personnel ar
secondary contamination in transport Ⅴ FUTURE IN BIO ENERGY
.phytoremediation ,an efficient ,inexpensive and The concept of phytoremediation is few decade old but its
sustainability is still questioned at various scientific level .The
sustainability can be ensured by using potential energy crops in
this.They would be useful in generating new bio energy
resourse along with remediation of contaiminated soil and
ground water.

CONCLUSION
The linking of energy crops in phytoremediation will make it REFERENCES
sustainable and effective in resolving the ever increasing 17. Li Wang ,Yuehua Hu ,Ranquing Liu and Wei Sun , “A review on in-situ
phytoremediation of mine tailing “ ,Chemosphere 18(2017) 594-600
contamination as well as energy demand. We should incorporate
knowledge of various fiels such as botany , hydrology to make 18. Xiaoming Wan, Mei Lei and Tongbin Chen, “Cost benefit calculation of
phytoremediation technology for heavy metal contaminated soil ”
it more effective in results. ,Science of total environment 563-564 (2016) 796-802
19. Vimal Chandra Pandey ,Omesh Bajpai and Nandita Singh ,“Energy crop
Acknowledgment in sustainable phytoremediation ” , Renewable and suistainable energy
reviews .
Guidance provide by department of civil engineering MANIT 20. Yim Sim Ng, Derek Juinn and Chein Chan, “Waste water
is strongly praised especially Prof A.K THAWAIT in writing phytoremediation by salvina molesta ”, Journal of water processing
this review paper. engineering
21. AlenaBleicher,“Technologychangeinrevitalisation–
Phytoremediation and role of knowledge ”, Journal of environment
management 184(2016) 78-8

Performance and Emission Analysis of Jatropha and

Turpentine Powered Variable Compression Ratio
Diesel Engine
Rajesh Gupta, Pankaj Dubey, Hradesh Kushwaha Department of Mechanical Engineering, MANIT Bhopal,
M.P. India *Corresponding author’s mail: pankajdubey450@gmail.com
Abstract:-
In this paper highly viscous Jatropha bio-diesel is presence of oxygen, polymerization during storage,
blended with relatively low viscosity turpentine oil free fatty acid content and lubricating oil thickening
in various proportions resulting in effective [2]. Over the years, researchers have made concerted
viscosity comparable with that of standard diesel efforts to resolve some of these problems. The problem
with a view to develop an new alternative fuel. of gum formation can be alleviated by
Measurements of performance and emission transesterification of bio-fuel and oxidation can be
parameters have been carried out with blends of prevented through addition of lubricating oil to bio-
Jatropha bio-fuel and turpentine oil in the ratio of fuel [3].
20%, 40%, 60% and 80% by volume at full load and Biodiesels have also been considered as suitable
at constant RPM of engine while varying the candidate for replacing conventional diesel and
compression ratio (15, 16.5, 18, and 19.5). Results extensive research has already been carried out in this
indicated that all bio-fuel blends at higher direction. However, the problem of high viscosity has
compression ratio have better performance and also been proving to be major hurdle for ensuring its
lower exhaust emission when compared to suitability as an ideal substitute to diesel. In view of
conventional diesel. Further at compression ratio of resolving this issue significant number of research
19.5, there was 8.11% increase in brake thermal publications has appeared on a combination of biofuels
efficiency and 33.3%, 25% decrease in CO, HC having comparatively low viscosity such as alcohols,
respectively while CO2 and NOX were observed to plant based bio-fuels such as eucalyptus oil and
increase by 20.71% and 12.92% respectively. turpentine with standard diesel or highly viscous
biodiesel such as Jatrotropha, Karanja, Cashew Nut
Keywords: Duel biodiesel fuel; Variable compression Shell oil. In this context, Anand et al. [6] has attempted
ratio engine; Jatropha biodiesel; Turpentine fuel. to study the combustion, performance and emission
& Introduction:- characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled by a blend of
90% Karanja methyl ester and10% methanol. This
According to the US department of energy report, study revealed an increase in maximum thermal
production of global fossil fuel supply is expected to efficiency by 4.2% at 80% load, with reduction in NOx
attain its peak somewhere around the year 2020 and by and smoke emission. Jindal [5] analyzed the effects of
this time the conventional fuel reserves will also the engine design, performance and emissions
reduce to half [1]. Ever increasing energy demand and characteristics with Jatropha methyl ester as fuel. He
rapid depletion of oil reserves along with growing revealed that higher compression ratio and higher
concerns of serious environmental issues have forced injection pressure improved the engine performance. It
the researchers and scientist around the world to find was reported that at compression ratio of 18 and
feasible alternative of a non-petroleum fuel. Many injection pressure of 250 bar, brake thermal efficiency
researchers have reported that vegetable oils can be the increased by 8.9%, HC emission and exhaust gas
appropriate substitute fuel and they are obtained from temperature increased while CO emission and smoke
renewable sources. Further, vegetable oils tend to reduced. Nagaraja [9] studied the effects of
produce less toxic emission as compared to compression ratio on indicated mean effective
conventional diesel. Moreover, such alternative fuels pressure, mechanical efficiency and exhaust emission
can either be used directly in the engine or with little of engine running on pre-heated palm oil and its blend
engine modifications. However, there are some with diesel. At higher compression ratios, O20 blend
problems like high viscosity, reactivity of unburned yielded 6% higher brake power, 14.6% higher
fuel causing fouling of injector nozzles and carbon mechanical efficiency and lower peak pressure (CR
deposition on cylinder walls, gum formation in

20) for all blends, exhaust gas temperature is lesser as as increases the percentage of turpentine oil, the
compared to diesel. At full load, the emission of CO viscosity of the blend decreases and density and
and HC decreases with increase in blend ratio and volatility of the blend increases. Some of the
compression ratio, whereas CO2 emission was important properties of fuel is shown in table
higher than that of diesel. Raheman [17] worked 1.
with Mahua (Madhucaindica) and diesel blends and
S.no. Items Diesel Jatropha Turpentine J20 J40 J60 J80
methyl oil Blend Blend Blend Blend
ester
1 Kinematic 3.21 4.12 2.4 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.6
viscosity@
40°C (mm2/s)
2 Higher calorific 43500 39500 44400 43420 42440 41460 40480
value (kJ/kg)
3 Specific Gravity 0.831 0.881 0.920 0.912 0.904 0.893 0.888
(kg/m3)
reported 1% increase in BTE with 20% biodiesel, Table 1: Properties of fuels and its blends
10% reduction in BTE with 100% biodiesel,
reduction in CO emission, higher HC emission and 2.3 Experimental Set-up:-
NOx emission with increase in biodiesel The experiments were carried out on a single
concentration were also observed. cylinder, four stroke, water cooled, direct injection,
Materials and methods :-2.1 Fuel preparation:- naturally aspirated variable compression ratio
engine. Technical specifications of engine are
Jatropha vegetable oil and turpentine oil were
obtained from commercial stores. Jatropha oil was
shown in table 2. The compression ratio of the
engine can be varied by lowering or raising the
converted into Jatropha methyl ester by double
total head assembly by means of driving pinion
transesterification process as step by step
from outside of engine. Eddy current dynamometer
procedure explained by Dubey et al [2].
is coupled to the engine for applying brake load.
Transesterified Jatropha oil generally meets the
The engine has rated capacity of 5 B.H.P. running
properties satisfying ASTM standards [2, 10- 11].
at RPM of 1500 and CR of 17.5.“EPM Software”
Blends were prepared by taking Jatropha methyl is provided by the manufacturer to analyze record
ester and turpentine oil in the ratio of 100:0, 90:10, and observe the real time combustion performance.
70:30, and 50:50 by volume. The some important The results can be saved in the format of document
properties of resulted blends were tested in the or excel file. To record exhaust gas emissions AVL
laboratory as per ASTM/BIS standard test CDS 250 gas analyzer was attached to the
procedure and remaining properties of blends were computer.
evaluated using kay’s rule assuming that biodiesel
is a pseudo-component [8]. It has been found that
Table 2: Test engine specifications and attached instruments details
Engine Variable compression ratio engine ATTE make

Model VCRE SI-CI Series
Rated power 5 HP at 1800 rpm when fueled with high speed diesel @ CR of 17.5
Bore 87.5 mm
Stroke 110 mm
Connecting rod length 232 mm
Compression ratio 12 to 20 for CI mode

Injection pressure 210-230 bar

Torque measurement Load cell mechanism
Fig. 1: Experimental Set-up
22. Results and Discussion:- 19.5CR compared to other biodiesel blends. It is

due to J20+T80 blend is having least viscosity and
In this work results were compared on the basis of higher calorific value. It may be because of less
performance parameters such as heat release rate, in viscosity of biodiesel blended fuel resulted better
cylinder pressure, brake thermal efficiency, brake mixing and proper atomization of fuel with air
specific fuel consumption and emission form which results in better combustion of fuel inside the
engine was also compared with respect to different cylinder.
compression ratios with varying concentration of
biodiesel oils at full load and at constant speed of 3.2 Heat Release Rate:-
1500 RPM and the obtained results were compared
with conventional diesel. Heat release rate is the amount of useful heat of
combustion that moves the piston and gives us
3.1In-cylinder Pressure:- crank motion to run the engine, to tackle with the
load. It is calculated with the help of pressure that
The variation of in-cylinder pressure is shown in is generated by the engine. Higher amount of HRR
Fig. 2-5. For the sake of brevity cylinder pressure is at particulate crank angle is indication of good
plotted the range of crank angle (-50 to 70 degree) combustion inside the cylinder, all the bio-diesel
for various compression ratios CR (15, 16.5, 18, fuel blends exhibited same trend of HRR curve as
19.5). It can be seen that trend followed by the compared to conventional diesel, Fig.6, 7, 8 and 9
pressure curves is similar to that of standard diesel. shows that J20+T80 and J40+T60 are having higher
It is very clear and easy understood that as increases heat release rate than all other biodiesel blends, it is
the CR, the in-cylinder pressure, at each crank angle mainly due to unusual increase in HRR and more
also increases. It can see that from the Fig. 2-5 vibration and abnormal noise in the engine
J20+T80 blend gives well in cylinder pressure at occurrence.

70 J20+T80
60 J40+T60
50 J60+T40
Pressure (Bar)
J80+T20
40
PD
30
20
10
0
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Crank Angle (Degree)
70 J20+T80
60 J40+T60
J60+T40
50
J80+T20
40 PD
30
20
10
0
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Crank Angle (Degree)
Fig. 2: Pressure curve for different blends at 15 CR Fig. 3: Pressure curve for different blends at 16.5 CR
80 J20+T80 80 J20+T80
70 J40+T60 70 J40+T60
60 J60+T40 60 J60+T40
Pressure (Bar)
50 J80+T20
50 J80+T20
PD PD
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Crank Angle (Degree) Crank Angle (Degree)
Pres s ure (Bar )
Fig. 4: Pressure curve for different blends at 18 Fig. 5: Pressure curve for different blends at 19.5
CR CR

This is due to more admission of turpentine fuel

(high octane) at full load resulted increases the
knock and abnormal combustion inside the
cylinder. Moreover, the hating value and oxygen
content of blend J20+T80 fuel makes it possible to
burn fast and releasing higher amount of energy.
This is due to amount of Jatropha biodiesel
increasing in fuel blend the HRR curve degrades
because viscosity of the blend increases and
calorific value of the blend decreases.
3.3 Brake Thermal Efficiency:-
Brake thermal efficiency is a performance

parameter which indicates overall combustion
performance with respect to energy input given by
the fuel. In present investigation brake thermal
efficiency increases as increases CR for different
biodiesel blends because as increase CR there is
decrease in viscosity and improvement of fuel
properties gives better mixing and atomization of
fuel with air, causing decrease in ignition delay and
hence better combustion near to the TDC. Further
there is increase of 8.47%, 2.80%, 1.30% BTE for
J20+T80, J40+T60 and J60+T40 blends
respectively at CR of 19.5 and specifically for
J20+T80 blend 8.88%, 3.56% and 3.57% increase
in BTE at CR of 15, 16.5 and 18 respectively.

degre
Heat Release Rate (KJ/m3degree)

800 800
e)
m 3
(KJ/
600 J20+T80 600

J20+T80
J40+T60
Rate
J40+T60
400 J60+T40 400 J60+T40
HeatRele
J80+T20 J80+T20
0
ase
200 PD 200 PD
0
-50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70
-200 -200
Fig. 6: HRR curve for different blends at 15 CR Fig. 7: HRR curve for different blends 16.5 CR
Rate (KJ/m 3degree)
Heat Release Rate (KJ/m3degree)
800 800
600 J20+T80
J40+T60 600 J20+T80
J40+T60
400 J60+T40 400 J60+T40
ReleaseHeat
J80+T20
J80+T20
-50 200 PD 200 PD
0 0
-30 -10 10 30 50 70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70
-200 -200
Fig. 8: HRR curve for different blends 18 CR Fig. 9: HRR curve for different blends 19.5 CR
35
30
25
J20+T80
BTE (%)
20
J40+T60
15
J60+T40
10
J80+T20
5
PD
0
15 16.5 18 19.5
CR
Fig. 10: BTE for different blends at different CR

3.5 CO emission:- ratio but at a constant compression ratio, CO

emission were less than that of diesel as the fuel is
CO emission of the compression ratio engines having oxygen content in it. Further for blend
mainly depends upon fuel properties, availability of J20+T80 and J40+T60 there is up to 50% reduction
oxygen, fuel mixing with air, temperature and in CO emission and for blend J60+T40 there is
turbulence inside the combustion chamber. CO nearly similar CO emission and J80+T20 blend CO
emission were reduced as temperature inside the emission were increased compared to conventional
chamber increases with increase in compression diesel.
0.07 14
0.06 12
0.05 10
(% Vol)
J20+T80 J20+T80
(ppm)
0.04 8
J40+T60 J40+T60
6
0.03
HC
CO
J60+T40 J60+T40
0.02 J80+T20 4 J80+T20
PD PD
0.01 2
0 0
15 16.5 18 19.5 15 16.5 18 19.5
CR CR
Fig. 11: CO emission for different blends Fig. 12: HC emission for different blends
3.6 HC emission:- amount of carbon, this carbon gets converted into

CO, HC and CO2 depending upon completion of
Unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emission of the combustion inside the cylinder. CO2 emission
engine produced due to incomplete combustion of increases as our CO and HC emission were
fuel because of less oxygen available near the fuel decreased as above stated conditions. In our
particles. Availability of the oxygen depends upon experiment CO2 emissions were increased with
air fuel ratio, mixing of the air fuel, atomization of increase in CR and at constant CR there is nearly
fuel particles and temperature of the cylinder walls. similar CO2emissionsfor all blends and diesel.
For blend J20+T80 and J40+T60 there is significant
decrease in HC emission. There is nearly similar
HC emission for J60+T40 and for blend J80+T20
there is little increase in HC emission. Further there
is 25% and 12.5% reduction for J20+T80 and
J40+T60 blend at CR 19.5 compared to
conventional diesel.
3.7 CO2 emission:-
High CO2 emission of an engine is indication of

better combustion of fuel. Fuel contains a fixed

6 1000
900
5 800
700
4
J20+T80 600 J20+T80
NOx (ppm)
Vol)
3 J40+T60 500 J40+T60

CO2 (%
J60+T40 400 J60+T40

2 J80+T20 300 J80+T20
PD 200 PD
1
100
0 0
15 16.5 18 19.5 15 16.5 18 19.5
CR CR
Fig. 13: CO2 emission for different blends Fig. 14: NOX emission for different blends

3.8 NOX emission:-
12. References:-
NOX emission of an engine mainly depends upon
combustion temperature inside the cylinder as nitrogen World Consumption of Primary Energy by
present in the air forms more oxides at high temperature. Energy Type and Selected Country of Energy Groups,
NOX emission was increased as increased compression 1980–2004 (XLS), Energy Information Administration,
ratio of the engine because of high temperature after the US Department (July 31, 2006). Retrieved on 2007-01-
compression stroke. Further when increased the amount 20.
of turpentine in fuel blend NOX emission was increased P. Dubey, R. Gupta, Effects of dual bio-fuel
because of less amount of oxygen present in the fuel and (Jatropha biodiesel and turpentine oil) on a single
also increasing heating value of the blends results in cylinder naturally aspirated diesel engine without EGR.
higher temperature during the combustion. Further there Applied Thermal Engineering 115 (2017) 1137–1147.
is 3.10%, 5.18%, 21.34% and 12.9% increase in NOX
emission for J20+T80, J40+T60, J60+T40 and J80+T20
Blend respectively.
8. Conclusion:-
This work is mainly done to find an alternative bio-fuel

that can minimize the hazardous exhaust emissions and
also to find a suitable compression ratio to improve the
engine performance while running with proposed fuel.
Following conclusions may be made with the presented
work.
Engine performance greatly affected by fuel properties as the
experimental
  are the reason behind the
results shows, which
selection of the proposed fuel.
Hazardous exhaust emissions like CO and HC reduces
up to 33.3% and 25% respectively while CO2 and NOX
were increased by 20.71% and 12.92% with J20+T80

bio-fuel blend compared to diesel at compression ratio
of 19.5.
 fuel
There is increase in efficiency for J20+T80 and J40+T60
blends for all compression ratios compared to diesel.

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PLANT BASED REMEDIATION: A REVIEW

establishing detoxifying system inside their cells where
organic pollutants are reduced ,converted ,metabolised or
SIDHARTH SHARMA (Author) even eliminated ,giving plants ability to minimize the
deleterious effect of pollutants ,known as green liver model
Dept of civil engineering (student), MANIT (sandermann ,1994)
Maulana Azad National Institute of
Technology Bhopal, India Ⅲ ECONOMICS OF PHYTOREMEDIATION
ssiddhartha101@gmail.com Phytoremediation is considered as econamical method of
exploiting plants to extract contaminants from soil
Abstract— (Padmathiama and hi,2007,Prasad 2003). The process is cost
Mining, Industrialization, urbanization and various modern effective in comparision of conventional in removal of heavy
activites have contributed greatly in increased release of metals .
anthropogenic hazardous organic, inorganic contaminants into The cost of phytoremediation is lowest that the reported value
soil and water bodies posing a serious threat to global
of another remediation technologies .Improving the
environment ,human health and water resources.
Phytoremediation is considered as economical and environment mechanisation level of phtoremediation and accurately
friendly to use plants to remove hazardous compounds from soil predicting or preventing unforseen situation is suggested for
. Particularly when harvested plants biomass can be utilized as further reduction of cost. Considering cost the benefit of
bioenergy production. In this review, the background concept phytoremediation will offset the project cost in seven years
and application of phytoremediation are comprehensively
discussed along with role of microorganism such and plants;
their mechanism in phytoremediation is discussed in depth. Ⅳ ROLE OF MICROORGANISM
Endophytes have attracted worldwide attention due to their
Keywords— biomass ; biofuel ;endophytes; carbon sink unique plant growth promoting activities and pollution
degrading activities .Endophytes assisted phytoremediation is
I. INTRODUCTION most suitable ,sustainable and environment friendly approach
for clean up and this technology is compatible with major
biogeochemical cycle.
As world is becoming more and more developed day by day, Endophytes obtain rich nutrients and safe habitats from their
so our industries but with this amount of contaminated lands, host plants, protecting themselves biotic and abiotic stressors
water resources is increasing day by day. For this we need a (Bacon and Hinters, 2006; Reinhold – Hurek and Hurek
cost effective, reliable remediation technique that can be used 2011).In return endophytes produces a wide range of natural
to treat large areas and it should also be economically viable. bioactive facilating plant growth. Asides from the beneficial
In recent years world is looking toward phytoremediation as a mechanics endophytes also give promotes plant growth by
hope. improving nutrients acquisition and water uptake (Sontogo et
Phytoremediation is an in situ cost effective technology is al ,2016 ; naveed et al 2014 ) leading to enhanced hardiness
emerging as the most promising remediation method for and decreased oxidative stress enzymes activities in host plant
contaminated land and water bodies by introducing a tolerant
plant species. It is effective in dealing with large areas with Ⅴ FUTURE IN BIO ENERGY
shallow contamination of organic, metal pollutants.
The concept of phytoremediation is few decade old but its
sustainability is still questioned at various scientific level .The
sustainability can be ensured by using potential energy crops
in this. They would be useful in generating new bio energy
Ⅱ CONCEPT OF PHYTOREMEDIATION
resource along with remediation of contaminated soil and
In comparison with traditional techniques phytoremediation, ground water.
a form of bioremediation has gradually attracted the attention
since it is best suited for remediation of diffusely polluted
There are several energy crop in the world but four promising
areas through the use of plants . In addition phytoremediation
and dedicated energy crops that are widely accepted i.e.
can be carried out on site ,thus reducing exposure risk for
Miscanthus, Ricinus, Jatropha, Populus have primarily
cleanup personnel are secondary contamination in transport
considered to accomplish energy demands with their
phytoremediation, an efficient ,inexpensive and
phytoremediation potential . The four energy crops also act as
environmentally and ecofriendly rehabilitation strategy ,is a
potential carbon sink and offer additional profit as carbon tax
bio remediation technique utilizing plants to remove ,detoxify
credits (Vimal Chandra et al,2016) use of energy plants in
and contain both organic and inorganic contaminants from remediation will make it socially – economically acceptable .
ground water reservoirs and soil. In general plant treat This provides us a strategy for linking energy crop in
contaminated and without destroying the top soil thus by phytoremediation to resolve the sustainability issue and
improving soil utility and fertility. effectively solve the challenge of ever increasing
Plant adapt themselves to stresses induced by contaminants by contaminated and bio fuel demand now and in future

CONCLUSION
Ⅵ CHALLENGES IN PATH Phytoremediation a form of bioremediation has gradually
The lack of knowledge, experience and convincing pilot attracted the attention of world as it is best suited for removal
project are the main obstacle for more general application of of contaminants from diffusely polluted area through use of
gentle remediation technologies. Results of remediation are plants it could be made more cost effective and socio-
variable as it totally depends on natural factors such as plant, economically accepted by linking of energy crops in it, this
soil Ph, climatic and hydrologic conditions for this we need will make phytoremeddiation sustainable and effective in
practical understanding of all these factors .The practical resolving the ever increasing contamination as well as energy
understanding has to modified by taking into account demand. The practical understanding has to be modified by
taking into account knowledge from different discipline to
knowledge from different streams such as geology, chemistry,
develop new theoretical models that will combine knowledge
hydrology, and biology but matter of concern is that most of
from different fields such as geology, hydrology and biology.
scientific publications on phytoremediation are related to
biology, agriculture and similar fields, fields like geology,
chemistry, hydrology are totally ignored. .Remediation Acknowledgment
process will take longer time for achieving acceptable soil Guidance provided by Department of civil engineering
quality threshold, to achieve this long time goal we must MANIT is strongly praised, especially Prof A.K THAWAIT
ensure that land should remain productive in period of in writing this review paper.
treatment so that it could be widely accepted amongst masses
REFERENCES
4) Li Wang ,Yuehua Hu ,Ranquing Liu and Wei Sun , “A review on in-
situ phytoremediation of mine tailing “ ,Chemosphere 18(2017) 594-
600
5) Xiaoming Wan, Mei Lei and Tongbin Chen, “Cost benefit calculation
of phytoremediation technology for heavy metal contaminated soil ”
,Science of total environment 563-564 (2016) 796-802
6) Vimal Chandra Pandey ,Omesh Bajpai and Nandita Singh ,“Energy
crop in sustainable phytoremediation ” , Renewable and suistainable
energy reviews . 54 (2016) 58-73
7) Yim Sim Ng, Derek Juinn and Chein Chan, “Waste water
phytoremediation by salvina molesta ”, Journal of water processing
engineering 15(2017) 107-115
8) Alena Bleicher, “Technology change in revitalisation –
Phytoremediation and role of knowledge ”, Journal of environment
management 184(2016) 78-84

Optimization of a Stand Alone Hybrid

Renewable Energy System for Telecom
Base Station
Yashwant Sawle1, S. C. Gupta2
1
ABSTRACT Department Electrical Engineering, Maulana Azad Institute of
Nowadays, the utility has begun to take into account the Technology Bhopal, INDIA yashsawle@gmail.com1
non-conventional electrical power is pollution free and 2
Department Electrical Engineering, Maulana Azad Institute of
economic. The non-conventional energy source mobile Technology Bhopal, INDIA
telecom station is more beneficial as compare diesel
operated station. In this paper six different hybrid scg.nit.09@gmail.com
combinations are investigated on the base of economic, appliance and telecoms administrator system. The
renewable factor, emission for electrified mobile telecom worldwide advancement of BTS is increasingly occurring
station, HOMER software is use to design hybrid in areas in which the ability conveyance framework often
combinations. The output result of HOMER show separates for drawn out stretches of time or where there's
PV/Wind/Battery/DG system is feasible configuration no entrance to the ability provide the system. That the
amongst all six combinations. The PV/Wind/Battery/DG TPBS in such space, DG with battery unit’s area unit used
hybrid system has lowest cost of energy (0.50$), total net to maneuver down the network for power provide and
present cost ($100,666) and renewable factor (100%). guarantee system accessibility. Nonetheless, these oblige
associate abnormal state of support work and devour
moderately high measures of diesel oil for low-level
Keywords: Wind turbine, yields. Consequently, DG acquire higher working price.
HOMER, hybrid system The cost of energy is increase because of change in cost
of fuel and issues over obtaining emission have created
I. INTRODUCTION the telecom organizations to focus on improved power
administration routines. This power provide the theme for
In present day’s need of electricity is increase all over the grid connected and the diesel generator telecom base
world. The conventional resources of energy are
station is pictured in fig. 1 this technique delivers very
diminishing in future years. The conventional fuel also
solar photovoltaic cell, high expense due to heavy
produces emission which affects environment and human
health. To resolve all thus issue renewable energy source is reliance on diesel generator and worse performance of
based alternative. Renewable energy source are available batteries[22]. Within this recommended method
abundantly in environment without any cost. India has great telecom base section regarded as
potential of renewable energy resource and demand of fill considered since 49.77 kWh/d as well as peak fill
electricity is increase day by day because of developing regarding day, time is 4.42 kW. The info had been
economic [1]. The telecom industry of the India is grooving tested to the get worse per hour assumption every
very fast. Presently all the telecom base power station day fill requirement of an old-fashioned TBSP. The
(TBPS) running on diesel generator. information was calculated to aggregate hourly
premise everyday energy demand prerequisite for
The operation of TBPS is very costly due diesel fuel price rustic telecom. Daily, seasonal and yearly profiles of
so that an alternate solution is suggested in paper as load data are shown in fig. 2(a), (b), (c).
renewable energy for source TBPS. The various hybrid
combinations for rural location are demonstrated to find the
optimal solution regarding cost of energy, reliability, total
net present cost and renewable factor. The design location
for TBPS has Latitude 19_6350N and Longitude 81_672E
which is located in Bastar, Chhattisgarh, India.
II. DESIGN OF THE HYBRID SYSTEM

A. Load profile Fig. 1 Grid connected and diesel
generator telecom base station
The TBPS is taken into account as an essential load. The

BTS could be a telecommunication base accustomed
encourages remote correspondence between supporter
ex 8 8 9 0 9
Dai 4.9 5.7 6 6 6 4 3 3. 4.2 4. 4.9 4.7 4.

ly 30 10 . . . . . 3 20 89 00 30 99
Ra 2 6 4 5 4 6 0 4
diat 5 1 2 0 8 0
ion 0 0 0 0 0
(k
Wh
/m2
(B) /d)
Table no.1.monthly solar data
C. Wind turbine
The Wind energy resource data is shown in fig.4 the

average wind speed data throughout the year [22-23].
BWC Excel-R (XLR) turbine is used in the suggested
hybrid renewable system. Avail of power as of the wind
(C) turbine relies incredibly on wind variation. In this manner,
the wind rotary engine rating is by and massive a lot of
Fig. 2 (A),(B),(C). Daily, quarterly and yearly profile of higher contrasted with the traditional electricity demand.
load data. During investigation, Wind Power's XLR design is thought
B. Solar Resource of. The lifespan of a wind turbine is to be twenty years. The
The PV resource data used for planned hybrid installation rated capacity of this turbine 7.5kW DC. The installation
at a site of 19_590N latitude and 81_590E of longitude cost, replacement and maintenance price of this rotary
information from NASA Meteorology. The annual average engine are $1500, $1200 and $75 respectively. The wind
solar irradiation and also the average clearness index were turbine power curve and wind variation with height are
found to be 4.99kWh/m2/Day and 0.530 severally. The shown in fig.5 (a), (b).
actual photovoltaic radiation is available whole year round;
therefore, an outsized deal of photovoltaic energy
productivity is obtained it's pictured in fig.3. The utmost
solar power obtains in summer season.
y ua r r y n l g ber ob mb mb ra
ry c i e y u er er er ge
h l st
Cle 0.6 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0.4 0. 0.6 0.6 0.
arn 58 74 . . . . . 3 26 55 37 61 53
ess 6 6 5 4 3 1 6 0
Ind 4 2 8 1 1 7
Fig. 4 Average monthly wind speed curve

Fig.3 Global horizontal radiation and clearness Index
A 5kW solar photovoltaic array is linked in series parallel

while using the recommended hybrid system. At the
position, if the sun rays strike SPV panels, it provides
electrical power. Regarding recommended hybrid system,
set up charge in addition to replacing charge is usually
$5000 in addition to $3000 from the 1kW solar panel. The
SPV attached to DC hyperlink and also the de-rating factor Fig. 5(A) wind turbine power curve
from of the array is 80%. Slope, the ground reflectance in
percentage and azimuth (Degrees West to East) are
19.9833, 20 and 0 respectively. The weather data of
proposed hybrid system location shown in table no.1.
S. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 1
N 0 3
Mo Jan Fe M A M J J A Sep O No De A
nth uar br a p a u u u tem ct ve ce ve

Fig5 (B) wind variation with height

D. Diesel Generator (DG)
The size of the generator is 1kW recognized as for

a hybrid system. The principal cost, replacement cost and
O&M cost of the generator is usually $325, $225 along with
$0.520 respectively. Fuel used for the generator is usually a
diesel engine along with the money necessary for diesel-
engine usually varies according to overseas current market
situation. The variation in diesel price is used for sensitivity
examination as well as dissimilar values of diesel fuel cost
are 0.8$/L, 0.85$/L, and 0.89 $/L is introduced. The life of
generator is usually consumed since 15,000 operating hours.
HOMER guarantees this aggregate functioning pace of the
generator in view of the measure of the time period this
should be used as part of 12 months. The minimum load
ratio is 30%. Intercept Coefficient is 0.08 L/hr/kW rated and
the slope (marginal fuel consumption of the generator) is
0.25L/hr/kW/output. The generator is plugged in to the AC
side of the HOMER design model and size for the feasible
optimal system are 1kW,2kW,5kW and 10kW considered.
The relation between efficiency and output of the generator
and fuel curve are shown in fig. 6 (a). (b).
Fig. 6(A) Generator efficiency curve
Fig. 6(B) Fuel curve

oriented radiation. The DC control then races to an inverter,
which changes over it into standard alternating current (AC)
voltage. Inverters often operated as a part of extensive scale
applications are main inverters that propose easy
establishment and high performance. The sizing of the
particular inverter are demand in entering direct current (DC)
energy in the SPV and also productivity energy of alternating
electric current connected to the particular grid. The proper
sizing of inverter possesses skilful to take the most energy
from the SPV as well as lower the price of the particular
inverter without worrisome the particular operations in the
system. The lifespan of the converter is 20 year and efficiency
is 90%. Principal cost, replacement cost and O&M cost of the
converter is .620, 330 and 0.0 respectively.
III. OPTIMIZATION AND SIMULATION
This section deals with the result of our analysis. The
optimization results are presented for different type of six
operating modes, which is tracked by results of the
sensitivity scrutiny. The proposed system is considered at
5.00 kWh/m2/day global solar radiation and 3.5m/sec
wind speed. The environmental aspect of system
configuration is also considered by performing emission
analysis. For obtain optimal solution, five different types
of PV-Wind hybrid combinations such as SPV/Batt/DG,
WT/Batt/DG, SPV/WT/DG, SPV/WT/Batt and
SPV/WT/Batt/DG are analysis. All five hybrid
combination model is shown in fig.8.
E. Battery
The proposed technique is off-grid one in order that some

sort of battery power standard bank can be used for just a
backup technique along with which in turn additionally
keeps regular voltage across the load. The vision
6FM200D battery power can be used to optimum hybrid
system. The item is comprised 12V, 198Ah, along with
2.4kWh; suggested lifespan throughput is 917kWh along
with connected in series/parallel setting. Principal cost,
replacement cost and O&M cost is $280, 195$ and $5 Fig8. All six combination of hybrid system
correspondingly. Battery bank state of charge shown in
fig.7. IV. OPTIMIZATION AND SIMULATION RESULT
A. SPV/Batt/DG
HOMER performs simulations with respect to a
number of inputs given. It identifies the best hybrid system
configuration based on several combinations of equipment
and their cost and ranks them in ascending order on the
basis of least NPC in fig.9 (a). A list has been presented for
different configurations. Six hybrid configurations have
Fig. 7 Battery bank state of charge been selected for SPV/Batt/DG connected load. The first
configuration which is the most cost effective one gives the
F. Converter lowest COE of $0.595kWh and lowest NPC of $119,304
through a renewable factor of 81% is designed with a
The particular SPV array output DC at a voltage, which 10kW SPV, 1 kW DG, 30 battery and 6 kW converters.
depends on the specific settings along with the sunshine- The operating and initial cost is $4,448 and $62,445
respectively fig 9 (b). Show the monthly average electrical
energy output in support of most economic hybrid
configuration i.e. the first one. Fig

9 (c). Shows the cash flow summary for various equipment’s of the most economic hybrid configuration.
Fig 10 (c). Shows the cash flow summary for various equipment’s
C. SPV/WT/DG
Fig9 (A). a list has been presented for different configurations HOMER performs simulations with respect to
number of input given. It identifies the best hybrid system
and their cost and ranks them in ascending order on basis
of least NPC. Fig. 11 (a). A list has been presented for
been selected for SPV/WT/DG connected load. The first
configuration which is the most cost effective one, gives
Fig 9 (B). shows the monthly average electricity output the lowest COE of $1.47kWh and lowest NPC of $301,870
with renewable fraction of 81% is configured with a 10kW
PV, 10kW wind, 1kW diesel generator, and 6 kW
converters. The operating and initial cost is $3,365 and
$209,045 respectively Fig 11
Fig9 (c). Shows the cash flow summary for various equipment’s of the (b). Show the monthly average electricity output for most
most economic hybrid configuration. economic hybrid configuration i.e. the first one. Fig. 11
B. WT/ Batt /DG (c). Show the cash flow summary for different apparatus of
HOMER performs simulations with respect to a number of the most economic hybrid configuration. This
inputs given. It identifies the best hybrid system SPV/WT/DG hybrid system is not feasible solution
configuration based on several combinations of equipment regarding the stability issue. Renewable penetration has
and their cost and ranks them in ascending order on the high enough to potential cause stability problem because
basis of least NPC. In fig 10 (a) a list has been presented no storage device in the system.
for different configurations. Six hybrid configurations have
been selected for WT/Batt/DG connected load. The first
configuration which is the most cost effective one gives the
lowest COE of $0.679kWh and lowest NPC of $132,693
with the renewable fraction of 100% is configured with a
5kW wind, zero diesel generator, 30 battery and 6 kW
converters. The operating and initial cost is $3,365 and
Fig 11 (a). List has been presented for different configurations
$89,620 respectively Fig.10
(b) shows the monthly average electricity output. Fig.10(c)
shows the cash flow summary for various equipment’s of
the most economic hybrid configuration.
Fig11 (b). The monthly average electricity output
Fig10 (a). list has been presented for different configurations

Fig 11 (c). Shows the cash flow summary for various equipment’s of the
most economic hybrid configuration
D. SPV/WT /Batt
HOMER performs simulations with respect to number of
input given. It identifies the best hybrid system
fig10 (b). Shows the monthly average electricity output and their cost and ranks them in ascending order on basis
of least NPC. In fig. 12 (a). A list has been presented for

been selected for SPV/WT /Batt connected load. The first $100,666 with renewable fraction of 100% is configured
configuration which is the most cost effective one, gives with a 5kW PV, 2kW wind, 40 battery units and 6 kW
the lowest COE of $0.501kWh and lowest NPC of converters. The operating and
initial cost is $2,327 and $70,920 respectively fig12 V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
(b) shows the monthly average electrical energy The design of all combination through the HOMER
production for most economic hybrid configuration software tool, which provide simulation results on
i.e. the first one. Fig 12(c) shows the cash flow base of lowest total net present cost, lowest cost of
summary for various equipment’s of the most energy, and renewable factor. All six combination
economic hybrid configuration. analysis describe in this section.


Emission: Amongst all six combinations only system
which not produce any harmful emission such
 SPV/WT/Batt, SPV/WT/Batt/DG have not
Fig 12 (a). List has been presented for different configurations
produced any gases.

Production: According to the simulation
analysis, we found that the capability
shortage among all told cases is lower in
fig12(b) the monthly average electricity production for most
SPV/WT/Batt/DG (3,161.7) and
economic hybrid configuration SPV/WT/Batt system in both combinations.
It suggested that canbe design to fulfil
required load demand.

Cost ($): The simulation result, it is analysed
Fig 12(c) shows the cash flow summary for various equipment’s of the that the system connected with
most SPV/WT/Batt/DG has lowest total net
economic hybrid configuration. present cost $100,666, levelized cost $
0.5012 and operating cost $  2327 as
E. SPV/WT/Batt/DG compared to hybrid combinations.
HOMER performs simulations with respect 
Fuel: The DG connected system increase the
to number of input given. It identifies the best hybrid cost of hybrid system. Above discussed
system configuration based on several combinations results it is clear that the SPV/WT/Batt/DG
of equipment and their cost and ranks them in hybrid system has no fuel consumption. So,
ascending order on basis of least NPC. Fig.13 (a) a list 
the SPV/WT/Batt/DG system is feasible
solution.
has been presented for different configurations. Six
hybrid configurations have been selected for VI. CONCLUSION
SPV/WT/Batt/DG connected load. The first
Fonts, Because of the relentless development of
configuration which is the most cost effective one,
telecom market and related ventures in India, there's a
gives the lowest COE of $0.544kWh and lowest NPC
need to build up another Power supplies. It's actual that
of $110,770 with renewable fraction of 81% is
the offer of telecom development in provincial
configured with a 5kW PV, 1kW wind, 0kW diesel
territories is a long ways from metro cities. In this
generator, 40 battery units and 6 kW converters. The
paper various combination of SPV, Wind and DG and
operating and initial cost is $4,307 and $55,745
Battery hybrid system are investigated for obtaining
respectively Fig.13 (b) shows the monthly average
feasible solution. This investigations found
electricity output for most economic hybrid
SPV/WT/Batt or SPV/WT/Batt/DG are often feasible
configuration i.e. the first one. Fig.13 (c) shows the
as this kind of has no CO2 and CO emissions. Both the
cash flow summary for various equipment’s of the
combination has lower cost of energy, total net present
most economic hybrid configuration.
cost and environment friendly. SPV/WT/Batt/DG
hybrid renewable energy system provide more
promising results regarding cost of energy, total net
present cost and renewable factor ,emission and
Fig.13 (a) a list has been presented for different configurations electrical production amongst all six combination. The
simulation results in this paper can play a useful role
in the application of hybrid renewable energy system
for rural TBPS projects. The obtained results can be
Fig modified by reducing the cost of components if central
.13 (b) shows the monthly average electricity output and states government provide subsidy.
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Powering a steer-by-wire system using
regenerative braking: a case study
Arpit Argal1, Harsh Singh2, Pradeep Kumar Soni3
1(Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India)
2(Dept. Of Electrical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India)
3(Assistant Professor, Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India)
Abstract
This work is an attempt to present an idea about utilizing the energy that is otherwise wasted during
braking/retardation in automobiles, using regenerative braking system. This system also eliminates the traditional
mechanical coupling between the steering wheel and rack and pinion arrangement, by employing servo motor and
rotary encoder. Traditional Regenerative braking systems are very costly when implemented on a large scale, this
system can be easily integrated into vehicles at a comparatively lower cost and utilize the energy which would
otherwise be wasted.This system aims at storing a part of that braking energy in the form of electrical energy, and
further uses it to power a steer-by-wire system.
Keywords:Steer-by-wire, Regenerative braking, MATLAB 2017a, Arduino Mega 2560, Hyundai Elite i20
Introduction 1. Technical literature on Braking & Steer by

When a conventional vehicle applies its brakes, wire system
kinetic energy is converted to heat due to friction 1.1 ConventionalBraking System
between the brake pads and the brake disk. This heat In conventional braking, brakes are applied using a
is carried away in the airstream and the energy is foot pedal which when pressed transfers the
wasted. The total amount of energy lost in this way hydraulic pressure from themaster cylinder to brake
depends on how often, how hard and for how long pads with help of fluid lines, brake pads, in turn,
the brakes are applied.Regenerative braking is a presses against the brake disc to stop the vehicle. In
process in which a portion of the kinetic energy of this way,the kinetic energy change of vehicle is
the vehicle is stored by a short-term storage completely lost in the form of heat between brake
system[10]. pads and disc as well as some amount between tyre
and road. This heat is not recovered and is lost to
In a typical trip, only around 28% of the fuel energy theatmosphere. So today there is needformore
is transferred to the wheels of the car [9]. Typical efficient braking system.
Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS) works by
storing the kinetic energy of the vehicle during
retardation or braking, and releasing the same
energy when the brakes are released and thus,
reducing the pick-up time and increasing fuel
efficiency. But the cost involved in establishing such
system translates to be a major limitation in the
current scenario. Installing asteer-by-wire system,
which eliminates any mechanical linkages between
the steering wheel and the front wheels of the
vehicle, and powering itthrough regenerative
braking will prove to be a cost-effective way to help Fig. 1. Conventional braking system
overcome energy crisis.
1.2 Regenerative Braking System
It is not possible to physically design a vehicle that In a Regenerative braking system, instead of wasting
handles optimally under every condition; however, the kinetic energy of vehicle in the form of heat it is
with a combination of active steering and full state converted into electrical energy to be stored in
feedback control, optimal handling characteristics batteries and capacitors or as mechanical energy of
are achievable even though a vehicle’s physical a flywheel having alarge moment of inertia[7]. In
parameters may be suboptimal. Thus, such a this way, a large proportion of theenergy of
vehicle’s handling characteristics can be arbitrarily thevehicle is saved only to be used later for either
tuned to driver preference as well as to maintain accelerating the vehicle or for different electrical
consistent behavior when operating conditions purpose.
vary[8].

Assuming an initial speed of the test vehicle to be
1.3 Conventional Steering System 50kmph and braking brings it to a halt within 5
The turning torque is transferred to the wheels seconds. It has also been assumed that only the rear
mechanically from the steering wheel through a wheels will have two separate regenerative braking
universal joint and a rack & pinion arrangement, to units, whereas the front wheels will have disk brakes
the tie rods and the knuckles. Mainly three types of to provide hard braking in case of emergency. The
power assist are provided – hydraulic, electrical or disk brakes and the clutches in the regenerative
electro-hydraulic – all of which have a parasitic braking units will be actuated via two separate brake
effect on the engine of the vehicle, thus reducing lines for the front and the rear. Driveline drags
efficiency. should not be considered in calculating the braking
forces at rear wheels in a front wheel drive [6]. The
torque applied to each of the two rear dynamos after
a reduction of 5:1 was found to be 70 N-m.
A reduction is needed to impart higher angular
velocities to the dynamos. This reduction is also
helpful in the sense that it reduces the bulkiness of
the dynamos to be used as the handling torque is
reduced considerably, also, a small dynamo is
sufficient to provide a high resisting torque.
For simulation purpose, the operating parameters of
the vehicle have been adopted as follows;
 Vehicle – Hyundai Elite i20 Kappa Dual
VTVT (petrol variant)
 Kerb weight – 1066 kg
Fig. 2. Conventional steering system  Gross weight – 1566 kg (5 passengers)
 Initial speed – 50 km/h
1.4 Steer-by-wire system  Final speed – 0 km/h
 Initial Kinetic energy – 150848 Joules
This system removes any mechanical linkage  Final Kinetic energy – 0 Joules
between the steering wheel and the wheels of the  Rear Wheels – 185/65 R16
vehicle. Since by recording driving conditions using  Braking time – 5 seconds
INS (inertial navigation system) sensors, optimal 2.1 System Description
handling characteristics are achievable with the use The brakes will be applied through the engagement
of active steering. The main challenge in employing of rear axle to the dynamo through a multi-plate
such a system is the development of an effective clutch operated by the brake pedal. The dynamo
force feedback system, so the road conditions can be gives an AC output, which is then converted to DC
felt by the driver[8]. through an inverter. The power output of the inverter
will be used to charge the auxiliary battery
arrangement which will provide power to a servo
motor. A microcontroller (Arduino) will be used to
read the angular displacement of the steering
through an interfaced rotary encoder. The angular
displacement read by the microcontroller will be
given to the servo motor. The servo motor will rotate
proportionallywith respect to the angular
displacement of the steering and will thus steer the
front wheels.
In conventional braking systems, the braking is done
by dissipating the kinetic energy of the moving
vehicle in the form of heat through friction. In this
Fig. 3. Conventional steering system system, the resisting torque is at large provided by
converted to Steer-by-wire the battery. The brakes will be actuated by the driver
pressing the brake pedal, which will press the throw-
out bearing against the pressure plate of the clutch.
2.Case study This will provide a resisting torque to the wheels
Hyundai Elite i20 1.2L Kappa Dual VTVT (petrol which will eventually bring the vehicle to a halt.
variant) has been chosen as the reference vehicle for The proposed concept has been illustrated through
drawing in the data for performing simulations. process diagram in next sectio

2.2 Process Diagram
Driver input through steering

Driver presses the wheel
brake pedal
Brake master Angular displacement

cylinder recorded by rotary
activates encoder
Pressure transmitted
through hydraulic lines
to the clutch
Arduino
selects Speed of
optimal the
Actuator forces the pressure
steering vehicle
and friction plates of the clutch
ratio
together
Clutch engages the axle

and dynamo through
the 5-stage reduction Output angle
gear box sent to servo
motor
Kinetic Retardation takes Servo rotates the

energy of place pinion through the
the vehicle desired angle
converted to
electrical
energy (DC) Rotary motion
converted to linear
motion through rack &
pinion arrangement
Lateral motion
converted to knuckles
through tie-rods
Battery charging Power to
circuit AUXILIARY
BATTERY Wheels steer
A DC generator will be used for

2.3Modelling using MATLAB electromechanical energy conversion.
Since the speed will change during braking,

a variable input speed will be fed to the DC generator with the help of a DC-DC step-up
generator. The supply for the field winding converter. An alternate method would have
of the generator will be taken from the main been converting the DC output of the main
battery. Higher the field excitation, the battery into AC, feeding it to a step-up
stronger is the resultant field generated transformer and converting it back to DC.
inside the generator. The E.M.F. equation Although transformers are high-efficiency
of a DC generator is given by [1]: - devices, the overall loss would have been
Egenerated=(P×B×N×Z)/(60×A) … (1) huge. Hence more efficient and less
complex method of using a DC-DC step-up
Where converter is used. Power electronic circuits
P=No. of magnetic poles inside a generator are compact and less power consuming.
B=flux per pole They are also highly efficient due to the
N=speed of the prime mover absence of any rotating parts in them.
Z=no. of conductors Amplification using a power electronic
A=no. of parallel paths circuit provides us with higher efficiency
and size compatibility [2].
If all the parameters of a DC generator
except B are kept constant, it is clear by the In the simulation, the output of the main
equation that the generated voltage depends battery is taken as 14V. It is fed to the
on the flux per pole or simply the converter and stepped up to nearly 200V.
magnitude of magnetic field. All other The capacitor is used as a filter. The value
parameters except N depend on the 200V is taken arbitrarily and it can be
machine. They cannot be increased or increased by varying duty cycle. The input-
decreased randomly because they come output relation of a DC-DC step-up
with machine specifications. Flux inside a converter is given as: -
DC generator can easily be controlled by Voutput=Vinput/(1-D) … (2)
varying the field excitation. PMDC or
permanent magnet DC machines do not Where, D is duty cycle [2]
offer this flexibility. Hence wound field For an input of 14V and output of 200V
excitation is favorable for obtaining control duty cycle comes around 0.93. Considering
and hence is used for simulation. practical situations, it has been taken 0.95.
The output voltage of the main battery will

be boosted to increase the output of the
Fig. 5.DC-DC Step up converter circuit

Fig. 6. Output (Boosted) Voltage measured across R
Since the regeneration of energy will take torque, variable speed, and mechanical
place during braking, a variable speed will input [5]. In this simulation, the variable
be fed to the prime mover of the generator. speed option has been used. The block is
The function of the revolutions per minute fed with the variable input speed
with respect to time is: represented by MATLAB Function block.
The ramp input to the MATLAB Function
RPM=326.171-65.227×t… (3) block indicates the time input for the speed
function. The slope of the ramp input is 1.
Where, t= time. The variation of the speed Hence the equation of ramp input is x=y
is showngraphically in Fig. 7. which signifies linear variation of time.
The DC generator used in this simulation is The various generator parameters are
separately excited DC generator. This shown in Fig. 9.
eliminates the problems related to residual
flux and flux build up to a great extent and
provides a greater overall control for the
output of the generator. The output of the
generator is taken across a resistor for the
sake of the simplicity. In practice, it will be
fed to the auxiliary battery. The simulation
below is the entire regenerative process
(Fig.8.). The amplified voltage from the
battery is given to the DC generator for field
excitation. The DC generator block
provided in MATLAB Simulink library is
available with 3 input options-constant

Fig. 7. Variation of the Revolutions per minute (R.P.M.) w.r.t time
Fig. 8. DC Generator circuit

Fig. 9. Screenshot of DC Generator parameters
The electromagnetic torque developed inside the generator is shown in Fig. 10.
Fig. 10. Electromagnetic Torque versus Time
Since the calculated torque is 70 N-m, it can be concluded that it is sufficiently large to overcome
the opposing torque of the generator.

Fig. 11. Current output of DC Generator
Fig. 12. Regenerated Voltage measured across R
The regenerated voltage shown above can motorby combining the encoder output and
hence be increased by more field excitation calculating the optimal steering ratio based
and more input speed. It can again be boosted on the speed of the vehicle. At high speeds
by a DC-DC step-up converter if required. the steering ratio can be kept low to provide
All the above graphs and simulations are higher stability and the high ratio at low
performed on MATLAB 2017a. speeds for easily maneuvering the vehicle.
Servo motors will be highly useful because
2.4Theoretical implementation of they will reduce the cost of feedback circuits
modifiedSteer-by-wire system that would have been required otherwise for
conventional motors. The power requirement
The angular displacement of the steering will of the Arduino board can be met by a single
be read by a rotary encoder. The rotary battery as it operates on 5V DC [4]. The
encoder encodes the displacement inform of rotary encoder can be powered by the
pulses and will provide its output to Arduino Arduino board and hence there is no need of
Mega 2560 board. The Arduino will decode providing a separate power arrangement for
the signal and hence will control the servo the rotary encoder. The power requirement of

servo at the implementation scale of this [3] Jain, Shailendra, Modelling and
project is easily met by Arduino board itself. simulation using MATLAB-Simulink, Wiley
More powerful applications will require publications, second edition,2015
some amplification or a motor driver [4]https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/arduino
accordingly. The Arduino code required for BoardMega
this theoretical model is given in appendix A. [5]https://in.mathworks.com/help/matlab/
[6] Gillespie, T., 1992. Fundamentals of
3. Discussion Vehicle Dynamics, 49-50.
The energy output of the proposed model is [7] Bawage, S., Ranjan, P., Chaudhari, O.,
as follows. Rai, S., 2017. Regenerative braking systems
Taking the current equation from the in automobiles. International Research
obtained graph: - Journal of Engineering and Technology 4 (4).
I(t)=24.28-4.856×t… (4) [8] Yih, P., 2005. Steer-by-wire: Implications
Similarly, the voltage equation from the for vehicle handling and safety. Doctoral
graph is: - thesis, Stanford University, California.
V(t)=477.5-95.5×t... (5) [9] Roura, P., Oliu, D., 2012.How energy
Using the electrical energy formula efficient is your car? American Journal of
E=V(t)×I(t) Physics.
And integrating the energy function from t=0 [10] Clegg, S.J., 1996. A review of
to t=5, Then, the output energy under ideal regenerative braking systems. Working
conditions obtained as, paper (471). Institute of transport studies,
University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
E= (19,322.833) J= (19.322) KJ
The calculated kinetic energy of the vehicle APPENDIX A
under ideal conditions was 150 KJ, which Arduino code required for
gives, interfacing the rotary encoder
Recovered efficiency = (energy stored) / #include<Servo.h>
(total kinetic energy lost by vehicle) #include<Wire.h>
Thus, Servo servo;
Recovered efficiency = 12.88% intlastpos;//initial position of rotary encoder//
Hence, regenerative braking is a necessity in intcurrentpos;//current position of rotary
all future vehicles due to the increasing need encoder//
of more energy efficient systems. The int counter=0;//counter of rotary encoder//
proposed system provides an economical int n=5;//ratio of amplification//
enhancement in those vehicles where the void setup() {
powertrain integration of theregenerative pinMode(4,INPUT);
braking system proves to be a cost barrier. It pinMode(5,INPUT);
also simultaneously eliminates any parasitic pinMode(6,OUTPUT);
effect that a power steering system or steer- lastpos=digitalRead(4);
by-wire system has on the engine of the Serial.begin(9600);
vehicle. servo.attach(6);
}
4. References void loop() {
[1] Bhimbra, P.S., Electrical Machinery, intcurrentpos=digitalRead(4);
Khanna publishers, seventh edition,2014 if(currentpos!=lastpos)
colour reprint {
[2] Bhimbra, P.S., Power Electronics, if(currentpos!=digitalRead(5))
Khanna publishers, fifth edition,2012 { counter++;
rotateCW();
Serial.println(counter); lastpos=currentpos;
} }
else void rotateCW()
{ {
counter--; servo.write(counter*n);
rotateCCW(); delay(50);
Serial.println(counter); }
} void rotateCCW()
} {
if(counter>=24||counter<=-24) servo.write(-counter*n);
{ delay(50);
counter=0; }
}

Experimental Investigation on Heat–Transfer Augmentation using
inan Inclined Ribs with a Gap in staggered manner on Absorber
Plate of Solar Air Heater
Mukesh Kumar Solanki1*, Dr. K. R. Aharwal2
1*
Research Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.A.N.I.T. (MP) 462003, India
2
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.A.N.I.T. (MP) 462003, India
Abstract Roughened absorber plate increased heat transfer

In this present research work an coefficient by 1.25–1.4 times as compared to smooth
experimental study has been carried out on duct for same operating under similar conditions.
heat transfer and friction factor in Varun et al. [2]experimentally investigated the
rectangular duct which is having inclined rib thermal performance of solar air heater having
with a gap in staggered manner as roughness roughness element as combination of inclined as well
element. The investigation of Reynolds as transverse rib with the Reynolds number (Re)
number ranges from 3000 to 14,000(7 values), ranges from 2000-14000, Relative roughness pitch
rectangular duct has a width to height ratio (p/e) of 3-8 and relative roughness height (e/D) of
(W/H) of 8.0, relative roughness height (e/Dh)
0.030.It was observed that the optimum thermal
of 0.045, relative roughness pitch (p/e) of 8.0,
angle of attack (α) at 30ᵒ, relative gap position performance occurs having the value of relative
(dt/W&dl/W) of 0.3&0.1 to 0.3&0.2(2 values) roughness pitch (p/e) of 8 have the maximum thermal
and relative gap width (g/e) of 1.0. The higher efficiency.Karwa et al. [3] Investigation covered rib
enhancement in Nusselt number and friction the range of Reynolds number as 3000–20,000, duct
factor is obtained to be 2.03 and 2.22 times as aspect ratio as 4.8–12, relative roughness height as
compared to smooth duct under similar flow 0.0141– 0.0328 ,relative roughness pitch as 4.5–8.5
conditions. Thermo-hydraulic performance and chamfer angle (φ) as –15ᵒ to 18ᵒ, , They reported
of parameter is observed to be higher for the two and three times increase in Stanton number and
relative gap width of 1.0 and relative gap
friction factor respectively. Both Stanton number and
position of 0.3 &0.2.
friction factor were reported to be highest for
Keywords: - Relative Gap position (dt/W& dl/W),
chamfer angle of 15ᵒ. Bhagoria et al. [4] they
Relative gap width (g/e), Reynolds number (Re), investigated effect of relative roughness pitch,
Nusselt number, (Nu), Friction factor ((ƒ) and thermo relative roughness height and wedge angle on heat
hydraulic performance. transfer and friction factor and reported enhancement
in Nusselt number as 2.4 times while of friction
*Corresponding author email-Id:- factor as 5.3 times as compared to smooth duct in
solanki.mukesh84@gmail.com range of parameters investigated. Higher
enhancement in heat transfer was obtained at wedge
1. Introduction angle of 10ᵒ. Heat transfer was the higher for relative
roughness pitch of 7.57. Momin et al. [5] They
The thermal efficiency of a solar air heater
investigated V-shape rib roughness and studied
is normally considered to be less because of the low
thermo hydraulic performance of solar air heater for
rate of heat transfer capability between absorber plate
Reynolds number as 2500–18,000, relative
and air flowing in the duct. In order to make a solar
roughness height as 0.02–0.034, angle of attack of
air heater more effective artificial roughness are
flow (α) as 30–90ᵒ for fixed relative roughness pitch
provided over the absorber plate. Aim to reach high
of 10. Higher enhancement of Nusselt number and
thermal performance of conventional solar air heater,
friction factor was reported as 2.30 and 2.83 times
the heat transfer coefficient between air and absorber
that of smooth plate for angle of attack of 60ᵒ. Kumar
plate is the key feature. In order to enhance heat
A. et al. [6] they investigation encompassed
transfer coefficient, roughened surfaces are utilized
Reynolds number from 3000 to 15,000, relative
as an absorber plate. Roughness geometries break
roughness height as 0.0168 - 0.0338, relative
viscous sub layer thermal resistance to heat transfer
roughness pitch as10 and angle of attack 30–75ᵒ.
from the surface to the fluid. A few geometries like
Higher enhancement of Nusselt number and friction
ribs additionally introduce secondary flow that
factor was reported as 2.16 times and 2.75 times that
introduces turbulence, and increase heat transfer rate.
of smooth duct corresponding to angle of attack of
Sahu et al. [1] Investigation was carried for Reynolds
60ᵒ and relative roughness height of 0.0338.
number as 3000–12000, roughness pitch as 10–30
mm, rib height as 1.5 mm with aspect ratio 8. Higher
Nusselt number was obtained for pitch 20 mm.

Nomenclature 2000–17,000. They are reported higher enhancement
Ao Cross-section area of orifice, m2 in Nusselt number as 3.80 times corresponding to
Ap Area of absorber p l a t e , m2 relative arc angle (α/90) of 0.33 at relative roughness
As Area of smooth plate, m2 height of 0.0422. Correspondingly increase in
b Width of the rib, m friction factor for these parameters was 1.75 times
Cd Coefficients of discharge of orifice only.Sethi et al. [8]they investigation covered duct
Cp Specific heat of air at constant pressure, J/kg aspect ratio 11, Reynolds number range from 3600–
18,000, relative roughness height 0.021–0.036,
K
relative roughness pitch 10–20 and arc angle 45–75ᵒ.
Dh Hydraulic diameter of duct, m
They are reported higher value of Nusselt number
Dp Inside diameter of the pipe corresponded to relative roughness pitch of 10 and
d/W Relative gap position arc angle 60ᵒ, relative roughness height of 0.036.Lau
e Rib height, m et al. [9] also observed that the replacement of
e/Dh Relative roughness height, continuous transverse ribsbyincline
ƒs Friction factor of smooth duct dribsinasquareduct results in higher turbulence at the
ƒr Friction factor of roughened duct ribbed wall due to interaction of theprimary and
ƒr/ƒs Friction factor ratios auxiliary flows. Lauetal. [9, 10] investigatedtheheat-
g Gap width, m transferandfriction factor characteristicsof fully
g/e Relative gap width developed flow In asquare duct with transverse and
H Depth of duct, m inclined discrete ribs. They reported that a five-
h Convective heat-transfer coefficients, piecediscrete rib with 90ᵒangle of attack shows 10–
W/m2K 15% higherheat-transfercoefficient ascompared to
(Δh)o Difference of manometric fluid levels the 90ᵒcontinuous ribs, whereas inclined
in U-tube manometer, m discreteribsgive10–20%higherheattransfer than that
(Δh)d Differences of water column levels of the90ᵒdiscreterib.Han etal.[11] carried out
in micro- manometer, m experiments to study the heattransfer and pressure
I Heat flux .W/m2 drop characteristics of aroughenedsquare channel
k Thermal conductivity of air, W/m K with V-shaped broken rib arrangement with
L Test section length for pressure drop theangle of attack of 45ᵒand 60ᵒand reported that 60ᵒ
measure, m V-shapedbrokenrib arrangement gives better
m Mass flow rate, kg/s performance than 45ᵒV-shapedbroken
Nur Nusselt number of roughened duct ribarrangement. Zhangetal.and Kimletal.[11,
Nus Nusselt number of smooth duct 12]reported that thethermal performanceof
Nu/Nus Nusselt number ratio ribarrangementswithan angleofattack of60ᵒisbetter
P Pitch of the rib, m than that with an angle of45ᵒ,for asquare duct.Chao
ΔPo Pressure drop in duct, Pa e t al. [13]examined theeffectofangle ofattack and
P/e Relative roughness pitch number of discrete ribs, and reported that the
Qu Useful heat gain rate, W gapregionbetweenthediscreteribsacceleratestheflow
, which increases t h e localheat-transfer
Ti Inlet temperature of air, K
coefficient. Choet al.
Tm Mean temperature of air, K [14]investigatedtheeffectofagapinthe
To Outlet temperature of air, K inclinedribsonheattransferinasquareductandreporte
Tp Average plate temperature, K d that a gap in the inclined rib accelerates the flow
V Velocity of air, m/s andenhances the local turbulence, which will result
W Width of duct, m in an increase in the heat transfer. They reported that
Greek symbols the inclinedribarrangement withadownstream
α Angle of attack, (α) gapposition shows higher improvement inheat
β Ratio of orifice diameter to pipe diameter transfer compared to that ofthe continuousinclined
ɳth Thermo-hydraulic parameter efficiency ribarrangement.Aharwal et al. [15] they are
ρ Density of air, kg/m3 investigated to inclined rib with a gap provision so as
ρm Density of manometric fluid, kg/m3 to allow release of secondary flow and primary flow
ρw Density of water, kg/m3 through the gap thereby creating local turbulence.
μ Dynamic viscosity,kg/m-s They are investigation for the range of Reynolds
v Kinematic viscosity,m2/s number as 3000–18,000, aspect ratio as 5.84, relative
roughness pitch as 10 and angle of attack as 60ᵒ. Gap
Saini et al. [7] They investigation encompassed duct width (g/e) and gap position (d/W) were in range of
aspect ratio 12, relative roughness pitch 10, and 0.5–2 and 0.1667–0.667 respectively. Higher
relative roughness height 0.0213–0.0422, relative enhancement in Nusselt number and friction factor
angle of attack 0.33–0.66 and Reynolds number was obtained as 2.59 and 2.87 times that of smooth

plate respectively. Thermo hydraulic performance loops of heating wire Mica- sheet of 1mm is ‘placed
was obtained to be higher for relative gap width of between the electric heater and absorber plate. This
1.0 and relative gap position of 0.25. In the recent mica sheet acts as an insulator between the electric
study.Aharwal et al. [16] has done an experimental heater and absorber plate (Aluminium plate).The heat
investigation on heat transfer and friction factor flux may be varied from 0 to1000W/m2by a Variac
characteristics utilizing integral inclined discrete across it.
square ribs on plate of a solar air heater. Comes about
how that most extreme addition in nusselt number Fig.1. Schematic diagram of experimental setup.
(Nu) is seen at a relative gap position of 0.25 for The outsideof the entire set-up, from the inlet to
relative gap width of 1.0, p/e of 8.0, an of 60ᵒ and e/D theorifice plate, is insulated with 25 mm thick
of 0.037. Based upon gathered information, polystyrene foam having a thermal conductivity of
connections were produced for Nusselt number and 0.037 W/m-K. The heated plate is a 5 mm thick
friction factor. aluminium plate with integral rib-roughness formed
Inviewof theabove,itcanbestatedthat on its rear side and this is forms the top broad wall of
discreteinclinedorV-shapedribarrangementyields the duct, whilethe bottom wall is formed by 5 mm
betterperformanceascomparedto continuousrib aluminium plate and 25 mm wood with insulation
arrangement.However,investigations havenotbeen below it. The top sides of the entry and exit sections
carried outsofar toseetheeffect ofgap width of the duct are covered with smooth faced 8 mm thick
betweentheribelementstoformthediscreterib. plywood.
The presentinvestigationwas The mass flow rate of air is measured by

thereforetakenupto seentheeffectofgapininclined ribs means of a calibrated orifice meter connected with an
with a gap in staggered.Inthecurrent researchwork, inclined manometer, and the flow is controlled by the
experimentalinvestigation on the performance of control valves provided in the lines. The calibrated
solar air heater ducts, having the absorber plate with copper-constant 0.3 mm (24 SWG) thermocouples
artificial roughness in the form of inclined ribs with were used to measure the air and the heated plate
a gap in staggeredmannerwitha gap,hasbeen temperatures at different locations. The location of
carriedout.The flowReynoldsnumberhasbeen thermocouples on the heated wall is shown in Fig.1.
variedbetween3000 and14,000.Thevariationsof A digital Data-Tracker and compute is used
Nusseltnumberandfrictionfactoras afunctionof 0
roughnessparametersincluding gapposition have to indicate theoutput of the thermocouplesin C. And
beenevaluatedtoexaminethe thermo-hydraulic the Positionofthermocoupleson absorbingplate
performanceofthesystemtoascertainthebenefitof (Test length)has shown in fig.2.The pressure drops a
thisselectedroughnessgeometry. cross the test section was measured by a micro-
manometer. It is an open flow loop that consists of a
2. Experimental Setup test duct with entrance &exit sections, a blower,
The experimental schematic diagrams set- control valve, orifice plate and various devices for
up including the test section is shown in Fig.1. The measurement of temperature &fluid head.
flow system consists of an entry section, test section,
an exit section, a flow meter and a centrifugal
Air Inlet
blower. The duct is of size 2042 mm x 200 mm x 20
mm (dimension of inner cross-section) and is a. Inlet Section
a
constructed from wooden panels of 25mm thickness. b. Test Section.
The test section is of length 1500 mm (33.75Dh).The c. Mixing Section
b d. Exit Section
entry and exit lengths were 192 mm (7.2Dh) and 350 e. Data Tracker
mm (12Dh), respectively. A short entrance length e f. Computer
c g. Transition section
(L/Dh=7.2) was chosen because for a roughened duct d h. G.I. Pipe
the thermally fully developed flow is established in g
a short length 2-3 hydraulic diameter [17].For the
h
turbulent flow regime, ASHRAE standard 93-77
[17] recommends entry and exit length of 5√WH and
2.5√WH, respectively. In the exit section after 116 i
mm, three equally spaced baffles are provided in an
87 mm length for the purpose of mixing the hot air k
coming out of solar air duct to obtain a uniform
temperature of air (bulk mean temperature) at the l
outlet. Air outlet
Anelectric heater having a size of 1500 mm x 216

mm was fabricated by combining series and parallel
b P
d W
30ᵒ
Flow
L
L
(a) Continuous rib
b
P
dl
W
Thermocouple g
L
dt
L
200 (b) dt/W& dl/W = 0.3& 0.1
b
P
dl
20 100 210 210 210 210 210 210 100 20
All Dimensions in mm 1500
W
g
L
dt
Fig.2. Position of thermocouples on absorbing plate (Test length).
L
3. Roughness geometry and range of parameters
(c) dt/W& dl/W = 0.3& 0.2
The value of system and working
parameters of this experimental investigation are Fig.3. (a-c) Variation of with gap position at angle of attack (α) of
30ᵒ in a staggered inclined discrete ribarrangement.
recorded in Table no. 1. The relative roughness pitch
(P/e) value is selected as 8.0, based on the optimum 4. Data reduction
value of this parameter announced in the Literature
(1). Average Plate Temperature
[16]. Similarly, the value of the approach is picked at
angle of attack (α) 30ᵒ, to achieve higher Average plate data temperature is
enhancement of heat transfer. The arrangements of determined as follows:
ribs on the absorber plate are appeared in Fig. 3. (a–
c) in order to investigate the effect. 𝑇𝑝𝑎𝑣 = (𝑇𝑃1 + 𝑇𝑃2 + 𝑇𝑃3 + 𝑇𝑃4 + 𝑇𝑃5 + 𝑇𝑃6 )⁄6
(2). Average Outlet Air Temperature

Average air temperature is determined as:
Table no. 1
Value of Parameters 𝑇𝑜𝑎𝑣 = (𝑇𝑂1 + 𝑇𝑂2 + 𝑇𝑂3 + 𝑇𝑂4 + 𝑇𝑂5 )⁄5
Sr.no. Parameters Value
1. Reynolds number (Re) 3000-14000 (3). Pressure Drop Calculation
2. Roughness pitch (p/e) 8.0 Pressure drop measurement across the
3. Rib height (e) 2mm orifice plate by using the following relationship:
4. Rib width (b) 2mm
5. Hydraulic diameter (Dh) 44.44 Δ𝑃𝑂 = Δh × 9.81 × ∆𝜌𝑚
6. Relative Roughness 0.045
Where,
∆Po = Pressure diff. across orifice meter
Height (e/Dh)
∆ρm = Density of the manometer fluid
7. Duct aspect ratio (W/H) 8.0
∆ h = Difference of liquid head in U-tube
8. Angle of attack (α) 30ᵒ
manometer, m
9. Heat flux (I) 900W/m2
10. Relative gap width (g/e) 1.0 (4). Mass Flow Measurement
11. Relative gapposition (0.3&0.1 to Mass flow rate of air has been determined
(dt/W & dl/W) 0.3&0.2) from pressure drop measurement across the orifice
12. Test length 1500mm plate by using the following relationship:

𝑚̇ = 𝐶𝑑 × 𝐴𝑜 × [2𝜌Δ𝑃𝑜 ⁄(1 − 𝛽 4 )]0.5 The friction factor was determined from the
Where, flow velocity, V‟ and the head loss „Δhd‟ measured
ṁ = Mass flow rate, kg / sec. across the test section length of 1m using the
Cd = Coefficient of discharge of orifice i.e. Darcy– Weisbach equation as
0.62
A0 = Area of orifice plate, m2 ƒ = 2[(∆𝑃)𝑑 ] 𝐷ℎ ⁄4𝜌𝐿ƒ𝑉 2
ρ = Density of air in Kg/m3 Where,
β = Ratio of orifice diameter to pipe ∆P = Pressure drop in N/m2 for 1.36m
diameter. (β =do / dp) i.e. 26.5/53 = 0.5 length, Lf .of the duct
Dh = the hydraulic diameter based on entire
(5). Velocity Measurement: wetted perimeter
𝑉 = 𝑚̇⁄𝜌𝑊𝐻 (10). Thermo Hydraulic Performance:

Where, Thermo hydraulic performance is
ṁ = Mass flow rate, kg / sec calculated by
ρ = Density of air in Kg/m3 𝑇ℎ𝑝 = (𝑁𝑢𝑟 ⁄𝑁𝑢𝑠 )⁄(ƒ𝑟 ⁄ƒ𝑠 )
1⁄3
.
H = Height of the duct in m
W = Width of the duct, m
5. Validation of experimental data
(6). Reynolds Number Experiment have been performed by
The Reynolds number for flow of air in the keeping surface of the duct smooth and the result of
duct is calculated from: smooth duct wall compared with those of theoretical
result Fig. 4.Show the variation of Nusselt number as
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑉𝐷ℎ ⁄𝜈 a function of Reynolds number for smooth duct. It is
Where, observe that the deviation in the experimental results
ν = Kinematics viscosity of air at average with theoretical is small. This
fluid temperature isgoodagreementbetween
𝐷ℎ = 4𝑊𝐻 ⁄2(𝑊 + 𝐻) theoreticalandexperimentalresults.Similarresults
havebeen observedforthe frictionfactoras shown
(7). Heat Transfer Coefficient i n Fig.5. This again shows the good agreement between
Heat transfer rate, Qa to the air is given by: experimental and theoretical results.
𝑄𝑎 = 𝑚̇𝐶𝑝 (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑖 )
45
Where,
ṁ = Mass flow rate, kg / sec 40
Cp = Density of air in Kg/m3 35
To = outlet temperature of air
30
Nusselt Number (Nu)
Ti = Inlet temperature of air

The heat transfer coefficient for the heated test 25
section has been calculated from: 20
𝑄
15
ℎ = 𝐴𝑎 (𝑇𝑝𝑎𝑣 − 𝑇𝑓𝑎𝑣 )
𝑎 10
Where, Experimental Value
5
Ap = the heat transfer area assumed to be
the corresponding smooth plate area. 0
0 5000 10000 15000
(8). Nusselt Number
Heat Transfer Coefficient has been used to Reynolds Number (Re)
determine the Nusselt number defined as;
𝑁𝑢 = ℎ𝐷ℎ⁄𝑘 Fig.4. Comparisonofexperimentalandestimatedvaluesof

Where, Nusselt Number ofsmoothduct.
k = the thermal conductivity of the air at
the mean air temperature
wetted perimeter.
(9). Friction Factor

90
0.014 dt/W & dl/W= 0.3 & 0.1
80 dt/W & dl/W= 0.3 & 0.2
0.012 Continuous Rib
70 Smooth Surface
Friction Factor (f)
0.01 60
Nusselt number
0.008 50
40
0.006
30
0.004
20
0.002
Experimental Value 10
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000 0 5000 10000 15000
Reynolds Number (Re) Reynolds number
Fig .6. Variation of Nusselt number with Reynolds number

Fig.5. Comparisonofexperimentalandestimatedvaluesoffriction
factor ofsmoothduct.
6. Results and discussion 0.025

The effect of various flow and roughness
parameters on heat transfer characteristics for flow of
0.02
air in artificial roughness due to a gap in astaggered
inclined rib with gap in staggered arrangement in
Friction factor
rectangular ducts.In the present investigation are 0.015

discussed below. Results have also been compared
with those of smooth ducts under similar flow
conditions to seen the improvement in heat transfer 0.01
coefficient.
dt/W & dl/W= 0.3 & 0.1
The variation of Nusselt number with 0.005 dt/W & dl/W= 0.3 & 0.2
Reynolds number is shown in Fig.6. It is seen that the Continuous Rib
value of Nusselt number is increases with Smooth Surface
0
increases in Reynolds number. The value of Nusselt 0 5000 10000 15000
number is varies from 18 to 82 in the range of Reynolds number
Reynolds number 3000-14,000. The higher value of
Nusselt number is observe for rib with gap roughness Fig.7Variation of friction factor with Reynolds number.
arrangement (dt/W & dl/W = 0.3 & 0.2). This may
due to the fact that the presence of gap produces more The variation of friction factor with Reynolds
turbulence,which improves the heat transfer. number is shown in fig. 7. It is seen that the value of
friction factor decreases with increase in Reynolds
number. This may be due to the fact that as the
Reynolds number increases, the thickness of
boundary layer decreases therefore, frictionfactor
decreases with increase in Reynolds number. The
higher value of friction factor is observe for rib with
gap roughness arrangement (dt/W & dl/W = 0.3 &
0.2),whereas it’s lower value is observed for smooth
duct.

1.8 gap position (dt/W & dl/W) of 0.3&0.2 and
relative gap width (g/e) of 1.0.
1.6
iii. It is observe that the value of thermo-
Thermo hydraulic performance
1.4 hydraulic performance parameter increases

with increase in Reynolds
1.2
numberthemaximumvalueof this parameter
1 is observe for inclined rib with a gap in
staggered roughnessarrangements.
0.8
0.6 8. References
[1] Sahu MM, Bhagoria JL. (2005) Augmentation
0.4 dt/W & dl/W= 0.3 & 0.1
of heat transfer coefficient by using 90ᵒ broken
dt/W & dl/W= 0.3 & 0.2
0.2 transverse ribs on absorber plate of solar air
Continuous Rib
heater. Renew Energy; 30(13):2057–73.
0
[2] Varun, Saini RP, Singal SK. (2008)
0 5000 10000 15000
Investigation of thermal performance of solar air
Reynolds number heater having roughness elements as a
combination of inclined and transverse ribs on
the absorber plate. Renew Energy; 33(6):1398–
Fig.8. Variation of Thermo Hydraulic performance with Reynolds number. 405.
[3] Karwa R, Solanki SC, Saini JS. (1999) Heat
The variation of thermo hydraulic performance with transfer coefficient and friction factor
Reynolds number is shown in fig. 8. It is seen that the correlations for the transitional flow regime in
value of Reynolds number increases with increase in rib-roughened rectangular ducts. Int. J. Heat M.
thermo hydraulic performance and after attaining Transfer; 42(9):1597–615.
higher value, thermo hydraulic performance [4] Bhagoria JL, Saini JS, Solanki SC. (2002) Heat
decreases with increase in Reynolds number. The transfer coefficient and friction factor
value of thermo hydraulic performance is varies from correlations for rectangular solar air heater duct
1.24 to 1.55 in the range of Reynolds number 3000- having transverse wedge shaped rib roughness
14,000. The higher value of thermo hydraulic on the absorber plate. Renew Energy; 25
performance is observed for a relative gap position (3):341–69.
(dt/W & dl/W) of 0.3&0.2 and a relative gap width [5] Momin AME, Saini JS, Solanki SC. (2002) Heat
(g/e) of 1.0. transfer and friction in solar air heater duct with
V-shaped rib roughness on absorber plate .Int. J
Heat Mass Transfer; 45(16):3383–96.
7. Conclusions [6] Kumar A, Bhagoria JL, Sarviya RM. (2009)
Heat transfer and friction correlations for
The present work was undertaken of with artificially roughened solar air heater duct with
the objectives of extensive investigation into inclined discrete W-shaped ribs. Energy Convers Manag;
ribs in staggered manner as artificial roughness with 50(8):2106–17.
gap on the on broad wall of solar air heater. Results [7] Saini SK, Saini RP. (2008) development of
of artificially roughened duct have been compared correlations for Nusselt number and friction
with those of a smooth duct under similar flow factor for solar air heater with roughened duct
condition to determine heat transfer and friction having arc shaped wire as artificial roughness.
factor. The major conclusion draw from this Solar Energy; 82(12):1118–30.
investigation are given below- [8] Sethi M, Varun, Thakur NS. (2012)
Correlations for solar air heater duct with
i. The value of Nusselt number increases with dimpled shape roughness elements on absorber
increase in Reynolds number. A gap in plate. S. Energy; 86 (9):2852–61.
aninclined rib with a gap in staggered [9] Lau SC, McMillin RD, Han JC. (1991) turbulent
arrangement improves the heat transfer and heat transfer and friction in a square channel
friction factor of the roughened ducts. The with discrete rib turbulators. Trans ASME, J
increase in Nusseltnumber and friction Turbo Machinery, 113:360–6.
factoris observingfor the range of 1.41-2.03 [10] Lau SC, McMillin RD, Han JC. (1991) Heat
times and 1.76-2.22 times as compared to transfer characteristics of turbulent flow in a
smooth duct, respectively, for the range of square channel with angled rib. Trans ASME, J
Reynolds number from 3000 to 14,000. Turbo M/C 113:367–74.
ii. The higher values of Nusseltnumber and [11] Han JC, Zhang YM. (1992) High performance
friction factor are observed for a gap in the heat transfers ducts with parallel broken and V-
inclined ribs staggered arrangement with

shaped broken ribs. Int. J Heat Mass Transfer,
35(2):513–23.
[12] Kiml R, Mochizuki S, Murata A. (2001) Effects
of rib arrangements on heat transfer and flow
behaviour in a rectangular rib roughened
passage. J Heat Transfer, 123:675–81.
[13] Cho HH, Wu SJ, Kwon HJ. (2000) Local
heat/mass transfer measurement in a rectangular
duct with discrete ribs. J Turbo machinery, 122:
579–86.
[14] Cho HH, Kim YY, Rhee DH, Lee SY, Wu SJ.
(2003) the effect of gap position in discrete ribs
on local heat/mass transfer in a square duct. J
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[15] Aharwal, K.R., Gandhi, B.K., Saini, J.S. (2008).
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Air Heater, New York 1997; 1–3.

Analysis of Enhancement of Heat- Transfer and friction factor in
Rectangular Duct of Solar Air Heater with a Gap in Staggered
Inclined Discrete Rib Arrangement
Mukesh Kumar Solanki1*, Dr. K. R. Aharwal2
1*
Research Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.A.N.I.T. (MP) 462003, India
2
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.A.N.I.T. (MP) 462003, India
Abstract excessivepowerrequirementforthefluidto flow

The experimental analysis of artificial throughtheduct.It is,therefore,desirablethat
roughness in the form of ribs is a convenient method for turbulencemustbecreated onlyin aregion very
enhancing thermal performance of solar air heaters. In closetothe heat-transferringsurfacetobreakthe
the present research work experimental investigation of viscoussub-layerforaugmentingthe heattransfer,
heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of a andthecoreflowshouldnotbeunduly disturbedto limit
rectangular duct roughened with staggered inclined theincreaseinfrictionlosses.This canbe done
discrete rib with gap, arranged at an inclination of 45ᵒ bykeeping theheight oftheroughnesselements
with respect to the flow direction. The rectangular duct smallincomparisontotheduct dimensions.
has a width to height ratio (W/H) of 8.0, relative Variousinvestigatorshavestudieddifferent
roughness pitch (p/e) of 8.0, relative roughness height
(e/Dh) of 0.045 and angle of attack of (α) of 45ᵒ. In the
typesofroughnessgeometriesandtheir
relative gap width (g/e) of 1.0 and relative gap position arrangementstoenhancethe heattransferfromheat
(dt/W & dt/W) of 0.3 &0.1 to 0.3&0.2, respectively. The transferringsurfaces. Verma et al. [1] they investigated
air flow rate corresponds to Reynolds number between to outdoor experimental study using transverse wire
3000 –14,000. The heat transfer and friction factor roughness. The operating Parameters for study were
characteristics have been compared with those for roughness Reynolds number as 8–42 and Reynolds
smooth duct under similar flow conditions. The number varied from 5000 to 20,000, relative
maximum enhancement in heat transfer of Nusselt roughness pitch as 10–40, relative roughness height as
number and friction factor is obtained to be 2.42 and 2.53 0.01–0.03 and relative roughness pitch as 10–40. They
times of that of the smooth duct, respectively. The
thermo-hydraulic performance (ƞth) of parameter is
are reported optimal thermo-hydraulic performance of
observed to be the maximum for the relative gap width 71% corresponded to roughness Reynolds number of
of 1.0 and relative gap position of 0.3&0.2. 24. Yadav et al. [2]carried out numerical investigation
for the heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of
Keywords: - Reynolds number, Nusselt number, Friction fully developed turbulent flow in a rectangular duct
factor, Relative Gap position (dt/W& dl/W), Relative having repeated transverse square sectioned rib
gap width (g/e) and thermo hydraulic performance. roughness on the absorber plate. It is observed that the
*Corresponding author email-Id:-
maximum improvement of average Nusselt number
solanki.mukesh84@gmail.com and friction factor has been found to be 2.86 and 3.84
times that of smooth duct respectively, for relative
1. Introduction roughness pitch of 7.14 and for relative roughness
Thethermalefficiencyofsolarairheaters height of 0.042.Gupta et al. [3] they investigated to
hasbeenfoundtobegenerally poorbecauseoftheir inclined circular ribs as artificial roughness for the
inherently lowheattransfercapabilitybetweenthe range of Reynolds number as 3000– 18000, relative
absorberplateandairflowingintheduct.Inorder to roughness height as 0.018–0.052 for relative
makethesolarairheaterseconomicallyviable, their roughness pitch of 10 and duct aspect ratio as 6.8–
thermalefficiencyneeds tobeimproved by 11.5, They reported enhancement in thermal
enhancingthe heattransfercoefficient.Inorderto efficiency by 1.16–1.25 as compared to smooth duct
attainhigherheattransfer coefficient, thelaminar sub- in range of parameters investigated.Karmare et al. [4]
layerformedinthevicinityofthe absorberplate they investigated heat transfer and friction factor for
mustbebrokenandtheflowatthe heat-transferring metal grit ribs for Range of parameters for
surfaceismadeturbulentby introducingartificial investigation were Reynolds number as 4000–17000,
roughnessonthe surface.However,the artificial e/Dh as 0.035–0.044, p/e as 12.5–36 and l/s as 1.72–
roughnessresultsinhigherfrictionallossesleading to 01. They reported that plate with roughness

parameters l/s as 1.72, e/Dh as 0.044 and p/e as 17.5 smooth duct for range of parameters investigated.
showed optimum performance.Bhagoria et al. [5] Higher heat transfer enhancement and friction factor
theyinvestigated effect of relative roughness pitch, occurred for relative roughness pitch of 12, relative
relative roughness height and wedge angle on heat roughness height of 0.03, and for arc angle value of
transfer and friction factor and reported enhancement 60ᵒ.Lau et al. [11] also observed that the replacement
in Nusselt number as 2.4 times while of friction factor ofcontinuoustransverse
as 5.3 times as compared to smooth duct in range of ribsbyinclinedribsinasquareduct results in higher
parameters investigated. Higher enhancement in heat turbulence at the ribbed wall due to
transfer was obtained at wedge angle of 10ᵒ. Heat interactionoftheprimary andauxiliary flows.
transfer was the higher for relative roughness pitch of Lauetal.[11, 12]investigatedtheheat-
7.57. Karwa et al. [6] investigated to experimental transferandfriction factor characteristics of
study using in a v-discrete and v-discontinuous rib. fullydeveloped flowinasquare duct with transverse
Range of parameters was relative roughness pitch as and inclined discrete ribs. They reported that a five -
10.63, relative roughness length (B/S) as 3 and 6, angle piecediscrete rib with 90ᵒangle of attack shows 10–
of attack as 45ᵒ and 60ᵒ and Reynolds number as 2850– 15% higherheat-transfercoefficient ascompared to
15,500. They are reported that discrete ribs perform the 90ᵒcontinuous ribs, whereas inclined
better than discontinuous rib and 60ᵒ ribs performed discreteribsgive10–20%higherheattransfer than that
better than 45ᵒ ribs.Lanjewar et al. [7] they are of the90ᵒdiscreterib. Han
utilizing concept of increasing number of secondary etal.[13]carriedoutexperiments
cell, W-shaped rib roughness was investigated. The tostudytheheattransfer
Range of parameters was relative roughness pitch 10, andpressuredropcharacteristicsof aroughenedsquare
relative roughness height 0.018– 0.03375 and angle of channel with V-shaped broken rib arrangementwith
attack 30–75ᵒ. They are reported W-down theangle of attack of 45ᵒand 60ᵒand reported that 60ᵒ
arrangement with angle of attack 60ᵒ gives optimum V-
thermo hydraulic performance. Higher enhancement shapedbrokenribarrangementgivesbetterperformanc
of Nusselt number and friction factor was 2.36 and e than 45ᵒV-shapedbroken ribarrangement.
2.01 times that of smooth plate for angle of attack of Zhangetal.and Kimletal.[13, 14]reported that
60ᵒ. Varun et al. [8] Experimental investigation thethermal performanceof ribarrangementswithan
encompassed Reynolds number from 2000 to 14,000, angleofattack of60ᵒisbetter than that with an angle
relative roughness pitch 3–8 and relative roughness of45ᵒ,for asquare duct. Chao e t al. [15]examined
height as 0.030. They are reported that roughened theeffectofangle ofattack and number of discrete ribs,
collector having roughness pitch of 8 gave best and reported that the
performance. 3.9.2. Transverse rib groove gapregionbetweenthediscreteribsacceleratestheflow,
combination Performance of transverse rib roughness which increases t h e localheat-transfer coefficient.
was sought to be enhanced by providing groove Choetal.[16]investigatedtheeffectofagapinthe
between two transverse ribs.Bhushan et al. [9] they inclinedribsonheattransferinasquareductandreported
investigated to transverse staggereddimple roughness that a gap in the inclinedribaccelerates the flow
geometry. The Range of parameters investigated were andenhances the local turbulence, which will result in
relative short way length (S/e) as 18.75–37.50, relative an increase in the heat transfer. They reported that the
long way length (L/e) as 25.00–37.50, relative print inclinedribarrangement withadownstream
diameter (d/D) as 0.147–0.367, relative roughness gapposition shows higher improvement inheat
height as 0.03, aspect ratio as 10 and Reynolds number transfer compared to that ofthe continuousinclined
from 4000–20000. Higher enhancement of Nusselt ribarrangement. Aharwal et al. [17] they investigated
number and friction factor was 3.8 and 2.2 times to inclined rib with a gap provision so as to allow
respectively in comparison to smooth duct. Higher release of secondary flow and primary flow through
enhancement in heat transfer coefficient was reported the gap thereby creating local turbulence. They are
for relative short-way length (S/e) of 31.25, relative investigation for the range of Reynolds number as
long way length (L/e) of 31.25 and relative print 3000–18,000, aspect ratio as 5.84, relative roughness
diameter (d/D) of 0.294.Yadav et al. [10] They are pitch as 10 and angle of attack as 60ᵒ. Gap width (g/e)
experiment encompassed Reynolds number range and gap position (d/W) were in range of 0.5–2 and
from 3600 to 18,100, p/e as 12 to 24, e/Dh as 0.015 to 0.1667–0.667 respectively. Higher enhancement in
0.03 and arc angle of protrusion arrangement as 45– Nusselt number and friction factor was obtained as
75ᵒ. Higher enhancement of Nusselt number and 2.59 and 2.87 times that of smooth plate respectively.
friction factor was found to be 2.89 and 2.93 times Thermo hydraulic performance was obtained to be

higher for relative gap width of 1.0 and relative gap temperature of air (bulk mean temperature) at the
position of 0.25.In the recent study, Aharwal et al. [18] outlet.
has done an experimental investigation on heat
An electric heater having a size of 1500 mm
transfer and friction factor characteristics utilizing
x 216 mm was fabricated by combining series and
integral inclined discrete square ribs on plate of a solar
parallel loops of heating wire Mica- sheet of 1mm is
air heater. Comes about how that most extreme ‘placed between the electric heater and absorber plate.
addition in nusselt number (Nu) is seen at a relative This mica sheet acts as an insulator between the
gap position of 0.25 for relative gap width of 1.0, p/e
electric heater and absorber plate (Aluminium
of 8.0, an of 60ᵒ and e/D of 0.037. Based upon gathered
plate).The heat flux may be varied from 0 to 1000
information, connections were produced for Nusselt
number and friction factor. Inviewof W/m2by a variac across it.The outsideof the entire set-
theabove,itcanbestatedthat discreteinclinedorV- up, from the inlet to the orifice plate, is insulated with
shapedribarrangementyields 25 mm thick polystyrene foam having a thermal
betterperformanceascomparedtocontinuousrib conductivity of 0.037 W/m-K. The heated plate is a 5
arrangement. mm thick aluminium plate with integral rib-roughness
formed on its rear side and this is forms the top broad
However,investigations havenotbeen carried outsofar wall of the duct, whilethe bottom wall is formed by 5
toseentheeffect ofgap width mm aluminium plate and 25 mm wood with insulation
betweentheribelementstoformthediscreterib. below it. The top sides of the entry and exit sections of
The presentinvestigationwas the duct are covered with smooth faced 8 mm thick
thereforetakenupto seentheeffectofgapinstaggered plywood. The mass flow rate of air is measured by
inclined discrete rib.Inthepresent means of a calibrated orifice meter connected with an
researchwork,experimentalinvestigation inclined manometer, and the flow is controlled by the
ontheperformanceof solarair heaterducts,having control valves provided in the lines.The orifice plate
theabsorber platewithartificialroughnessinthe has been designed for the flow measurement in the
formofstaggered inclined discrete rib witha pipe of inner diameter of 53 mm, as per the
gap,hasbeen carriedout.The recommendation of Preobrazhensky [20].
Air Inlet
flowReynoldsnumberhasbeen variedbetween3000
and14,000.Thevariationsof
12. a. Inlet Section
Nusseltnumberandfrictionfactoras afunctionof a 13. b. Test Section.
roughnessparametersincluding gapposition have 14. c. Mixing Section
beenevaluatedtoexaminethe thermo-hydraulic b 15. d. Exit Section
performanceofthesystemtoascertainthebenefitof 16. e. Data Tracker
17. f. Computer
thisselectedroughnessgeometry. c 18. g. Transition section
e
d 19. h. G.I. Pipe
2. Experimental Setup i.Inclined U-Tube
The experimental schematic diagrams set-up g
including the test section is shown in Fig.1. The flow
system consists of an entry section, test section, an exit h
section, a flow meter and a centrifugal blower. The
duct is of size 2042 mm x 200 mm x 20 mm
j i
(dimension of inner cross-section) and is constructed
from wooden panels of 25mm thickness. The test
section is of length 1500 mm (33.75Dh).The entry and
k
exit lengths were 192 mm (7.2Dh) and 350 mm
(12Dh), respectively. A short entrance length
(L/Dh=7.2) was chosen because for a roughened duct Air outlet l
the thermally fully developed flow is established in
a short length 2-3 hydraulic diameter[19]For the
turbulent flow regime, ASHRAE standard 93-77 [19] Fig.1. Schematic diagram of experimental setup.
recommends entry and exit length of 5√WH and In the present work of experimental set-up we used
2.5√WH, respectively. In the exit section after 116 1000mm (13 d1) pipe length on the upstream side and
mm, three equally spaced baffles are provided in an 87 700 mm (9 d1) on the downstream side. The calibrated
mm length for the purpose of mixing the hot air copper-constant 0.3 mm (24 SWG) thermocouples
coming out of solar air duct to obtain a uniform were used to measure the air and the heated plate

temperatures at different locations. The location of b P
thermocouples on the heated wall is shown in Fig.1.A
.
digital Data-Tracker and compute are used to indicate
the output of the thermocouples temperature values in
ᵒC. and Positionofthermocouples on absorbing plate d W
(Test length) shown in fig.2.The pressure drops a cross 45ᵒ
Flow
the test section was measured by a micro-manometer.
It is an open flow loop that consists of a test duct with L
L
entrance &exit sections, a blower, control valve, orifice (a) Continuous rib
plate and various devices for measurement of b P
temperature &fluid head.
dl
Thermocouple
W
g
L
dt
200 L
b P
(b ) dt/W & dl/W = 0.3 & 0.1
dl
20 100 210 210 210 210 210 210 100 20

All Dimensions in mm g W
Fig.2.Position of thermocouples 1500
on absorbing plate. (Test length).
L
dt with gap position at angle of attack (α) of
Fig.3. (a-c). Variation of
Table no. 1 45ᵒ in a staggered inclined discrete ribarrangement.
L
Value of parameters
4. Data reduction(c) dt/W & dl/W = 0.3 & 0.2
Sr.no. Parameters Value
(1). Average Plate Temperature
Average plate data temperature is determined as
I. Reynolds number (Re) 3000-14000
follows:
II. Roughness pitch (p/e) 8.0
III. Rib height (e) 2mm
𝑇𝑝𝑎𝑣 = (𝑇𝑃1 + 𝑇𝑃2 + 𝑇𝑃3 + 𝑇𝑃4 + 𝑇𝑃5 + 𝑇𝑃6 )⁄6 (i)
IV. Rib width (b) 2mm
V. Hydraulic diameter (Dh) 44.44
(2). Average Outlet Air Temperature
VI. Relative Roughness 0.045
Average air temperature is determined as:
Height (e/Dh)
VII. Duct aspect ratio (W/H) 8.0 𝑇𝑜𝑎𝑣 = (𝑇𝑂1 + 𝑇𝑂2 + 𝑇𝑂3 + 𝑇𝑂4 + 𝑇𝑂5 )⁄5 (ii)
VIII. Angle of attack (α) 45ᵒ
IX. Heat flux (I) 900W/m2 (3). Pressure Drop Calculation
X. Relative gap width (g/e) 1.0 Pressure drop measurement across the
XI. Relative gapposition (0.3&0.1 to orifice plate by using the following relationship:
(dt/W & dl/W) 0.3&0.2)
XII. Test length 1500mm Δ𝑃𝑂 = Δh × 9.81 × ∆𝜌𝑚 (iii)
Where,
3. Roughness geometry and range of parameters ∆Po = Pressure diff. across orifice meter
∆ρm = Density of the manometer fluid
The value of system and working parameters
∆ h = Difference of liquid head in U-tube
of this experimental investigation are recorded in
manometer, m
Table no. 1. The relative roughness pitch (P/e) value is
selected as 8.0, based on the optimum value of this
(4). Mass Flow Measurement
parameter announced in the Literature [18]. Similarly,
Mass flow rate of air has been determined
the value of the approach is picked at angle of attack
from pressure drop measurement across the orifice
(α) 45ᵒ, to achieve higher enhancement of heat
plate by using the following relationship:
transfer. The arrangements of ribs on the absorber
plate are appeared in Fig. 3(a–c) in order to investigate
𝑚̇ = 𝐶𝑑 × 𝐴𝑜 × [2𝜌Δ𝑃𝑜 ⁄(1 − 𝛽 4 )]0.5 (iv)
the effect

𝑁𝑢 = ℎ𝐷ℎ⁄𝑘 (ix)
Where,
ṁ = Mass flow rate, kg / sec. Where,
Cd = Coefficient of discharge of orifice i.e. k = the thermal conductivity of the air at the
0.62 mean air temperature
A0 = Area of orifice plate, m2 Dh = the hydraulic diameter based on entire
ρ = Density of air in Kg/m3 wetted perimeter.
β = Ratio of orifice diameter to pipe diameter.
(β =do / dp) i.e. 26.5/53 = 0.5 (9). Friction Factor
The friction factor was determined from the
(5). Velocity Measurement flow velocity, V‟ and the head loss „Δhd‟ measured
across the test section length of 1m using the Darcy–
𝑉 = 𝑚̇⁄𝜌𝑊𝐻 (v) Weisbach equation as
Where, ƒ = 2[(∆𝑃)𝑑 ] 𝐷ℎ ⁄4𝜌𝐿ƒ𝑉 2 (x)

ṁ = Mass flow rate, kg / sec
ρ = Density of air in Kg/m3 Where,
H = Height of the duct in m ∆P = Pressure drop in N/m2 for 1.36m
W = Width of the duct, m length, Lf .of the duct
(6). Reynolds Number wetted perimeter
The Reynolds number for flow of air in the
duct is calculated from: (10). Thermo Hydraulic Performance
Thermo hydraulic performance is calculated
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑉𝐷ℎ ⁄𝜈 (vi) by
1⁄3
𝑇ℎ𝑝 = (𝑁𝑢𝑟 ⁄𝑁𝑢𝑠 )⁄(ƒ𝑟 ⁄ƒ𝑠 ) (xi)
Where,
ν = Kinematics viscosity of air at average
fluid temperature 5. Validation of experimental data
𝐷ℎ = 4𝑊𝐻 ⁄2(𝑊 + 𝐻) Experiment have been performed by keeping
surface of the duct smooth and the result of smooth
(7). Heat Transfer Coefficient duct wall compared with those of theoretical result
Heat transfer rate, Qa to the air is given by: Fig. 4show the variation of Nusselt number as a
function of Reynolds number for smooth duct. It is
𝑄𝑎 = 𝑚̇𝐶𝑝 (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑖 ) (viii) observe that the deviation in the experimental results
with theoretical is small. This
Where, isgoodagreementbetween
ṁ = Mass flow rate, kg / sec theoreticalandexperimentalresults.Similarresults
Cp = Density of air in Kg/m3 havebeen observedforthe frictionfactoras shown
To = outlet temperature of air i n Fig.5 whichagainshows the goodagreementbetween
Ti = Inlet temperature of air experimentaland theoretical result.
The heat transfer coefficient for the heated test
section has been calculated from:
ℎ = 𝑄𝐴𝑎𝑎(𝑇𝑝𝑎𝑣 − 𝑇𝑓𝑎𝑣 ) (viii)
Where,
Ap = the heat transfer area assumed to be the
corresponding smooth plate area.
(8). Nusselt Number

Heat Transfer Coefficient has been used to
determine the Nusselt number defined as;

Reynolds number. The value of Nusselt number is
45 varies from 19 to 98 in the range of Reynolds number
3000-14,000. The higher value of Nusselt number is
40
observe for rib with gap roughness arrangement (dt/W
35 & dl/W = 0.3 & 0.2). This may due to the fact that the
30 presence of gap produces more turbulence,which
Nusselt Number (Nu)
improves the heat transfer.

25
20
15 120
dt/W & dl/W= 0.3 & 0.1
10
dt/W & dl/W= 0.3 & 0.2
5 Experimental Value 100 Continuous Rib
0 Smooth Surface
0 5000 10000 15000 80
Nusselt number
Reynolds Number (Re)
60
Fig.4. ComparisonofexperimentalandestimatedvaluesofNusselt 40
Number ofsmoothduct.
20
0.014
0
0 5000 10000 15000
0.012
Reynolds number
Friction Factor (f)
0.01
Fig .6. Variation of Nusselt number with Reynolds number.
0.008
0.006
0.025
0.004
0.002 0.02
Experimental Value
0
0.015
friction factor
0 5000 10000 15000

Reynolds Number (Re)
0.01
Fig.5. Comparisonofexperimentalandestimatedvaluesoffriction
factor ofsmoothduct dt/W & dl/W= 0.3 & 0.1
0.005
dt/W & dl/W= 0.3 & 0.2
6. Results and discussion Continuous Rib
Smooth Surface
The effect of various flow and roughness 0
parameters on heat transfer characteristics for flow of 0 5000 10000 15000
air in artificial roughness due to a gap in astaggered Reynolds number
inclined discrete rib arrangement in a rectangular duct.
In the present investigation are discussed below. Fig .7. Variation of friction factor with Reynolds number.
Results have also been compared with those of smooth
ducts under similar flow conditions.
The variation of friction factor with Reynolds number
The variation of Nusselt number with is shown in fig. 7. It is seen that the value of friction
Reynolds number is shown in Fig.6. It is seen that the factor decreases with increase in Reynolds number.
value of Nusselt number is increases with increases in This may be due to the fact that as the Reynolds

number increases, the thickness of boundary layer ii. The higher values of Nusseltnumber and
decreases therefore, frictionfactor decreases with friction factor are observed for a gap in the
increase in Reynolds number. The higher value of staggered inclined discrete rib with gap
friction factor is observe for rib with gap roughness position (dt/W&dl/W) of 0.3&0.2 and a
arrangement (dt/W & dl/W = 0.3 & 0.2),whereas it’s relative gap (g/e) of 1.0.
lower value is observed for smooth duct. iii. The thermo hydraulic performance analysis
of roughened duct shows that the gap position
(dt/W&dl/W) of 0.3&0.2 and a relative gap
2 (g/e) of 1.0 results in a maximum value of
1.8 efficiency of parameter.
Thermo hydraulic performance
1.6 Nomenclature
1.4 Ao Cross-section area of orifice, m2
1.2 Ap Area of absorber p l a t e , m2
1 As Area of smooth plate, m2
b Width of the rib, m
0.8
Cd Coefficients of discharge of orifice
0.6 Cp Specific heat of air at constant pressure,
dt/W & dl/W= 0.3 & 0.1
0.4 J/kg K
dt/W & dl/W= 0.3 & 0.2
0.2
Dh Hydraulic diameter of duct, m
Continuous Rib
Dp Inside diameter of the pipe
0
d/W Relative gap position
0 5000 10000 15000
e Rib height, m
Reynolds number e/Dh Relative roughness height,
ƒs Friction factor of smooth duct
Fig..8. Variation of Thermo Hydraulic performance with Reynolds number.
ƒr Friction factor of roughened duct
The variation of thermo hydraulic performance with g Gap width, m
Reynolds number is shown in fig.8. It is seen that the g/e Relative gap width
value of Reynolds number increases with increase in H Depth of duct, m
thermo hydraulic performance and after attaining h Convectiveheat-transfer coefficients
higher value, thermo hydraulic performance decreases W/m2K
with increase in Reynolds number. The value of (Δh)o Difference of manometric fluid levels
thermo hydraulic performance is varies from 1.32 to in U-tube manometer, m
1.78 in the range of Reynolds number 3000-14,000. (Δh)d Differences of water column levels
The higher value of thermo hydraulic performance is in micro- manometer, m
observed for a relative gap position (dt/W & dl/W) of I Heat flux .W/m2
0.3&0.2 and a relative gap width (g/e) of 1.0. k Thermal conductivity of air, W/m K
L Test section length for pressure drop
7. Conclusions Measure, m
m Mass flow rate, kg/s
Based on this experimental investigation on angle Nu Nusselt number of roughened duct
of attack at (α) of 45ᵒstaggered inclined discrete rib - Nus Nusselt number of smooth duct
roughened ducts with gap and without a gap, the P Pitch of the rib, m
Following conclusions can be drawn. ΔPo Pressure drop in duct, Pa
P/e Relative roughness pitch
i. A gap in a staggered inclined discrete Qu Useful heat gain rate, W
arrangement improves the heat transfer and
friction factor of the roughened ducts. The Ti Inlet temperature of air, K
increase in Nusseltnumber and friction Tm Mean temperature of air, K
factoris observingfor the range of 1.66-2.42 To Outlet temperature of air, K
times and 1.96-2.53 times as compared to Tp Average plate temperature, K
smooth duct, respectively, for the range of V Velocity of air, m/s
Reynolds number from 3000 to 14,000. W Width of duct, m
Greek symbols

α Angle of attack, (α) [10] Yadav S, Kaushal M, Varun, Siddhartha. (2013)
β Ratio of orifice diameter to pipe diameter Nusselt number and friction factor correlations for
ɳth Thermo-hydraulic parameter efficiency solar air heater duct having protrusions as
ρ Density of air, kg/m3 roughness elements on absorber plate. Exp
ρm Density of manometric fluid, kg/m3 Thermal Fluid Science; 44:34–41.
ρw Density of water, kg/m3 [11] Lau SC, McMillin RD, Han JC., (1991) turbulent
μ Dynamic viscosity,kg/m-s heat transfer and friction in a square channel with
v Kinematic viscosity,m2/s discrete rib turbulators. Trans ASME, J Turbo
Machinery, 113:360–6.
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Performance and Emission Characteristics of Linseed & Turpentine Oil

Fueled Diesel Engine
Narendra Kumar Yadav, Rajesh Gupta, SushantBhuvad
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal -462051 Madhaya Pradesh, India
A. A R TIC L E IN F O B. A B S T R A C T
Keywords: Due to the increasing demand for fossil fuels and environmental threat, a number of
Linseed oil methylester renewable sources of energy have been studied worldwide. Currently, the limited
Diesel engine petroleum reserves are being rapaciously consumed which also leads to various
High
environmental issues. The use of renewable vegetable oils derived from plant seeds
pressureinjectionPerfor
has gained attention worldwide due to soaring petroleum-crude prices. Physical
manceEmissions
and/or chemical transformations are used to improve the vegetable oil properties to
andcombustion
make it compatible for use in existing engines. Thus, alternative fuels which are
renewable and are also environment friendly are being investigated. Considering the
world’s insatiable appetite for petroleum, one of the best large-scale renewable
sources possible are vegetable oils derived from natural plant seeds.
1. Introduction
Diesel engine was invented by Rudolf Diesel in 1893, and

now these engines are everywhere and widely used in Main objective is to perform an experiment at various loads
industries, and transportation and uses diesel as fuel.Using by taking the blend of Linseed oil & turpentine oil in a different
Diesel as a fuel had some major problems, Since these are the ratio as a fuel in a single cylinder 4-stroke dieselengine and
fossil fuels and rate with which are extracting this fuels soon it compare the results and various parameters with using the
will reach peak production within few years, then there diesel like emission of CO, SOx, NOx, and hydrocarbon in the
availability will continuously decrease and it will completely exhaust gas. And also compare the indicated power, mean
exhausted at the end of this century. With diesel there is an effective pressure and others things to check whether this blend
emission of CO, CO2, SOx, Nox, which leads to the pollution has a potential to replace the diesel or not. The purpose of this
and global warming. Public is also aware of their health and the experiment is to provide an alternate fuel to the society for
also want some other option than diesel. In the search for diesel engine. Which also having a less emission and have
alternative, the favorable option was found to be renewable environment friendly. In search of an alternative fuel which is
fuels like vegetable oils, alcohols, etc. and Bio diesel comes into also an environment friendly and are renewable sourceone of
picture. It will control the emission problem up to some extent, the best option found is the vegetable oils derived from the
but it is not complete solution .We are using blend of linseed oil various plants and there seeds. But it also has some problems as
and turpentine oil to run the diesel engine and examine the it cannot be directly used because of their high viscosity,
efficiency , Emission and some other parameter of it, compare density, and poor volatility of the vegetable oil. Hence it is first
to diesel engine. Turpentine oil is obtain by distillation of resin converted into the Bio-diesel by thetransesterification process
obtain from live trees, mainly pines. Linseed oil is obtain from before using in existing diesel engine. This process reduces the
the dried, ripened seeds of the flax plants poly-unsaturation of these vegetable oils which results in diesel
like fuel (biodiesel). Both the Linseed oil and turpentine oil are
used as a fuel separately by mixed with diesel in CI engine and
• Turpentine oil(less viscous) + linseedoil (viscous) the engine Performance and there emission is examined [1]
[2].As with only turpentine oil mixed with a diesel suggested
0.001375pas sec + 0.0331pas sec that more than 30% TPOF will give more break power. And

with increase in percentage of TPOF emission reduces except moisture, if present. The measured amount of alcohol
CO2 [3].The turpentine itself should not be used as a fuel since (methanol) and catalyst (NaOH) were mixed properly, at
large amount (85%) of it distillates at very narrow temperature roomtemperature, to prepare a homogeneous solution.
band and the main effects of 10%, 20% and 30% turpentine Preheated oiland homogeneous solution were poured on a
additions to GLF on pollutant formation were that the Nox ratio beaker and put the complete system above the heater and
increased, while that of CO decreased. Increasing amount of magnetic stirrer. It is then stirred at a fixed stirring rate for 5-6
turpentine in the GLF sample had positive effects on the hours till the equilibrium will reach.After that the mixture was
performance parameters [4]. To control the emission various poured into theseparating funnel and hung out for sufficiently
bio-diesels are mixed with the diesel and used but complete long time (24 h)to separate due to gravity difference. The upper
replacement of diesel is yet to found. The objective of the layer contains predominately the linseed methyl esters (LME),
present investigation is to not only found the fuel which have biodiesel (light yellowcolor), and the lower layer contains the
less emission but also should have a capability to completely glycerol (dark color). Glycerol was separated from bottom of
replace the diesel fuel.For this two different oils having separated funnel. And linseed oil biodiesel is collected from
different viscosity Turpentine oil(less viscous) and linseed oil the top. The properties of linseed oil and diesel is shown in
(viscous) are used in different ratio so that there mixture having Table 1.
close to same properties as diesel in terms of performance but
have less emission.
Table 1.
2. Experimental procedure
Properties of linseed oil/ester and diesel.
2.1. Fuel preparation Properties Diesel LinseedOil LinseedMet ASTMM
hylEster ethod
The main problems encountered with linseed oil as a bio SpecificGravity 0.834 0.95 0.865 D1298-
99R05
diesel are its low volatility and high viscosity dueto long chain Kinematic 2.7 26 4.2 D445
structure.Conversion of the vegetable oil as a CI engine fuel can Viscosity at 40
○ C(centistokes)
be done any of the four methods; pyrolysis, micro
emulsification, dilution/blending and transesterification FlashPoint(○C) 50 241 161 D0093-
[5].Transesterification process is chosen for this 02A
experiment.Theviscosity of linseed oil bio-diesel highly Pour Point(○ C) —16 —15 —18 D0097-
decreases after transesterification process [6, 7]. Linseed bio- 05A
Gross Heat 45,00 39,307 40,759 D240
diesel produced by this processreduces thepoly-unsaturation of content (kj/kg) 0
these oils and hence has the properties comparable with CetaneNumber 47 34.5 48 D613
conventional diesel fuels[8][9].Alkali-catalyzed Carbon (%) 86 – 78.14 –
Hydrogen (%) 14 – 9.98 –
transesterification is most commonly used process for oils with Oxygen (%) – – 11.72 –
low free fatty acids and low moisturecontent.Transesterification Sulfur (%) 0.17 – 0.05 D5453
Nitrogen (%) – – 0.01 –
process consistsof three consecutive reversible reactions;
IodineValue – 184 184 D1510
1) conversionsof triglyceride (TG) to diglycerides (DGs),

2) DG to mono-glyceride(MG), and
This linseed oil bio diesel is mixed with
3) MG to glycerol (GLY).
turpentine oil to form the final required fuel. These fuels are
mixed in a different ratio and sample has been made for the
Overall three moles of alcoholare required and for that one experiment as shown below.
mole of monoalkyl ester is obtained in eachstep. At the end
Glycerol is obtain as a byproduct.Transesterification reaction is
sensitive to some reactionparameters such as the type of alcohol  Sample 1,  Turpentine oil 60%, Linseed oil 40%
used, their molar ratio tooil (MR), temperature at which  Sample 2,  Turpentine oil 50% , Linseed oil 50%
reaction occurs (T), type of catalyst and their amount, and the  Sample 3,  Turpentine oil 40% , Linseed oil 60%
stirring rate (SR) [10–14].The material used are Vegetable oils  Sample 4,  Diesel
(linseed oil, rice-bran oil and castor oil), NaOH, methanol.
Firstly, the required amount of oil was filtered and weighed.
Oilwas preheated up to the reaction temperature toremove

Diesel is taken as Sample 4, so that all the parameters and
performance obtain by new fuel can be compared with diesel.
2.2. Test procedure

Table 2.
Specifications of diesel engine.
Experiment has to be conducted on single cylinder, 4 stroke
diesel engines. Having a rated power of 5.2 KW at 1500rpm.An Make Kirloskar
electricaldynamometer of length 185mm was coupled to the
engine was used as a loadingdevice. The load and speed can be No. of Cylinder One
increased or decreased on thedynamometer and thereby on the Stroke Four Stroke
engine, by switching on or off theload resistances. The
performance parameter and emission is been monitored for Type of Cooling Water cooled
each sample of fuel by running the engine at different loads and Ignition Compression
by maintaining the constant rpm. And the performance Ignition
parameter and emission of the sample fuel will be comparing
with the diesel fuel. Exhaust gas temperature was measured by Fueling Diesel
thermocouple. Oxygen (O2), carbon monoxide (CO), Brake Power 5.2 kW
carbondioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (NOx) and unburned
hydrocarbon (UBHC), emissions were measured by Speed 1500 rpm
QROTECH exhaust gasanalyzer ‘‘QRO-401’’. Fuel Sfc 251g/Kwh
consumption was measured by a U-tubemanometer.The
schematic diagram of the experimental set-up is shown in Orifice Diameter 16mm
Fig.1with all measuring points and measuringinstruments. The
Dynamometer arm length 185mm
technical specification of the engine is given inTables 2.
Fig.1. Schematic of experimental set-up.
3.1. Performance
3. Results and discussion

The results of the experiments carried out on a DI
120
diesel engine using a blend of linseed oil and turpentine
oil in a 100
different ratio are presented and discussed below
80
and it is also compare with the performance of diesel
fuel. As shown in Fig. 2Fuel consumption normally 60
AFR
increases with the Engine load and with the increase in
linseed oil fraction in mixture fuel consumption increase. 40
And the overall fuel consumption of fuel each mixture is
more than diesel at each load. In Fig. 3Air fuel ratio 20
decrease with the increase in engine load and diesel have
0
more air to fuel ratio at each load than the new fuel. In
Fig. 4shows the indicated power at each load, at lower 5.9 10.3 14.7 19.1 23.5
Engine load
loads diesel gives more indicated power but at higher sample 1
load new fuel have more indicated power than diesel. sample 2
Sample 2 has overall more good performance than all
other samples. In Fig. 5 shows mean indicated mean
effective pressure (IMEP) at lower loads diesel have
Fig3:Variation of air fuel ratio with Engine load
more IMEP, but at higher loads new fuel blends have
more IMPE than diesel. Sample 2 has overall better
performance.
8
7
Indicated power
6
0.6 5
4
Fuel consumption( ml/sec)
0.5
3
0.4 2
1
0.3 0
5.9 10.3 14.7 19.1 23.5
0.2
Engine load
sample 1 sample 2
0.1 sample 3 sample 4
0
5.9 10.3 14.7 19.1 23.5
Engine load Fig4:variation of Indicated power with Engine
sample 1 sample 2 load
sample 3 sample 4
Fig: 2. Variation of Fuel consumption with

Engine load

10 0.45
9 0.4
CO corrected [%vol]
8 0.35
7 0.3
IMEP(Bar)
6 0.25
5 0.2
4 0.15
3 0.1
2 0.05
1 0
0 5.9 10.3 14.7 19.1 23.5
5.9 10.3 14.7 19.1 23.5 Engine load
Engine load sample 1 sample 2
sample 1 sample 2
sample 3 sample 4
Fig: 6. Variationof CO corrected [%vol] with
Engine load
Fig: 5.Variation of IMEP with Engine load
10
3.2. Emissions
8
CO2 [%vol]
As we seen above performance wise new fuel is almost 6

equal to the diesel and even some sample have more good 4
performance than diesel had. The important emissions from
diesel engine such as CO, CO2, HC, and NO were measured and 2
analyzed.As Fig. 6shows the variation of CO with Engine load, at 0
lower loads diesel have low CO than all the other samples, but at
5.9 10.3 14.7 19.1 23.5
higher loads all the samples including diesel have simillar Engine load
emmision of CO. Fig. 7shows the emmision of CO2 with the sample 1 sample 2
engine loads. It is observed CO2 emission increase with increase
in engine load and at each load new fuel has slightly more CO2
emmision than Diesel. Sample 1 has maximum among other at
higher load. Fig .8shows the emmision of unburned hydrocarbon Fig: 7. Variation of CO2 [%vol] with Engine
(HC) at different Engine loads, it is observed that at each loads load
sample 1 has more hydrocarbon emmission than others. And it is
much higher than others sample at higher loads. It indicates the
improper combustion of the fuel. Fig .9shows the variation of O2
with the engine load. As with the increase in load more O2 60
participate in combustion hence less O2 is obtain at exhaust. Fig. 50
10shows the variation of NO with load it increases with the
increase in engine load, at lower loads diesel having the almost 40
HC [ppm]
same NO at exaust compare to new fuel but at higher load, Diesel 30

having much higher emission than the new fuel. Sample 1 has least
20
NO emmision.
10
0
5.9 10.3 14.7 19.1 23.5
Engine load
sample 1 sample 2
sample 3 sample 4

Fig: 8. Variation of HC [ppm] with Engine load 4. Conclusions
From the present investigation it is noticed that the

mixture of linseed oil and turpentine oil which is taken as a
20
fuel has a capability to replace the conventional diesel fuel
18
in terms of the indicated power. But in terms of emission it
16
14 is noticed that all the sample have a less NO emission then
O2 [%vol]
12 Diesel with higher engine load. These are the following

10 conclusions drawn with respect to different samples.
8
6
4  Sample 1, (Turpentine oil 60%, Linseed oil 40%)
2
0
It has more indicating power, less fuel consumption
5.9 10.3 14.7 19.1 23.5 then other samples. It also has less CO and CO2 at exhaust
Engine load
sample 1 sample 2 then other samples but more than the Diesel. It has lowest
sample 3 sample 4 NO emission than other sample as well as Diesel. The
only disadvantage it has is the high HC at it exhaust, and
it became even more at the higher loads.
Fig: 9. Variation of O2 [%vol] with Engine load

 Sample 2, Turpentine oil 50% , Linseed oil 50%
It has almost equal indicated power as sample 1 have and

800 even more at the lower loads, and also greater then diesel.
700 But has more fuel consumption than sample 1 and Diesel.
CO and CO2 emission is almost equal to sample 1 and even
600
some time lower than that and Diesel also. Having slightly
NO [ppm]
500 more Emission of NO than sample 1 but less than Diesel,

400 HC emission is lower than sample 1 but higher than Diesel.
300
200  Sample 3, Turpentine oil 40% , Linseed oil 60%
100
0 Indicated power is slightly less than sample 1, 2 and from
5.9 10.3 14.7 19.1 23.5 diesel also. It has the highest fuel consumption among all
Engine load
sample 1 sample 2 other sample and Diesel. CO emission is higher than other
sample 3 sample 4 sample and Diesel, CO2 emission is slightly lower than
other samples. HC emission is lower than sample 1 but
higher than Diesel and having slightly more Emission of NO
than sample 1 but less than Diesel.
Fig: 10. Variation of NO [ppm] with Engine load
By considering all the fuel and there performance and
emission at different loads it is recommended that the
sample fuel is most suitable as it has less NO emission, good
indicated power, less HC emission than sample 1.
References

[1]. REHMAN, SAVITA DIXIT, SANGEETA KANAKRAJ “LINSEED OIL AS A

POTENTIAL RESOURCE FOR BIO-DIESEL” RENEWABLE AND
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TURPENTINE–DIESEL DUAL FUEL ENGINE” ” ENERGY 32 (2007)
1202–1209
[3]. B. PREMANAND, C.G. SARAVANAN, C.
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[4]. O. ARPA, R. YUMRUTAS, M.H. ALMA, IN THERE PAPER “EFFECTS
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(2010) 3603E3613
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[6]. DEMIRBASAYHAN. PRODUCTION OF BIO-DIESEL FUELS FROM
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CATALYTICAL SCF CONDITIONS. BIOMASS AND BIO-DIESEL
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[8]. NABINURUNMD, NAJMUL. HOQUE SM. BIO-DIESEL
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF LINSEED OIL AS AN ALTERNATIVE
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Optimal Planning of Hybrid Renewable Energy System for Dr. APJ Abdul
Kalam Azad Hostel, MANIT Bhopal Using Homer Pro Software
Bharat Girdhani Archana Soni Vinay Kumar Singh

M.Tech (RE) Scholar Associate Professor, M.Tech (RE) Scholar
Energy Centre, MANIT, Bhopal, India Energy Centre, MANIT, Bhopal, India Energy Centre, MANIT, Bhopal, India
soniarchana@gmail.com
Abstract—This paper shows the optimal planning of Hybrid maximum of 84 percent followed by wind power(11
Renewable Energy System of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Azad Hostel that percent).The total renewable energy sources contributes to a
is located in Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal. total power generation of 896603 Mega Watt.
The main purpose of the study is optimization and simulation of the
hybrid renewable energy system. The hybrid energy system consists of
a standalone solar and wind system to fulfill load requirement of the Installed
hostel. The software used for this purpose is Homer Pro. Homer Pro is Source Total Capacity 2022 target
a design simulation tool that determines the capacity of the system to be (MW) (MW)
installed along with cost optimization based on minimum cost of Wind power 28700.44 60,000.00
electricity(coe in Rs/kWh). A hybrid energy system is designed that
feeds a AC primary load of 510 kWh/day with a peak load of 62.55 kW. Solar Power 9012.66 100,000.00
The simulation results showed that the optimized size of components
are solar PV(150 kW) , wind system(50 kW) and optimized cost of Biomass Power 7856.94 10,000.00
energy about 11.63Rs./kWh.
Index Terms—Hybrid Renewable Energy system, Homer Pro Waste to power 114.08
Small Hydro 4333.85 5,000.00

I.INTRODUCTION Power
World energy consumption is accelerating day by day.Also the Total 50017.97 175,000.00
existing conventional sources of energy are degrading at a very
faster rate. So in order to satisfactorily meet the current demands Fig. 2 Installed renewable energy capacity of India[24]
of energy there is a need of some other energy sources that have
a zero pollution causing capacity and are also available in Fig 2. Represents the total installed renewable energy
abundance in nature. Energy from solar, wind, biomass and capacity of India. Out of the total available capacity of
hydro are the best means that can replace the existing 896603 Megawatt, only 50017.97 Megawatt is installed;
conventional sources of energy in India. Thus, there is a huge potential available for generation of
power from renewable energy sources in India.
Inspite such a huge potential of 896603 Megawatt, the
energy available is of dilute nature and highly dispersed: So,
major demand of energy is still met using the conventional
sources of energy where the energy production from coal is
still leading. Statistical data shows that out of the total
demand of electricity, 61.12% is met using coal as the
primary fuel.
Table 1 Installed capacity of India from all sources[24]
Fig 1. Source wise potential of renewable power in

India[24]
The above pie chart shows the sourcewise potential of

renewable power in India. The solar power contributes a

Utilizing a single Renewable energy system at a time to meet the Fig. 3 Location of study area from google maps
current energy demands will not work satisfactorily; Therefore
hybrid energy systems are used. A hybrid renewable energy Load profile of study area
system comprises of two or more renewable energy systems in Theprimary energy consuming equipments in the hostel are
combination along with energy storage components to provide tubelight, fan, laptop, water cooler, motor and other
enhanced system efficiency and improved balance in electrical missecellaneousequipmemts. The total load on the hostel is 510
energy supply. kWh/day with a peak load of 62.55 Kw peak. Monthly load
Optimal planning refers to the modelling and simulation of a profile is shown in figure 4.
hybrid renewable energy system. The main purpose of the work
is design optimization of a standalone solar wind hybrid energy Resources of study area
system for energy supply in the Hostel.
The potential availability of solar radiation and wind at the
given location is determined from NASA Surface meteorology
II.HOMER PRO SOFTWARE
website. The annual average available solar radiation is 5.08
kWh/m^2/day along with an annual average wind speed of 3.5
The determination of the capacity of the system to be installed m/s. Figure 5 and Figure 6 shows the availability of solar and
and cost analysis based on minimum cost of electricity has been wind potential.
done using Homer Pro software. Homer is basically abbreviated
as Hybrid optimization model for electric renewables which is
designed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory,USA. The
term Hybrid clearly indicates the use of two or more renewable
energy systems in combination with an energy storage device.
The various energy systems that can be coupled together for
generation of electricity include solar pv, wind turbine, mini
hydro, biomass power, generator, Electric grid, fuel cell along
with battery banks, flywheel and ultracapacitors as energy
storage devices. Fig. 5 Solar potential availability at the site
Area of study
The selected area is a hostel commonly referred to as Dr. APJ
Abdul Kalam Azad hostel located in Maulana Azad National
Institute of Technology, Bhopal. Fig 3. Shows the proposed
location at a latitude of 23*20955 N and a longitude of
77*410085 E.
Fig. 6 Wind potential availability at the site

Homer Pro Simulation Model Wind Turbine Power Output
Homer abbreviates for Hybrid optimization model for electric The power output of the wind turbine is determined by
renewables. The simulation model basically represents the Pw = 0, v<vin (2)
prototype of the system to be installed. Figure 7 represents the 2
& a1v +b1v+c1, vin<v<v1
configuration diagram of the proposed model. 2
=a2v +b2v+c2, v1<v<VO
=0, v>VO
Where
Pw is the actual power output from the wind
turbine corresponding to the actual wind speed Vin
is the cut in wind speed
V1 is the operating wind speed
VO is the cutout speed a,b,c are the blade profile
gradient coefficients
Cost analysis
In the cost-advancement strategy, HOMER race reproducesevery
framework design in the pursuit space and shows theconceivable
ones in an outline, sorted by net present cost(SBahamara et al.,
2016). Hence it shows a subset of these overalloptimization
results by displaying only the least-cost configurationwithin each
system category or type (Sigrachian et al., 2015). Thecost of the
hybrid energy system (CHES) becomes the sum of thecost of its
Fig.7 Configuration Diagram of the proposed model in Homer individual components i.e. solar PV system cost (CSPV),wind
Software turbine system(CWIND), battery cost(CBAT) and converter
cost(CCON).
The basic model consists of a standalone generic flat plate PV
system and a generic 10 Kw wind turbine system in combination CHES=CSPV+CWIND+CBAT+CCON (3)
with a 100kWh lithium ion battery used for the purpose of
storage. A converter is used to function bilaterally to convert AC
The net present cost of the system is given by the equation(Lee
to DC and vice versa. The solar PV system is provided on the on et al,2016)
DC bus and the wind turbine system is provided on the AC bus.
CNPC= CAT/(CRF*IR*PL) (4)
III. OPTIMIZATION SYSTEM
Where,
The basic optimization system consists of a solar PV system CNPCis the Net Present Cost of the hybrid energy system
in combination with wind system and a battery. Homer Pro
CATis the Total annualized cost of the system
optimizes the system based on minimum cost of electricity.
CRF is the Capital recovery factor
Homer Pro simulates each system configuration in search space
PLis the Project lifetime (25 years)
and provides various combinations of the possible systems in a
IRis the actual interest rate (6.5%)
tabular form and provides the final optimized result based on
minimum cost of electricity which basically includes the capacity
of the system to be installed and its net present cost. Battery
Solar PV Power Output The power from solar and wind energy system is intermittent.
In order to make a proportionate balance between the energy
The power output from the solar PV system is determined by the
demand and supply battery backup is used in the system. Thus,
following relation
with the help of battery load demand can be met continuously.
Pm=PPηtG/Gstc (1)
Where, The power storage capacity of the battery(CPBWH) can be
determined by the following relation (Malheiro et al., 2015)
Pm is the actual power output of the solar PV system
Pp is the rated power capacity of the solar PV panel at Standard
Temperature conditions CPBWH = (EL× AD) ηinv×ηB× DOD (5)
where
ηtis the deviation factor from the standard working conditions G
is the irradiance at the given specified location EL is the Total energy demand
AD is the Daily autonomy DOD =
GSTCis the irradiance at the given specified location Battery’s depth of discharge (A state beyond which battery
corresponding to standard temperature conditions.
cannot be discharged) ηinvis the Inverter efficiency
ηBis the efficiency of the Battery

IV. HOMER SIMULATION RESULTS interruption and thus a continuous supply of electricity can be
In this section Homer Pro software is used for the design maintained throughout the year.
optimization of a hybrid solar PV and wind system. The result
analysis of our proposed system is done in this
section.HOMER pro simulates each blend framework
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and battery system throughout the year.
Figure 10 (a) shows the annual power output of the solar PV 30. Carapellucci, R., Giordano, L., 2012. Modeling and
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V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the available renewable energy assets are used for 32. Eroglu, M., Dursun, E., Sevencan, S., Song, J., Yazici, S., Kilic, O.,
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Fig. 4 Monthly load profile of the hostel
Fig. 8 Optimized table for the proposed system

Fig. 9Overall result table
Fig. 10(a) Solar PV system power output obtained by Homer Pro

Fig. 10(b) Wind turbine power output obtained by Homer Pro
Fig. 10(c) Battery state of charge annually obtained by Homer Pro
Fig. 11 Component cost of the system

Performance Analysis of Split Air Conditioner with Variable
Ambient Air Temperature
Niranjan Dhanoriya1, S.P.S. Rajput2, Manoj Arya3
1
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, M. A. N. I. T., Bhopal 462003 (M.P.) India
2
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, M. A. N. I. T., 462003Bhopal (M.P.) India
3
Assistant professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, M. A. N. I. T.,462003 Bhopal (M.P.) India
1
Corresponding author E.mail: niranjandhanoriya21@gmail.c
Abstract-The present paper investigates the easy to stay with indoor condition without a perfect
reliability and performance of a split air cooling system. Good human comfort conditions
conditioner system was theoretically analysed. include both indoor temperature and humidity
The system is thermodynamically analysed for equally. The cooling coil of conventional vapour
hot and dry climate of Bhopal and data compression air condition system works as cooling
provided by Indian meteorological department, and dehumidifying coil, it means there is always
Bhopal. Analysis was done for various decrease in temperature and specific humidity of
parameters i.e. condenser load, refrigeration air passing through coil. When this system works
effect, co-efficient of performance (COP), under hot and dry climate condition produces cold
condenser effectiveness, evaporator and dry air. Since there is 100 % recirculation of
effectiveness and temperature of inlet air of indoor air in domestic conventional air
conditioners, so this cold and dry air further
room under different ambient conditions. These
reducing moisture content while passing through
parameters are obtained for different ambient
same cooling coil and become more drier. Human
air conditions to find out condenser
being feels uncomfortable when seating for long
ineffectiveness condition. As ambient air time under these dry air condition. The doors and
temperature is increased there is insufficient windows have to be opened to allow some fresh air
heat transfer in air cooled condenser because inside room so that air condition can be reduced.
temperature difference between ambient and
condensing temperature is decreased. Analysis has shown that dry air has following effects
Therefore all parameters are also decreased for on the human body:
constant condensing temperature under a. Breathing dry air is a potential health
different ambient temperatures. When ambient hazard which can cause respiratory
temperature increases there is an ambient ailments such as asthma, bronchitis, and
temperature at which no heat transfer in nose-bleeds or general dehydration since
condenser i.e. no cooling of ambient. body fluids are depleted during respiration.
Keywords – Vapour compression air conditioning b. Skin moisture evaporation can cause skin
system, refrigerant R-410A, variable ambient irritations and eye itching.
temperature, cooling load, coefficient of performance, c. When the human body is exposed to the
effectiveness. dry air for many years then the synovial
fluid of the joints which act as lubricant
II. INTRODUCTION
begin to dry up due to evaporation. This
Now a day an air conditioner is a major home may allow the bones to rub against each
other painfully.
appliance to the world to change the temperature
and humidity level inside the room and becoming Chauhanand Rajput [1] done thermodynamic
basic requirement in every household today. The analysis of an evaporative vapour compression
temperature of atmosphere is continuously based combined air-conditioning system for human
increasing due to global warming every day.It is not comfort conditions at a low working cost under hot

and dry climate is proposed. The proposed system C Spacing between 3 Refrigerant
is thermodynamically analysed for hot and dry the tubes in different outlet of condenser
climate of Bhopal under different months of a year, rows, mm 4 Refrigerant
India under some reasonable D Centre to centre inlet of evaporator
assumptions.Chauhan and Rajput [2] used a dew spacing between the a Air inlet of
point evaporative air cooler at the air inlet of the fins, mm evaporator
evaporator which comprised of many dry and wet t Thickness of the fins, b Air outlet of
channels separated by polymer sheets to avoid mm evaporator
penetration of water and the water feeding system. hcHeat transfer f saturated liquid
Ambient air is cooled first in dew point evaporative coefficient of condenser refrigerant
cooler whose temperature is equal to the dew coil for air side, W/m2-k g saturated
point temperature of ambient air. Then this cooled µ Dynamic vapour refrigerant
air is passed through evaporator so that load on viscosity of air, Pa-s in Inside
evaporator coil can be reduced.Chauhan and k Thermal condition of air
Rajput [3] done experimental study on evaporative conductivity of air, W/m- o Outside
vapour compression based combined air- k condition of air
conditioning system for human comfort conditions X Dryness c Condenser
at a low working cost under hot and dry climate is fraction for condenser temperature
proposed. The proposed system was run in three exit refrigerant state. e Evaporator
different modes according to the climatic ω Specific temperature
conditions and system performance was studied humidity of air, kg of sat Saturated
for wide range of ambient conditions. Effects of vapour/ kg of dry air temperature of
various operating parameters on system Φ Relative refrigerant
performance were also studied. humidity of air m Mean
Pt Total temperature of heat
atmospheric pressure, rejection for
Nomenclature bar condense
Re Reynolds Pv Saturated
hSpecific enthalpy of the
number pressure of water vapour
refrigerant, kJ/kg
Pr Prandlt at DPT, bar
s Specific entropy of
number Pvs Saturated
refrigerant, kj/kg-k
St Stanton pressure of water vapour
QcHeat rejected by the
Number at DBT, bar
condenser, kW
do Outer ρ Density of air,
MrMass of refrigerant,
diameter of tube, kg/m3
kg/s
mm
WcWork input by
Ab Bare tube Tianwei Wang, et al. [4] connected a direct
compressor, kW
area, m2 evaporative cooling unit upstream to the air cooled
T Temperature, ˚C
Af Fin area, m2 condenser. Thermal parameters, such as relative
MaMass of air, kg/s
Ao Total surface humidity, dry bulb temperature, and wet bulb
CpaSpecific heat of air, 2
area, m temperature were measured to evaluate the effect
kj/kg-k
𝐷h Hydraulic of direct evaporative cooling on the COP of the
CpvrSpecific heat of
diameter, m system.E. Hajidavalloo, et al. [5] built an
vapour refrigerant,
evaporative cooler and coupled to the existing air
kj/kg-k
Subscript cooled condenser of a split air conditioner in order
ηcElectro-mechanical to measure its effect on the cycle performance
efficiency of compressor 1 Refrigerant
under various ambient air temperatures up to 49 ℃.
B Vertical spacing inlet of compressor
Experimental results show that application of
between the tubes in 2 Refrigerant
evaporative cooled air condenser has significant
row, mm outlet of
effect on the performance improvement and
compressor
power consumption of the cycle as compared to air

cooled condenser cycle.N. V. Sali, et al. [6] did zero ozone depletion potential. The results show
experiment on the improvement and development that the refrigerant R-410A operates at
of heat transfer that occurs in the air cooled approximately 50 to 70 % higher pressure at the
condenser by changing the coil material and also same saturated temperatures than R-22, therefore
shows the thermal performance of the condenser. system should be redesigned to sustain this high
The total heat transfer surface area was calculated pressure. Emma May Sadler [13] developed an
of a bare tube type air cooled condenser with many optimization methodology and software for the
fins. detailed design of a finned-tube air cooled
condenser coil for a residential air-conditioning unit
V. Ajay et al. [7] experimentally studied to rectify using the Engineering Equation Solver software. A
various losses of the temperature at the heat exchanger model was developed by using
surrounding of the compressor that the effect of appropriate pressure drop and heat transfer
the temperatures are more at the time of running fundamental equations for both the air-side and
of the compressor, these can rectifying at the time refrigerant-side of the heat exchangers.R. Shankar
of running the compressor and identifying the Subramanian [14] organized an experiment to
temperature at various locations and efficiency of know heat transfer and heat transfer rate to fluid
hermetically sealed compressor was calculated. F. flowing through a tube. The flow of a fluid is
W. Yu et al. [8] worked on simulation with the help examined through a straight circular tube either
of TRNSYS software for new air cooled condenser laminar or turbulent flow under the assumption of
design by using evaporative pre-coolers and fully developed incompressible, Newtonian, Steady
variable speed cooling condenser fan. Man - Hoe flow. With the help of experimental data some
Kim et al. [9] used R-410A as refrigerant in split air correlations are usually written for laminar and
conditioner in place of R-22 because of turbulent flow over the tubes. Colburn’s j-factor
environmental and energy efficiency concerns analogy was also written and this Colburn’s j-factor
using the next generation of refrigerant to be more analogy helps to define Stanton number. This
efficient in energy consumption. S. A. Nada et al. Stanton number helps to find heat transfer co-
[10] theoretically investigate an integrative air- efficient for air side through tubes and by this heat
conditioning with humidification dehumidification transfer co-efficient heat transfer rate can be
desalination (HDD) systems proposed for hot and calculated easily.
dry climatic regions. The Four proposed systems
with evaporative cooler and heat recovery units III. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
located at different locations and two basic systems Conventional vapour compression split air
are used as reference proposed systems then conditioner as shown in Fig.1. It is combination of
analysed and evaluated at different operating two units one is indoor unit and second is outdoor
parameters (fresh air ratio, supply air temperature unit. The outdoor unit is outside part of the room it
and outside air wet bulb comprises components like the compressor,
temperature).DilekKumlutas et al. [11] introduced condenser, condenser cooling fan and expansion
a three-dimensional representative thin-section valve. The temperature of outdoor unit is very high
model for modelling split air conditioner indoor that’s why it is fitted outside the room. The indoor
unit. A thin-section model was introduced for a unit is inside part of the room it comprises the air
more complex geometry to determine the filter, evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan.
temperature and velocity distribution of a SAC The temperature of indoor unit is very low that’s
indoor unit and the heat transfer and fluid flow why it is fitted inside the room.R-410A is used as
analysis was made to determine the characteristics main refrigerant of system. When it is operating
of the device. under hot and dry condition blows cold and dry air
because of the hot and dry condition of the
S. S. Jadhav et al. [12] experimentally worked on surrounding air. If the surface temperature of the
Refrigerant R-410A as Substitute for R-22 in coil is lower than the dew point temperature of
Window Air-conditioner because of their ozone surrounding air then the coil acts as a
depletion potential problem of world. R-410A is dehumidifying coil which results in further
among newer brand of refrigerant blends, with reduction in the humidity of supplied air.

Specifications of components:
1. Evaporator: [3] 4. Cooling fan: [3]

Shell and tube type heat exchanger of copper coils. Power = 200 W
Cooling capacity = 1.5 TR Flow = 568 CFM
Size = 44 cm × 40 cm × 5 cm Air Direction = 4 Way Deflection
Diameter of coil = 10 mm
Thickness of fins = 1.5 mm 5. Condenser: [3]
No. of tubes = 30 Bare tube type heat exchanger of copper coils.
No. of rows = 2 rows Size = 60 cm × 40 cm × 5 cm
Diameter of coil = 8 mm
2. Compressor: [7] Thickness of fins = 1 mm
Hermetically sealed scroll compressors No. of tubes = 60
Power = 1800 W No. of rows = 3 rows
Power Supply = Volt/PH/Hz 380-415/Three/50 No. of passes = 2 pass
Running Current = Amps 6/PHASE D = 1.5 mm, B = 20 mm
Electro-mechanical efficiency = 69 % C = 12 mm, t = 1 mm
3. Condenser cooling fan: [3] 6. Capillary tube: [1]

Power = 300 W Material = Copper
Flow = 1207 CFM Diameter = 1.7 mm
Diameter of blade = 30 cm Length = 800 mm
Figure 1ConventionalVCRsystemfor100%freshairtoconditionedspace.
IV. THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS
2.1 Assumptions:
 Consider ideal vapour compression refrigeration cycle.
 R-410A is used as refrigerant in air conditioner.
 Designed cooling load of room is 1.5 TR.
 Outside ambient air condition is taken as hot and dry.
 Inside designed condition of air is taken as 25 ℃ and 50 % relative humidity. [1]
 100 % fresh air is supplied to room i.e. no recirculation of room air. [2]
 Bypass factor of cooling coil is taken as 0.3. [3]
 Evaporator cooling coil temperature is 10 ℃. [5]
 Compression process is isentropic and hermetically sealed.
 Electro-mechanical efficiency of hermetically sealed compressor is 69 %. [7]
 Different condenser operating temperatures are assumed i.e. 35℃, 40℃, 45℃ and 50℃.

 Evaporator process is assumed as constant humidity i.e. no moisture is adding or no moisture is
removing.
 Condenser and evaporator assumed as heat exchanger.
2.2 Equations:
 Relative humidity of moist air [16]
Pv
φ=
Pvs
(1)
 Specific humidityof moist air [16]
0.622 Pv
ωo =
(Pt − Pv)
(2)
 Specific enthalpy ofmoist air [16]
ha = CpTa + ωo×( 2500 + 1.88Ta)
(3)
 Mass flow rate of air[16]
RC
Ma =
(Cpa ΔT)
(4)
 Cooling load in evaporator [16]
RE = Ma ×(ha - hb)
(5)
 Mass flow rate of refrigerant in evaporator [2]
Cooling load
Mr =
(h1−h2)
(6)
 Specific entropy of refrigerant at compressor outlet[17]
𝑇2
s1 = sf at Tc + Cpvr× ln
𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡
(7)
 Specific enthalpy of refrigerant at compressor outlet [17]
h2 = hf at Tc + Cpvr×(T2 – Tc)
(8)
 Work input for compressor [5]
Win = Mr×(h2 - h1)
(9)
 Calculate actual work input to compressor [7]
Win
Actual work input =
ηc
(10)
 Condenser load [16]
Qc = Mr×(h2 - h3)
(11)
 Mean temperature of heat rejection (T m)[17]
Qc = Mr×Tm×Δs
(12)
 Co-efficient of performance [4]
RE
COP =
Win
(13)
Heat transfer surface area: [6] From Fig. 2 calculate heat transfer surface area of condenser cooling coils.

Figure 2Geometry of condenser
 Bare tube area (Ab): m2 / unit area/ number of rows

D−t
Ab = [
DB
] ×πdo
(14)
 Fin area (Af): m2 / unit area/ number of rows
2 πdo
Af = × [c − ]
D 4B
(15)
 Total area (Ao): m2 / unit area/ number of rows:
Ao = Ab + Af
(16)
 Hydraulic Diameter (Dh)
4𝐴
Dh =
𝑃
(17)
Dimensionless numbers (Reynolds number, Prandlt number, Stanton number)
ρVD µCp hc
Re = , Pr = , St =
µ k ρVCp
 Colburn correlation Stanton number is [14]
St = 0.023 Re-0.2 Pr2/3
(18)
 Amount of heat rejection in condenser [13]
Qc new = hc×Ao× (Tm – Ta)
(19)
 Calculate h3 with the help of Qc new
Qc new = Mr× (h2 - h’3)
(20)
 Dryness fraction of refrigerant at outlet of condenser [17]
h’3 = hf at Tc+ x ×hfg at Tc
(21)
 Effectiveness of condenser [17]
Qc new
ɛc =
Qc
(22)
 Effectiveness of evaporator [17]
RE new
ɛe =
RE
(23)
2.3 Methodology: The theoretical analysis of split air

conditioner is done for hot and dry climate of

Bhopal, India for wide range. Calculation has been with 69% electromechanical efficient. With the
performed on the excel solver for different values help of h2 calculate heat rejected in condenser
of temperature of ambient keeping other using (11) by refrigerant under basic ambient air
parameters fixed.Outdoor ambient air temperature outside to condenser. Consider
temperature variation is taken from 28 ℃to 50 ℃ different condenser temperature e.g. 35 ℃, 40 ℃,
and Relative humidity variation is taken from 22% 45 ℃, and 50 ℃.Condenser inlet refrigerant
to 8% for hot and dry climate [20].Designed temperature is higher than the operating
condition of room inside is maintained to be 25 ℃ temperature and temperature is reducing till get
and 50 % relative humidity for comfort in room. To saturated temperature due to this variation we
achieve this condition in room fresh air coming in have to calculate a constant temperature for
the room should be lower than desired condition condenser at which same amount of heat
in the room. Inlet air temperature of room should rejection i.e. mean temperature of heat rejection
be lower than desired so that amount of required by (12). Co-efficient of performance of system is
heat from room should be dissipated and calculated by (13).
maintained desired room temperature. Consider
refrigeration capacity of air conditioner is 1.5 STEP: 2. Calculate surface area of
tonne of refrigeration (TR). condenser by using (14), (15), (16). It is considered
as multi U-tubes withthree rows and two numbers
2.4 Calculation procedure: of passes. To increase surface area there are
numbers of fins on bare tubes.Hydraulic Diameter
STEP: 1) Calculate performance of VCRS
is also calculated by using (17) for condenser
for desired condition under fixed evaporator and
outside.
condenser temperature for ambient air
temperature.Outdoor ambient air temperature
STEP: 3. Properties of ambient air are
and relative humidity variation is taken from 28 ℃
taken from heat and mass transfer data
to 50 ℃and 22% to 8% respectively for hot and dry
book[19].Calculate air side heat transfer co-
climate [20]. Designed condition of room inside is
efficient of condenser tubes by using (18) and new
maintained to be 25 ℃and 50 % relative humidity
condenser load is calculated by (19) for different
for comfort in room.Basic condition of ambient air
ambient air temperatures. Now calculate new
is considered 28 ℃and 22% relative humidity. Now
condition of refrigerant at outlet of condenser by
at this condition calculate specific humidity and
(20) and from it dryness fraction of refrigerant at
specific enthalpy of air by using (2) and (3) with the
condenser outlet cab be estimated by (21). Now
help of (1). Calculate specific enthalpy of air at
calculate new refrigeration effect of evaporator by
outlet temperature of evaporator by using (3) as
(6). After calculating refrigeration effect in
in evaporator air is sensibly cooled and no
evaporator we can predict the inlet air
moisture is adding or removing hence specific
temperature of room i.e. cooling of ambient air
humidity is not changing in evaporator i.e. (ωin =
through evaporator by (5) and (3).
ωo).
Consider evaporator temperature is 10 ℃
Repeat step no. 1 for different condenser
and fan mass flow rate of air is 0.580 kg/s
temperatures for given temperature i.e. basic
(calculated by (4)).In evaporator first of all
temperature of ambient air.
calculate cooling loadby (5) and with the help of
(6) calculate mass flow rate of refrigerant.Take
STEP: 3. Repeat step 1 to step 3 for
refrigerant properties at evaporator temperature
different ambient air temperatures for different
and condenser temperature.Expansion process in
condenser temperatures.
refrigeration is considered as isenthalpic i.e. h3=
h4and compression process is considered as V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
isentropic i.e.s1= s2. Isentropic process helps to
calculate refrigerant temperature at outlet of After theoretical calculation of performance
compressor by using (7) and also calculate analysis of split air conditioner for different
enthalpy of refrigerant at compressor outlet by ambient air temperature some graphs are plotted
(8). Work done by compressor is calculated by (10) with respect to ambient air temperature. These

graphs show variation of performance of different evaporator effectiveness and inlet air
components of air conditioner like condenser temperature of room under different ambient
load, evaporator load, co-efficient of conditions.
performance, condenser effectiveness,
16
14
12
Condenser Load ( KW )
10 50 Tc
8 45 Tc
6 40 Tc
4 35 Tc
2
0
28
30
32
34
34.9
36
38
39
39.9
40
42
44
45
45.5
46
48
50
50.4
Ambient air temperature ( ℃ )
16
14
12
Refrigeration Effect ( KW)
10 50 Tc
8 45 Tc
6 40 Tc
4
35 Tc
2
0
39
28
30
32
34
34.9
36
38
39.9
40
42
44
45
45.5
46
48
50
50.4
-2
Figure 3Variation of condenser load w.r.t. ambient air temperature Figure 4Variation of refrigeration effect w.r.t. ambient air
temperature
Variation of condenser load on condenser coil for temperature evaporator also get ineffective i.e. no
same mass flow rate of air with respect to different cooling of air in evaporator.
ambient temperature for different condensing
temperatures has been shown in Fig. 3.Condenser Variation of refrigeration effect on evaporator coil
load decrease with increasing ambient air for same mass flow rate of refrigerant with respect
temperature under constant condenser to different ambient temperature for different
temperature because no sufficient heat is condensing temperatures has been shown in Fig.
transferred to ambient air due to less temperature 4.Refrigeration effect decreases with increasing
difference between condenser temperature and ambient air temperature under constant condenser
ambient air temperature.Condenser load also temperature because enthalpy of refrigerant at
increases as condenser operating temperature condenser outlet increases due to insufficient heat
increases under same ambient air temperature transfer in condenser.Refrigeration effect also
because at high condenser temperature condenser increases as condenser operating temperature
inlet condition of refrigerant is more superheated increases under same ambient air temperature
temperature.Condenser gets ineffective when because at higher condenser temperature there is
ambient air temperature reaches nearer to sub cooling of refrigerant at condenser outlet due to
condenser operating temperature at that more heat transfer in condenser.As ambient air

temperature increases under the same condenser heating the air i.e. room start heating.At 34.9 ℃
temperature there is an ambient air temperature at refrigeration effect get deviated when condenser
which condition of refrigerant at inlet to evaporator temperature is 35℃i.e. at that ambient temperature
is saturated vapour it means there is no liquid to no refrigeration effect.Similarly 39.9 ℃for condenser
absorb heat in evaporator i.e. there is no cooling of temperature 40 ℃, 45.5 ℃for condenser temperature
outside air. After this temperature evaporator start 45 ℃and 50.4 ℃for condenser temperature 50 ℃.
7
6
5
4 50 Tc
COP
45 Tc
3
40 Tc
2
35 Tc
1
0
28
30
32
34
34.9
36
38
39
39.9
40
42
44
45
45.5
46
48
50
50.4
-1
1.5
1
50 Tc
Dryness Fraction
0.5 45 Tc
40 Tc
0 35 Tc
39
28
30
32
34
34.9
36
38
39.9
40
42
44
45
45.5
46
48
50
50.4
-0.5
-1
Figure 5Variation of COP w.r.t. ambient air temperature Figure 6Variation of dryness fraction w.r.t. ambient air
temperature
Variation of coefficient of performance of system for ineffective i.e. there is no cooling of outside air. After
same mass flow rate of refrigerant with respect to this temperature evaporator start heating the air i.e.
different ambient temperature for different room start heating.COP of system includes energy
condensing temperatures has been shown in Fig. consumption of all power consuming components.
5.COP decrease with increasing ambient air As COP of the system decreases energy consumption
temperature under constant condenser increases. It means when ambient air temperature
temperature because refrigeration effect increases COP decreases hence energy consumption
decreases.COP also increases as condenser is more as compared to low ambient air
operating temperature increases under same temperature.
ambient air temperature because refrigeration
effect increases.As ambient air temperature Variation of dryness fraction of refrigerant condition
increases under the same condenser temperature at condenser outlet for same mass flow rate of
there is an ambient air temperature at which COP of refrigerant with respect to different ambient
the system get deviated due to evaporator get temperature for different condensing temperatures

has been shown in Fig. 6.Dryness fraction increase in Fig. 7. Evaporator effectiveness decrease with
with increasing ambient air temperature under increasing ambient air temperature under constant
constant condenser temperature because less than condenser temperature because enthalpy of
desired heat is transferred to ambient air due to this refrigerant at inlet of evaporator is low due to this
refrigerant did not get completely cooled i.e. low enthalpy of refrigerant less amount of heat gain
saturated liquid.Dryness fraction also decreases as in evaporator i.e. refrigeration effect get
condenser operating temperature increases under decrease.Evaporator effectiveness also increases as
same ambient air temperature because more than condenser operating temperature increases under
desired heat is transferred to ambient air due to this same ambient air temperature because enthalpy of
refrigerant get sub cooled.As ambient air refrigerant at inlet of evaporator is high due to this
temperature increases under the same condenser high enthalpy of refrigerant large amount of heat
temperature there is an ambient air temperature at gain in evaporator i.e. refrigeration effect get
which dryness fraction is nearer to unity i.e. increase.As ambient air temperature increases
condition of refrigerant at the outlet of condenser is under the same condenser temperature there is an
saturated vapour. It means there is no phase change ambient air temperature at which evaporator
in refrigerant in condenser.Dryness fraction value 0 effectiveness of the system is deviated there is no
represents condition of refrigerant at outlet of cooling of outside air. After this temperature
condenser is saturated liquid. Greater than 0 and evaporator start heating the air i.e. room start
less than 1 represents condition of refrigerant at heating in place of cooling.Effectiveness value 1
outlet of condenser is mixture of liquid and vapour. represents condition of air at outlet of evaporator is
Less than 0 represents condition of refrigerant at the desired temperature. Greater than 1 represents less
outlet of condenser is sub cooled. temperature of air as compared to desired at outlet
Variation of evaporator effectiveness of evaporator of evaporator and less than 1 represents high
for same mass flow rate of refrigerant and air with temperature of air as compared to desired at outlet
respect to different ambient temperature for of evaporator.
different condensing temperatures has been shown
1.5
Evaporator Effectiveness
50 Tc
1
45 Tc
0.5 40 Tc
35 Tc
0
48
28
30
32
34
34.9
36
38
39
39.9
40
42
44
45
45.5
46
50
50.4
-0.5
50 Tc
Condenser Effectiveness
1.5
45 Tc
1 40 Tc
35 Tc
0.5
Figure 7Variation of evaporator effectiveness w.r.t. ambient air temperature Figure 8Variation of condenser effectiveness w.r.t.
ambient air temperature

Variation of condenser effectiveness of evaporator high temperature difference between them.As
for same mass flow rate of refrigerant and air with ambient air temperature increases under the same
respect to different ambient temperature for condenser temperature there is an ambient air
different condensing temperatures has been shown temperature at which Condenser Effectiveness of
in Fig. 7. Condenser Effectiveness decrease with the system is very low i.e. condition of refrigerant at
increasing ambient air temperature under constant condenser outlet is mixture of liquid and
condenser temperature because insufficient heat is vapour.Effectiveness value 1 represents condition of
transferred through condenser to ambient air due to refrigerant at outlet of condenser is saturated liquid.
less temperature difference between Greater than 1 represents sub cooling of refrigerant
them.Condenser Effectiveness also increases as at outlet of condenser and less than 1 represents
condenser operating temperature increases under mixture of refrigerant at outlet of condenser.
same ambient air temperature because more heat is
transferred through condenser to ambient air due to
40
35
Ta (℃)/ RE (KW)/ NEW Tin (℃)
30
25
20 Ta
15 RE
NEW Tin
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5
-5
Number Of States
45
40
35
30
25 Ta
20
15 RE
10
5
0
-5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Number Of States
Figure 9 Variation of RE & New Tin w.r.t. ambient air temperature for 35 TcFigure 10 Variation of RE & New Tin w.r.t. ambient air
temperature for 40 Tc
Figure 9 to 12 Show variations of refrigeration effect and indoor air inlet temperature with respect to
ambient air temperature conclusions of those graphs:
1. As ambient air temperature increases for same evaporator. After that ambient temperature
condenser temperature the refrigeration effect refrigeration effect become less than zero it means
reduces resulting air temperature at outlet of the ambient air start heating in evaporator. Outlet air
evaporator i.e. indoor inlet increases as compared temperature of evaporator is increase as compared
to desired temperature. At certain ambient to ambient temperature hence room start heating
temperature refrigeration effect become zero it in place of cooling.
means there is no cooling of ambient air in

2. As condenser temperature increases for same moisture from room i.e. humans did not feel
ambient air temperature refrigeration effect comfortable and more sweating on body.
increases resulting air temperature at outlet of the 4. There are some points on graphs when line of inlet
evaporator i.e. indoor inlet decreases as compared air temperature of evaporator and line of outlet air
to desired temperature. Hence cooling in room temperature of evaporator intersect. It represents
more than desired cooling. there is no cooling of air in evaporator because at
3. Relative humidity is the measurement of moisture that point refrigeration effect is zero i.e. no heat is
absorbing capacity of air if relative humidity is absorbed by refrigerant in evaporator.
low means air has large moisture absorbing 5. There are some points on graphs when line of
capacity vice-versa. When ambient air refrigeration effect and line of outlet air
temperature decrease in evaporator relative temperature of evaporator intersect. It represents
humidity of air increases for same specific equality in numerical value for both because when
humidity when relative humidity increases above ambient temperature increases refrigeration effect
desired value air is not able to absorb as much as decreases and temperature of outlet air of
evaporator decreases.
50
40
30
Ta
20 RE
NEW Tin
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
-10
Number Of States
60
50
40
30 Ta
RE
20
NEW Tin
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
-10
Number Of States
Figure 11 Variation of RE & New Tin w.r.t. ambient air temperature for 45 TcFigure 12 Variation of RE & New Tin w.r.t. ambient air
temperature for 50 Tc

VI. CONCLUSIONS  Indoor inlet air temperature increases with
increasing ambient air temperature under
The split air conditioner is theoretically constant condenser temperature due to
analysed for hot and dry climate of Bhopal and decrement of refrigeration effect.
data provided by Indian meteorological
department, Bhopal. Analysis was done for ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
various parameters i.e. condenser load, I would like to first thank my thesis supervisor Dr.
refrigeration effect, co-efficient of performance, S. P. S. RAJPUT& Dr. MANOJ ARYA, Department
condenser effectiveness, evaporator of Mechanical Engineering, MANIT Bhopal, for
effectiveness and inlet air temperature of room his most efficient and invaluable guidance at
under different ambient conditions. every stage of mywork and support during this
The results are found there is different surrounding research project. I
temperature limit for different condensing appreciatethesupportoftheMaulanaAzad
temperature i.e. 34.9 ℃ ambient temperature for National InstituteofTechnology,Bhopal (M.P.).
35 ℃ condensing temperature, similarly 39.9 ℃
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Performance Measurement of Artificially
Roughened Solar Air Heater Ducts having Inclined
Discrete Rib Roughness
K.R. Aharwala, B. K. Gandhib,*
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, M. A. N. I. T., Bhopal (M.P.); INDIA
b
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, I.I.T. Roorkee (U.A.)
* Corresponding author
Abstract:
Artificial roughness in the form of repeated ribs is generally used for enhancement of heat transfer from
heated surface to the working fluid. In the present work, investigations have been carried out to investigate
the performance of artificially roughened solar air heaters using inclined discrete rib roughness geometry.
The performance of solar air heater ducts in terms of thermal efficiency, thermo-hydraulic performance and
effective efficiency has been estimated at various values of Reynolds numbers. It is observed that the use of
artificial roughness on absorber surface effectively enhances the performance in comparison to that of the
conventional solar air heater. The thermal efficiency and thermo-hydraulic performance increases with
increase in Reynolds number whereas the effective efficiency trend is reserved at very high Reynolds number.
Keywords: Solar air heater duct; artificial roughness; Thermal efficiency; Effective efficiency; Thermo-hydraulic
performance parameter; optimum roughness parameters.
Nomenclature:
Ap Area of absorber plate, m2 m Mass flow rate, kg/s
Ao Cross section area of orifice, m2 Nu Nusselt number of roughened duct
b Width of the rib, m Nus Nusselt number of smooth duct
Cd Coefficient of discharge of orifice P Pitch of the rib, m
Cp Specific heat of air at constant pressure, J/kg K Pm Pumping power, W
Dh Hydraulic diameter of duct, m Qu Useful heat gain rate, W
 4WH  St Stanton Number of roughened duct
 2(W  H )  Sts Stanton Number of smooth duct
  Tf Mean temperature of air, K {=(Ti + To)/2}
d gap width, m Ti Inlet temperature of air, K
e Rib height, m To Outlet temperature of air, K
fs Friction factor of smooth duct Tp Average plate temperature, K
f Friction factor of roughened duct ti Thickness of back insulated sheet, m
Fo Heat removal factor Ub Bottom loss coefficient, W/m2
Fp Plate efficiency factor Ue Edge loss coefficient, W/m2
g Gap width, m UL Overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2
H Depth of duct, m V Velocity of air, m/s
h Convective heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 K W Width of duct, m
(Δh)o Difference of manometric fluid levels in U- α Angle of attack, degree
tube manometer, m σ Absorptivity of plate
(Δh)d Difference of water column levels in micro-  Ratio of orifice diameter to pipe diameter
manometer, m η Efficiency parameter
I Solar radiation W/m2 ρ Density of air, kg/m3
k Thermal conductivity of air, W/m K ρm Density of manometric fluid, kg/m3
L Test section length for pressure drop ρw Density of water, kg/m3
measurement, m

1. Introduction: 3
 St 
The use of artificial roughness or turbulence  St 
promoters is an effective technique to enhance  s
(1)
the rate of heat transfer between the absorber f 
 f 
plate of solar air heater and flowing air. However,  s
it results in an increase in frictional losses leading This parameter takes into account the relative
to an increase in the power required by blower [1]. performance of a duct i.e. comparing the Stanton
In order to keep the friction losses at a minimum number of the roughened duct (St) with Stanton
level, the turbulence must be created only in the number of the conventional (smooth) duct (Sts)
region very close to the duct surface i.e. within along with the comparison of the friction factor of
boundary layer region. The surface roughness can roughened duct (f) with that of the conventional
be produced by several methods, such as sand duct (fs).
blasting, machining, casting or fixing ribs of small In order to establish a more realistic optimization
diameter wires to form a grid. criteria, Cortes and Piacentini [15] proposed an
A number of investigations [2-13] have been optimization parameter known as effective
carried out on the heat transfer characteristics of efficiency of the collector as below,
channels or pipes with roughness element on the
Pm
surface. The effect of geometrical parameters like Qu 
rib shape, angle of attack and pitch to rib height eff  c (2)
ratio on friction and heat transfer characteristics I . Ap
of rectangular duct is generally investigated. Some The numerator represents the net thermal energy
of the investigations [4-7] on two side walls gain from the collector which is obtained by
roughened ducts show that the discrete ribs or a deducting the equivalent thermal energy needed
gap in downward direction of an inclined rib to produce the mechanical power expend in
results in higher heat transfer with less or pumping from the useful heat gain (Qu). The useful
negligible increase in friction losses compared to heat gain is normally obtained from the collector
that of continuous ribs. For a solar air heater duct thermal performance, whereas the pumping
having one roughened wall and other three power ‘Pm’ is converted into equivalent thermal
surface are smooth, Aharwal et al. [12] have energy by using the conversion factor ‘c’ which
experimentally observed that a downward takes into account the performance of the
positioned gap in an inclined rib results in 15% components required to convert thermal energy
higher increase in Nusselt number compared to into mechanical energy like producing electrical
corresponding continuous ribs for Reynolds energy, electrical energy transmission,
number range of 3000-18000. Based on further reconversion of electrical energy into mechanical
experiments in the duct, Aharwal et al. [13] has by electrical motor and the compressor/blower
also developed correlations for estimating Nusselt that utilizes the mechanical energy for pumping
number and friction factor for inclined ribs with a the air through collector. This can be expressed as:
gap.
The optimization in the context of solar air heaters
c   f mtrth (3)
using augmentation techniques like artificial where ηf is the efficiency of the fan or blower, ηm
roughness involves selection of roughness is the efficiency of electrical motor, ηtr is the
parameters that yields the best performance with efficiency electrical transmission and ηth is the
respect to a desired criterion. The criterion may be efficiency of thermal conversion of power plant.
thermal performance or best thermo-hydraulic All these symbol definitions should go in
performance or net exergy flow. Initial efforts in Nomenclature.
the area of thermo-hydraulic performance were In the present study, an attempt has been made
directed towards comparison of gain in heat to investigate the thermo- hydraulic performance
transfer with the enhancement of friction losses. of artificially roughened solar air heaters using
Lewis [14] defined an optimization parameter inclined discrete rib roughness geometry. The
called thermo-hydraulic performance parameter thermo-hydraulic performance as a function of
based on this concept as, roughness parameters including relative gap

position, relative gap width, relative roughness 2. Performance Evaluation
pitch, and relative roughness height has been Experimental investigations of the effect of
evaluated. The values of roughness parameters roughness parameters on heat transfer and
that correspond to the maximum thermo- friction characteristics of solar air roughened
hydraulic benefit for specified operating ducts has been carried by Aharwal [13] for the
conditions have been sought to determine the roughness geometry shown in Fig. 1.
basis of such thermo-hydraulic considerations.
Fig.1: Roughness geometry used to improve the performance of solar air heater concept of optimization
The heat transfer coefficient and friction factor parameters i.e. temperature rise parameter
correlations developed by Aharwal et al [13] are   
being utilized to evaluate the performance   and average solar radiation intensity (I).
parameters. The major parameters that have been  I 
evaluated in this work are thermal efficiency and Here the basic objective was to investigate effect
the effective efficiency. These parameters are the of roughness parameters on thermo-hydraulic
function of system and operating parameters of performance of the artificially roughened solar air
the collector. In order to investigate the thermo- heater and subsequently to evaluate the values of
hydraulic performance of the artificially these roughness parameter that yield the
roughened solar air heater and subsequently optimum performance for a given set of system
evaluate the values of roughness parameters that and operating parameters. Therefore roughness
yield the optimum performance for a given set of parameters were taken as the variable parameters
system and operating parameters, it is necessary and the other parameters were taken as fixed
to fix the appropriate values or the range of values parameters as they can be fixed based on the
of the system and operating parameters of the literature guidelines. The range of design
roughened solar air heater. These parameters can parameters representing roughness geometry has
be categorized into fixed and variable parameters. been selected on the basis of the range of
The fixed parameters comprise of collector applicable corrections whereas the range of
dimensions, its components and the related design parameters i.e. the temperature rise
thermo-physical parameters, ambient parameter and intensity of solar radiation
temperature, inlet temperature and wind speed. (insolation) has been decided on the basis of range
Whereas the variable parameters comprise of of application of air heater and the insolation
roughness geometry i.e. relative roughness pitch available at a place. The lists of values of
(P/e), angle of attack (α), relative gap position parameters used for the present investigation are
(d/W), relative gap width (g/e) and relative given in Tables 1.
roughness height (e/D); and the design

Table- 1: Range of Parameters

S. N0. Description of parameter Symbol Value
1 Collector width, m W 1.0
2 Collector length, m L 1.5
3 Thermal conductivity of back insulated sheet, W/m ki 0.037

K
4 Thickness of back insulated sheet, m ti 0.05
5 Transmittance-absorptance product (τσ) 0.8
6 Emissivity of absorber plate Єp 0.9
7 Emissivity of transparent glass sheet Єg 0.88
8 Ambient temperature, K Ta 300
9 Wind velocity, m/s Vw 1.0
8 Relative roughness pitch P/e 4.0 to 10.0
9 Relative roughness height e/D 0.018 to 0.037
10 Relative gap position d/W 0.16 to 0.67
11 Relative gap width g/e 0.5 to 2.0
12 Angle of attack α 30º to 90º
13 Temperature rise parameter, Km2/W ΔT/I 0.005 to 0.02
14 Solar radiation intensity, W/m2 I 500 to 1000
The above mentioned values of fixed and variable that since the objective of this work is to present
parameters that constitute the system and a methodology for optimal design of the solar air
operating parameters of the solar air heater have heater, the results need to be presented as
been employed for analytical investigation of its function of two basic design parameters namely,
thermo-hydraulic performance. The thermo- 
physical properties of air have been determined i. Temperature rise parameter, (ratio of air
I
by using standard correlations given below,
temperature rise, ΔT across the collector to the
μ = 1.81e-5 *( Tf /293)0.735 Ns/m2 ;
average intensity of solar radiation, I)
Cp =1006*(Tf/293)0.0155 kJ/kg-K
ii. Intensity of solar radiation (I)
k = 0.0257*( Tf /293)0.86 W/m-K;
The calculation starts with fixed value of these
ρ = 97500/(287.045* Tf ) kg/m3
where Tf is average fluid temperature in K. 
parameters ( and I) and proceeds with the
3. Procedure of Performance Prediction I
The calculation of the performance of the solar air calculation of performance parameters of the
heater involves the computation of useful heat given collector. Step by step procedure of
gain (Qu), pumping power (Pm), thermal efficiency calculation is given below:
(ηth) and effective efficiency (ηeff). It may be noted

1. A set of values of design parameters namely, 10. UL= Ut+ Ub + Ue (12)
temperature rise parameter, (∆T/I) and solar 11. The rate of useful energy gain is
radiation intensity, ‘I’ is selected. calculated as,
2. A set of the values of the roughness parameters Qu1= [I(τα) – UL (Tp-Ta)] Ap (13)
namely relative roughness height (e/D), 12. Mass flow rate is determined as follows,
relative roughness pitch (P/e) and relative  Qu
groove position (g/P) is selected for which the m
calculation is to be performed.
= Cp  T (14)
3. Area of absorber plate is calculated as, 13. The Reynolds number for the flow of air
Ap = W x L (4) in the duct is computed as,
4. Hydraulic diameter of duct is calculated Re = Ġo D/μ (15)
as, D = 2 (WH)/(W+H) (5) where Ġo is the mass velocity of air through
5. The temperature rise of air and outlet the collector and is calculated as,
temperature is calculated as, 
 Ġo = m / (WH) (16)
dT = x I (dT= Ti-To) (6) 14. The Nusselt number is calculated using
I the correlation developed by Aharwal
To = ΔT + Ti (7) [17] as given below,
6. An approximate value of initial absorber
  P 
2
  
2
plate temperature is assumed. Using the Nu  0.002Re1.08  P / e  exp  0.45  ln    / 60  exp  0.65  ln  
1.87 0.006
assumed value of the absorber plate   e     60  

 
temperature, the value of top loss 0.32
  d   g   e 0.5
 
2 2
d
exp  0.12  ln    g / e  exp  0.18  ln  
0.03
coefficient, Ut is computed by using the
  
equation proposed by Kline [16] given W    W   
  e   D
below: (17)
1
  15. The convective heat transfer coefficient
 
 N 1   (T p 2  Ta 2 )(T p  Ta ) is calculated as follows,
Ut      h = Nu ( k / D) (18)
 C t  (T p  Ta ) 
0.33 hw   1 (2 N  f t  1) 
       N16.
 The plate efficiency factor is then
 p 
T N  f t 
)   (  0.05 N (1   p ) g 
determined as,
(8)
where, ft= (1.0- 0.04 hw +0.0005 hw2) (1+0.091N) h
h UL
2 Fp = (19)
Ct = 365.9(1-0.00883θ+0.0001298θ )
where wind convective heat transfer coefficient
(hw) is given as: hw = 5.7+3.8Vw (9) 17. The heat removal factor, Fo is
7. The bottom loss coefficient representing calculated as follows, Fo=
the conductive heat transfer through 
insulation and convective heat transfer m C p   ApU L Fp  
exp   1 ( 20 )
ApU L   mC p  
from bottom of the collector is calculated
 
 ti 
as, Ub=   (10)
18. The useful heat gain, Qu2, is computed as,
 ki 
Qu2 = Fo Ap [I(τα)-UL(To-Ti)] (21)
19. The difference in the two values of useful
8. The edge loss coefficient, Ue is determined by heat gain (Qu1 and Qu2) is checked. Ideally
using conductive heat transfer coefficient for the two values should be same. However,
Ae he if the difference in the two values is more
edges (he) as 0.5 W/m2 K as, Ue  than 0.1% of Qu1, then the plate
Ap
temperature is modified as,
(11) (Tp)n=Ta+[I(τσ)-Qu2/Ap)/UL] (22)
9. The overall heat loss coefficient is the sum of these
20. Using the new plate temperature, the
three heat loss coefficients namely, top, bottom
calculations from step 6 to 18 are
and edge loss coefficients which can be calculated
as, performed again and again till the

difference between the two values of increase in the relative roughness pitch, attains
useful heat gain i.e. Qu1 and Qu2, is the maximum value corresponding to a pitch value
reduced to a value below 0.1% of Qu1. of eight and then decreases with further increase
21. Friction factor, f is calculated using the in the pitch. The occurrence of the maximum
correlation developed by Aharwal [17] thermal efficiency at a certain relative pitch value
which is reproduced below, signifies the presence of the reattachment point
at an optimum position. As the relative roughness
  P   d 
2 0.43
  d  
2
pitch is reduced to the value below 8.0, the flow is
f  0.071Re 0.133  P / e 
1.83
exp  0.44  ln     exp  0.14  ln  
   W     
 e   W  not likely to reattach before it reaches the
 
  successive rib. Therefore the thermal
2
 g 0.69
 / 60   g / e  exp  0.12  ln   D
0.67 0.052
e
  e  performance deteriorates with decrease in the
(23) relative roughness pitch value below 8.0. On the
22. Using the value of friction factor, the other hand, an increase of the relative roughness
pressure drop (ΔP)d, across the duct is pitch above 8.0, the number of reattachment
calculated as follows, points per unit length will reduce as compared to
(ΔP)d = 4 f L ρV2/ 2D (24) those with the relative roughness pitch of eight for
23. Using the value of (ΔP)d, the mechanical same plate length which results in a reduction in
power (Pm) is calculated as, heat transfer and hence the thermal efficiency is
 lower for the relative pitch value higher than 8.0.
m(P) d The variation of thermal efficiency with
Pm = (25)
 temperature rise parameter as a function of
24. The thermal efficiency, ηth is then relative gap position for fixed values of other
calculated as, roughness parameters is shown in Fig. 3. It is seen
from these plots that the thermal efficiency
  To  Ti 
 th  Fo    U L   (26) increases with increase in the relative gap position
  I  up to value of 0.25 and then decreases with
further increase in the value of relative gap
25. The effective efficiency, ηeff is then
position. As it is reported in a previous study [14]
determined as follows,
that the inclination of rib creates a high heat
P 
Qu   m  transfer region at the leading edge and a low heat
eff  C (27)

transfer region at the trailing edge, a gap created
towards the trailing edge region helps in
I  Ap
increasing the heat transfer in the low heat
A computer programme is developed in MATLAB transfer trailing edge region by introducing colder
for this purpose. The entire procedure stated fluid near the gap and hence overall heat transfer
above was performed for the range of parameters is enhanced which increases the thermal
as listed in Table 1. efficiency. This is seen to happen till the gap
Results and Discussion position is about one fourth of the duct width,
The thermal efficiency, thermo-hydraulic possibly because placing of a gap at a position too
performance parameter and effective efficiency close to the duct wall is not likely to produce
have been calculated using the procedure similar effect on enhancement due to the
described above for all possible sets of different presence of lateral boundary layer near to the wall
combinations of roughness parameters in the and hence further decrease of gap position i.e.
range listed in Table 1. The performance plots for placing the gap closer to the trailing edge (d/W <
roughened as well as smooth conventional solar 0.25) results in a decrease in the overall heat
air heater have been prepared. transfer and hence the thermal efficiency.
Fig. 2 shows the values of thermal efficiency of an The effect of relative gap width on thermal
artificially roughened solar air heater as a function efficiency can be seen from Fig. 4 where thermal
of relative roughness pitch for fixed values of efficiency is plotted as a function of temperature
other roughness parameters. It is seen from this rise parameter for fixed values of other roughness
plot that the thermal efficiency increases with parameters. It is seen that the value of thermal

efficiency increases with increase in relative gap Fig. 5 shows the effect of angle of attack on
width, attains maxima at the value of 1.0 and then thermal efficiency as a function of temperature
decreases with further increase in relative gap rise parameter. It is seen that thermal efficiency
width. It can be pointed out that the increase in for an angle of attack of 60º shows the best
gap width reduces the flow velocities through the performance. The variation of thermal efficiency
gap and hence the local turbulence which will with temperature rise parameter as a function of
reduce thermal efficiency. At the same time too relative roughness height is shown in Fig. 6. It is
small a gap will also not allow sufficient amount of seen that there is a monotonic rise in the values of
secondary flow fluid to pass and hence the thermal efficiency with an increase in the relative
turbulence level will remain low which will again roughness height for given values of solar
reduce the thermal efficiency. radiation intensity and other roughness
parameters.
80
75 Plot
No. P/e
1 4.0
70
2 6.0
3 8.0
Thermal efficiency (%)
65 1
4 10.0
2
60 Smooth surface
3
4
55
I = 800 W/m2
50 V = 1 m/s
45 Fixed parameters
e/D = 0.037
40 d/W = 0.25
g/e = 1.0
35 Angle = 60 degree
30
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
2
Temperature rise parameter (∆T/I), K-m /W
Fig. 2: Thermal efficiency as a function of temperature rise parameter

f o r v a r i o u s r e l a t i v e r o u g h n e s s p i t c h r a t i o s ( P / e ) .

80
75 Plot
No. d/W
70 1 0.16
2 0.25
3 0.33
65
4 0.5
60 2
55 Smooth surface 3
1
50 4
Fixed parameters
45 P/e = 8.0
e/D = 0.037
g/e = 1.0 I = 800 W/m2
40
Angle = 60 degree V = 1 m/s
35
30
0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02 0.022
2
Fig.3: Thermal efficiency as a function of temperature rise parameter

f o r v a r i o u s r e l a t i v e g a p p o s i t i o n s ( d / W )
80
Plot
75
No. g/e
1 0.5
70
2 1.0
2 3 1.5
65 4 2.0
3
4
60
1
55 Smooth surface
50
45
Fixed parameters
40 P/e = 8.0 I = 800 W/m2
e/D = 0.037
d/W = 0.25 V = 1 m/s
35
Angle = 60 degree
30
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
Temperature rise parameter (∆T/I), ºC-m2/W
Fig. 4: Thermal efficiency as a function of temperature rise paramete r
f o r v a r i o u s r e l a t i v e g a p w i d t h s ( g / e )

80
Plot
75 No. Angle
1 30 deg.
1 2 45 deg.
70
3 60 deg.
4 90 deg.
65
4
60 3
Smooth surface
55 2
50
45 Fixed parameetrs
P/e = 8.0
e/D = 0.037
40
d/W = 0.25
I = 800 W/m2
g/e = 1.0 V = 1 m/s
35
30
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
2
0.025
Fig. 5: Thermal efficiency as a function of temperature ris e
parameter for various angle of attacks (  )
80
75 Plot
1 No. e/D
70 4 1 0.018
3 2 0.028
65 3 0.033
2 4 0.037
60
55
Smooth surface
50
45 Fixed parameters
P/e = 8.0
40 g/e = 1.0 I = 800 W/m2
d/W = 0.25 V = 1 m/s
35 Angle = 60 degree
30
0.003 0.005 0.007 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.015 0.017 0.019 0.021
2
Fig. 6: Thermal efficiency as a function of temperature rise parameter
f o r v a r i o u s r e l a t i v e r o u g h n e s s h e i g h t r a t i o s ( e / D )

4. Thermo-hydraulic performance criterion with further increase in the relative gap position.
The variations of thermo-hydraulic performance Fig. 9 shows the variation of this parameter with
parameter (ε) with temperature rise parameter relative gap width. It is observed that the value
for various values of relative roughness pitch increases with increase in relative gap width up to
(P/e), relative gap position (d/W), relative gap about 1.0 and then decreases with further
width (g/e), angle of attack (α) and relative increase in the relative gap width for all values of
roughness height (e/D) are shown in Figs. 7-11 the temperature rise parameter indicating an
respectively. The effect of relative roughness pitch optimum gap width value of 1.0.
on thermo-hydraulic performance parameter is Fig. 10 shows the variation of thermo-hydraulic
shown in Fig. 7. It is seen that the values of performance parameter with temperature rise
thermo-hydraulic performance parameter is parameter as a function of angle of attack with
highest for relative roughness pitch of 8.0 in the fixed values of other roughness parameters. It is
entire range of temperature rise parameter observed that the value is the highest for an angle
indicating best thermo-hydraulic performance of of attack of 60. The variation of thermo-hydraulic
the artificially roughened duct. performance parameter with temperature rise
Fig. 8 shows that the thermo-hydraulic parameter as a function of relative roughness
performance parameter as a function of relative height is shown in Fig. 11. It is seen that there is a
gap position for fixed values of other roughness monotonic rise in the values of thermo-hydraulic
parameters. For a given value of temperature rise performance parameter with an increase in the
parameter, the value of this parameter is relative roughness height for given values
observed to increase with an increase in the temperature rise parameter
relative gap position up to 0.25 which decreases
.
2.1
Thermo-hydraulic performance
1.9
1.7
parameter (η)
1.5
1.3
1.1
0.9 I = 800 W/m2

V = 1 m/s
0.7
0.5
0.003 0.008 0.013 0.018 0.023
Temperature rise parameter (∆T/I), K-m2/W

Fig. 7: Thermo-hydraulic performance as a function of temperature ris e
parameter for various values of relative roughness pitch (P/e)

2.1
1.9
1.7
parameter (η) 1.5
1.3
1.1
0.9
I = 800 W/m2
0.7 V = 1 m/s
0.5
0.003 0.008 0.013 0.018 0.023

Fi g . 8 : T h e r m o - h yd r a u l i c p e r f o r m a n ce p a r a me t e r a s a f u n ct i o n o f t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e p a r a m e t e r
f o r v a r i o u s v a l u e s o f r e l a t i v e g a p p o s i t i o n ( d / W )
2.1
1.9
1.7
parameter (η)
1.5
1.3
1.1
0.9
I = 800 W/m2
0.7 V = 1 m/s
0.5
0.003 0.008 0.013 0.018 0.023
Fi g. 9: T he r m o- h yd r a u l i c p erf or ma n c e p ar a m et er a s a f u n c t i on of t e m p er at u re ri s e p ar a me t e r
f o r v a r i o u s v a l u e s o f r e l a t i v e g a p w i d t h ( g / e )

2.5
I = 800 W/m2
2 V = 1 m/s
parameter (η)
1.5
0.5
0
0.003 0.008 0.013 0.018 0.023
Fig. 10: Thermo-hydraulic performance parameter as a function of temperature ris e
parameter for various values of angle of attack (  )
2.1
Plot
1.9 4 No. e/D
3 2 1 0.018
1.7
2 0.028
parameter
1.5 1 3 0.033
4 0.037
1.3
1.1
0.9 I = 800 W/m2
Smooth surface V = 1 m/s
0.7
0.5
0.003 0.008 0.013 0.018 0.023
Temperature rise parameter (∆T/I), K-m 2/W
Fig. 11: Thermo-hydraulic performance parameter as a function of temperature ris e

parameter for various relative values of roughness height (e/D)
5. Effective efficiency criterion efficiency of conventional (smooth) solar air heater

The effect of relative roughness pitch on effective are also shown for the purpose of comparison. It is
efficiency as a function of temperature rise observed that the effective efficiency of the
parameter for fixed values of other roughness conventional (smooth) collector is low compared to
parameters is shown in Figs. 12. It is seen that the that of the roughened solar air heater for the entire
effective efficiency increases with increase in the range of temperature rise parameters for the range
relative roughness pitch up to the value of 8 and of parameters investigated. It is also observed that,
then decreases with further increase in the value of the maximum and the minimum values of effective
relative roughness pitch. The values of effective efficiency correspond to relative roughness pitch of

8.0 and 4.0 respectively, for the values of roughened solar air heater for the value of
temperature rise parameter greater than 0.005. This temperature rise parameter (∆T/I) less then 0.004
trend is reversed for the value of temperature rise (i.e., Re > 36000). The relatively better performance
parameter lower than 0.005, where relative of conventional solar air heater corresponding to
roughness pitch of 4.0 yields the maximum value of very high Reynolds number further reveals the
effective efficiency whereas the pitch of 8.0 shows extent of steep increase in pumping power as a
the minimum value. This could be attributed to the result of providing artificial roughness which offset
higher values of friction losses at relative roughness any small relative gain in the thermal performance.
pitch of 8.0 or 10.0 in comparison to that for relative This leads to the conclusion that for operation at
roughness pitch of 4.0 or 6.0 leading to very high very high Reynolds number, use of artificial
increase in pumping power losses whereas the roughness is not beneficial.
relative thermal gain is small when Reynolds The effect of relative gap width on effective
numbers are high or temperature rise parameter efficiency as a function of temperature rise
values are low. parameter for fixed values of other roughness
Fig. 13 shows the effect of relative gap position on parameters is shown in Fig. 14. It is observed that the
effective efficiency where it is observed that the effective efficiency increases with increase in the
effective efficiency increases with increase in the relative gap width from 0.5 to 1.0 and then
relative gap position from 0.16 to 0.25 and then decreases with further increase in the value of
decreases with further increase in the value of relative gap position. It is also observed that for the
relative gap position. It is seen that the maximum value of temperature rise parameter lower than
values of effective efficiency are observed for 0.005 (i.e. Re > 35000), the effective efficiency of the
relative gap position of 0.25. It is observed that the conventional (smooth) collector is higher compared
effective efficiency of the conventional (smooth) to that of the roughened solar air heater.
collector is higher compared to that of the
The variation of effective efficiency as a function 22450 [or ∆T/I < 0.005], the angle of attack of 30º
of angle of attack is shown in Fig.15 for where the yields the maximum value of effective efficiency.
maximum and the minimum values of effective Fig. 16 shows that the effective efficiency is seen
efficiency for a given value of Reynolds number to be the highest corresponding to the relative
are observed at an angle of attack of 60º and 30º roughness height value of 0.037 whereas a
respectively for Re < 22450 [or (∆T/I) > 0.005] relative roughness height of 0.018 represents the
whereas for the Reynolds number above about maximum values of effective efficiency for
temperature rise parameter lower than 0.005
75
70
Effective efficiency (%)
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
0.003 0.008 0.013 0.018 0.023
Fig. 12: Effective efficiency as a func tion of temperature rise parameter

for various values of relative roughness pitch ratio (P/e) .
75
70
Effectice efficiency (%)
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
0.003 0.008 0.013 0.018 0.023
Fig.13:Effective efficiency as a function of temperature rise
parameter for various values of relative gap position (d/W )
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
0.003 0.008 0.013 0.018 0.023
Fig.14: Effective efficiency as a function of temperature rise

parameter for various values of relative gap width (g/e )

80
70

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.003 0.008 0.013 0.018 0.023
Fig. 15: Effective efficiency as a function of temperature rise
parameter for various values of angle of angle of attack (  )
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
0.003 0.008 0.013 0.018 0.023
Temperature rise parameter (∆T/I),K-m2/W
Fig. 16: Effective efficiency as a function of temperature rise paramete r

various values of relatives roughness height ratio (e/D) .
6. Optimum Roughness different criteria i.e. thermal efficiency, thermo-

The optimum values of set of roughness hydraulic performance, and effective efficiency
parameters i.e. relative roughness pitch, relative optimization criteria for an average Insolation
gap position, relative gap width, angle of attack value of 800 W/m2 are shown in Figs. 17 - 21
and relative roughness height, obtained from respectively.

Relative roughness pitch (P/e) 8
I = 800 W/m2
5 Effective efficiency
Thermal efficiency and thermo-hydraulic
performance parameter
4
3
0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020
2
Temperature rise parameter (T/I), K-m /W
Fig. 17: Comparison of optimum values of relative roughness pitch
0.55
I = 800 W/m2
0.50 Effective efficiency
Thermal efficiency and
Relative gap position (d/W)
thermo-hydraulic
0.45 performance marameter
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020
Temperature rise parameter (T/I), K-m2/W

Fig. 18: Comparison of optimum values of relative gap position

2.2
I = 800 W/m2
Effective efficiency
2.0 Thermal efficiency and thermo-hydraulic
performance marameter
Relative gap width (g/e)
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020

Fig. 19: Comparison of optimum values of relative gap width
65
60
55
Angle of attack ()
50
45
40 I = 800 W/m2
35 Thermal efficiency and Thermo-hydraulic
30
25
0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020

Fig. 20: Comparison of optimum values of angle of attack

0.040
Relative roughness height (e/D)
0.035
0.030
0.025 I = 800 W/m2
0.020 Thermal efficiency and Thermo-hydraulic
0.015
0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020
2
Temperature rise parameter (T/I), K-m /W
Fig. 21: Comparison of optimum values of relative roughness height

It is seen that the criteria of thermal efficiency and thermo- different from the single optimum set yielded by the
hydraulic performance parameter yield a single set of thermal efficiency and thermo-hydraulic performance
optimum values of roughness parameter for the entire parameter criterion in the lower range of temperature
range of temperature rise parameter as: Relative rise parameter.
roughness pitch of 8.0; Relative gap position of 0.25; iv. The effective efficiency criterion is considered to be the
Relative gap width of1.0; Angle of attack of 60º and most suitable for the selection of optimum roughness
Relative roughness height of 0.037. parameters.
The optimum values of set of roughness parameters as per the References:
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the single set yielded by the criteria of thermal efficiency Performance of Solar air heater Proceedings of XVII
and thermo-hydraulic performance parameter in the National and VI ISHME/ASME Heat and Mass Transfer
lower range of temperature rise parameter. The Conference, IGCAR, Kalpakkam India Jan. 2004; 05-07.
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roughness for the range of temperature rise parameter
in which the optimum values of the roughness
[6] Cho HH, Wu SJ, Kwon HJ. Local heat/mass transfer
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parameters are different for various optimization Journal of turbo-machinery 2000; 122:579-586.
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Role of Deori Tribal Women of Assam to Traditional Knowledge
in the Context of Sujen as Natural Resource
GUPTAJIT PATHAK
Ph. D. Research Scholar

Department of Womens Studies
Magadh University, Boodh Gaya, Bihar, India
Registration No. -1432900361, Year - 2014
Mobile: 9085084275
E-mail: guptajitpathak@yahoo.com
Introduction: species used for Sujen preparation is a huge deal in decision

Assam is inhabited by countless aboriginal tribes and as a to other tribes which is of great significance in traditional
constituent of their socio-cultural life, a good number of knowledge is a exceptional focus. Hence, the task of Deori
tribes prepares their own local brew, mostly using rice grains Tribal women in preparing Sujen is of great value and a
as the substrate. The Deori society is one of the plain schedule question of rare research.
societies of Assam, who are likely to present particular socio-
cultural and demographic uniqueness which are different Review of Literature:
from those of other tribal and non-tribal populations of In order to justify the statement of the problem following
Assam in India. Sujen, a well-liked local rice beer has a very literature review has been done.
important impact in the socio-economic and cultural survival
of the Deori community of Assam is drunk in all their festive 1. Deori, C. & Begum, S. S., & Mao, A. A., (2007) Published
occasions and joyfulness. The present research paper a research paper ‘Ethno botany of Sujen- A local rice beer
highlights the role of Deori Tribal women of Assam to of Deori Tribe of Assam’ in, ‘Indian Journal of Traditional
traditional knowledge and methodology in the context of Knowledge’ where they reflect how Sujen is a popular local
Sujen as natural resource. rice beer and its socio-cultural implications among the Deori
tribe of Assam. This paper highlights with the ethnobotanical
Traditional Technology in the Context of Natural observation on the preparation of Sujen by Deori tribes.
Resource Management:
There is an imperative and interesting way to highlight 2. Das, A. J., Deka, S. C. & Miyaji, T. (2012) Published a
continuity by means of traditional resource management. research paper namely ‘Methodology of rice beer
Hence, cultural, ecological, anthropological, ethnographical preparation and various plant materials used in starter
knowledge are repeatedly structured to manage local or culture preparation by some tribal communities of North-
natural resources. East India: A survey’ in an International Food Research
Journal, where they reflect different types of traditional rice
The Socio Economic Impact of Technological Activities: beer by different tribes of North-East India, together with
In traditional knowledge, wealth and employment alongwith sujen: the rice beer by the Deori Tribe of Assam.
other public profits are often created since ideas and
technologies are embedded in other services adding value 3. Bhuyan, B. & Baishya, K. (2013) Published a research
through progressive level of the production development. paper namely ‘Ethno medicinal value of various plants used
The traditional knowledge covers kinds of knowledge in the preparation of traditional rice beer by different tribes
concerning traditional technologies of subsistence (tools and of Assam, India’ in an online Journal, ‘Drug Invention’
techniques) ethno-botany, ecological knowledge, traditional where they reflect different types of traditional rice beer by
medicine, climate and others. different tribes of Assam including sujen: the rice beer
prepared by the Deori Tribe.
Statement of the Problem:
Utilization of rice-beer is a supportive performs among all the The Deori women have some special identities. A few
tribal communities. The mainstream of the tribes have been Studies have done about the Deori women entailed with rice
preparing rice-beer for as long as anyone can consider. There beer. But the identification in the field of socio-economic
is not a lot difference in the preparation of rice-beer by the a facets of the consumption of rice beer i.e. Sujen prepared
variety of tribes, though, in Deori tribe; the numbers of plant from rice is a common practice by the Deori women in

national and international echelon, require particular
concentration so that this topic can be highlighted and can be Rationale:
tackled through adoption of certain appropriate The impact of Deori women in preparing sujen is a question
ethnographers. The present study is an attempt towards this of research for socio-cultural development.
way.
Objectives of the Study: Results:
1. To highlight the Traditional knowledge in Preparing The methodologies of preparation were similar in the
Sujen i.e. a local rice-beer. different villages of the Deori community; yet the number of
2. To investigate the role of Deori tribal women in plant species used varied from family to family. Sujen
preparing sujen as cultural implication. preparation consists of two parts, Mod Pitha (natural starter)
preparation, and Sujen preparing (brewing).
Research Methodology:
A field survey was carried out in the Deori villages at Mod pitha (natural starter) Preparation:
Narayanpur Revenue Circle of Lakhimpur District of Assam. The Deori tribe emerges to Tibetoe Mongolian race
The study is stands on both Primary and Secondary data. belonging to the Tibetoe Burman linguistic family. The Deori
Necessary primary data have been collected through field tribe is one of the ethnic tribes of Assam living in the districts
survey. As the same time as the Secondary data have been of Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, Tinsukia, Dhemaji, Sibsagar,
obtained from relevant published works. Jorhat.
Hypothesis: Despite the fact that, discussing about the identity of the
The following hypotheses are tested to provide insight into Deori community of Assam, Sujen a well-liked local rice beer
the problems as outline by objectives as stated below: has a very significant task in the socio-cultural life. Sujen is
1. There is no impact of the Deori Tribal Women of drunk in all their cheerful occasions and celebrations. The
Assam to traditional knowledge in the context of starter cake is known as Mod pitha (natural starter) and
Sujen as natural resource. consists of a variety of parts of several plant species.
2. There is no contribution of Deori women in
traditional knowledge and technological system. While talking about Sujen, Saol (rice grains), plant species
(Table), Kula (a round bamboo utensil), Saloni (round
Area of the Study: bamboo utensil for sieving), Dheki (wooden grinder), Dhua
The Deori tribes live in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. In sang (a rectangular frame made of bamboo), Soriya
preparing the Sujen (Rice beer) Deori women have been (aluminium utensil) and Kher (straw) are required for the
playing a unique role. They have their enough traditional preparation of Mod pitha. For making of Mod pitha, rice
knowledge and skill in this arena. The study is a survey of grains are required to be soaked in water whole night. The
ethno botanical status of the Deori women in traditional different plant parts required for starter cake are washed
knowledge system at the Kakilamari village of Tengapani of correctly and grinded together with the soaked rice grain and
Sibsagar district in Assam. made into dough. Grinding is generally done in wooden
mortar and pestle. From the dough, round shaped balls of
Operational Definition of the Terms: about 4 cm in diameter are made and placed on bamboo sieve
1. Role : The activity assumed or part played by a and allowed to dry.
person or think in a particular area.
2. Deori Tribal Women : Deori is a Tribe in Assam Significant that, a handful each of cleaned leaves, fronds,
and Arunachal Pradesh and womenfolk of Deori barks, roots and bulb of the plant parts are put in a Saloni and
Tribe is Deori women. A Woman is a female human kept for a day for sun drying. 3-5 kg of Saol is roofed with
and may also submit to person’s gender water for about 2 hrs, mixed with the dried plant materials
distinctiveness. and grounded in a Dheki. The grounded powder is taken out,
3. Assam : Assam is a state in India sieved in a Saloni and the coarse part is revisited to the Dheki
4. Traditional Knowledge : Traditional knowledge is for grinding. The method is sustained until a fine powder is
a knowledge, skill or practices that are developed obtained. 2-3 old Mod pitha are supplemented to the
and passed on from generation to generation within combination when grinding, which acts as inoculants.
a community.
5. Sujen : Sujen is a Rice-beer of the Deori tribes. Grounded powder is place into a Soriya, water is
6. Natural Resource : Natural resource are made by supplemented to make a sticky paste and small round cakes
earth only and they are useful to human in many (2-3 cm in diameter and ca.1 cm in thickness) are equipped.
ways. Cakes are then kept on clean, dry paddy straws spread on a

Kula (a round bamboo utensil) and once more covered with brewing. Idle Mod pihta is stored in Tekele (small earthen
straws. Kula is then kept on a Dhua sang tied about 1 m above pot), mouth of which is covered with a gang of straws. It can
the fireplace in the kitchen for drying. be stored for 2-3 months and can be used as and when
necessary.
The method of boiling persists for some days until the Mod
pitha happen to hard. Pitha is after that ready for use in Sujen
Table- Different herbs applied in the preparation of Sujen,

(Rice Beer) of the Deori Tribe
Sl no. Science term Regional Family Part Ethno-medicinal utilization

name applied
1 Allium sativum Nohoru Liliaceae Bulb Applied in gastric ulcer,
hypertension, liver disorder, loss
of appetite, cough etc.
2 Artocarpus Kathal Moraceae Leaves Applied to cure eye problem,
heterophyllus indigestion and stem bark is applied
to cure boils.
3 Ananas comosus Anaras Bromeliaceae Bark Leaves are applied in jaundice,
dyspepsia, aphagia, and
fever; roots are applied in gout and
rheumatism.
4 Alstonia Sotiana Apocynaceae Leaves Applied in asthma, liver disorder,
scholaris and spleen
enlargement; latex is applied in
septic ulcer, scabies, and
chronic dysentery.
5 Alternanthera Mati kaduri Amaranthaceae Leaves Leaves are applied in dysentery and
sessilis liver disorder; roots
are applied in spermatorrhoea.
6 Capsicum Jolokia Solanaceae Fruit Applied in asthma; fruits are
annuum applied in griping pain
in stomach.
7 Cinnamomum Patihanda Lauraceae Leaves Applied as anti- diabetic agent.
bejolghota
8 Centella asiatica Bar manimuni Apiaceae Leaves Applied in chronic dysentery,
spermatorrhoea, liver disorder,
carbuncle, cuts and wounds,
nervous deability, and hermicrania;
roots are applied in stomach ache;
leaves are applied in dyspepsia and
gastric trouble.
9 Costus speciosus Jamlakhuti Costaceae Leaves Rhizome is applied in whooping
cough and jaundice.
10 Lygodium Kapou dhekia Lycopodiaceae Leaves Rhizome is applied for skin disease,
flexuosum rheumatism; leaves are applied for
treating female infertility and to fix
fractured bones.
11 Melastoma Phutuki Melastomataceae Leaves Applied in ulceration in mouth.
malabathricum
12 Mussaenda Hukloti Rubiaceae Leaves Applied in post natal care and
roxburghii jaundice.
13 Naravelia Gorob-choi Ranunculaceae Leaves Applied in tooth ache.
zeylanica

14 Oryza sativa Dhan Poaceae Rice Rice-wash water is applied in
grain diarrhoea and dysentery.
15 Pteridium Bihlongoni Pteridaceae Fronds Leaves are antibacterial and
aquilinum and germicidal.
Roots
16 Saccharum Kuhiyar Poaceae Leaves Roots are applied in dysuria and
officinarum haematuria; fresh stem
juice is applied in jaundice
17 Scoparia dulcis Senikuthi Scrophulariaceae Leaves Roots are applied in menstrual
problems and respiratory
troubles; leaves are applied in
diabetes, jaundice, stomach
problem, skin disease and piles.
18 Solanum torvum Bhekuri tita Solanaceae Leaves Roots are applied in puerperal
diseases; fruits are used in
bronchial asthma and intestinal
colic.
19 Thunbergia Phirphiria pat Acanthaceae Leaves Leaves are applied in dyspepsia,
grandiflora cuts, wounds and
menorrhagia.
20 Zanthoxylum Tesmoi lota Rutaceae Leaves Roots are applied in asthma and
oxyphyllum rheumatism; stem is applied in
pyorrhoea and to control labour
pain.
21 Zingiber Ada Zingiberaceae Bulb Rhizome is applied in abdominal
officinalis gripe, arthritis, cough and
influenza.
Sujen Preparing (Brewing): Koloh. The blend is then poured to the sterilized Koloh, the
While Sujen preparing, the necessary things namely- Rice mouth of which is closed by inserting a bunch of Bihlongoni
(Saol) Kerahi (iron pot), Heta (a long bamboo spoon), Dola (a and Kolpat (Musa leaves) and covered tightly with a cloth or
round bamboo utensil), Jolokia (Capsicum annuum), Koila stopped up with an earthen plate and stored for fermentation.
(charcoal, 3 pieces), Bihlongoni (Fronds of Pteridium The basis is kept away from any Citrus plant species, which is
aquilinum), Dola (a round bamboo utensil), Koloh (a big understood to spoil Sujen. 3-4 days are essential for
earthen pot), Tuh (rice husk), Siya (iron stand), Sakoni (a fermentation throughout summers and a week in winter.
bamboo conical sieve), Kolpat (Musa leaves).
Bihlongoni provides a healthy smell to the Sujen. Meya, a
4-5 kg of Saol assorted with Tuh and water is cooked in a plentiful whitish froth is shaped when the Sujen is fermented.
Kerahi. While cooking, it is stirred once in a while by Heta to It is poured into a Sakoni for filtering the Meya and the filtrate
avoid burning of Saol during cooking. Cooked Saol is poured is prepared for utilization. Clean Sujen has a delightful flavor
to a Dola covered with clean banana leaves. 2-3 Mod pitha is and can be stored for up to 30 days throughout winter and 2–
after that powdered in a Pota (wooden mortar) and Mod pitha 3 weeks in summer, after which it go down its taste and turn
is added to the warm Saol mixing methodically with clean out to be sour. Sujen while drunk in intense form is
hands. The combination is then gathered into a round mount intoxicating; as a result, depending on the taste, it is watered
and on top of which 3 Jolokia and 3 pieces of hot burning down.
Koila are kept in a triangular form to protect the preparation
from spoiling by evil spirit. Analysis:
It is imperative that Sujen occupies a vital impact in the socio-
Bihlongoni are expand over the mount and enclosed with cultural life of entire Deori community. No fiestas for instance
banana leaves above which a Dola is positioned. Koloh, in Bihu, Puja, Rituals and other ceremonial occasions are
which the blend is fermented, is systematically washed with celebrated exclusive of Sujen. Earlier, over 100 plant species
wood ashes using Kher (straw) and clean water. Koloh is were applied for the composition of Mod pitha. Presently, just
reserved upside down in a Siya on the fireplace where Tuh is a few plant species are being applied.
spread over burning firewood for smoking and drying the

Plants specifically Artocarpus heterophyllus, Cinnamomum vital and the rest provide taste to Sujen. For preparing Sujen
bejolghota, Costus speciosus, Lygodium flexuosum, variegated categories of rice are applied, nevertheless, the
Melastoma malabathricum, Mussaenda roxburghii, most excellent beer was reported to be acquired from the
Naravelia zeylanica, Scoparia dulcis, Thunbergia sticky kind of rice extensively cultivated by Deori community.
grandiflora, Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum etc. were reported to be
SOME PHOTOGRAPHS
Photograph.-1 : Research Scholar with a Deori Family at Kinapathar Deori Village of Lakhimpur District of Assam.
Photograph.-2 : Deori woman preparing sujen (Rice-beer)

Photograph.-3 : A kula used for filtering sujen kushi
Photograph.-4 : A Deori woman filtering Sujen kushi
Concluding Remarks: Acknowledgements:

The methods for the preparation of rice beer followed by Research Scholar is grateful to Mr. Nabajyoti Deori (Bordeori
different ethnic tribe residing in different localities of village of Lakhimpur district of Assam) and Mr.
Assam are more or less comparable. The just distinction is Dharmeswar Deori (Singioni village, Tengapani of Sibsagar
the component in the form of various parts of different district of Assam) for providing facilities and management.
plants species in the preparation of starter cake.
References:
The local brews for example rice beer stands very noteworthy 1. Deori, C., Bengum, S.S. and Mao, A.A. (2007) Ethnobotany
similarity of the culture and traditions of the tribal people of Sujen, a local rice beer of Deori tribe of Assam, Indian
residing in this part of the country. The preparation of Sujen, Journal of Traditional Knowledge 6 (1):121-125.
rice beer is considered as sacred by all the Deori tribe and it 2. Ghosh, C. and Das, A.P. (2004) Preparation of rice beer by
highlights extraordinary recognitions in lots of occurrence the tribal inhabitants of Tea gardens in Terai of West
in the vein of rituals, festivals, marriages and communal Bengal, Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 3(4): 374-
gatherings. 382.

3. Pathak, G. (ed.) (2014) North-East India-The Paradigm of 7. Saikia, B., Tag, H. and Das, A.K. (2007) Ethnobotany of
Historical, Socio-Economic and Cultural Interaction, foods and beverages among the rural farmers of Tai Ahom
Jnanada Prakashan, New Delhi, India. of North Lakhimpur district, Asom. Indian Journal of
4. Pathak, G. (ed.) (2015) Folkloristic Identity of Tribal India, Traditional Knowledge 6 (1): 126-132.
S. K. Book Agency, New Delhi, India 8. Tiwari, S.C. and Mahanda, D. (2007) Ethnological
5. Saklani A & Jain SK, (1994) Cross-Cultural Ethnobotany observations fermented food products of certain tribes of
of Northeast India, Deep Publications, New Delhi, India. Arunachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional
6. Sengupta S, Deori, (2003) in People of India: Assam, Knowledge 6(1): 106-110.
(Anthropological Survey of India, Seagull Books Calcutta,
by KS Singh), 14 (1) 189-195.

EFFECTIVE CONVERSION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE INTO ENERGY – A

REVIEW
Anusagar P G1,*, Savita Vyas2
1
M. Tech Student, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, India
2
Assistant Professor, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, India
* Anusagar P G, Mob. 9630916657, E-mail: sagaranu91@gmail.com
*Savita Vyas, Mob.9893062119, E-mail: Savita_vyas@hotmail.com
Abstract retrieved in electricity and/or heat, from waste. In

Escalation in population and urge of improving the erstwhile, waste incineration was a technology to
standard of living leads to the tremendous decrease the volume and overcome harmful
accumulation of waste. These waste accumulated substances which prevent threats to human health.
has now created a shortage of land availability as Meanwhile, waste incineration is always integrated
well for its final disposal. India has been capped with energy recovery[1]. Here comes the role of
with greenhouse gases emissions after the 21st Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM)
session of Conference of Parties (COP) held in which will help in the management of solid waste
Paris and India is progressing towards becoming a which could be able to reduce the adverse impact
developed nation it has to be developed in a of municipal solid waste to humanity & ecology.
sustainable way. Energy attained through
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) can become an The Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM)
essential part of India’s strategy that proves to be is an effective way of supervision of solid waste
helpful in mitigating the negative impacts formed which includes the process of how to prevent,
on the environment due to continuous use of fuel recycle and manage solid waste which could pose
reserves as well as GHG emissions found due to fewer threats to human health. Waste apart from
the accumulation of waste by landfilling practices liquid or gaseous is called solid waste which later
for its disposal. The supervision of solid waste has are categorized into municipal, agricultural,
emerged as a complicated process due to increase industrial, and medical and sewage sludge relying
in population, tremendous growth in on their sources[2].
industrialization also the change in lifestyle of Waste abundance is increasing as the time is
humans. The purpose of this review paper is to passing and municipal authorities are incapable to
identify the alternatives available for waste to enhance or scale up the facilities required for
energy conversion process and the detailed proper management of such Wastes. Municipal
conversion process which has to be carried out so Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is a very
as to attain the energy. complex challenge faced by civil society. Human
activities are bound to generate solid waste & the
process adopted for collecting, transporting and
Introduction storing of these wastes are prone to diseases to
Growing population has seen a tremendous growth
human and risk to the environment. The high
in the accumulation of waste generated. The urge
menace of escalating diseases like typhoid,
of a higher standard of living for people in India
cholera, dysentery, yellow fever, encephalitis,
leads to increase in generation of waste continued
plague and dengue fever may not be forbidden.
in a way it is generated then it won’t be rectified.
These issues are already at the pinnacle in cities
Waste-to-Energy can be viewed as process of
and towns, as the disposition facilities are not able
recuperating energy, which can be either, be
to keep the tempo with the quantum of waste being

spawned. It is accustomed to find large heaps of
garbage collected in a very unorganized manner at
unoccupied areas and corner of the cities.
The essential property to decide whether municipal
solid waste can be used for harnessing energy is
understood by its calorific value (heating value). It
is a criterion which is strongly influenced by the
content of the waste which will vary with a place
to place and season. The energy content of
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) known as Lower Figure 1: Various treatment process of MSW[3].
Calorific Value (LCV) varies widely i.e. for Usually, the configuration and characteristics of
residual MSW, LCV is about 2.1-5MJ/kg in MSW alter considerably that too from countries to
developing countries and 8-12MJ/kg in cities, towns, and regions. These are strongly
industrialized countries. The study of macro- affected by traditions & customs they follow while
chemistry of municipal solid waste i.e. the form of living, extent of development as well as
percentage of chemical constituents - carbon, techniques adopted for MSW disposal, etc, On the
hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen & chlorine – other hand, MSW contains a lot of biomass
will help to determine heating content[3]. including wood, a paper which can find its useful
Waste has no value but providing it a value in the resources through worthy waste-to-energy (WTE)
form of energy which can later be processed and treatments option[4].
utilized can be proved handy in order to rely less The waste collected and treated in different cities
on fossil fuels. The energy contained in the waste of India are shown in order to identify the areas
can be withdrawn into usable energy forms. The which are needed to be focused on the efficient
energy conversion process is carried out in two collection transportation and disposal of waste are
processes: thermal and biological treatment. need to be developed so as to gain more energy
from the waste generated. This data shows that
there is an epic need to waste to be treated in a
proper manner so as to derive energy which can be
proved useful in many ways.

Status of MSW generation, collection, treatment, and disposal in class-I cities (CPCB, 2013)[5]

2. Collection and Transportation of solid Vermicomposting: This process involves
waste stabilization of organic wastes through the
The wastes generated are needed to be collected combined actions of aerobic microorganism and
efficiently before it is disposed of effectively in a earthworms. Earthworms feed on the partially
proper manner. Also, efficient collection and decomposed organic matter, and they consume the
transportation are vital to the municipal solid waste waste five times their body weight of organic matter
management program. The most common per day. The food undigested is further decomposed
procedure practiced in India is a collection of wastes in the gut of worms, resulting in particle size
in bins of capacity between 100 to 500 liters and are reduction, the worm cast is fine and odorless. This
normally placed at a range of 200 to 500 meters[2]. end product attained can be employed as
A daily collection of wastes from bins is essential biofertilizer in agriculture. The earthworm’s species
because organic matter in the bins may tend to generally having the potential to colonize organic
decompose rapidly. Block collection can also be throw away naturally, high rates of organic matter
practiced in which the wastes are conveyed by consumption, digestion and assimilation, able to
individuals to the waiting vehicles with the help of tolerate a wide range of environmental stress,
containers. If the individuals are made aware of having high reproductive rates by producing large
segregation and the waste will be segregated from number of cocoons having short hatching time,
the source of generation and it can be readily rapid growth and maturation rate of hatchlings to
processed in plants without the further process adults are found to be suitable for vermicomposting
being involved. Transportation of solid waste needs process[6].
to be optimized. In India, no single mode of Anaerobic composting: The organic waste
transportation is found effective and efficient. derived from municipal solid waste (MSW) are
buried in pits formed in the surface and then it will
3. Recycling of solid waste act upon by anaerobic microorganisms where the
Though segregation and decomposition of organic
end product attained will be methane and carbon
waste in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) can be
dioxide; their organic remainder is good manure.
recycled by using Aerobic-composting, Vermi-
This process is time-consuming than aerobic
composting and Anaerobic composting.
composting and often occurs naturally in landfills.
Aerobic composting: This process involves the
This anaerobic digestion results in energy recovery
bacterial conversion of organics found in Municipal
with the generation of biogas. The biogas which
Solid Waste (MSW) in the presence of air under hot
consists of 60-65% methane can be employed for
and moist conditions which is known as
power generation directly. An interesting option for
composting, and the end product attained after the
improving yields of anaerobic digestion of solid
bacterial activity is called compost (humus), which
wastes is co-digestion. That is, the use of a co-
has high agricultural value. This compost can be
substrate, that too in most cases enhance the biogas
used as manure. As a result of composting the
yields due to positive synergisms formed in the
volume of waste can be reduced to 50-80%. The
digestion medium and the missing nutrients is
composting method can be carried out either by
imparted by the co-substrates[7]. Co-digestion
employing – manual or mechanical means and due
could be fruitful while employing it in the anaerobic
to their procedures adopted they are termed as a
digestion process. Co-digestion of waste paper and
manual or mechanical process. Manual composting
algal sludge can efficiently manage feedstock
is carried out in smaller quantity in small urban
carbon and nitrogen and a balanced C/N ratio of
centers and by mechanical means when employed
feedstock was likely to upscale the Methane
to set up plants regarding composting is mechanical
production rate[8].
composting.

4. Waste to Energy (WTE) options waste which causes environmental hazards. Waste
Waste can also be utilized for the recovery of can also be used for energy generation which can
materials and energy rather than disposing of the also act as a substitute for fossil fuels.
Figure 2: Energy extraction from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW).

The three thermal conversion process of waste into energy are pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion which
are carried out to develop energy. Now, these processes are detailed in the very next section;
Figure 3: Thermal conversion process of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)[3]

Pyrolysis This process came into focus as an absence of oxygen/air where gasification takes
alternative to combustion technology for the place. Partial gasification is involved so as to
treatment of municipal solid waste in order to provide thermal energy required for pyrolysis, the
recover energy from its organic content. The end-product attained will be syngas, liquids and
extremely high temperatures induced by plasma solid char. The pyrolysis process is usually carried
torches have prompted the development of their out by dumping the waste into the bunker where
application to waste processing, as they are able to the crane would be mixing the waste properly and
considerably decrease the waste volume to a non- then moved to a shredder and from there to another
leachable residue[10]. Pyrolysis is the process bunker. This properly mixed mixture is introduced
which will produce syngas which can later be into gas-tight hopper arrangement. The roughly
processed to produce energy either in form of grated waste then enters into a reactor where it is
electricity or heat. It can also yield high-value end treated in the absence of oxygen. Inside the reactor,
product which can also be used as fuel. Pyrolysis is the waste is dried up to 100-200 degree Celsius
an endothermic reaction which takes place in the then the disintegration of hydrogen sulfide, water,

and carbon dioxide at 250 degree Celsius[3]. The no oxygen or air is used for combustion. However,
energy required for the combustion is usually the transfer of heat takes place from the reactor by
applied indirectly to the reactor through the walls introducing inert gas which will act as a transport
of the reactor which contains grated waste where medium for the end products attained.
Figure 4:
Flowchart of process depicting pyrolysis[3]
Gasification process involves the decomposition gasification occurs when an oxidant gasification
of waste at a higher temperature in the presence of agent is used to partially oxidize the feedstock. The
oxygen in restricted quantity. The oxygen oxidation reactions supply the energy to keep the
introduced will react with oxygen to yield syngas temperature of the process up. If the process does
which can later be processed. The oxygen is not eventuate with an oxidizing agent, it is
introduced into the combustion container through described as indirect gasification and requires an
air or carbon dioxide stream or directly. Direct external energy source[11]
Figure 5: flow chart depicting the gasification process[3]

The syngas formed can be used with combined potentially that convert fuel developed from
cycle turbines, reciprocating engines and municipal solid waste (MSW) to electricity in more

efficient than traditional or conventional boilers. Solid Waste (MSW). The thermal treatment of
Gasification usually varies from pyrolysis in the municipal solid waste ingrate furnaces has been an
perception the process occurs at higher established and proven technology for more than
temperatures in the presence of a limited amount of 100 years until today a continuous optimization of
oxygen. The gasification process is impacted by the technology of municipal solid waste
several factors: reactor design, heating method, the incineration took place[13]. The most often
particle size of feedstock, moisture content. In technique used in the combustion process is the
gasification process, Municipal Solid Waste ‘moving grate’ which requires no pre-treatment to
(MSW) is transformed into Revised Derived Fuel handle a large volume of MSW. The conventional
(RDF) because RDF provides more option such as technology is usually carried out in two process-
more homogeneous in physical and chemical mass burn incinerators and fluidized bed
composition, low emissions of pollutants, low incineration. Incineration process includes blazing
quantity of air requirement during combustion. of a large quantity of processed waste which
However, Waste gasification can be one of the progressively burns down. This blazing of waste
economic and environmentally sound thermal- requires five to six hours from the time waste is
processing alternative available to the well- entered into the combustion chamber until the end
generated process of waste incineration process product obtained is ashes, unburned combustibles.
with energy recovery[12]. This residue must be disposed of in an efficient
Combustion This technology is the oldest manner.
technique of recovering energy from Municipal
Figure 6: flow chart process depicting the combustion technology[3]

5. Disposal of solid waste: above 90% of solid waste generated in cities and towns
Disposal techniques of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) are directly disposed of on land in a very unacceptable
in India are mostly done through landfilling. Most of the manner[6]. Generally, low-lying areas and outskirts of
cities are practicing landfilling methods and cities have the city become the most suitable place for the dumping
amassed land for years ago. But now these sites are of waste. Open dumping creates a nuisance for human as
overfilled so the new sites are to be identified by they become the habitat of flies, rats, and mosquitoes.
authorities which are a complex task. Open dumping also becomes the cause of objectionable
Open dumping is practiced under landfilling process. odors and creates air pollution but it also assists to reduce
The other process is sanitary landfilling, incineration and the volume of waste collected.
composting. Open dumping is mostly practiced in India
as it involves no planning and it is cheap as well. In India

Sanitary landfilling is an approach towards disposal of benefitted with the waste which in general perception
solid waste dumped into pits covered with High-Density had no value.
Polyethylene Liner (HDPE) in order to avoid
groundwater adulteration and waste will be dense in thin
layers within a small area. After digestion, the product
attained is carbon dioxide and methane. The only
disadvantage of sanitary landfilling was found to be the References
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Ingenious Techniques for Passive Cooling in Green
Buildings for Composite Climate
Vineet Kumar Arya
Energy Centre, MANIT, Bhopal India
vineet.arya4@gmail.com
Archana Soni
Energy Centre, MANIT, Bhopal India
soniarchana@gmail.com
Rajat Soni
Dept. of Architecture & planning. MANIT, Bhopal India
sonirajat@gmail.com
ABSTRACT: - Due to intense use of cooling devices such dissipation and modulation without the use of
as air conditioning systems all over the world, the energy energy.
consumption has increased which results in severe
energy crisis in most of the on – growing countries in the
world from last couple of decades. The increased II. NEED
consumption of energy also led to the drastically increase
Construction is one of the world’s most important
in degradation of many non-renewable resources such as
economic sectors. The total world’s annual output of
coal, petroleum, fossil fuel, etc. as a consequence of
which environmental pollution such as increase in the construction is close to $3 trillion and constitutes
temperature of earth, uncertainty in climate changes, almost one-tenth of the global economy. (CICA,
global warming, and greenhouse effect is rapidly 2002). Buildings use almost 40% of the world’s
increasing . Thus passive cooling system is a key factor energy, 16% of the freshwater and 25% of the forest
which plays a vital role for sustainable development timber (UNCHS, 1993), while is responsible for
which uses non-mechanical techniques to maintain a almost 70% of emitted Sulphur oxides and 50% of
compatible indoor temperature and also reduces the the CO2 (Der Petrocian, 2001).The Consumption
energy loses which were earlier required to control energy of the building sector is very high. Buildings
temperature. are responsible for about 30-40% of the total energy
demand worldwide.
Thus, this paper anatomizes critically on some of passive
cooling techniques their role in providing thermal The Energy needs for cooling is amplifying in a
comfort and its significance in energy conservation. The dramatic way, with the increase of family income in
continuous and limitless increase of energy consumption developed countries the use of air conditioning
has pushed us to adopt these passive cooling techniques systems have become very popular and easily
to protect non-renewable resources and accomplish the accessible.
increasing demand of energy due to increase in
population. There should be an appropriate research The impingement of air conditioner usage on
which targets to interpret micro-climates around electricity demand is a dilemma as peak electricity
buildings and comfort requirement under transient load increases continuously, forcing utilities to build
condition during summer time. additional plants. In accordance, serious
environmental degradation is associated with the use
of air conditioning. Passive and hybrid cooling
KEYWORDS:- Natural cooling, passive cooling, techniques involving heat and solar protection,
sustainable development, energy conservation. microclimate improvements, and dissipation
methods and heat modulation and systems can
greatly add to buildings’ cooling load contraction and
I. INTRODUCTION amplifying thermal comfort during the summer.
Passive Cooling is a designed approach in building
which focuses on control of heat gain and heat III. PASSIVE COOLING TECHNIQUES
dissipation in a building in order to enhance the
indoor thermal comfort with less or no energy Solar Shading: -Solar shading is most admissible to
consumption . This way works either by anticipating thermal cooling technique among all the solar
heat from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) technique in growing up countries owing to their cost
or by uprooting heat from building (natural cooling). effectiveness and which is easy to implement. Rural
Natural cooling uses the energy available on-site India has verified a steep masonry rise houses with
which is available from natural environment. It RCC roofs. However, during the summer time the
covers all natural process and techniques of heat supply of electricity in villages is quite minimizing.
Solar shading with local material which is available
in present status like terracotta tiles, hay, inverted temperature of the roof to a level than that of the
earthen pots, date palm branches etc. can notably day time air temperature.
decreases the temperature of the building. Shading
with trees minimizes outer wall ambient temperature
by 2º to 2.5ºC. As studied,there is difference of about Shading by Trees and vegetation: - Accurate
6ºC in room temperature when this solar technique is landscaping can be one of the most vital factors for
applied. As according to survey that this technique is conservation of energy in buildings. Proper
quite useful in maintaining the indoor air temperature vegetation and trees where needed can effectively
lower than the conventional building without shade minimize the shade and heat gain in building. Trees
can be used as big benefit for providing shade to
walls, roofs and windows. Evapotranspiration i.e.
(the process by which water vapour is released
actively by plants or trees.) which can help in
minimizing the temperature to about 5ºC.
The following point that should be noticed or
considered during summer time:-
1. Deciduous trees and shrubs yields summer shade

and also allow to com winter access. The best
location for these trees is south direction or south
west direction.
2. Heavy foliage trees effectively helps in stopping

the direct radiation of sun rays and they make a dense
Figure 1 - Various Types of Shading Devices shadow which is much cooler than the filtered
(Source- https://www.slideshare.net/ solar-control- sunlight. Canopy tree can be used in shading of roof.
shading-devices)
3. Fresh and healthy trees on south and west side can
afford us the best protection.
4. Vertical shading by trees can be proven as best for

east and west walls and windows in summer which
save us from intense sunlight.
Figure 2 - Shading according to seasons

(https://www.slideshare.net/solar-control-shading-
devices)
Figure 3 - Shading using trees and vegetation
Shading of Roof: -To minimize the heat gain we Shading by Textured Surfaces:-Highly textured
can use shading of roof method as a salient one. walls have a part of their portion of its surface in
Covering of roof i.e. shading of roof can be done by shaded region. As , a result for south facing windows
plants or canvas or earthen pots, pergola. Thus, the the horizontal shading is best surface coefficient ,
part of shading provided by us should not come in which allows the sunlight surface to stay cooler as
between the night time cooling. A roof cover which well as to cool down at faster rate during night .
is build-up of galvanised iron sheets protects us
from direct heavy radiation. A cover of deciduous
plants and creepers can be used as a better
replacement. The evaporation process which took
place in leaf surfaces significantly gets down the

Figure 5 - Solar Chimney Construction Technique

(Source -https://www.researchgate.net)
Air Vents: -Arched roof and air vents are used in

arrangement for passive cooling of air. It consists a
hole in the apex of arched roof which is covered by
cap over the vent which points the wind from corner
to corner. Thus, the top opening helps in ventilation
and also provides the discharge way for the hot air
which is collected at the top. This system is working
on the principle of aeration ventilation which is
caused by difference in pressure.
Figure 6 - Air Vent Technique
Wind Tower :-In this tower actually the hot air from
outside enters inside the tower through the openings,
further it gets cooled and its nature become heavier
than the earlier and it descends down . The bay and
exit of room helps in the movement of cool air inside
Figure 4 - Shading by Textured Surfaces out. In the existence of wind, the air which is present
from outside is cooled more efficiently and runs
faster in the tower and though into the ambient living
area.
IV. AERATION TECHNIQUE
Solar Chimney :- It is a newly device that influences

natural ventilation by the thermal –buoyancy effect
.The structure of the chimney is in such a way that it
absorbs the solar energy during the day time , there
by heating the entrapped air and making it to rise .
Thus, the frazzled air from the house through the
chimney is being removed by natural air .Thus; the
solar chimney is used to enervate the hot air from the
building at a very speedy rate which in results
improves the cooling potential of air incoming from
the outside openings.
Figure 7 - Wind Tower Technique (Source -

http://www.solaripedia.com)

Radiative cooling: -Building roof can be taken in This cooling system comprises of tower which is
use as both ways as a radiator and also as a cold further fitted with wetted cellulose pads which are at
storage. At night the roof is uncovered to the sky, the top of the tower. Distribution of water is done to
such that it helps in the losing the heat by wave the pads, and it further collected at the foot into a
radiation. At the daytime the roof is superficially sump and which is further re-circulated by a pump.
insulated in order to reduce the heat gain from Definite designs eliminate the recirculation pump
radiation of sun and the ambient air. After, it the roof and use the pressure in the supply of water line to
captivates the heat from the room below it. flow water on the pads. In some of the designs
nozzles are used in scattering of water and it is made
to drip. Thus, the towers are fortified with cooling
Roof Pond: -In this type of system a narrow pond of devices at the top to give cool air by the means of
water is made over highly conductive uniform roof gravity flow. These towers are further termed as
which is fixed in the side with thermal insulation reverse chimneys. While the stake of hot air rises in
where as the top of it is mobile. The pond during the a chimney, in this case stake of cool air comes down.
day time is covered to minimize the heating from The rate of flowing of air rest on efficiency, height of
radiation of sun. While keeping it open during the tower, cross section as well as the resistance to
night to keep the water cool. The effect of cooling in airflow. This technique is successfully mounted at
day time in room temperature is due to the covering Torrent Research Centre in Ahmedabad.
of pond and making it safe from radiation while on This technique makes in temperature difference of
the other side radiation are affected by the thermal about 10-12ºC. According to vigilance six to nine air
insulation . This system can be used in winter by changes per hour were noted.
operating it in reverse action.
Figure 9 - Passive Downdraft Evaporative Cooling
Figure 8 - Roof Pond Technique
(Source - http://www.solaripedia.com)
VII. Figure 10 - Torrent Research Center, Ahmedabad
VIII. V. EVAPORATIVE COOLING

2. Roof Surface Evaporative Cooling (RSEC).
It is a passive cooling technique in which the air from India comes in a tropical region where the intensity
outside is cooled by evaporation of water before it is of sun radiation on the roof during the summer time
been made to in flow in building. Its principle states is very high which leads to overheating of rooms
that the heated air is used in evaporation of water, below it. Temperature of roof surfaces can be cooled
thus cooling down the air, which in turn helps to cool by sprinkling of water over appropriate water
down the living area in the building. retaining materials like gunny bags which are spread
over the entire surface. Moistened roof surface
provides the evaporation from the roof due to the
1. Passive Downdraft Evaporative Cooling
unsaturated ambient air. As the water gets
(PDEC).
evaporated, it consumes most of the latent heat from

the surface, which helps in minimizing the Environmental Technology and
temperature of the roof and lowers down the heat Management, Vol. 5, No.1, pp. 60-75, 2005.
gain. This cooling technique leads in the difference 3. Gupta V. A Study of Natural Cooling
of about 12ºC lower than the ambient temperature. Systems of Jaisalmer, unpublished Ph.D.
thesis, Indian Institute of Technology, New
Delhi, 1984.
4. Kamal, M. A. Energy Conservation with
Passive Solar Landscaping, Proceedings on
National Convention on Planning for
Sustainable Built Environment, M.A.N.I.T.,
Bhopal, pp. 92-99, 2003.
5. Majumdar M. Energy efficient buildings of
India, Tata Energy Research Institute, New
Delhi, 2001.
6. Jain D. Modeling of solar passive
techniques for roof cooling in arid regions.
Building and Environment, Vol. 41, pp.
277–287, 2006.
7. Nayak J. K. and Prajapati J. A. Handbook
Figure 11 - Roof Surface Evaporative Cooling on energy conscious buildings, Project
Report, IIT Mumbai, 2006.
8. Santamouris M. Passive cooling of
buildings, Advances of Solar Energy, ISES,
VI CONCLUSION James and James Science Publishers,
Cooling of buildings by electro-mechanical air London, 2005
conditioners consumes large amount of energy. 9. Various Types of Shading Devices (Source-
Passive cooling of buildings can reduce its energy https://www.slideshare.net/ solar-control-
consumption and improve building efficiency. The shading-devices)
current study identifies the different attributes of
Shading according to seasons
bioclimatic principle in the field of construction of
buildings in the tropical region where the climate is (https://www.slideshare.net/solar-control-
hot and dry. By adopting the various techniques we shading-devices).
can achieve efficiency in reduction of energy. Energy
and cost performance of the building can be
improved by the use of advanced material. Specially,
material that improve the performance of thermal
insulation, thermal storage, hybrid cooling passive
system, glazing material. Building relatively have
long life cycle compared to automobile and most
manufactured product. So the material used in
technique should be highly durable, non –toxic,
pleasing, comfortable and safe for human nature.
Solar cooling system in a building reduces the
operating cost as compared to conventional method.
Efficiency of this conventional method can be
increased by 30-40% with the help of solar passive
cooling technique. Thus, this system provide healthy
and sustainable environment.
REFERENCES
1. Bansal N, K. Hauser G, and Minke G.
Passive building design – A Handbook of
natural Climate Control. Elsevier Science
B.V., Amsterdam, 1994.
2. Kumar R., Garg S. N. and Kaushik S. C.
Performance evaluation of multi-passive
solar applications of a non air-conditioned
building. International Journal of


Smart City with Smart Electricity Generation for Central

India
1Rama shukla,
1,AKS university ,India
bonds of sugars. Part of this chemically stored energy is

transferred via the roots and littered into the soil.
Abstract: The scope of Smart Electricity objectives This energy transported into the soil can be captured by the
and technologies delineated above is indeed daunting. In so-called electro-chemical active bacteria. These micro-
this paper we will confine ourselves to one of the many organisms are capable to oxidize the organic matter and
components of the Smart Electricity vision: deep transfer energy rich electrons to an electrode. The energy
integration of renewable energy into the electric electricity. carried by the electrons can be used as electrical energy,
Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar are after which the electrons react at another electrode with
fundamentally different from conventional generation such oxygen to form water. This technology is called the Plan-
as coal, nuclear, natural gas. The energy production from Microbial Fuel Cell (PlantMFC) (Figure I).
these renewable sources is not dispatchable [cannot be
controlled on demand], intermittent [exhibits large
fluctuations], and uncertain [random or not known in
advance]. We will use the term variability to encompass
these three characteristics of renewable generation [33].
Variability is the most important obstacle in integrating
renewable generation into the electric energy system at
deep penetration levels. The Plant Power concept is based
on the cooperation of plants and microorganisms to
produce in-situ electricity. Plants take up carbon dioxide
and water and capture light energy. This energy is stored in
the chemical bonds of sugars produced, using carbon
dioxide and water. Part of this chemically stored energy is
transferred to the roots of the plants. This energy present in
the root zone can then be captured by the so-called electro-
chemical active bacteria. These organisms are capable to
oxidize the organic matter present in the root zone and
transfer the energy rich electrons to an electrode. The Figure I-(a)
energy carried by the electrons can be used as electrical
energy, after which the electrons react at another electrode
with oxygen to form water.
Key words: living plants,uncertainty,Renewable
energy Intigration, control
Introduction:
Electricity markets are recognized to be fundamentally
dierent than commodity markets. Electricity has physical
constraints on transmission, generation, scheduling,and
storage, economic constraints on generation costs and
system infrastructure, and quality of service constraints
demanded by consumers. As a result, traditional com-
modity market structures are not suitable for electricity.A
certain level of centralized coordination and control is Figure I(b): schematic of the power plant concept
necessary to ensure safe, economic, and reliable operation
of the electric power system. While there is increasing Approach: The PlantPower consortium developed
competition and decentralization in generation and retail high-tech and sediment Plant-MFC systems. The
distribution, transmission and system operation remain maximum electricity output improved 16 times up to 1.1
centralized. In its most deregulated form, the system is W/m2 projected growth area. This was possible due to
managed by an independent system operator [ISO] or a research steered on pre-defined prerequisites and
transmission system operator [TSO]. standardised set-ups.
Solor energy: All solar panels are rated by the DC power
Plant Power is electricity based on cooperation of living produced in standard test conditions. Our typicalsolar
plants and microorganisms in a fuel cell. Plants capture panels produce between 250-325 watts ofelectricity based
light energy during photosynthesis. In this process carbon on the efficiency and size of what's installed. As an
dioxide and water is taken up and converted into chemical example, if you install 20 panelsproducing 250 watts, you
may have an output of about 5 kilowatts (kW).
The Plant Power principle:
The principle of the Plant Power project is outlined here.
Carbon dioxide is fixed by plant leaves using solar energy.
Part of the fixed carbon is transported to the roots and
released as small molecular weight components. These so
called exudates are partly utilized by electrochemically
active micro–organisms yielding carbon dioxide, protons
and electrons. Carbon dioxide is returned to the
atmosphere. Electrons are transferred by electrochemically
active micro-organisms to the anode for gaining metabolic
energy. The anode is coupled to a cathode. Thanks to a
potential difference between anode and cathode, the
electrons flow from the anode through an electrical circuit
with a load to the cathode. To retain electro-neutrality a
proton is transported through the membrane from the anode
to the cathode. In the cathode oxygen is reduced, with
protons and electrons, to water.
The Plant-MFC concept has been enabled by the discovery

Figure II: Electricity generation with power plant concept
of electrochemically active micro-organisms
in 1911. Since the beginning of this century microbial fuel
To guide our research towards the use of Plant-MFC as a
cells gain renewed attention possibly due to the need for
future bioenergy source in India we first visualized two
sustainable technologies. The proof-of-principle of the
visionary lines for application. From these visionary lines
Plant-MFC, which uses plants to provide substrate for the
we defined 6 plant MFC prerequisites. These prerequisites
micro-organisms, was independently described in 2008 by
are the basis for structuring the project and steering the
two consortium members. This showed for the first time
research toward our aim of the Plant-MFC as a future bio
that rhizodeposits from plant-roots can be used as a new
energy source in India
electricity source.
Electricity production by a Plant-MFC depends on several
processes; photosynthesis, allocation of fixed carbon to the Project Context and Objectives:
roots, rhizodeposition of carbon-sources to the The possibilities of smart electricity generation
rhizosphere, electron generation by the microorganisms in The plant microbial fuel cell (Plant-MFC) has the potential
the rhizosphere and electricity production by the fuel cell. to become a large-scale electricity generating technology.
To achieve a high power density in the Plant-MFC all these Such a system can produce in-situ electricity without
elements must be aligned. Using a conservative estimation harvesting the plants, 24 hours per day. In the Plant-MFC
it was calculated that an average power density of 0.23 living plants and micro-organisms form an electrochemical
W/m2 can be achieved while with enhanced system that can produce sustainable electricity from solar
rhizodeposition a maximum up to 3.2 W/m2 can be energy, so called PlantPower.
achieved. Conventional bio-electricity systems under It is expected that Plant-MFC technology can cover 20%
West-Indian climate conditions achieve 0.3 W/m2 year- of Indian Union’s primary future electricity need. This
round average when producing electricity. It should be PlantPower project aimed to improve the net power output
noted that in case plant growth is not impaired by the of the Plant-MFC from 0.0067 W/m2, as achieved in 2007,
rhizodeposition i.e. exudation, the Plant-MFC power is an to 3.2 W/m2 in 2012. Therefore Plant-MFCs’ new areas of
additional benefit. Given the potential impact of the science & technology were researched. The Plant-MFC
technology (a new clean electricity source), the novelty of concept has several attractive qualities which can
the concept the following objective has been set for the transform the current electricity market. The technology
project: can reinforce the competitiveness of India on the global
To explore new areas of science & technology needed to energy market because PlantPower’s energy source is
realize the novel, clean, renewable, sustainable, efficient available everywhere where plants can grow
Plant Microbial Fuel Cell as a future bioenergy source in
India.

The level of understanding of consumers about how power
is delivered to their homes is often low. So, before going
forward and implementing smart grid concepts, the
consumers should be made aware of what a smart grid is,
how it can contribute to a low carbon economy and what
benefits they as users can drive from smart grids.
Therefore, consumers must also be made aware of their
energy consumption pattern at home, offices, etc.; policy
makers and regulators must be very clear about the future
prospects of smart electricity generation; and the utilities
need to focus on the overall capabilities of green energy
rather than mere implementation of smart meters.
MOTIVATION:
In 2008, it was discovered at our department that living
plants and micro organism can generate green electricity in
a biological fuel cell. Now, this is a future emerging
technology with potential to provide 20% of India’s
electricity need. Therefore, the Indian PlantPower project
explores new exiting areas of science & technology.
The concept of this renewable energy production is that
living plants transform solar energy into organic
compounds of which 40% or more can be released into the
soil. The released organic compounds can be oxidized by
electrochemically active micro organisms that use the
anode of a fuel cell as electron acceptor. The electrons are
reduced at the cathode with oxygen to water. In this way,
day and night electricity can sustainably be produced from
biomass without harvesting the plant.
Technological challenge
The challenge is to increase the power output of this system
with several Indian research groups. Our research group is
focused on maximizing the power output by increasing
Figure III: power plant concept for smart city efficiency and adapting the reactor design and operation.
Plant Microbial Fuel Cell
. PlantPower therefore reduces dependency of India on
external energy resources. Moreover, PlantPower could
become a Indian electricity export product in the future
since the Plant-MFC could be implemented world-wide
Challenges and solutions

Policy and regulation: No defined standards and
guidelines exist for the regulation of smart grid initiatives
in India. The current policy and regulatory frameworks -situ
were typically designed to deal with the existing networks
and utilities. With the move towards smart grids, the
prevailing policy and regulatory frameworks must evolve
in order to encourage incentives for investment. The new High-tech Plant-MFCs reach long term power density of
framework will need to match the interests of the 0.22 W/m2
consumers with the interests of the utilities and suppliers to The power output of the Plant-MFC depends on the
ensure that the societal goals are achieved at the lowest cost photosynthetic efficiency of the plant, the rhizodeposition,
to the consumers. and energy efficiency of the MFC which is a combination
Cost: If smart grids had made easy business sense, they of coulombic efficiency and the internal resistances
would have been the norm everywhere. Cost is clearly one (=voltage efficiency). This WP investigated and developed
of the biggest hurdles in implementing smart grids. Some the high tech Plant-MFC towards the output of 3.2W/m2.
older equipment that cannot be retrofitted to be compatible A Plant-MFC with low internal resistance has been realised
with smart grid technologies will have to be replaced. This (0.101 Ω.m2). The plant-growth medium has been adapted
may present a problem for utilities and regulators since such that alternative electron acceptors were removed and
keeping equipment beyond its depreciated life minimizes both plant-growth and electrochemically active micro-
the capital cost to consumers. The early retirement of organisms were able to thrive in the Plant-MFC. This has
equipment may be an issue. Cost of implementing smart led to an average power density of 0.22 W/m2 and an
grids runs in crores of rupees. average current density of 0.47 A/m2. Coulombic
efficiency depends on rhizodeposits and is estimated at
20% Coulombic efficiency (CE) is the percentage of
Lack of awareness
electrons present in the rhizodeposits which end up as
electrons in the electrical circuit to obtain electricity. CE is
affected by alternative electron acceptors (e.g. oxygen),
micro-organisms and other parameters in the Plant-MFCs.
Lowering the anode potential can lead to a higher power
output. Coulombic efficiency of 60-70% was obtained with
citrate oxidation. The effect of oxygen on the coulombic
efficiency was positive, maybe due to methanogenesis
inhibition. However, oxygen can also reduce the
Coulombic efficiency since it’s energetically a more
effective electron acceptor. Experiments with different
rhizopdeposits revealed that the CE in the Plant-MFC is
likely 20%.
Anode: 2C6H12O6 →
2C6H10O6 + 4H+ +
4e-
Cathode: O2 + 4H+ + 4e- →
2H2O
several ways, ranging from local small scale electricity
providers to large scale electricity wetlands & islands,
high-tech electricity & food supplying greenhouses and
novel bio-refineries
Figure VI: Green and clean for smart city
This way, affordable electricity can be produced

everywhere where plants can grow. This is not limited to
India. It offers opportunities for developing countries and
remote regions as well. Plant-MFCs can be integrated in
Figure IV: power plant concept for smart city landscapes invisibly which makes this technology socially
highly acceptable
System Design Considerations System
Considerations
In designing a PV system, it is important to consider the
system as a whole: how the components work together and
how the PV system fits in with the building. Pre-engineered
PV Systems – It is important to properly size and match
each component such that the overall system operates
optimally. To address this concern, many distributors offer
pre-engineered systems in which components are selected
to work together as a unit. Pre-engineering may not
guarantee a flawless system, but the concerns over product
compatibility and specification of individual components
will have been addressed up front. PV Modules and the
Building Design – The builder or PV designer must also
consider the PV system and the building as a system. The
PV array should be located considering the aesthetics of the
Figure V: Solar plant concept for smart city building. As well, the modules must be located so that
building features such as gables and overhangs do not
. shade the modules. This usually means locating the array
on the roof as close as possible to the ridge. The builder
should consider designing a south facing roof for the array
for optimum power production. As noted previously, the
orientation of the array is very forgiving, however, and the
roof does not need to face directly south, if not possible
given other design constraints
Conclusion: A Smart Nation means people and
businesses are empowered through increased access to
data, more participatory through the contribution of
innovative ideas and solutions, and a more anticipatory
government that utilizes technology to better serve citizens
needs.
Extensive progress has been made in understanding the
Plant-MFC. The Plant-MFC has now a performance that
matches the net performance of current crop based
electricity systems. The knowledge of this project is demand. Renewable Energy 2008;33 (5):1037-48.
disseminated world-wide and an spin-off company is [6] Dakkak M, Hatori K, Ise T. The concept of distribution flexible
building follow-up projects to exploit our developments. network PV system. Renewable Energy 2006;31
[7] Taele BM, Gopinathan KK, Mokhuts'oane L. The potential of
Still, further fundamental research, technological
renewable energy technologies for rural development in
integration, wetlands selection and demonstration in real Lesotho. Renewable Energy 2007;32 (4):609-22.
wetlands is needed to show the full Plant Power electricity [8] Nguyen KQ. Alternatives to grid extension for rural
potential. electrification: Decentralized renewable energy technologies in
References: Vietnam. Energy Policy 2007;35 (4):2579-89.
[1] Gaviano A, Weber K, Dirmeier C. Challenges and Integration [9] Menke C. The future of PV in Germany and prospective for
of PV and Wind Energy Facilities from a Smart Grid Point Thailand. Renewable Energy Project Development
of View. Energy Procedia 2012;25:118-25. Programme (PDP) South-East Asia 20 years of grid connected
[2] Clastres C. Smart grids: Another step towards competition, PV systems: Lessons learnt from Germany why quality matters.
energy security and climate change objectives. Energy Policy Bangkok, Thailand, 2012.
2011;39 (9):5399-408. [10] Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation on Plant Growth:
[3] IEEE. Smart Grid: Reinventing the Electric Power System. California State Science Fair 2012 Project Summary
IEEE Power and Energy Magazine for Electric Power [11] PLANT-E: Wageningen living plants as power stations
Professionals. USA: IEEE Power and Energy Society, 2011. [12] C.W. Tan, and P.P. Varaiya, \Interruptible electric power
[4] Fragaki A, Markvart T. Stand-alone PV system design: service contracts," Journal of Economic Dy-namics and Control
Results using a new sizing approach. Renewable Energy 2008;33 17 (May, 1993): 495-517.
(1):162-7. [13] More info: www.plantpower.eu.
[5] Posadillo R, Lopez Luque R. Approaches for developing a
sizing method for stand-alone PV systems with variable

REVIEW : PERFORMANCE PREDICTION AND
PARAMETRIC EVALUATION OF ANAEROBIC
DIGESTER
Arvind Kumar Mishra1, Dr. PRASHANT BAREDAR 2, Dr. ANJANEY PANDEY3
1 Research Scholar Mechanical Engineering , MGCGV , Chitrakoot
2 Associate Professor , Department of Energy, MANIT Bhopal
3 Director, IPST Rural Engg., MGCGGV Chitrakoot
Abstract carbon dioxide and stabilized residue. In the

Energy is one of the most important factors to generalized scheme of the anaerobic
global prosperity. It is an essential input for digestion, the feedstock is collected, coarsely
economic growth, social development, human shredded and placed into a reactor with active
welfare and improving the quality of life. In inoculums of methanogenic
today’s energy demanding lifestyle the need microorganisms[41]. AD produces a biogas
for exploring and exploiting new sources of made up of around 60 percent methane and 40
energy which are renewable sustainable as percent carbon dioxide (CO₂). As well as
well as eco-friendly is a must. After going biogas, AD produces a solid and liquid
through the rigorous literature survey, based residue called digestate which can be used as
down anaerobic decomposition process has a soil conditioner to fertilise land. The amount
been observed that a lot of research work has of biogas and the quality of digestates
already been done in the topic anaerobic obtained will vary according to the feedstock
decomposition. It is decided to carry on the used[14].
research work based on a anaerobic Anaerobic process
decomposition adopting co-digestion mode Anaerobic digestion is often considered to
in which kitchen waste, garden waste and be a complex process, the digestion itself is
other type of waste will be used in different based on a reduction process consisting of a
proportion. In the above research work a number of biochemical reactions taking place
modified anaerobic digester will be designed under anoxic conditions . Methane formation
and performance prediction of various in anaerobic digestion involves four different
operational parameter followed by kinetic steps: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis,
modelling of enzymes present in anaerobic and methanogenesis. Generally in an
digestion process. anaerobic digestion process, the rate limiting
Introduction step can be defined as the step that causes
Anaerobic Digestion (AD) is a biological process failure under imposed kinetic stress .
process that happens naturally when bacteria In other words, in a contex of a continuous
breaks down organic matter in environments culture, kinetic stress is defined as the
in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic digestion imposition of a constantly reducing value of
(AD) is a microbial decomposition of organic the solids retention time until it is lower than
matter into methane, carbon dioxide, the limiting value; hence it will result in a
inorganic nutrients and compost in oxygen washout of the microorganism . Most
depleted environment and presence of the researchers report that the rate-limiting for
hydrogen gas. This process is also known as complex organic substrate is the hydrolysis
bio-methanogenesis for rapid and controlled step due to the formation of toxic byproducts
decomposition of organic wastes i.e. kitchen (complex heterocyclic compounds) or non-
wastes and biomass feedstock to methane, desirable volatile fatty acids (VFA) formed

during hydrolysis step : whereas sugar or protein. Microorganisms that break
methanogenesis is the rate limiting step for down different sugars are called
easy biodegradable substrat. The saccharolytic, while those that break down
microorganism carrying out the degradation proteins are called proteolytic. There are
reactions in each of these phases differ widely different enzymes for sugars, proteins, fats
regarding physiology, nutritional needs, etc. The rate of decomposition during the
growth kinetics, and sensitivity to hydrolysis stage depends greatly on the nature
environment. Very often, it is difficult to keep of the substrate. The transformation of
a delicate balance between these two groups: cellulose and hemicellulose generally takes
the acid forming and the methane forming place more slowly than the decomposition of
microorganisms, which lead to reactor proteins [2].
instability and consequently low methane
yield . The two main groups of Acidogenesis
microorganisms could be physically The monomers produced in the hydrolytic
separated with the intention of making use of phase are taken up by different facultative and
the difference in their growth kinetics .order obligatory anaerobic bacteria and are
to accomplish phase separation, several degraded further into short chain organic
techniques have been employed such as acids such as butyric acids, propanoic acids,
membrane separation, kinetic control and pH acetic acids, alcohols, hydrogen and carbon
control [2]. dioxide. The concentration of hydrogen
Hydrolysis formed as an intermediate product in this
This is the first step in anaerobic digestion stage influences the type of final product
process, it involves the enzyme-mediated produced during the fermentation process.
transformation of insoluble organic materials For example, if the partial pressure of the
and higher molecular mass compounds such hydrogen were too high, it would decrease the
as lipids, polyssacharides, proteins, fats, amount of reduced compounds. In general,
nucleic acid etc. into soluble organic materials during this phase, simple sugars, fatty acids
i.e. to compounds suitable for the use as and amino acids are converted into organic
source of energy and cell carbon such as acids and alcohols [2].
monosaccharides, amino acids and other
simple organic compounds. This step is Acetogenesis
carried out by strict anaerobes such as The products produced in the acidogenic
bacterides, clostridia and facultative bacteria phase are consumed as substrates for the other
such as streptococci etc. [30]. This first stage microorganisms, active in the third phase. In
is very important because large organic the third phase, also called the acidogenic
molecules are simply too large to be directly phase anaerobic oxidationare performed [36].
absorbed and used by microorganisms as a Products which cannot be directly converted
substrate/food source. To accomplish to methane by methanogenic bacteria are
biodegradation, certain microorganisms converted into methanogenic substrates,
secrete different types of enzymes, called volatile fatty acids and alcohols (VFA) are
extracellular enzymes, which “cut” the larger oxidized into methanogenic substrates like
molecules up into smaller pieces that the acetate, hydrogen and carbon dioxide, VFA
microorganism can then take into the cell and with carbon chains longer than one unit are
use as a source of energy and nutrition. Some oxidized into acetate and hydrogen [39]. It is
microorganisms secrete several different important that the organisms which carry out
enzymes, which allow them to break down the anaerobic oxidation reactions collaborate
different types of organic materials. Other with the next group, the methane forming
microorganisms are specialised. For example, microorganisms; this collaboration depends
they secrete enzymes that break down either on the partial pressure of the hydrogen present

in the system. Under anaerobic oxidation, found that pH of the feed substrate not only
protons are used as the final electron influences the gas production and
acceptors which lead to the production of H2. composition but also fixes the limits of
However these oxidation reactions can only operational parameters such as HRT and
occur if the partial pressure of hydrogen is OLR. Thus using vegetable waste such as
low, which explains why the collaboration tomato waste, efficient biogas production can
with the methanogens is very important since be achieved if optimum process conditions
they will continuously consume the H2, to are maintained in a semi continuous digester.
produce methane. Hence during this S.Vivekanandan et.al.[43] concluded that the
symbiotic relationship inter-species hydrogen thermophilic anaerobic digestion having
transfer occurs [2]. higher biogas yield compare to mesophilic
anaerobic digestion process. Benatti CT [9]
Methanogenesis designed to evaluate the performance of a
In the methanogenic phase, the production of slow rate anaerobic digester in treating
methane and carbon dioxide from secondary sewage sludge received from one
intermediate products is carried out by local municipal wastewater treatment plant.
methanogenic bacterial under strict anaerobic The digester was fed by secondary sewage
conditions [36]. Methanogenesis is a critical sludge without any previous thickening. A
step in the entire anaerobic digestion process series of three independent batch experiments
as it is the slowest biochemical reaction of the was investigated at an operation time of 60
process [9]. 5 and 8 pH point titration methods days.ST Ramesh et al[46]gave that addition of
for measuring the VFA concentration and lime percentage was varied from 2 to 7 %. The
carbonate system alkalinity (H2CO3- addition of lime increases the organic loading
alkalinity) were assessed and compared. For rate for the same amount of the substrate.The
this purpose, synthetic solutions with known production of biogas was increased
H2CO3-alkalinity and VFA concentration as from0.206 to 0.22 m3/kg vs added when the
well as samples from anaerobic digesters organic loading rate was increased from 3.06
treating three different kind of solid wastes to 3.34 Kg vs/m3/day. Further increase in
were analysed. The results of these two organic loading rate decreased the gas
related titration methods were verified with production rate. The maximum biogas
photometric and high-pressure liquid production was 0.22 m3/kg vs added and an
chromatography measurements. It was shown organic loading rate of 3.34 Kg vs/m3/day and
that photometric measurements lead to with the 4 % of Lime. B N Rekha et al[8]
overestimations of the VFA concentration in determined that These studies reveal that mild
the case of coloured samples. In contrast, the alkali hydrolysis can be an effective
5 pH point titration method provides an alternative for enhancement of biogas
accurate estimation of the VFA concentration, production for lingo cellulosic biomass.. Jha A
clearly corresponding with the true value[38]. K et al[26] gave that without dilution with
Effecting Parameters water by microbial consortia in an oxygen
Francisco S [22]found that CH4 losses increased free environment to recover potential
in both configurations as %CO2 increased in renewable energy and nutrient-rich fertilizer
the feed. DSPR configuration is considered for sustainable solid waste management. It
the best configuration due to the end use of generally takes place at solid concentrations
the product, as vehicular fuel, which requires higher than 10% and enables a higher
high product purity.If co-substrates are used volumetric organic loading rate, minimum
in anaerobic digestion system it improves the material handling, lower energy requirements
biogas yields due to positives synergisms for heating, limited environmental
established in the digestion medium and the consequences and energetically effective
supply of missing nutrients. Mishra S et. al.[31] performance.. Vazquez MC et al[52]Therefore,

this paper presents a framework that has been a more stable pH and better methanogenic
developed for evaluating anaerobic solid activity due to enhanced buffering effect of
waste digestion. To develop the framework, a the digestion medium co-digetion. Atta NN et
review of the performance of digestion al [5] determined that Co-digestion of sewage
processes was first conducted. Because the sludge with rice straw may be attractive
data presented were for very different option from energetic, as well as,
operational parameters (retention time, environmental viewpoints. In this study, co-
temperature, configuration set up, mixing, digestion of wastewater activated sludge
etc.) as well as substrates used for digestion, a (WWAS) with grinded rice straw at different
standard method of comparison was ratios (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 3.0%), straw to
developed. Gas production per Mg input, WWAS based on weight, was performed
organic loading rate and percent volatile using batch reactors. Moreover, a
solids removal were identified as useful semicontinuous model was developed for
standard parameters for evaluating the sludge digestion and co-digestion with rice
performance of different technologies. This straw. The results showed that the co-
framework was constructed as a spread sheet digestion of WWAS with rice straw improved
and can be used for different set ups the carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) and
(configuration, organic loading rate, etc.) and consequently increased biogas production
with different substrates. It can predict, based compared to sludge digestion. Moreover, total
on the input and using mass balances, the solids, total volatile solids and chemical
mass of products of the digester including oxygen demand were reduced by digestion
biogas, treated solids and water. This during the reaction time. Furthermore, the
framework provides a useful tool for biogas yield increased by increasing mixing
evaluating the technical capabilities of ratio in co-digester and reached four times at
different technologies, predicting the quantity maxing ratio 3.0% compared to sludge
of the products, and ultimately, making digestion. The semi-continuous model
decisions as to which technologies best meet showed that the co-digestion increased total
local needs. factors affecting digester biogas amount continuously and methane was
performance are summarize so that maximum the main component in biogas released from
output of biogas could be generated, leaving digester and co-digester. Esposito G. et al [19]
little BOD/COD in the effluent to be used as reviewed the most interesting results achieved
organic manure without defying the norms set through such studies, mainly focusing on the
by State Pollution Control Board. For the sake following three aspects: (1) the analysis of the
of completeness, method of ORP estimation organic substrates typically codigested to
is given, since its narrow and critical range exploit their complementary characteristics;
determines success or failure of anaerobic (2) the need of pre-treating the substrates
digestion. Tanimu MI et al[49]gave that Food before their digestion in order to change their
waste mixture at carbon to nitrogen (C/N) physical and/or chemical characteristics; (3)
ratio 17 was combined with meat, fruits and the usefulness of mathematical models
vegetable wastes to increase its C/N ratio to simulating the anaerobic co-digestion
26 and 30 before anaerobic digestion. Results process.. Kangle KM et al [55] found If co-
showed that biogas methane yield obtained substrates are used in anaerobic digestion
during the digestion increased from system it improves the biogas yields due to
0.352L/gVS, 0.447L/gVS and finally to a positives synergisms established in the
maximum yield of 0.679 L/gVS at C/N ratio digestion medium and the supply of missing
of 17, 26 and 30, respectively. A maximum nutrients. Recent research on this topic is
food waste treatment efficiency of 85% was reviewed in the current paper. Special
obtained at C/N ratio 30. Generally, increase attention is paid to anaerobic co-digestion of
in C/N ratio through co-digestion resulted in animal waste, crop and crop residues,

industrial sludge, municipal solid waste and VS reduction was studied using batch
(MSW), as well as municipal sewage sludge. anaerobic tests. Calabrò PS [11] found that
Paul R et al [27] determined that Co-digestion Alkaline pretreatment to neutralize the TPW
of algae biomass with BWW, sewage sludge and to enhance methane generation is
and agricultural waste is a promising investigated in this work. If a mild alkaline
sustainable strategy as it enhances AD and pretreatment carried out at 20°C with a
helps in the safe disposal of different wastes. duration of either 4 or 24 hours and a limited
Combining pre-treatment and co-digestion NaOH dosage (1 or 5%) can be beneficial to
provides a better practice of the AD process. the anaerobic biodegradability of tomato
Paul R et al [36]Co-digestion, as compared to waste in terms of neutralization of the acidity,
substrate or manure-only digestion, allowed increase of substrate accessibility and faster
for more preferred levels of key kinetics of the process. Mas A. C et al [29] gave
micronutrients, neutral pH, and additional best combination of different pretreatment
alkalinity while also producing C/N and methods and also new biological techniques
C/N/P ratios of 28:1 and 112:4:0.5, which could make lignocellulose
respectively. Reduction percentages were pretreatment cheaper and environmentally
45.36, 55.28, 67.72, and 99.87% for TS, VS, more friendly. Using natural abilities of
COD, and VFA, respectively, while fecal different fungi, bacteria or yeast to degrade
coliform bacteria as an indicator organism lignocellulose simplifies the whole process.
showed a 2 log10 reduction. Also cocktails of biotechnologically produced
Pretreatment enzymes are effective in degrading
Patil J H et al [33] determined that blending lignocellulose. Stefan H et al [47] found that
water hyacinth with poultry waste and Plasma-assisted pretreatment (PAP) is an
primary sludge had significant improvement efficient method to decompose lignin and
on the biogas yield, and treating water consequently facilitate microbial access to
hyacinth with NaOH increased the biogas cellulose and hemicellulose. In the present
yield slightly. It also indicated that water study, PAP was tested for its suitability to
hyacinth is a very good biogas producer and enhance bioconversion of wheat straw to
the yield can be improved by drying and methane. In thermophilic batch experiments,
combining it with poultry waste and primary methane yields of up to 366 mL/g volatile
sludge. Duygu K et al [16] investigated that the solids (VSs) were achieved, accounting for a
effect of sonication as a pretreatment on the yield increase of 45%. Common lignin-
efficiency of anaerobic digestion of Laying derived inhibitors like 5-
Hen Manure (LHM) under mesophilic hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and furfural
conditions. The results of experiment were not detected after PAP, but toxicity test
demonstrated that use of this pretreatment resulted in lower methane yields at higher
technology could significantly enhance the substrate concentrations, indicating the
biogas production from chicken manure. presence of other unidentified inhibitors.
Subramani T et al [48] worked to analyze the However, in a continuous lab-scale biogas
effect of rotary drum pretreatment (pre- reactor experiment, stable codigestion of
composting) on mesophilic anaerobic cattle manure with 20% PAP wheat straw was
digestion of a mixture of vegetable waste and demonstrated, while no signs of adverse
dairy sludge. Aerobic pretreatment prior to effects on the anaerobic digestion process
anaerobic co-digestion of fruit waste, were observed. Javkhlan A et al [25] gave the
vegetable waste, yard waste and cow dung. pretreatment techniques to enhance the
Aerobic pretreated organic waste was anaerobic digestion of organic solid waste,
investigated using biogas plant inoculum in including mechanical, thermal, chemical and
batch reactors at mesophilic condition. Effect biological methods. The effects of various
of pretreatment on biogas production and TS pretreatment methods are discussed

independently and in combination. importance in the field of energy engineering
Pretreatment methods are compared in terms because of its attractive features. Biogas is
of their efficiency, energy balance, produced from different types of waste
environmental sustainability as well as materials by the process of Anaerobic
capital, operational and maintenance costs. Digestion. This paper gives the insight of
Based on the comparison, thermal Anaerobic Digestion process and different
pretreatment at low (<1100C) temperatures pretreatment methods used in various
and twostageanaerobic digestion methods experimental research works. Flower waste is
result in a more cost-effective process also a potential source of biogas energy. In
performance as compared to other order to carry out biodegradation of flower
pretreatment methods.[40] Biogas generation waste, alkaline chemical pretreatment is
is one of the most promising renewable essential.[4] the objective of this study is to
energy sources in Ghana. Anaerobic digestion analyze the effect of rotary drum pretreatment
is one of the effective ways of generating (pre-composting) on mesophilic anaerobic
biogas. Anaerobic digestion is also a reliable digestion of a mixture of vegetable waste and
method for wastewater treatment and the dairy sludge. Aerobic pretreatment prior to
digestion the effluent can be used as fertilizer anaerobic co-digestion of fruit waste,
to enhance the fertility of the soil. This paper vegetable waste, yard waste and cow dung.
looks at the possibility of constructing a Aerobic pretreated organic waste was
biogas plant at the KNUST sewage treatment investigated using biogas plant inoculum in
plant tapping its feedstock the sludge at the batch reactors at mesophilic condition. Effect
Primary Sedimentation Tank to generate of pretreatment on biogas production and TS
biogas. A laboratory experiment was done to and VS reduction was studied using batch
determine the faecal sludge quality. The anaerobic tests.[15] Sludge pre-treatment by
flowrate of the sludge was estimated based on means of microwave irradiation as a pre-
the number of times the penstocks (valves) are treatment step influenced the effectiveness of
operated to desludge the sewage which also the subsequent anaerobic digestion,
depends on whether the university is on conducted in continuous conditions, in a
vacation (35.72m3/day) or in session positive way. The largest amount of biogas
(71.44m3/day). These parameters were used was obtained for HRT in the range of 15-20
to determine the biogas potential of the days. As compared to the sludge which did
sewage using 10, 20 and 30 days retention not undergo pre-treatment, daily biogas
time for plant sizes of 540m3, 1100m3 and production and biogas yield increased by 18-
1600m3 respectively. It was estimated that 41% and 13-35% respectively. The
170,719 m3, 341,858 m3 and 419,458 m3 of combination of microwave pre-treatment and
methane can be produced in a year and the mesophilic anaerobic digestion ensured the
power production was estimated to be 50 kW, elimination of pathogens (Salmonella spp.,
100 kW and 120 kW for the 540m3, 1100m3 Escherichia coli).[18] The soluble chemical
and 1600m3 digester sizes respectively. [32] oxygen demand (SCOD) and biochemical
Therefore the anaerobic digestion of the corn oxygen demand (BOD) fractions increased
stover could be an effective, economically when pH values were increased. The
profitable and environmentally friendly way solubilization had the highest increase in the
of disposing agricultural wastes - besides pH range of 11 to 12 and gradually increased
producing a valuable renewable biofuels. In in the pH range of 8-11. However, the
our study, a cellulolytic bacterium has been BOD20/COD ratios decreased for adjusted
used for the pretreatment of the cellulose-rich pH 10 and pH 11, and biodegradation was
biomass and the impact on the anaerobic limited at pH 12. And pH 8 was the optimal
fermentation of the substrate was value this alkaline prêt reatment on anaerobic
measured.[3] Biogas energy has got digestion. Sharma R et al [19] found that

without pretreatment, rice husk produced effects of diurnally cyclic temperature was
64% methane on anaerobic digestion which developed and used to predict the dynamic
could be increased to an appreciable extent response of anaerobic reactors operated on
after delignification. All the methods adopted dairy manure under two diurnally cyclic
for delignification proved to be good temperature ranges of 20-40°C and 15-25°C
however30% sulfuric acid was found to be which represent the summer and winter in
most effective for delignification process Nigeria. The digesters were operated at
leading to the production of 76% methane. various hydraulic retention times and solid
Kim M et al [28] examined that fermentative concentrations and some useful kinetic
hydrogen production from untreated (raw) parameters were determined. The model
sludge and pretreated sludge by sterilization predicted biogas production, volatile solid
treatment (15, 30, 45, and 60 min) as substrate reduction, methane yield and treatment
using mixed cultures in batch experiments efficiency with reasonable accuracy (R2 =
under anaerobic thermophilic conditions. 0.70 to 0.90). The model, however, under-
Longer treatment time was found to be highly predicted the cell mass concentration in the
effective for hydrolyzing organic matters in reactor probably because the Volatile
the sludge.Soluble chemical oxygen demand Suspended Solid (VSS), which was used as
(SCOD) of pretreated sludge was 1.2 to 1.9- the estimator of the actual cell mass
fold higher than that of untreated sludge. concentration in the reactor, was not a good
Sterilization treatment was found to indicator of the active cell mass concentration
accelerate and increasehydrogen production in anaerobic reactors operating on dairy
throughout the batch mode, but with no manure. Budiyono IN et al [10] found that the
measurable methane production. Pretreated rumen fluid inoculated to biodigester gave
(30 min) sludgepresented an optimal significant effect to biogas production
condition, resulting in maximum hydrogen (P<0.05). Rumen fluid inoculums caused
yield (25.1 ml H2/g-VS) and the highest biogas production rate and efficiency increase
hydrogen content (60.0%). Assessing two to three times in compare to manure
organic/Inorganic additives Kinetic substrate without rumen fluid. With the rumen
modelling . Das GM et al[13] found that the fluid inoculums, gave the kinetic parameters
kinetic parameters such as biogas production of biogas production i.e biogas production
rate (U ml/gm/day) and maximum biogas rate constants (U), maximum biogas
production potential (A ml/gm) improved production (A), and minimum time to produce
with increase in temperature for all the biogas (λ) are 3.89 ml/(gVS.day); 172.51
biomasses, whereas the lag phase period (λ (ml/gVS); dan 7.25 days, respectively. While
days) reduces with increase in temperature. the substrate without rumen fluid gave the
[121]The paper presents a kinetic model of kinetic parameters U, A, and λ are 1.74
anaerobic digestion based on mass balance of ml/(gVS.day); 73.81 (ml/gVS); dan 14.75
substrate, microorganisms and methane days,respectively.[72] Using a model of
production. The model is simulated using a digester profits and data from a nationally-
customized Simulink model and the value of representative survey of dairy operations we
maximum specific growth rate of estimate the likely distribution of digester
microorganisms is calibrated to fit the adoption and profits under different carbon
theoretical results with experimental ones price scenarios. Finn HR et al [21] made a
regarding methane production. The dynamic model for a pilot anaerobic reactor
experimental data were obtained during a fed diary manure. Both steady-state data from
three months measurements campaign in online sensors and laboratory analysis and
2010 at Wastewater Treatment Plant dynamic operational data from online sensors
Constanța South, Romania.[85]A two-culture are used in the model adaptation. The model
dynamic model which incorporated the is based on material balances, and comprises

four state variables, namely biodegradable from the sago processing from tubers of
volatile solids, volatile fatty acids, acid tapioca (Mannihot utillisema) is discussed.
generating microbes (acidogens), and The experiment is carried out with synthetic
methane generating microbes (methanogens). waste water using a tapered fluidized bed
The model can predict the methane gas ow reactor. Mesoporous granulated activated
produced in the reactor. The model may be carbon is used as a bacterial support. The
used for optimal reactor design and operation, kinetic model follows half order kinetics for
state-estimation and control. Also, a dynamic substrate utilization and for methane
model for the reactor temperature based on formation and it exhibits an order of 0.20
energy balance of the liquid in the reactor is during the start up of the reactor without
adapted.This model may be used for acclimatization. For the remaining start up
optimization and control when energy and with acclimatized sludge, kinetic parameters
economy are taken into account. Dhanalakshmi are expressed in terms of Langmuir-
SV et al [15]gave a predictive models for Hinshelwood kinetics for the substrate
analyzing the performance of the batch utilization. The methane formation kinetics
reactor and for determining cumulative follows an order of the reaction as 0.30. The
biogas production for a given organic loading values of the kinetic constants are in the range
have been developed. The kinetics of the of 0.13–0.21. [2]The application of a set of
process has been studied using first order rate simplified anaerobic digestion models
equation. Adak A et al [49]discussed In order (SADM’s) to describe the anaerobic
to represent the kinetic behavior of such biodegradability and kinetics of cow manure
biological process and thereby to design a at ambient temperature was conducted in this
reactor system, development of a study. It was observed that the Hill’s based
mathematical model is essential. Addressing biogas yield rate model was the most
this issue, a simplistic mathematical model appropriate in describing biogas yield rate
has been developed for anaerobic digestion of from cow manure. Parameter estimation
MSW in a continuous flow reactor unit under revealed that the half saturation constant
homogeneous steady state condition. Upon expressed as acidified substrate and volatile
simulated hydrolysis, the kinetics of biomass solids(VS) equivalent were 0.163g/l and
growth and substrate utilization rate are 21.9g VS/l respectively while the maximum
assumed to follow first order reaction biogas yield rate was estimated to be
kinetics.Simulation of this model has been 1.957ml/g VS/day. The coefficient of
conducted by studying sensitivity of various acidogenic bacteria adaptation (n) and
process variables. Mairet F et al [ ] coefficient of acetogenic/methanogenic
demonstrated the ability of the original bacterial cooperativity (m) were estimated to
ADM1 model and a modified version (based be 1.28 and 0.65 respectively. The poor
on Contois kinetics for the hydrolysis steps) cooperativity amongst the
to represent microalgae anaerobic digestion. acetogenic/methanogenic bacterial species
Simulations were compared to experimental can be attributed to poor adaptation, possibly
data of an anaerobic digester fed with due to interaction between ammonia and
Chlorella vulgaris. The modified ADM1 fits volatile fatty acids. In addition, the
adequately the data for the considered 140 day biodegradability and recalcitrance was
experiment encompassing a variety of estimated to be 0.42 and 0.433 respectively,
influent load and flow rates. It turns out to be while hydrolysis/acidogenesis was identified
a reliable predictive tool for optimising the as the rate limiting step. Azikiwe N et al [7]
coupling of microalgae with anaerobic Simulated a mathematical model for the
digestion processes. Parthiban R. [35] Kinetic design of steady-state continuous reactors
study for different start up conditions of the required for the anaerobic digestion of
anaerobic digestion of wastewater derived wastewaters was carried out. This was

obtained so as to make the design of control strategies. Such strategies require,
continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR)that usually, the development of suitable
would be used for the anaerobic digestion of mathematical models, which adequately
vegetable oil wastewater (VOW) possible. describe the main processes that take place. a
The model considered the kinetics of the simple process design model is proposed,
process which has been previously which describes an industrial plant producing
determined during the batch digestion of the biogas by anaerobic digestion of winery
wastewater. The hydraulic retention time wastes. The required kinetic parameters have
(HRT) and solid retention time (SRT) which been obtained from preliminary laboratory
are important parameters required for the tests. The results of the simulation have been
design were estimated by varying different applied to the evaluation of the viable energy
model parameters such as efficiency of use of winery wastes (exhausted grape marc)
reactor, influent substrate concentration (So) produced by a distillery of Friuli Venezia
and biomass concentration (X) at various Giulia region. Fagundes et al [29]made the
food-microorganism ratios (F/M). The HRT models which can be used to reliably predict
was calculated for different reactor efficiency the parameters of the anaerobic biodigestion
(E) varying in the range of 70-95% at a process of swine effluents in semi-continuous
constant influent substrate concentration. It tubular biodigesters. Dwaraka K et al [17]found
was observed that the HRT increased with that The success of any biological treatment
increase in efficiency ranging between 1.10 to plant lies in the kinetics of the process as they
7.06 days. HRT also increased as the biomass determine the dimensions of the unit
concentration increased. SRT at constant operation and dictates the control parameters
influent substrate concentration and biomass and operating values. The experimental
concentration were observed to increase as observations and their kinetic interpretation
the reactor efficiency increased. The effect of are used to evaluate the substrate utilization
different substrate concentration on HRT to (COD removal) kinetics of the anaerobic
attain a targeted efficiency in the CSTR under process of treatment having attached growth
steady state condition was also studied. It was system .
observed that HRT linearly increased with Purification
increase in influent substrate concentration at Akubuenyi FC et al [3]found that the efficiency
constant reactor efficiency and biomass of charcoal as a purifying agent of biogas was
concentration. HRT also increased with determined by passing the gas through a
decrease in biomass concentration and charcoal medium and its components and
constant reactor efficiency for a particular quantity were analyzed using gas
substrate concentration. There was also an chromatography. Result shows that 0.50m3 of
increase in HRT as reactor efficiency biogas was produced on Day 1. The gas
increased at constant biomass and influent became flammable from Day 12, with a
substrate concentrations. SRT calculated at production of 1.10m3 biogas. The
E1 (70%) and E2 (80%) efficiencies were flammability improved with time. Rameshprabu
observed to decrease with increase in influent R et al [9] presented the algal characteristics,
substrate concentration. As the efficiencies of scientific approach, gather and clearly explain
the reactor increased, SRT was also observed the main methods used to clean and purify
to increase. With the information obtained biogas, increasing the calorific value of
from the model simulation, a continuous biogas and making this gas with
stirred tank reactor that would treat VOW by characteristics closest as possible to natural
anaerobic digestion could be designed. Colussi gas through algae biological purification
I et al [12] cleared that Significant instability processes.Zhao Q et al [55]gave that Purified
is often exhibited by anaerobic digesters: this biogas provides reductions in GHG emissions
problem may be avoided through appropriate as well as several other environmental

benefits when used as a vehicle fuel. Biogas daily, from which we can light up about 1000
emits less nitrogen oxide, hydrocarbon and houses.
carbon monoxide than gasoline or diesel, and References
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Charging and Discharging of Shell and Spiral tube

LHSS using Paraffin wax as a PCM
Mehtab Alam, Toshit Jain

Abstract—Thermal energy storage (TES) system using phase
change material (PCM) is an interesting area because of its large
storage capacity. In this experimental investigation, a horizontal
shell and spiral tube heat exchanger using Paraffin wax as a phase
change material is used. The melting point ranges of the paraffin
wax are 530C to 570C considered for calculating thermal
characteristics. Due to high specific heat, less cost and easy
available water are used as a heat transfer fluid (HTF) in the
latent heat storage system (LHSS) and the thermal behavior of
PCM during a phase changing process is analyzed. A series of
experiments are carried out to study the effects of different inlet
temperature at a fixed mass flow rate. The Thermocouple of K-
type has been placed for calculating the temperature variation
inside the cylinder. This paper also examined the temperature
variation inside the cylinder along with radial direction. Natural
convection and conduction came into consideration while the
melting of PCM and solidification process respectively. Results of
mass flow rate of HTF at 0.3 LPM are shown over the inlet
temperature at 700C, 750C and 800C. Time of charging and Fig. 1: Development of renewable energy
discharging was calculated in this process. Investigated charging,
discharging and overall efficiency are calculated 61%, 55% and
36.37% respectively. The maximum useful energy which can be Above figure represents the energy consumption of
extracted from the system, called exergy and the exergy efficiency fuels measured per year. The graph clearly shows that
of the system is found 13.37%. oil, coal and natural gas have remained to be a primary
source of energy since 1965. Their usage has been very
high. Use of nuclear and hydropower also had
Keywords—TES, PCM, HTF, LHSS
significant growth with time but its consumption is very
less in comparison to oil, coal and natural gas. Other
renewable sources of energy like solar energy started to
IX. INTRODUCTION
proliferate in 2007 and are continually growing with
R esources provided on the Earth are getting depleted

hence, the fossil fuel are being expensive for
domestic as well as for the research use. The by-
time to become a better alternative for energy
generation. There are two ways to get rid of this problem
to some extent. One is to use the resources very
products which are left over after burning are harmful carefully. Another one is to utilize the available energy
to the environment. The by-products are in the form of sources like renewable energy. Among the various
gases such as sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen oxide source of renewable energy available, solar energy is
(NOX), Carbon dioxide (CO2) which is responsible for present in abundance and is considered innumerable.
the sudden climate changes. Moreover, the ashes left The solar energy available in a year exceeds the possible
after burning affects the surface of the earth in an fossil fuel reserves in India. It has various advantages
adverse manner as it does not decompose. Combustion over fossil fuels. It has no energy input cost, unlike coal
of fossil fuel leads to harmful greenhouse gases like and gas. It has no transportation cost input. Various
carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide which causes materials are being discovered for the thermal energy
incurable diseases like cancer, and asthma which is a storage in various sectors like domestic, industrial,
great cause of concern. Shortage of fossil fuels and transportation etc. Thermal energy storage is the process
increasing consciousness towards the human health has of storing excess solar energy during peak hour time
made researchers contemplate about the alternatives of (day) and using it later. Thermal energy is used for both
fossils. To minimize the above effects and to continue short-term storage (when energy is stored for few hours)
the work smoothly, there is a need to switch to another as well as long-term storage (energy stored for months
resource which is affordable and can be used freely. or more). LHTE can be done using various phase change
From last few years trends are showing that use of material (PCM) which are broadly classified as solid-
alternative source of energy has been increasing slowly solid, solid-liquid, solid-gas, and liquid-gas. Generally,
in Figure 1. solid-liquid phase change materials preferred over solid-
F. A. Author is with the department of Mechanical Engineering, S. A. Author is with the department of Mechanical Engineering,
GLA University, Mathura, U.P. – 208016 (e-mail: GLA University, Mathura, U.P. – 208016 (e-mail:
mehtab.alam@gla.ac.in). toshit.jain@gla.ac.in).

gas and liquid-gas as these phase change material PCM and lessing rings by using paraffin RT60 to
require larger volume after phase change which is overcome the drawbacks of a poor thermal conductivity
difficult to handle and solid-solid phase change material of LHSM.
have a very low latent heat of fusion. Latent heat thermal J Banaszek et.al [6] analyzed temporal behavior of
energy storage provides larger storage capacity as PCM undergoing a non-isothermal phase change and
compared to sensible heat storage with small transition thermal characteristics of PCM like paraffin
temperature change. It also provides 3 to 4 times of wax in a vertical spiral heat exchanger using paraffin
energy per unit volume when compared to SHS with PPW20 as a PCM in the medium temperature range. He
narrow temperature range. Solid-Liquid PCM is further also found experimentally during heating and cooling of
classified as organic and inorganic PCM. Organic PCM PCM a pattern of convection and conduction dominants
such as paraffin is considered for further studies as it respectively.
possesses high heat storage capacity for given K R Ismail et.al [7] investigated different thermal
temperature range as well as it is non-corrosive, non- models which are suitable for latent heat thermal storage
toxic, congruent melting inflammable, easily available, in terms of the influence of particle size (due to
chemically inert, stable, no subcooling, no phase molecular properties), void fraction (heat dissipation),
segregation and also there is no effect of large no of flow rate variations (due to melting time increase or
cycles of melting/freezing over the properties. decrease), working fluid inlet temperature variations
Modification of its structure can be easily done for and finally wall thermal losses numerically.
further enhancement. Further moving towards the J Fukai et.al [8] studied the enhancement of heat
mechanical application, Solar water heater (SWH) used transfer by using carbon fibres in random orientation
to convert solar energy into thermal energy in the form and fibre brush. He found experimentally using paraffin
of latent heat. wax and steel cylindrical capsule having 50 mm
On studying the different research papers and reviews diameter and 130mm height, the fibres length has a
we found that in order to utilize more and more solar slight effect on the enhancement.
energy, various researchers have been done by different A Sari et.al [9] tested myristic acid, after that compare
scientists and researchers in the field of development of the thermal performance as well as heat transfer
solar energy. The study merely focuses on the characteristics on the basis of parameters like transition
enhancement of TES based on PCM using various time, temperature range, and propagation through solid
parameters as explained below in my literature review. liquid interface in the temperature range of 40 0C to
A Abhat [1] reviewed the latent heat of fusion of 600C. He found that heat transfer from the heat
different storage materials like organic materials (fatty exchanger to PCM is largely influenced by natural.
acids, paraffin with different melting points), inorganic, Dimaano et.al [10] investigated thermal
eutectic compounds and he also investigated the melting characteristics of C-L acid (capric and lauric) with
and solidifying characteristics of materials, different pentadecane in different volume ratio employing
methods of thermal analysis, freezing and melting differential scanning calorimetry analysis by using
behavior of substances, thermal cycling test and storage capsule of length 420 mm, inner diameter 30
corrosion testing in the temperature range between 0 0C mm and found that 50:50 of C-L and pentadecane has
to 1200C. highest heat charged and 90:10 has widest melting band.
Feldman et.al [2] surveyed several organic materials L F Cabeza et.al [11] performed experimentally heat
and measured the melting points, freezing points, transfer enhancement technique of PCM in thermal
thermal properties, transition temperature and fusion energy storage by addition of stainless steel pieces,
properties in the families of fatty acid like capric acid, copper pieces, and a graphite matrix impregnated with
lauric acid and their binary mixture, esters, ethers, PCM. He found that mixing of stainless steel particles
mixtures of linear alcohols and sulphur compounds in to the PCM does not increase the heat flux significantly
the range of temperature 100C to 650C and latent heat of while the addition of copper pieces and composite alloys
transition 153 to 182 kJ/kg. increases heat transfer.
A Hasan et.al [3] investigated different types of fatty B Zalba et.al [12] reviewed the material of PCM and
acid as a thermal energy storage material for a domestic heat transfer with solid liquid interaction and its various
water heating system. He also determined thermo applications. She described also about material stability,
physical properties and degree of degradation during thermo-physical properties and encapsulation problems
several cycles and found very small change of the of PCM.
thermal properties after more than 400 heating cycles. C Alkan et.al [13] developed the method to increase
M Lacroix [4] performed various experiments to the enthalpy of melting and solidification of paraffin to
access the effect of the various thermal and geometric increase its LHTES capacity by sulfonation at ionomer
parameters on the heat transfer process numerically and level in the temperature range of 440C to 560C. Various
developed an enthalpy based method model to study thermal properties were obtained and indicated that the
heat transfer behavior of LTES with employing different enthalpy of melting and solidification of docosane and
types of fins. hexacosane could be extended by sulfonation.
R Velraj et.al [5] enhanced the heat transfer rate in a A Mills et.al [14] experimentally fabricated PCM
latent thermal energy storage system consisting of with the help of graphite matrix and the wax to increase
longitudinal fins on cylindrical vertical tubes, micro the thermal conductivity. He found that the thermal
encapsulation of PCM, inserting metal matrix in the conductivity increase up to 100 times than the previous

without mixing of PCM and the mass fraction of the M Esapour et.al [24] studied the effect of a number
PCM decreased with higher bulk densities. of inner tubes and different operational parameters such
Ahmet et.al [15] focused the mixing amount of PCM as HTF mass flow rate and inlet temperature. He
like paraffin wax with expanded graphite to make stable compared double pipe with multi-tube heat exchangers
composite or to enhance the thermal properties. He numerically by using RT35 in the medium temperature
performed various experiment up to 10% mixing of range and observed melting time of PCM reduce on
expanded graphite with wax and measured the thermal increasing the inlet temperature and number of tubes as
conductivity. Lastly, he found that higher the well as variation in HTF mass flow rate play very
percentage of mixing amount with pure PCM promising important role in melting time of PCM.
for thermal storage application. On the basis of literature review, we have found that
L Jianet. al[16] investigated numerically and the inlet HTF temperature, material of PCM and mass
experimentally thermal energy storage unit involving flow rate plays an important role in charging,
phase change process dominated by heat conduction in discharging and overall efficiency. In this paper paraffin
the triplex concentric tube with PCM in middle channel. wax are used as PCM and their thermal characteristics
He validated for both melting and solidification against were investigated experimentally in horizontally kept
experimental data. latent thermal heat energy storage unit with water as
A Khudhair et.al [17] studied the use of PCMs in HTF. The important factors which influence the
building for heating and cooling as well as several performance of the system are the operating conditions
enhancement techniques of energy storage in buildings like inlet temperature and inlet flow rate of heat transfer
application using micro and macro encapsulation of fluid, and geometric parameters like the length and the
PCM in building applications. Lastly, he compared radius of the cylinder. The primary objective is to study
under floor heating without and with PCM storage with the performance of PCM in latent heat energy storage
different enhancement technique. system in terms of charging efficiency, discharging
V Shatikianet.al [18] numerically investigated about efficiency, overall efficiency and exergy efficiency.
the melting of the PCM, with maintaining constant heat
flux in the heat sink (where vertical fins are fitted
internally) and the variation of fin height to the X. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PARAMETER
thickness. He showed also in the graph of melt fraction The setup generally consists of water bath, cylinders
at different set values of Fourier number, modified of paraffin wax, cold storage tank, water storage tank,
Stefan number and Rayleigh number. pump, thermocouple, sensors and control unit. The
S Jegadheeswaranet.al [19] reviewed on the whole setup is depicted shown in figure 2.
implementation of different techniques to increase the
performance of LHTS system. He discussed also about
different finned LHTS units and enhancement
techniques of thermal conductivity of PCM.
A Sharma et.al [20] reviewed on different methods
for energy storage, various properties of latent heat
storage material, types of PCM and their application in
buildings. He discussed also several technologies in the
field of energy storage and its application in heating and
cooling, melting fraction of different PCM used with the
various material of heat exchanger usually vertical shell.
M Liuet.al [21] reviewed the PCMs which have
melting temperature more than 30000C for the
application of energy storage system in solar thermal
power plants and multiple PCM. He discussed several
methods to increase the thermal performance of high
temperature PCM storage system.
M J Hosseini et.al [22] experimentally and
numerically analyzed the effect of buoyancy driven
convection and rise in inlet temperature of HTF during
the melting process by using RT50 as a PCM in medium
range of temperature i.e. 700C to 800C. He showed
buoyancy effects increase the temperature and melting
time reduces on increasing inlet temperature in
horizontal shell and tube type heat exchanger.
K Pielichowska et.al [23] studied the use of various
PCM in thermal energy storage and different methods to
increase the thermal conductivity and stabilization of
shape. He discussed also different micro encapsulation Fig. 2: Complete image of Experimental setup
of PCM raise heat transfer area and decrease reactivity The Cylinder consists of PCM which is known as the
with the surrounding environment. heart of the thermal energy storage system. These

cylinders consist of heat exchanger, stainless steel XI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
cylinder, and PUF insulation cover. Cylinders have a A comparative thermal performance assessment of
length of 500 mm and diameter of about 150 mm. The the LHSS with water as a HTF is estimated in terms of
heat exchanger used in this cylinder is of spiral shape so the influence of fluid inlet temperature with fixed mass
as to maximize the contact time of water with the PCM flow rate on the total melting and solidification time.
inside the cylinder shown in figure 3. The temperatures of PCM at the different location in
thermo storage tank are recorded during melting and
solidification under the inlet HTF temperature 700C,
750C and 800C. During the various experimental test
runs; difficulties in initiating discharging/ charging
process has been observed. To overcome the same the
inlet temperature of HTF plays an important role.
Through various literature studies, we have found that
the inlet temperature of HTF highly depends on the heat
sources.
Temperature profile of paraffin wax during the

charging:
In general operation, at the time of melting process
the operating conditions of PCM are set to be as the
Fig. 3: Cylinder with spiral coil heat exchanger environmental conditions. During the melting process
the PCM temperature range is set to be same for almost
During charging, the temperature was kept constant all test runs. Initially, the Paraffin wax is at 33 0C.
and water is passed through the inlet of the thermal Temperature evolution during the charging process of
storage tank from the water bath and outlet of the Paraffin wax using water as HTF is 700C, 750C and
thermal storage tank is connected to the bottom of a cold 800C. During this test run, the readings of four
water storage tank from where it gets pumped to the thermocouples are shown on a graph with respect to
water bath with the help of suction pump again. After time. PCM temperature 1st half is the average
getting the stable temperature in the water bath, the shut- temperature of all thermocouple in first half part of the
off valve at the inlet of the thermal storage tank was cylinder and PCM temperature 2nd half is the average
opened and the flow rate was set as per requirement. temperature of all thermocouple in remaining part of the
RTD thermocouples (six) were used at the inlet of the cylinder. The maximum temperature reaches to 61 0C of
PCM cylinder, outlet of the PCM cylinder and inside the PCM at end of charging process. It is clearly visible
cylinder at the different location to know the from this graph that the charging phase of paraffin wax
temperature reading. During discharging process, the completes at 550C to 610C. The mass flow rate is taken
hot water valve is closed and then the bottom cold water as 0.3 LPM. The time taken for the charging phase at
tank is filled with cold water. The various properties of temperature 700C, 750C and 800C temperature is about
PCM are in table 1. The cold water is circulated through 165 min, 150 min and 130 min respectively as shown in
the thermal storage tank to absorb the heat energy of the figure 4, 5 and 6.
PCM. The process was same as in discharging.
The properties of phase change material is in table I
TABLE I
PROPERTIES OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL
S. No Type of PCM Organic (Paraffin Wax)
1 Density in solid state 850 kg/m3
2 Specific Heat capacity 2.3 kJ/kg K
3 Thermal conductivity 0.205 W/mK
4 Heat of fusion 165 kJ/kg
5 Melting Temperature 560C to 600C
Fig. 4: Charging phase of paraffin wax at 70◦C

will be released. At the outlet of test section an increased
value of HTF temperature is observed and PCM
temperature decreased which is shown in figure 7.
Fig. 5: Charging phase of paraffin wax at 75◦C
Fig. 7: Discharging phase of paraffin wax at

atmospheric temperature
Charging, Discharging and Overall efficiency:
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
In losses associated due to convection through the

surface of PCM and difference of water
temperature between outlet and PCM temperature.
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
Fig. 6: Charging phase of paraffin wax at 800C 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Initially, the temperature of PCM rises rapidly

because the temperature difference between the 𝜂𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
temperature of PCM and HTF is high so there is high 𝑚𝑤 𝐶𝑝𝑤 (𝑇𝑖,𝑤 − 𝑇𝑜,𝑤 )𝑑𝑡 − 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
gain of heat during this period. Through various melting =
𝑚𝑤 𝐶𝑝𝑤 (𝑇𝑖,𝑤 − 𝑇𝑜,𝑤 )𝑑𝑡
curves it has been seen the increment from initial
temperature due to initial energy transferred to the
paraffin wax. From the graphs, it has been clearly
𝑚𝑤 𝐶𝑝𝑤 (𝑇𝑖,𝑤 − 𝑇𝑜,𝑤 )𝑑𝑡
observed that when inlet temperature is increased from 𝜂𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
700 to 800 (as shown in figure 4 and 6), the melting time 𝑚𝑤 𝐶𝑝𝑤 (𝑇𝑖,𝑤 − 𝑇𝑜,𝑤 )𝑑𝑡
is almost reduced by 21%. This variation in melting time
is observed due to a driving force; this driving force is
𝜂𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
generated because of the temperature difference in 𝜂𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝜂𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
between the PCM and HTF.
Temperature profile of paraffin wax during the χ𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔

discharging: χ𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
χ𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
As soon as the charging process is completed, the
discharging process will start by passing the cold HTF
through the same pipe. The PCM will be in the liquid
Where,
phase during the solidification or discharging process.
𝜂 = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦,
After completion of this discharging process, the 𝜒 = 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦,
melted PCM will start coming in solid stage and heat 𝑇𝑖, 𝑤 = 𝐼𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒,

𝑇𝑜, 𝑤 = 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, phase change material for thermal energy storage. Sol Energy
Mater Sol Cells 2009; 93:143–7.
𝑇𝑝𝑐𝑚 = 𝑃𝐶𝑀 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
A. Mills, M Farid , J R Selman, Al-Hallaj S. Thermal conductivity
enhancement of phase change materials using a graphite matrix.
On the basis of the above equation, charging, Appl Therm Eng 2006;26:1652–61.
discharging and overall efficiency are calculated 61%, Ahmet, A Karaipekli. Thermal conductivity and latent heat thermal
55% and 36.37%, respectively. The maximum useful energy storage characteristics of paraffin/expanded graphite
composite as phase change material. Appl Therm Eng
energy which can be extracted from the system, called 2007;27:1271–7.
exergy and the exergy efficiency of the system is found L. Jiang, Q Li, Li D, Chen Z, Hu W, et al. Aqueous preparation of
13.37%. polyethylene glycol/ sulfonated graphene phase change
composite with enhanced thermal performance.Energy Convers
Manage 2013;75:482–7.
XII. CONCLUSION A. Khudhair, M. Farid. A review on energy conservation in building
This paper summarizes an analysis of PCM melting applications with thermal storage by latent heat using phase
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V. Shatikian, G. Ziskind, R. Letan, Numerical investigation of a PCM-
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comparison is drawn between solidification and melting International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 51 (2008) 1488-
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temperature latent heat thermal energy storage:heat storage
Authors would like to pay their sincere Department of materials. Solar Energy, 30(4):313–332, 1983.
Mechanical Engineering of GLA University for M . Liu, W Saman, F Bruno. Review on storage materials and thermal
performance enhancement techniques for high temperature
providing the space and allows him to work this phase change thermal storage systems. Renew Sustain Energy
experimental setup. Authors also would like to express Rev 2012;16: 2118–32.
their deep sense of appreciation to Prof. Arun Tiwari at . M.J.Hosseini, A.A. Ranjbar, K. Sedighi, M. Rahimi, A combined
GLA University, Mathura for providing their guidance experimental and computational study on the melting behavior
of a medium temperature phase change storage material inside
to complete this scientific work. shell and tube heat exchanger, Int. J Heat Mass Transf. 39 (9)
(2012) 1416–1424M.Lacroix. Computation of heat transfer
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Mehtab Alam was born in Dhanbad,
B 15 (1989) 191–210. Jharkhand in 1988. He received the
R. Velraj, R.V. Seeniraj, B. Hafner, C. Faber, K. Schwarzer, M.Tech degree in Applied
Experimental analysis and numerical modelling of inward Mechanics from IIT Delhi in 2014
solidification on a finned vertical tube for a latent heat storage and Pursuing PhD from IIT(ISM)
unit, Solar Energy 60 (1997) 281– 290. Dhanbad. Since July 2014, he has
J. Banaszek, R. Doma~nski, M. Rebow, F. El-Sagier, Experimental been an Assistant Professor of the
study of solid–liquid phase change in a spiral thermal energy Mechanical Engineering Department
storage unit, Appl. Thermal Eng. 19 (1999) 1253–1277. at GLA University, Mathura – Uttar
K.A.R. Ismail, R. Stuginsky, A parametric study on possible fixed bed Pradesh.
models for PCM and sensible heat storage, Appl. Thermal Eng.
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characterization, and thermal properties of microencapsulated

OVERVIEW OF NON- CONVENTIONAL ENERGY AND CURRENT

STATUS OF INDIA IN RENEWABLE ENERGY
Adarsh Sharmaa*, Vijay K. Dwivedib

a,
M.Tech Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, GLA University, Mathura
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
*
Corresponding Author email: adarshsharma999@gmail.com
1. ABSTRACT Keywords: Renewable energy; Non-conventional

In this paper a study has been presented regarding energy; current status; solar; wind; hydro; tidal; biomass
various non-conventional energy sources along with
their current status in India and ranking of India in
world for these sources. Also the various methods & INTRODUCTION
are explained by which these renewable sources are Amongst the fastest developing economy
derived from their natural source and can be utilized in the world, India is the third largest producer and
in more effective way. As India is on path of fast fourth largest consumer of electricity. During year
economic development along with speedy overall 2015-2016 India produce only 96% of its installed
growth. This development requires a large amount capacity of power sources, which shows that the
of energy which is not fulfilled by present rate of plants are unable to work with its full efficiency.
energy production. As the future of country depends The per capita electricity consumption is 1074.65
on various factors amongst which energy plays a Kwh which is very low as compared to other
vital role. These energy sources may be natural or countries in the world. In order to fulfill electricity
harnessed by alternative fuels. The climate change demand in the country, the government of India
in country caused due to conventional methods of launched a scheme called “POWER FOR ALL”
manufacturing energy by burning fossil fuels is a under which adequate electricity is made available
major problem as pollution caused by waste to all people in country by year 2019.
residues obtained from different power plant
endangered the mankind and other species. As Nuclear Diesel
59.50% of energy generation is done by harnessing 2.10% 0.30%
coal in the country which increases the rate of Biomass
Gas,
respiratory problems and share of solar, wind and 2.50%
7.80%
biomass energy are 3.80%, 8.90% and 2.50% Solar Power
3.80%
respectively in total energy generation. So in order
to obtain a clean and safer source of energy one Wind
must switch to renewable energy sources. They not Power Small
only provide us clean energy but they are also 8.90% Hydro Coal
1.30% Large 59.50%
inexhaustible and easily available. Some of non- Hydro
conventional sources include wind energy, hydro 13.80%
energy, solar energy, tidal energy, biomass energy,
etc. Since the conventional energy sources are based
on fossil fuels which have finite reserves and would
deplete in future, thus in order to save them for
future generation one must limit the use of these Fig.1 Type wise break up of total installed utility power
conventional sources and must increase the generation capacity (31 march 2017)
consumption of non-conventional energy sources.
So by adopting different ways of utilizing the non- As the transmission and distribution losses during
conventional energy one can increase the share of year 2014-2015 war noted as 22.77%, also the green
renewable energy in total energy generation and can house gases (GHG) emission from electricity
overcome the health hazards caused due to generation in 2014 was noted as 2019.67 Mt.co2, so
uncontrolled burning of fossil fuels. It not only in order to save mankind once we should adopt non-
provides clean energy but also reduce the medical conventional and renewable sources of energy. It
expenses of country. not only saves environment but the energy is made
available to all remote areas. As the national

electrification rate of India is 81%, with urban electromagnetic waves is termed as solar energy.
electrification rate of 96% and rural electrification The energy from sun reaching to earth’s atmosphere
(1) consists of 46% visible light, 46% infrared radiation
rate of 74% , so in order to make energy available
to all we must opt such methods of energy and 8% UV radiation. It is estimated that the solar
production so that the source of energy is obtained energy reaches earth every year is equivalent to
nearby region where electricity is unavailable. The 15000 times the world’s
advantage of employing this method is that the cost annual commercial energy consumption. Utilization
incurred in laying down new transmission line can of solar energy can be done in 2 ways,
be utilized in the setup of the production unit and 35. Thermal energy
also at the time of some fault arise in line can be 36. Solar Photovoltaic energy
repaired easily without any delay which arise during
the finding the site of error. India is dealing with non In thermal energy utilization method the heat from
conventional energy in various forms and the total sun can be used to cook food, produce hot water or
share of non-conventional energy in the total energy air, drying materials, etc. while in solar photovoltaic
production of country is 30.43%. energy utilization the light energy is converted to
electric energy with the help of solar photovoltaic
cell and then used in different ways like running
3. NON-CONVENTIONAL AND vehicles, power supply to houses, running motors,
RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY etc.
The present world attention is to go in for natural,
clean and renewable energy sources to meet the
future energy demand and to give quality and 3.2 WIND ENERGY
pollution free energy supply to the growing and The harnessing of wind power to produce electricity
today’s environment conscious population. The is termed as wind energy. The kinetic energy
energy captured by these sources is from on-going obtained from wind is converted to electrical
natural processes, such as geothermal heat flows, energy. The wind energy is originated from sun, at
sunlight, wind, flowing water and biological the time when sun rays fall on the surface get heated
processes. and air near the surface also get heated. As the air
has tendency to flow from hot to cold surface (i.e.
Sun is the major source of renewable energy other from equator to poles in case of earth) this airflow
than geothermal and tidal power. Other forms of is harnessed by wind mills or wind turbine to
short term energy storage are rainfall and wind produce power in form of electricity. It is also used
power. The other theoretical renewable are fossil in sailing ships, pumping water, traditional wind
fuels but on a very long time scale and if continued mills for grinding corns. Wind turbine converts
to be exploited at present rates there is a chance of wind the energy. These turbines generally grouped
depletion in nearby future. Therefore the energy in 2 categories, as illustrated in fig.3.
which is not subjected to depletion in a human time
scale and can be replaced rapidly by a natural 24. Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
process is termed as renewable energy. 25. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
RENEWABLE ENERGY
For a wind energy system to be feasible there

must be adequate wind supply. An annual

wind speed of at least 15 km/hr is required for wheel 1015 g – about 105 billion metric tons) of carbon
energy system. The table 1 represents a guideline of per year.
different wind speed and their potential in
producing electricity. 3.3.1 BIOFUELS
Table 1 Performance of wind turbine at different Fuel derived from biomass is known as biofuel,
wind speed biomass can be converted directly into liquid fuels-
biofuels for transportation purposes (Cars, Buses,
Average wind speed
Trains & Airplanes). Biodiesel and ethanol are most
Performance
km/h (mph) common biofuels. Carbon fixation which occurs in
plants or microalgae through the process of
29(18) Excellent
photosynthesis is involved in renewable biofuels.
25(15.5) Good
Ethanol is alcohol, similar to that used in beer
22(13.75) Moderate &wines and is made by fermentation of any biomass
18(11.25) Not Good high in carbohydrates ( starch, sugars or celluloses )
Up to 15(9.5) Poor through a process similar to brewing beer, while
biodiesel is produced by plants such as rapeseed (
Generation capacity of wind generator is less on canola), sunflower & soybeans, can be extracted
summer than in winter at the same wind speed as air and refined into fuels which can be burned in diesel
has low density in summer than in winter. Similarly engine and buses.
in case of high altitudes as air pressure as well as
density is lower than at higher altitudes. Over a 3.3.2 BIOGAS
decade the growth of installed wind power capacity
rises up to 300%. Mixture of different gases produced by breakdown
of organic matter in the absence of oxygen is termed
3.3 BIOMASS ENERGY as biogas. Biodiesel and biogasoline is included in
its liquid counterpart. In many cases renewable
A renewable energy source derived from the energy sources exerts a very small carbon footprint.
carbonaceous waste of various human and natural It can easily be produced from current waste
activities is termed as Biomass. They are copious streams, such as paper production, sewage, animal
and can be harnessed by different sources such as waste and so forth. These various waste streams are
Ethanol, Bio diesel, Fuel wood, Crop residue, Dung, allowed to naturally ferment after being slurred
Bio gas, wood gasifier. Biomass offers higher together, producing 55% to 70% inflammable
energy efficiency through form of Biogas than by
methane gas. India has cumulatively installed 4.44
direct burning (fig.4)
million small scale biogas plants. The payback
25 kg Fresh Dung
period of the biogas plant is only 2/3 years, rather
Direct
than in case of community and institutional biogas
burning Biogas plant which is even less.
3
5 kg Dry Dung Product 1 m biogas 3.4 TIDAL ENERGY
10460 kCal Gross energy 4713 kCal
10% Device efficiency 55% The difference in water height from low tide and
1046 kCal Useful energy 2592 kCal high tide is potential energy. Tidal energy is
generated by constructing barrage across an estuary
None Manure 10 kg dried
manure to block the incoming and outgoing tide. Tides are
driven primarily by gravitational pull of the moon in
Fig.4 Comparison of burning 25 kg fresh dung with every 12 hours. Design of barrage is such that
direct method and by producing biogas electricity generation can be done on ebb side or
floor side or both. Depending from site to site the
There is a wide application of bio energy, such as tidal range varies over a wide range (4.5-12.4m). To
cooking food, pumping, power generation, and generate electricity turbine are driven from elevated
mechanical applications. With half in the ocean and water in basin as in hydroelectric dams. For
half on land, the biomass production in the world is economic operations and for sufficient head of
estimated as 104.9 petagrams (104.9 × water for sufficient head of water for the turbine at
3 least 7m tidal range is required.

3.5 HYDRO ENERGY 4
The largest renewable source which is used for

generation of electricity is hydropower. It
converts the potential energy or kinetic energy
of water into mechanical energy in form of
watermills, textile machines, etc. Whenever
sufficient head or change in elevation could be
found, rivers, and streams were dammed and
mills were build. Water under pressure flows
through turbine and cause to spin, which is
connected to generator and produces electricity.
11. ROADMAP FOR EFFICIENT AND

BETTER USE OF RENEWABLE
ENERGY/NON-CONVENTIONAL
TECHOLOGIESININDIAN
PRESPECTIVE
For better and efficient use of renewable energy
technologies in the country, following steps
may be suggested:
14. Setting up renewable power generation
systems and energy saving in every government
office to encourage and enthuse people.
15. To increase the awareness of non-
conventional/renewable energy through
establishment of village-level body at rural
level.
16. Research and development of non-
conventional/renewable energy technologies
get provided the fiscal support and sponsorship.
17. Development of skilled human resources
for renewable energy sectors.
18. Establishing targets and aspiring goals
for power generation at state and district level.
19. Installation of solar water heater for all
commercial and residential structures must be
compulsory
5 ACHIEVEMENT OF INDIA IN POWER

SECTOR
Table 2 Utilization status of Non-

conventional energy in world
Hydro Wind Solar Tidal Biomass World
status
China China European South U.S 1

union Korea
U.S.A U.S China France India 2
Brazil Germany Germany U.K Germany 3
Canada India Japan Canada Spain 4
India Spain U.S Belgium China 5

Table 3 Cumulative achievement of power in MW GASIFIERS
from non-conventional energy sources (8)
RURAL 2.00 0.00 18.34
FY-2016-17 Cumulative Achievements INDUSTRIAL 8.00 4.30 168.54
SECTOR AERO 1.00 0.29 2.98
Target Achievement (as on 20.02.2017)
GENERATOR/
I. GRID-INTERACTIVE POWER(CAPACITIES IN MW) HYBRID
SOLAR POWER 12000.00 2803.77 9566.66 WASTE TO
ENERGY
WASTE TO 150 5.57 164.45
10.00 7.50 114.08 BIOMASS(NO
POWER 60 00 651.91
N-BAGASSE)
SMALL HYDRO
250.00 73.15 4346.85 COGENERATIO
POWER
SPV SYSTEM 100.00 131.91 438.95
BIO
WATER 1MW +500 0.10MW
POWER(BIOM
MILLS/MICRO WATER +100 WATER 18.81
ASS &
HYDEL MILLS MILLS
GASIFICATION 400.00 157.00 8182.00
AND BAGASSE TOTAL 187 142 1463.98
COGENERATIO
III. OTHER RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
N) FAMILY
WIND POWER 4000.00 2373.90 29151.29 BIOGAS
TOTAL 16660.00 5415.32 51360.88 1.00 0.42 49.52
PLANT (IN
II. OFF-GRID CAPTIVE POWER(CAPACITIES IN MWEQ )
LAKHS)
BIOMASS
the research and development in the related field to
6 CONCLUSION reduce the dependency on conventional source of
considering the present values of deposits of fossil energy and to harness the maximum amount of
fuels and the financial concerns, these fuels are energy from non conventional sources of energy. It
likely to lead the world primary energy supply for is also for the citizens to understand the necessity
another decade or little bit more, but environment and importance of renewable energy sources for the
scientists have warned that if present trend is betterment of the quality of their life and for clean
followed for a longer period of time and would not and healthy environment to the future generation.
stop at once then average temperature of world will
rise by 1.4 to 5.8°c by the year 2100 which causes
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are moving rapidly towards the adoption of Kaushik, Satyawati Sharma, Saroj Mishra-
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www.mnre.gov.in

TECHNOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF
ENHANCING THERMAL ENERGY
STORAGE IN BUILDINGS USING PCM
PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SINGH RATHORE
Department of Mechanical Engineering
GLA University
Mathura, India
pushpendra.rathore@gla.ac.in
Figure 1 shows the share of the final end use of energy
Abstract- Building sector is one of the largest primary globally. Currently, space heating and cooling
energy consumer in modern society of which a major along with water heating accounts for more than 60%
portion of energy is utilized for space heating and cooling. of the total final energy consumption in the building
The building envelop determines the energy required to sector. Therefore, they represent the largest
heat and cool a building, hence it must be optimized to keep opportunity to reduce consumption of energy in the
heating and cooling load to a minimum. Latent heat
building sector. In recent years, the research on
thermal energy storage by using PCM, because of high
energy storage capacity, can be a potential technique to developing systems and methods to ensure energy
reduce energy demand for space heating and cooling efficiency in buildings has been drastically increased.
purposes. Incorporating suitable PCM into the building Energy efficient buildings will ensure a peak power
material will increase the thermal mass of the buildings reduction for space heating and cooling, shifting of
which helps in reducing energy demand for space heating peak heating and cooling loads to the non-peak hours
and cooling. Therefore, this article shows various methods or low tariff hours, helps in creating an envelope for
which can be used to increase the thermal mass of the normal indoor temperature and, efficient utilization of
building by incorporating PCM directly into the passive heating and cooling loads.
constructional material. The article also shows various
properties that make PCM suitable for direct use in Final end use of energy in %
building materials.
Keywords—Energy; PCM; Building 4.8% Industry
8.8%
I. INTRODUCTION 29% Residential
Transport
The demand for energy in India is rapidly increasing
with increasing human population, urbanization and Commercial
30.3%
modernization. There is a very causal relation between Other sector
urbanization and energy need [1]. Over 80% of the 27.1%
global carbon emissions are generated by urban Fig. 1. Percentage share of final end use of energy
centers and consumes more than 1/3rd of the total
global fossil fuel production [2]. As per International Thermal Energy Storage (TES) can be a potential
Energy Agency, report 2013, the building sector is the technique in order to reduce the energy consumption
largest energy consuming sector. Globally, it accounts of the building sectors [4,5]. Among all the available
for over 1/3rd of the total final energy consumption and options of TES, the method which uses Phase Change
is also equally responsible for carbon-dioxide (CO2) Material (PCM) integrated into building materials has
emissions [3]. gained much attention because of higher energy
storage capacity over a period of time at a certain
temperature [6, 7, 8].

Thermal Energy Storage
Thermo chemical Heat

Sensible Heat
Latent Heat (Energy is absorbed and
(Thermal energy is stored
(Storage material undergoes released by breaking and
just by increasing the
a phase change) reforming the molecular
temperature)
bonds)
Fig. 2. Classification of thermal energy storage [9}
 It stores heat at constant temperature
As the temperature increases during the day, PCM corresponding to the phase transition
stores energy and changes phase from solid to liquid temperature of PCM
and as the temperature decreases during the night,  It stores 5 to 14 times more energy per unit
PCM releases energy and changes phase from liquid volume than sensible heat materials like
to solid. The process looks simple, but complexity water, rock etc.
arises when it comes to integration of PCM in building  LHS can be accomplished through solid–
material. Since PCM has repeatedly changed their liquid, liquid–gas, solid–gas and solid–solid
phase from solid to liquid and from liquid to solid it is, phase transformations
therefore, difficult to directly incorporate them into the  The solid–liquid system is the most studied
building materials. This complexity also includes and, most commonly commercially
various design parameters like phase change available.
temperature of PCM, its thermal mass quantity and
location of the TES system within the building. The III. INTRODUCTION TO PHASE
purpose of this paper is to summarize the techniques CHANGE MATERIAL
of using PCM directly into the building material for
PCM is widely used for latent thermal energy storage
improving the energy efficiency of the building sector.
because of the fact that they have the ability to store
The center of the focus is the incorporation of the PCM
thermal energy, while undergoing a phase change, at
in building material in order to reduce the space
room temperature. The main property which makes
cooling and heating load and to shift the peak load to
PCM more useful than other materials for thermal
the off peak load.
energy storage is that it stores heat energy in latent
form, because of which it has a greater heat storage
II. TYPES OF THERMAL ENERGY
capacity per unit volume than other building materials.
STORAGE The application of PCM in buildings requires certain
Thermal energy storage is one of the highly efficient thermo-physical properties, chemical properties,
solution to increase the energy efficiency of buildings. kinetic properties and economic properties which are
TES offers the better capability to store available shown in table no. 1. The selection of PCM is a critical
heating and cooling energy in off-peak load condition issue because it is not possible to have all the desired
to effectively match the on-peak demand periods in the properties in one PCM. Selection of PCM
building sector. Broadly thermal energy storage is requires a certain degree of compromise with certain
classified into 3 categories as shown in figure 2. Latent properties and therefore it should be done carefully.
heat thermal energy storage technique is more Figure 3 shows various properties that a PCM must
preferred than sensible and thermo-chemical storage have to be compatible with building material [10].
because of various advantages like: It provides high-
energy storage density

Thermal Physical Kinetic Chemical Economic
properties properties properties properties properties
• Suitable phase • High density • No supercooling • Chemically • Cheaper

transition • Low volume • Suitable rate of stable for a long • Higher
temperature change crystallization duration availability
• High latent heat • Low vapour • compatable with
• High specific pressure the container
heat • No toxicity
• High thermal
conductivity
• High heat of
fusion
Fig. 3. Properties of PCM [11]
IV. SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY B. Immersion

STORAGE TECHNIQUES IN
BUILDINGS In this technique, building element is dipped into a
container containing liquid PCM. The building
The thermal mass of the buildings can be effectively material then absorbs the PCM by capillary action.
used to store solar thermal energy by incorporating a The incorporation of the PCM by the immersion
suitable type of PCM in the building material. The process in building blocks, like wallboard, gypsum,
introduction of PCM into building materials, such as bricks and etc, can be achieved in a production line or
concrete, mortar, and plaster, will increase the thermal can be done in a batch process [14]. The effective
storage capacity by a factor up-to 15 [11, 12]. The absorption of the liquid PCM by the building block
techniques used for incorporating PCM directly into depends upon the porosity of the construction element,
building material are shown in Figure no. 4. the temperature of the liquid PCM and the viscosity of
A. Direct incorporation the PCM. This technique is also simpler and cheaper,
but it normally requires more time to prepare a
This process involves direct mixing of PCM into construction element in comparison to direct
building material like concrete, plaster, and mortar, incorporation technique [16]. This method faces a
etc. The PCM is directly added into the paste of limitation of leakage of PCM from the construction
concrete or plaster which is then used in the material during heating and cooling cycles [17].
architecture of the building [14, 15]. The technique is C. Impregnation
simpler and cheaper, but the success of the technique
depends on various factors like (a) The added PCM This method involves the use of a vacuum pump for
must not affect the hydration process (b) It must not removing the air from porous aggregate and then the
affect the mechanical properties of the building aggregate is soaked into a liquid PCM. This aggregate
material (c) It must not affect the bond between the is then mixed with the concrete to be used as a
aggregate and the cement. The biggest drawback of construction element. Figure 5 shows a schematic of
this technique is the leakage of PCM while undergoing vacuum impregnation.
a phase transformation, from building material [12].

PCM
application in
Building
material
Direct Immersion/ Encapsulation

incorporation impregnation
Micro- Macro-
encapsulation encapsulation
Fig. 4. Classification of techniques for PCM incorporation in
building material [11, 13]


This method is more effective than direct incorporation and 70
immersion because of the fact that PCM has taken the space 60
of air which has been evacuated from the porous aggregate. 50

Apart from this, it takes less time to incorporate PCM in
40
Immersion
building material and have a high absorption percentage in
30
comparison to direct incorporation and immersion
20 Vacuum
impregnation
10
0
PE SL SZ FL
Fig. 6. Percentage absorption of vacuum impregnation and immersion [19]
1) Micro-encapsulation
Fig. 5. Vacuum impregnation setup [18]

In this method of solar thermal energy storage in building
material PCM particles ranging from 1µm to 1000 µm are
techniques. Figure 6 depicts the absorption percentage of
enclosed in a thin solid shell which is made up of either
immersion and vacuum impregnation technique.
natural polymer or synthetic polymer. These micro-capsules
D. Encapsulation
are then directly mixed with the building material such as
This technique is quite similar as that of direct incorporation. concrete, plaster, gypsum and etc. These micro-capsules are
The only difference is that the PCM is easier to incorporate in construction material and have a high
rate of heat transfer per unit volume. However, use of micro-
encapsulated in a chemically and physically stable shell and capsules affect the mechanical properties of construction
then it is incorporated directly into the building material. This material, but satisfied the minimum requirement for general
method has various advantages over all other techniques like: purpose building structures [20]. Figure 7 elaborates the
(a) It protects physical interaction of PCM with the thermal cycle that a PCM undergoes in micro-capsules.
surrounding (b) It does not affect the mechanical properties
of building material (c) Increased heat transfer (d) easy to
handle. Encapsulation of PCM in building material is done
by using two ways (a) Micro-encapsulation (b) Macro-
encapsulation.

Fig. 8. (a)Metal ball encapsulate (b)Spherical PCM balls (c)PCM in
aluminum (d)PCM in aluminum panels (e)PCM in Polypropylene flat panel
(f)PCM tube encapsulation [6]
V. CONCLUSION
The demand of energy, in the building sector, is rising

continuously and therefore it is one of the major source of
carbon emissions. A large portion of the final end use of
energy (~60%) is utilized for space heating and cooling in
buildings. Using PCM for space heating and cooling
application can reduce the usage of energy and also shift the
peak load demand of energy to the off-peak time. Utilization
of PCM in buildings will increase the thermal mass and
Fig. 7. Heating/cooling of micro-encapsulated PCM [21]

contributes to a better indoor thermal conditions. Suitable
types of PCM can be incorporated into building material like,
2) Macro-encapsulation
cement, plaster, bricks and etc. by using various techniques
In this technique, the PCM is get packed in a container such like direct incorporation, immersion, vacuum impregnation,
as tubes, spheres, rectangular plates and etc. as shown in micro-encapsulation, and macro-encapsulation. PCM mixed
figure 8. These containers are then used in the building blocks with construction material changes its phase by storing
[22]. The design and material of container directly affect the thermal energy during the day and realizing the same by
heat transfer and therefore influences the performance of again changes its phase during the night. Selection of suitable
PCM. The solidification of PCM along the edges of the PCM and technique for incorporation of PCM into building
container prevents the flow of thermal energy and thus leads material are two important factors for the success of thermal
to poor thermal conductivity [23]. energy storage in buildings. Direct incorporation, immersion,
and vacuum impregnation are the techniques in which PCM
comes directly in contact with building material and therefore
affects the mechanical and physical properties of the
constructional material, leakage due to thermal cycles and
hazardous to the environment. Encapsulation technique has
effectively overcome all these limitations and also increase
the heat transfer rate.
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Performance Evaluation Tools for

Green Buildings
Kunj Pawar*, S K. Patidar
Department of Civil Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
*
kunjpawar@gmail.com; Phone: 09034849282
sustainable development. These buildings are beneficial to
Abstract- With the increase in global warming, multitudinous environment as the negative impacts of building and tenants
countries are attempting to reduce the emission of green house are reduced. Design of these buildings have a favorable
gases and demote energy consumption. For this pretension influence on public health, energy and water consumption
green building approach is accustomed to mitigate the impact and demoted operation costs thus making it an excellent tool
on society, environment and economy. Green building is for sustainable development [1].
environmentally tenable building that is delineated, contrived

The primary blueprint behind green building embraces
and maneuvered thus curtailing the integral environmental
efficient abate in consumption of water, energy and other
impacts. These buildings are included in planning sustainable
resources, recycling of wastes and fortifying health of
development framework since it requires less energy. A better
occupants. Green building uses alternate energy sources like
understanding of notion of green building assessment tools and
solar energy that is renewal of electrical energy during
their contribution for attaining sustainable development by the
daytime. The water use a pattern also differs in green building
means of various evolving efficient green building rating
as a rain water harvesting systems are used or the water
systems is important. In the present paper some recent studies
supply system is designed in such a way that water is
on performance evaluation of green buildings are discussed. It
efficiently reused before final disposal. Fig. 1 shows various
was found that similar parameters with slight modifications are
requirements that should be entailed in a green building.
studied to evaluate the performance of green buildings globally.
Every country has their own green building evaluation tools

Keywords—Assessment tools, Green building, sustainable
for rating the performance of different buildings akin
development, GRIHA
I. INTRODUCTION Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment
Many countries are trying to decrease the green house Efficiency (CASBEE), Leadership in Energy and
gases emission and energy consumption with increased Environmental Development (LEED), Green Building Tool
global warming. Therefore green building approach can be (GBTool), Building Research Establishment Environmental
used to relieve the impact of global warming on the society, Assessment Method (BREEAM) etc. In India there are
environment and economy thus it has become a touchstone to mainly three green building rating systems that are used such

as GRIHA, Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) and
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE).
In the present paper some recent studies on performance

evaluation of green and conventional buildings using
disparate methodologies are discussed and a comparison of
various green building rating systems is presented.
II. STUDIES ON GREEN

BUILDING PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION
Various green building evaluation tools are used in different

countries. Some of the important and recent studies that are
carried out to evaluate and rate green buildings are discussed
in following section.
In [2],Jeong et al., proposed an evaluation tactics to

assimilate the Green and Non-Green building interpretation
in 2016. Author has used Green Standard for Energy and
Environmental Design (G-SEED) and Leadership in Energy
and Environmental Development (LEED) Green building
certifications to compare and contrast the certified and non
certified buildings based on the disparate parameters.
Different mining techniques are used for empirical study.
Author has accustomed three step approaches: energy
consumption data of 2014 is used to establish database,
development of groups using data mining and statistical
methods and finally the certified and non certified Multi-
family housing complexes (MFHC’s) are compared. Average
area enclosed per household (AEA) is used as the base for
classifying the database into four groups that reveal the
concept that pint-size AEA groups have large Energy Use
Intensity (EUI) than the hefty AEA groups and the mean of
these four proposed groups are eloquently different. This
study unveils that G-SEED certified MFHC’s and non
certified MFHC’s have no revelatory difference in the
performance thus divulging the fact that G-SEED
performance rating system need to be revised.

Fig 1. Green Building Requirements

other approaches this rating system concentrates on social
Ali et al. in [3], suggested a tool for Green building and economic parameters along with conventional approach.
assessment, SABA Green building rating system which is a Basis of scientific and technical knowledge, multi-
computer cornerstone program that uses environmental, stakeholder’s participation in development of the approach,
social and economic perspectives of Jordan which is every country should have their own indicators based on their
impoverished and feckless in the use of resources in 2009. culture, issues and other factors are some points on that each
Disparate green building assessment tools are studied such as green building rating system should concentrate.
Green Building Tool (GBTool), LEED, Comprehensive
In [4] Yu et al., has used the Post Occupancy Evaluation
Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency
(POE) system for evaluation of performance of buildings in
(CASBEE), and Building Research Establishment
the cold region as circumscription in 2016. Authors have
Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) are
espoused methodology primarily consisting of a profound
deliberated along with the use of quantitative and qualitative
approach that includes critical, questionnaire, structured and
analysis of the characteristics of disparate green building
unstructured interviews for data collection and sampling
assessment agencies such as BREEAM, LEED, CASBEE
procedure. AHP exercises four cyclic steps to evaluate the
and many more. Subsequently, combining these
performance that includes building a model, categories and
characteristics with the climatic characteristics and energy
criteria are compared pair wise, subsequently alternatives are
consumption trends of respective areas of China. The
compared and latterly ranking is done alternatively. Unlike
implementation of the POE system is done in the form of a

3-D figure that collectively represents disparate parameters
being evaluated. Author has used software evaluation tool to
arrange the results in statistical manner and for qualitative
study of the performance of green building, a questionnaire
based on health and comfort is conducted among the
residents.
Shad et al. in [5], put forward multi dimensional five level

certification rating system, Iranian Green Building
assessment tool (IGBT) for Iran to meliorate economic,
social and environmental facets that has base on weighted
score aiming to unveils the new set of panoramic factors to
access the Green building in Iranian context in 2017. Authors
have used Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and
Weighted Harmonic Mean (WHM) for weighing system and
Outputs are balanced using Shannon’s Entropy thus making
IGBT with capabilities of GIS. Unlike other rating system
IGBT uses water and energy efficiency as the largest weight
carrier and it is an actionable reference that uses spatial
techniques. The five level certification includes Completely
Green Office, A, B, C and Certified. Environmental facet and
Sustainable development need to be engrossed that
implements IGBT.

Table 1: Summary of Recent Studies on Performance Evaluation of Green Building
Serial No. Objective Methodology Outcome References
1 Comparing certified and non- Data mining and Statistical G-SEED certified MFHC’s and [2]
certified MFHC’s. methods. non certified MFHC’s have no
revelatory difference in the
performancethusG-SEED
performance rating system needs
to be revised.
2 Developing a green building Quantitative and SABA is proffered concentrating [3]

assessment tool for Jordan qualitative approach on social and economic facets
considering social and including critical, along with conventional
economic
perspectives. questionnaire, structured approach unlike other Green
and unstructured building rating systems.
interviews for data
collection and sampling
procedure
Quantitativ
3 e and Qualitative Use of software evaluation POE fully meets the desired [4]
evaluation. tool to arrange the results designed criteria.
in statistical manner and a
questionnaire based on
health and comfort is
conducted among the
residents.
4 Meliorating economic, social Analytical Hierarchy Multi dimensional five level [5]
and environmental facets Process (AHP) and certification rating system IGBT
is
developing an Iranian green Weighted Harmonic Mean unveiled.
building assessment tool. (WHM) for weighing
system and Outputs are
balance
d using Shannon’s
Entropy
.
5 Aims to evolve a vertical and Investigated two green The multi dimensional OPT [6]
horizontal framework method building rating methods of model can be used by existing
to assess green building China and Singapore, green building designers to
reflecting connectivity of Analyze score distribution enhance the efficiency.
dimensions. of OPT dimensions.
grievance allocation elaborating an approach to evaluate

embracive compliance level in contrast to particular green
In [6] .Li et al., aims to evolve a vertical and horizontal
building standard. This model can be used as the base for
framework method to assess green building reflecting
refinement of the subsist green building for innovator and
connectivity of dimensions to balance Objective Principle
policy makers.
and Time (OPT) of green building thus framing it a multi-
objective model for assessing green building. Two green Table 1 summarizes the recent studies undertaken for
building rating methods are used as cornerstone to delve the performance evaluation of green building.
particular characteristics and balance of imposition criteria.
Best rated China Green Building Label (GBL) and Singapore
Green Mark (GM) project in Chongqing is selected for this
case study. This paper aims to anatomize the OPT dimension

III. STUDIES ON GREEN
BUILDING PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION
Predominance of Green building rating system is used to levy

the interpretation of sustainable progression outcome.
Economic excrescency, ecological counterpoise, social
passage and fairness are the three pillars on which sustainable
development of green building is escorted [8]. Expansion and
transfiguration of the convention construction industry is
accelerated by it. Various Green building rating systems are
compared in Table 2.
GRIHA is the prime organization in India that rates and certifies

green buildings and green projects. It is a subsidiary of The
Energy and Resource Institute (TERI). It was established in
1998 and started the certification of green buildings in 2008.
After nine years of rating, GRIHA has more than 800 projects
that are registered under it and out of which

Table 2: Comparison of Green Building Rating System
SBTOO
Parameters LEED BREEAM L CASBEE BCA-GM GRIHA
Version V2.X BREAAM- SBTool-2007 2008 V3.0 GRIHA-2016

2008
Year 1993 1972 2002 2001 2005 1998

founded
Country USA UK Canada Japan Singapore India
Organization US Green BRE Trust Green Building Ministry of Land, BCA TERI
Building Challenge Infrastructure
Council ,Transport and
Tourism
Type of Non-Profit Non-Profit N/A State-run National Non-Profit

Organization
Market- Fully Fully Moderate Moderate Moderate Fully

oriented
Weighing Null Yes Yes Yes Null Yes

System
Certification Platinum:80+ Outstanding:85 Score: 1 Class S:Excellent NB:50-74 (Certified), One Star:50-60
System + (Deficient), 0 75-84 (Gold), 85-89
Gold:60-79 (Minimum Class A:VeryGood (Goldplus), 90 and above Two star:61-70
Excellent:70-84 acceptable (Platinum);
performance), +5 (
Silver:50-59 Best practice), 1-4 Class B+:Good Three star:71-80
Certified:40-49 Very Good:55- (Intermediate
69 performance level) Class B-:Fairly Four star:81-90
Poor
Good:45-54 Five Star:91+
Class C:Poor
Pass:30-44

more than 90 are rated with three stars and above. It using decision making methods and geographical
studies various assessment parameters such as site information system: Case study in Mashhad city.
planning, energy consumption, water use efficiency, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 67, 324-
occupant comfort and well being etc and the project 340.
is rated after compiling the data of the above [6] Li, Y., Yu, W., Li, B., & Yao, R. (2016). A
mentioned parameters[7]. The rating is not based on multidimensional model for green building
any particular parameter but on the totality of assessment: A case study of a highest-rated project in
project. GRIHA put a special focus on reduction in Chongqing. Energy and Buildings, 125, 231-243.
energy consumption and use of alternate sources of
energy. [7] Mao, X., Lu, H., & Li, Q. (2009, September). A
comparison study of mainstream sustainable/green
building rating tools in the world. In Management
Developers in India have started focusing on and Service Science, 2009. MASS'09. International
constructing eco-friendly and energy efficient Conference on (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
buildings with the eminence of green building. Some [8] Olgyay, V., & Herdt, J. (2004). The application of
of the green buildings in India are National ecosystems services criteria for green building
Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) building, assessment. Solar Energy, 77(4), 389-398.
Faridabad (GRIHA 4 star), Akshay Urja Bhawan ,
Haryana Renewable Energy Development Agency
(HAREDA), Panchkula (GRIHA 5 star), Gas
Authority of India Limited (GAIL) Administrative
building (GRIHA 4 star), Fortis Memorial Research
Institute, Gurugram (GRIHA 4 star) and SP Infocity,
Manesar (GRIHA 3 star) etc.
IV. CONCLUSION
The recent studies on green buildings in different
countries indicate that it has become essential to
design and construct the building following the
criteria of green building rating systems to achieve
sustainable development. The comparison of various
green building rating system presented in the paper
furnishes the extravagant reference to the evaluators
and policy makers of Green building. To achieve
tenable development these distinct assessment tools
are mapped to sustainability in the sector of
construction.
V. REFERENCES
[1] Zuo, J., & Zhao, Z. Y. (2014). Green building
research–current status and future agenda: A review.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 30, 271-
281.
[2] Jeong, J., Hong, T., Ji, C., Kim, J., Lee, M., & Jeong,
K. (2016). Development of an evaluation process for
green and non-green buildings focused on energy
performance of G-SEED and LEED. Building and
Environment, 105, 172-184.
[3] Ali, H. H., & Al Nsairat, S. F. (2009). Developing a
green building assessment tool for developing
countries–Case of Jordan. Building and Environment,
44(5), 1053-1064.
[4] Yu, L., Ding, R., Gao, W., Wang, H., & Feng, G.
(2016). The Practice Research Based on the POE
System of Environmental Performance of Green
Residential Building. Procedia Engineering, 146,
204-209.
[5] Shad, R., Khorrami, M., & Ghaemi, M. (2017).
Developing an Iranian green building assessment tool

Smart Technologies for Green and Sustainable Future (STGSF-2017), MANIT-Bhopal
Entropy Generation Minimization in a Plate Type

Fuel Element of a Nuclear Fission Reactor
T.K. Favas G. Jilani
National Institute of Technology Calicut National Institute of Technology Calicut
Kerala, India Kerala, India
favastk@gmail.com jilani@nitc.ac.in
Abstract—The present numerical study aims at minimizing the and second laws of thermodynamics taken together, states that
entropy generation rates associated with uranium dioxide plate entropy generated by any engineering system is proportional
type fuel element of a nuclear fission reactor dissipating heat into to the work lost irreversibly by the system, which is expressed
a stream of liquid sodium so as to obtain optimum design concisely by well known Gouy-Stodola Theorem [4]. The
conditions according to the combined viewpoint of first and second optimal design of thermal systems by minimizing entropy
laws of thermodynamics. Considering temperature dependent generation has been the topic of great importance in engineering
thermal conductivity for uranium dioxide fuel element material fields such as design of heat exchangers and nuclear reactors [5].
and relatively more realistic non uniform volumetric energy The energy generated due to nuclear fission within a plate type
generation within the fuel element, the equation governing the
fuel element of a nuclear reactor is first conducted from its
temperature distribution in the fuel element is solved
simultaneously with the equations governing the flow and thermal
interior portion to the lateral surface which in turn gets
fields in the coolant by employing finite difference method. dissipated to the surrounding fluid medium by convection so as
Numerical results are obtained for wide range of values of to maintain the temperature in the fuel element well below
involved thermo-geometric parameters such as aspect ratio of the certain allowable limit placed by metallurgical considerations
fuel element, conduction-convection parameter, total energy [6]. This heat transfer process occurring across a non-zero
generation parameter and flow Reynolds number. Finally, it is temperature difference results in entropy generation which has
concluded that global entropy generation rate can be minimized to be minimized [7]. Keeping in view of the preceding facts,
to a certain extent by decreasing the values of total energy entropy generation analysis of energy generating plates
generation parameter, flow Reynolds number and conduction- simulating plate type fuel elements of nuclear fission reactors
convection parameter. cooled by either natural, mixed or forced convection have been
the subject for many investigators in the recent past. A brief
Keywords—entropy generation minimization, nuclear fuel review of the literature pertinent to present study has been
element, variable thermal conductivity, finite difference method, non illustrated below.
uniform volumetric energy generation
Shuja et al. [8] numerically investigated the problem of
XIII. INTRODUCTION entropy generation associated with conjugate conduction-forced
Sustainable nuclear energy which focuses on waste convection heat transfer from a rectangular block with uniform
management and resources utilization is one of the long term internal energy generation by assuming constant thermal
goals of Generation IV nuclear reactors. Another important goal conductivity for the material of the block. They concluded that
of such reactors is achieving safe and reliable nuclear systems entropy generation in the viscous fluid is negligible as compared
[1]. The simultaneous need for higher standards of living and to that in the block. Ibanez et al. [9] analytically studied the
reduction of emissions has lead many developed countries for problem of entropy generation associated with steady state one-
choosing nuclear power for generation of electricity. The use of dimensional conduction in a plate having uniform volumetric
nuclear power to generate 20% of electricity in United States energy generation by assuming constant thermal conductivity
avoided the emission of 150 million tons of carbon dioxide in for the material of the plate and average convective heat transfer
1999 [2]. The revival of interest in nuclear power arose in the co-efficient over its surfaces. Kolenda et al. [10] proposed a new
first decade of twenty first century has been characterized as analytical formulation for steady state heat conduction problems
nuclear power renaissance [1]. The availability of raw material based on minimum entropy generation principle. They
uranium as one of the abundant element in earth’s crust had also concluded that minimization of entropy generation in heat
lead to interests in nuclear power research [3]. conduction process is possible by introducing additional internal
heat sources. Ghodoossi [11] analytically studied the problem of
The increased interest in nuclear power research and entropy generation associated with heat transfer from uniform
development also necessitates optimum designs for nuclear heat generating areas to a heat sink through tree network of
energy systems with minimum loss of available energy. The first conducting paths of different internal complexities. Bautista et
al. [12] analytically investigated the problem of entropy conducted to its lateral surfaces resulting in entropy generation
generation associated with transient one-dimensional and ultimately dissipated to the surrounding liquid sodium by
conduction in a slab having uniform volumetric energy
generation by assuming constant thermal conductivity for the 𝑥
material of the slab and average convective heat transfer co-
efficient over its surfaces. El Haj Assad [13] analytically studied
the problem of entropy generation associated with steady state 𝑊
one-dimensional conduction in a slab with non-uniform internal
heat generation by assuming constant thermal conductivity for
the material of the slab and average convective heat transfer co- Edge of
thermal
efficient over its surfaces. Aziz and Khan [14] analytically as boundary
well as numerically investigated the problem of entropy layer
generation associated with steady state one-dimensional
Fuel element
conduction in an energy generating plate by taking into account
𝐻 Edge of
of dependence of thermal conductivity on temperature. Sahin
hydrodynamic
[15] analytically studied the problem of entropy generation boundary
associated with steady state heat conduction in a solid wall. layer
Assuming uniform wall temperature boundary conditions, the
effects of variable thermal conductivity and internal energy
generation on total entropy generation rate were investigated.
Aziz and Khan [16] analytically investigated the problem of
entropy generation in an energy generating slab having constant 𝑦
thermal conductivity by assuming one-dimensional conduction
within the slab and average convective heat transfer co-efficient
over its surfaces. Torabi and Zhang [17] investigated the
problem of entropy generation associated with steady state one-
dimensional conduction in a plane wall with temperature-
dependent thermal conductivity and internal energy generation Stream of coolant at 𝑈∞ , 𝑇∞
by assuming convective along with radiative conditions over the
heat dissipating surfaces by employing a semi analytical
method. conjugate forced convection. Due to existence of geometric,
flow and thermal symmetry, only half of the solution domain is
The review of the literature pertinent to entropy generation chosen as the computational domain as illustrated in Fig. 2.
in energy generating plates presented above clearly reveals that
with the exception of Aziz and Khan [14], Sahin [15] and Torabi
and Zhang [17], most of the studies are based on the assumption Fig. 1. Physical model
of constant thermal conductivity for the plate material.
Nevertheless, these studies too are based on one-dimensional In order to numerically simulate the problem described
conduction within the plate and idealized boundary conditions above, following additional approximations and assumptions
at the heat transfer surfaces. Deriving motivation from some of
these shortcomings of the previous studies, the present are made for obtaining its mathematical model.
investigation aims at analyzing the entropy generation rates (vii) The material of the plate is homogenous and isotropic.
arising out of conjugate conduction-forced convection heat (viii) The heat conduction in the direction perpendicular to
transfer from a plate type nuclear fuel element having non- the x-y plane is negligibly small.
uniform volumetric energy generation by taking into account of (ix) The coolant flow is incompressible, laminar, and two-
the dependence of thermal conductivity of the fuel element dimensional.
material on temperature. (x) The coolant is Newtonian and viscous.
(xi) The effect of viscous dissipation is negligibly small.
XIV. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION (xii) The effect of thermal radiation on heat dissipation rate
Fig. 1 depicts a plate type fuel element of height H and width is negligible.
2W having non uniform volumetric energy generation. The
thermal conductivity of the plate material is ks.The plate is Taking into account the approximations and
washed by an upward moving stream of liquid sodium having assumptions listed above, the linearized form of dimensionless
density 𝜌f, absolute viscosity 𝜇f , specific heat cp, and thermal equations governing the temperature distribution in the solid
conductivity kf. The velocity and temperature of the upcoming domain can be obtained as:
fluid stream are U∞ and T∞, respectively. Under steady state
conditions, the energy generated within the fuel element is first

𝜕2𝜃 𝜕2𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
2
+ 𝐶 2 − 𝑎7 − 𝑎8 + 𝑎9 𝑄 = 0 (1)
𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌𝑠 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌𝑠
Where, θ is the dimensionless temperature in the plate and the

constants in (1) are defined as:
𝐶 = 4𝐴𝑟 2 𝑎3 = 𝑎2 (𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ ) 𝑎4 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑇∞
𝑎5 𝑎3 𝜕𝜃
𝑎5 = 𝐶𝑎3 𝑎6 = 𝑎7 = ( )
𝑎4 (𝑎4 + 𝑎3 𝜃) 𝜕𝑋
𝑎5 𝜕𝜃
𝑎8 = ( ) 𝑎9 = 𝑎6 𝜃 + 𝐶
(𝑎4 + 𝑎3 𝜃) 𝜕𝑌𝑠
𝑋, 𝑈 𝜕𝛹 𝜕Ω 𝜕𝜃𝑓
= 0; = 0; =0
𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑋
Fig. 2. Computational domain

𝛹=0
𝜕𝜃𝑠 The presence of constants a1 and a2 in the above expressions is
=0
𝑙0 𝜕𝑋 𝛺=0 due to dependence of thermal conductivity ks of the material of
𝜕𝜃𝑓
the fuel element on temperature which is expressed for uranium
𝜕𝑌𝑓
=0 dioxide as [18]:
1
𝑘𝑠 =
𝛹 = 𝛹𝑏
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑇𝑠
Where, Ts is the temperature of the fuel element.
The dimensionless volumetric energy generation
𝛹=0 𝛺=0
𝜃𝑠 = 𝜃𝑓 function Q appearing in the last term of (1) varies axially
𝜕𝜃𝑓 𝑎10 𝜕𝜃𝑠 according to the following expression:
=
𝜕𝑌𝑓 𝑁𝑐𝑐 𝜕𝑌𝑠 𝜕𝜃𝑓
=0 1
𝐻 𝜕𝑌𝑓 𝑄 = 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 ( − 𝑋)
2
𝜕2 𝛹 Total energy generation parameter Qt employed in the present
Ω=−
𝜕𝑌𝑓 2
study is related to maximum volumetric energy generation
Qmax as follows [19]:
𝜕𝜃𝑠
=0 𝑏
𝜕𝑌𝑠
2
𝑌, 𝑉 𝑄𝑡 = 𝑄
𝜋 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜕𝛹
Similarly, the equations governing the flow and thermal fields
𝜃𝑠 = 0 = 0; Ω = 0; 𝜃𝑓 = 0
𝜕𝑋 in the fluid domain after employing stream function-vorticity
formulation can be obtained as:
𝜕2𝛹 𝜕2𝛹
+ = −Ω (2)
𝜕𝑋 2 𝜕𝑌𝑓 2
𝜕Ω 𝜕Ω 1 𝜕2Ω 𝜕2Ω
𝑈 +𝑉 = ( + ) (3)
𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝐻 𝜕𝑋 2 𝜕𝑌𝑓 2
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 1 𝜕2𝜃 𝜕2𝜃
𝑈 +𝑉 = ( 2+ ) (4)
𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝐻 𝑃𝑟 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌𝑓 2
Where the symbols 𝛹 and 𝛺 appearing in (2) and (3) denote

the dimensionless stream function and vorticity, respectively
which are defined as:

𝜕𝛹 𝜕𝛹 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑈 XVI. RESULTS
𝑈= 𝑉=− Ω= − AND 0.6
𝜕𝑌𝑓 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑌𝑓 Ar = 10
DISCUSSION
Global entropy generation rate, Sg

Once the temperature distribution in the plate is obtained, the Ncc = 0.50
dimensionless local entropy generation rate Sl and The main 0.5
ReH = 2500
dimensionless global entropy generation rate Sg can be objective of
computed using the following equations: the present 0.4
numerical
study is to
𝑎4 1 𝜕𝜃 2 examine the
0.3
𝑆𝑙 = (( )
(𝑎4 + 𝑎3 𝜃) (𝜃 + 𝜃∞ )2 𝜕𝑌𝑠 effect of
1 𝜕𝜃 2 thermo- 0.2
+ ( ) ) (5) geometric
𝐶 𝜕𝑋
parameters 0.1 Variable k
on global
−1 1
entropy Constant k
𝑆𝑔 = 2 ∫ ∫ 𝑆𝑙 𝑑𝑋𝑑𝑌𝑠 (6) 0
0 0
generation
rate Sg in a 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
The dimensionless variables and parameters employed in the plate type Total energy generation parameter,Qt
present study are: nuclear fuel
element having non uniform volumetric energy generation
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑢 𝑣 dissipating heat into a stream of liquid sodium by taking into
𝑋= 𝑌𝑠 = 𝑌𝑓 = 𝑈= 𝑉= account of the dependence of thermal conductivity ks of the fuel
𝐻 𝑊 𝐻 𝑈∞ 𝑈∞
element material on temperature. Considering fluid Prandtl
number Pr, free stream temperature T∞, and maximum allowable
𝑇 − 𝑇∞ 𝐻 𝑘𝑓 𝑊
𝜃= 𝐴𝑟 = 𝑁𝑐𝑐 = ( ) temperature in the plate T0 as fixed at 0.005, 673 K and 2354 K,
𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ 2𝑊 𝑘𝑠∞ 𝐻 respectively, at first the effect of variable ks on dimensionless
𝜇𝑓 𝑐𝑝 𝑞 ′′′ 𝑊 2 𝜌𝑓 𝑈∞ 𝐻 values of local entropy generation rate Sl and global entropy
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑄= 𝑅𝑒𝐻 = generation rate Sg in the fuel element is demonstrated.
𝑘𝑓 𝑘𝑠∞ (𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ ) 𝜇𝑓 Subsequently, numerical results in the form of variation of
,,, 2
𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑊 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑊 𝑇∞ global entropy generation rate Sg with wide range of values of
𝑆𝑙 = 𝑆𝑔 = 𝜃∞ = aspect ratio of the fuel element Ar , conduction-convection
𝑘𝑠∞ 𝑘𝑠∞ 𝐻 𝑇0 − 𝑇∞
parameter Ncc, total energy generation parameter Qt and flow
Reynolds number ReH are presented and discussed in detail.
XV. NUMERICAL SOLUTION
Fig. 3 depicts the effect of variable thermal
Equations (1) - (4) are coupled and non-linear partial conductivity ks on transverse local entropy generation rate Sl
differential equations and therefore, these equations have to be profile at an axial location X = 0.50 in the fuel element while
solved numerically in an iterative manner. While (1) and (2) are the values of Ar, Ncc, Qt and ReH are being kept constant at 10,
discretized using second-order accurate central difference 0.50, 0.35 and 2500 respectively. It is very much clear from this
schemes and the resulting system of linear algebraic equations figure that Sl takes its maximum value along the solid-fluid
are solved using Line-by-Line Gauss-Seidel iterative solution interface and it decreases monotonically to negligibly small
procedure, (3) and (4) in their pseudo-transient form are value along the vertical axis of the fuel element. Further, it is
discretized using Alternating Direction Implicit finite difference quite noticeable from this figure that the unrealistic
scheme and the resulting system of linear algebraic equations
are solved iteratively using Thomas Algorithm. Once the assumption of constant thermal conductivity results in
converged values of temperature distribution in the plate is underestimation of Sl in the plate. To be very precise, 24.27%
obtained, local and global entropy generation rates are computed underestimation in Sl can be noticed at the solid-fluid
using (5) and (6), respectively. interface.

Fig. 4 illustrates the effect of variable ks on the
0.6
variation of Sg with Qt while the values of Ar , Ncc and ReH are

Qt = 0.35
being kept fixed at 10, 0.50 and 2500 respectively. It is very
0.5 0.6 ReH = 2500
0.6 Ncc = 0.50

Ar = 10 variable k Qt = 0.35
Local entropy generation rate, Sl
0.4 0.5
0.5 Ncc = 0.50 constant k 10, 15
Q = 0.35 Ar = 5
ReH = 2500 0.3 0.4 ReH = 1500 3500
0.4 2500
0.3 0.2 0.3
0.2 0.1 0.2
0.1 0 0.1
0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75
0 Conduction-convection parameter, Ncc
0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20
Dimensionless transverse coordinate,Ys Aspect ratio of the fuel element, Ar
Fig. 3. The effect of variable thermal conductivity on transverse local
entropy generation rate profiles at X = 0.50 in the fuel element
Fig. 4. The effect of variable thermal conductivity on the variation of global

entropy generation rate with total energy generation parameter. Fig. 6. Variation of global entropy generation rate in the fuel element with
conduction-convection parameter for different values of aspect ratio.
much evident from this figure that the assumption of constant
ks results in significant underestimation of Sg. Further, it can be
noticed from this figure that underestimation in Sg due to the
assumption of constant ks increases with increase in Qt. To be any fixed value of Ar, Sg decreases with decrease in ReH.
very precise, underestimation in Sg increases from 25.90% to Furthermore, it is worth noticing from this figure that the rate
33.62% as Qt increases from 0.30 to 0.50. of decrease in Sg with decrease in ReH increases as ReH takes
its lower and lower values. Although Sg decreaes with
Fig. 5 shows the variation of Sg with Ar for three decrease in ReH, it is imortant to emphasize here that, there
different values of ReH, while the values of Ncc and Qt are exists a lower limiting value of ReH beyond which temperature
being kept fixed at 0.50 and 0.35 respectively. It can be in the fuel element crosses its alowable limit.
noticed from this figure that Sg decreases slightly with
increase in Ar,which is particularly noticeable for lower values
of Ar and ReH. Further, it can be noted from this figure that, at Fig. 7. Variation of global entropy generation rate with conduction-
convection parameter for different values of flow Reynolds number.
Fig. 5. Variation of global entropy generation rate in the fuel element with
aspect ratio for different values of flow Reynolds number.
Fig. 6 depicts the variation of Sg with Ncc for three

distinct values of Ar while the values of Qt and ReH are being
kept fixed at 0.35 and 2500 respectively. It can be noticed
from this figure that irrespective of the value of Ar, Sg
decreases with decrease in Ncc, the rate of decrease being
somewhat higher for larger values of Ar. Further, it can be
noticed from this figure that Sg decreases slighlty with
increase in Ar, which is particularly true for lower range of
values of Ncc. Furthermore, it can be noted from this figure

that the rate of decrease in Sg with increase in Ar eventually
decreases as Ar takes its higher and higher values. Although Sg 0.6
Ar = 10

decreases with decrease in Ncc, it is imortant to emphasize here
0.5 Ncc = 0.50 3500
that, there exists a lower limiting value of Ncc beyond which
temperature in the fuel element crosses its allowable limit.
0.4 2500
Fig. 7 illustrates the variation of Sg with Ncc for three
different values of ReH while the values of Ar and Qt are being ReH = 1500
0.3
kept fixed at 10 and 0.35 respectively. As noticed in Fig. 6, it
is also evident from this figure that Sg decreases with decrease
in Ncc. Further, it can be noticed from this figure that, at any 0.2
fixed value of Ncc, Sg decreases with decrease in ReH, the rate
of decrease becoming higher and higher for lower and lower 0.1
values of ReH.
0
Fig. 8 shows the variation of Sg with Qt for three distinct
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
values of Ar while the values of Ncc and ReH are being kept fixed
Total energy generation parameter, Qt
at 0.50 and 2500 respectively. It is quite apparent from this
figure that irrespective of the value of Ar , Sg decreases
significantly with decrease in Qt . However, it is worth decrease in Qt, the rate of decrease being somewhat higher for
mentioning here that a decrease in Qt will essentially result in larger values of ReH as compared to its lower values. Further, it
reduction of power generation capacity of the nuclear reactor. can be noticed from this figure that, at any fixed value of Qt, Sg
Fig. 8. Variation of global entropy generation rate in the fuel element with
decreases with decrease in ReH, the rate of decrease becoming
total energy generation parameter for different values of aspect ratio. higher for lower values of ReH as noticed in Fig. 7. Furthermore,
it is important to note from this figure that the rate of decrease
in Sg with decrease in ReH increases as Qt takes its higher and
higher values.
XVII. CONCLUSIONS
Fig. 9. Variation of global entropy generation rate with total energy The prime objective of the present numerical study is to
generation parameter for different values of flow Reynolds number. examine the effect of involved thermo-geometric parameters on
global entropy generation rate in a plate type nuclear fuel
element having non uniform volumetric energy generation
Fig. 9 depicts the variation of Sg with Qt for three distinct being cooled in a stream of liquid sodium. Considering
values of ReH while the values of Ar and Ncc are being kept fixed dependence of thermal conductivity of the fuel element material
at 10 and 0.50 respectively. It is clearly evident from this figure on temperature and keeping the values of Prandtl number, free
that irrespective of the value of ReH, Sg decreases linearly with
stream temperature and maximum allowable temperature in the
0.6 plate as fixed, numerical results are presented and discussed for
0.6
Ncc = 0.50 Ar = 10 wide range of values involved thermo-geometric parameters. It
ReH = 2500Qt = 0.35 is concluded that a realistic estimation of entropy generation in

0.5 0.5 a nuclear fuel element necessitates the accounting of

10, 15
2500 3500 dependency of thermal conductivity on temperature. It is also
0.4 0.4 Ar = 5 concluded that global entropy generation rate in the fuel
ReH = 1500 element can be minimized to a certain extent by decreasing the
0.3 0.3 values of total energy generation parameter, flow Reynolds
number and conduction-convection parameter.
0.2 0.2 REFERENCES
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0.20.5 0.55
0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.25 0.6 0.3 0.35
0.65 0.7 0.75 0.4 0.45 1954, pp. 367.
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Inclusive Development of Peri Urban Areas for Sustainable Cities
Dr Seemi Ahmed Dr. Supriya Vyas

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Architecture and Planning Department of Architecture and Planning
MANIT, Bhopal MANIT, Bhopal
Abstract root movements. The grass root movement of the

The present paper has as goal the analysis of the urban sprawl sustainable city concept is also explored as it is a broader
phenomenon, from a planetary scale, assuming the hypothesis
approach to sustainable urban planning then the UN
that this is an unsustainable process. It aims to demonstrate
that what were initially a way of human settlement HABITAT guide lines. The study focuses on the
characteristic of many civilizations and that represented in integration of land-use and transportation systems as a
the early twentieth century a vernacular urbanism design, has way to improve the efficiency of mega cities. A well
become, particularly in the 70’s of the last century, an developed and integrated land-use and transportation
International Style, a general trend in global scale. A model system can minimise land-use development while
as a result of the widespread American Dream, based on the reducing green house gas emissions. This paper
extensive land consumption, the car as basic transportation, discusses the study for improving urban planning is
and oil as primal source of energy. For this purpose the paper through long term tool for sustainable development.
analyses, the urban sprawl in three selected metropolitan There is no city in India which has successfully
areas in India: Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata
implemented strategies for sustainable development. A
Key words: Sustainable Development, Physical Planning, common problem is the contradicting interest of growth
Inclusive Development that undermines the potential of integrating adequate
strategies. Often governments fail to address the
Introduction :The second half of the twentieth century dynamics of the concept of sustainability which must be
was undoubtedly the times when word has seen a faster viewed as a constant process.
urban growth trends. The urban population has grown
from 750 million in 1950 to 2860 million in 2000, and Genesis
now represents over approximately 50% of world With continuing rural to urban migration, the world’s
population. The expansion and development of cities had urban population is widely expected to continue to grow,
its origin in the model of life in fringe areas began with possibly reaching 60 per cent by 2030. As stated by the
the generalized use of the motorized vehicles. A lifestyle United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon, “Our
based on the “American Dream: one single family-home, struggle for global sustainability will be won or lost in
and one (or more) car (s)”, that means mobility and cities. The human future is largely anurban future, means
homeownership. However it has been since the late 70s reducing greenhouse emissions, strengthening resilience,
when it has had a more rapid development, as a ensuring basic services such as water and sanitation and
consequence of the crisis of metropolitan areas linked to designing safe public streets and spaces for all to share."
fringe areas or areas on the outskirts and some authors Sustainable cities develop on the extraordinary potential
have characterized as counter-urbanization (Berry, 1976) of sub-urban areas to enable change due to concentration
desurbanization (Berg, 1981), edge-cities (Garreau, of economic activity easily available land, innovation and
1991), ), peri-urbanization (Dezert & alt., 1991), job creation; the potential for development and physical
metapolis (Asher, 1995or diffuse city (Indovina, 1990). transformation, high levels of concentration of culture,
people, infrastructure and buildings and the ability to
Despite the diversity of urban sprawl, the increase in
define the relationship between rural and urban
land consumption, the excessive use of land as a limited
settlements, and thereby enable rural prosperity. Cities are
and constant resource, the urbanization process in the
often viewed as the engine of growth and the key to
early twenty-first century. In this sense, the urban
economic success for nations. [Ooi Giok, 2005] The view
sprawl, the process of rapid spread out of urbanization
of the city as a primary source of pollutions has been
has become a worldwide phenomenon, especially in the
neglected and the environmental movement have
developed world and its environments. The growing
primarily focused on the green city concept. However, the
consumption of land, as a result of the extension of
greening of the city has reached a deeper meaning with a
highway networks in urban areas, seems to have become
holistic view of the city and the lifestyles of its citizens.
unstoppable and affects virtually all the contemporary
[Roseland,1997,] With the majority of the world’s
metropolis worldwide.
population being urban [Arnstberg, 2005] there are many
The sustainable city is a relatively recent concept which
problems associated with the modern city that needs to be
has gained increasing attention the last decades both
addressed. Firstly, the city development removes people
through the international community and through grass
spatially from the productive land leaving them

dependent on resources from rural areas. Secondly, when cities and consumption patterns. The common problems
planning for cities the guiding principles is based on urban areas are faced with are overcrowding,
incremental ideas with the objective that water, air and environmental issues and related health issues, social
natural resources are free, [Shireman et. al., 1996]
disruption and inadequate housing and infrastructure.
resulting in serious environmental and health related
problems affecting human health and quality of life. The development pathway with a rapid urbanization has
Thirdly, cities are reflections of the values embodied in contributed to a change from local to global production
the legal constructions on which society is based, which systems. In addition people today are also more
is why it is difficult to make a fundamental change as dependent on environmental services then at any other
these needs to be reevaluated. A common problem of time in history particularly developed nations as they
today is the fact that the worlds population is using up
require a high input of material and energy to maintain
natural resources in a faster pace then it takes the earth to
regenerate it. [Daily. G., 1997] In addition, the rapid themselves, affecting ecosystems and their life support
population growth and the increasing urbanization put a functions. Due to the fact that urban populations do not
strain on governments to manage the flow of people into produce much of what they need to sustain themselves
urban areas [Abbot. C & Gibson. K., 2002] The the ecological foot print of the city is high. Studies
consequence of these processes generates a stress on the showed that the city of Vancouver depends on a
environment as well as the human society. [Roseland. M.,
productive output of a land area 180-200 times larger
1997] On the other hand, the city has a positive side due
to the high concentration of people on a limited area if than the political boundaries of the city to maintain its
properly planned and managed cities could support a high population.[ibid] As a consequence the lifestyle and
density of people with a limited impact on the development of the modern society has contributed to the
environment with benefits for the economy and the global environmental problems the human society is
human health. Approaches to a more sustainable urban faced with today such as; climate change, air- and water
development have been given an increasingly attention at
pollution, toxic chemicals and hazardous wastes,
the international community and through grass root
movements. conservation and loss of biodiversity, deforestation, and
environmentally related health problems. [Ooi Giok,
The Concept of Sustainable city- The sustainable-city 2005].
is a relatively new concept of a framework of ideas on Urban Issues-The transition of dispersed settlement
how cities can develop more climate resilient today and patterns in to urban sprawl occurs in the late nineteenth
in the future. The pioneers within the sustainable-city
century, with improved communications. The trams and
movement are the non-profit organization Urban
Ecology, founded in Berkley, California in 1975. The railways, and especially the metro systems allow to the
aim was to “rebuild cities in balance with nature”. In cities with traditional dispersed pattern reconcile rural /
association with other non profit organizations Urban urban opposition that industrialization had generated.
Ecology arranged the first international conference on Real estate, mass transit system and low density
eco-cities in 1990.11 Since then five international development (the single family home) appears from the
conferences have been arranged in; Adelaide, Australia beginning the same model of urbanization. The model,
1992, Yoff, Senegal 1996, Curitiba, Brazil 2000,
until then with local consequences, is incorporated in the
Shenzhen, China 2002, and Bangalore, India 2006.12 .
Yet, the understanding of sustainable development and traditional lifestyles of the countries with low density
how it can be applied to cities is an ongoing debate. This development tradition, creating an urban pattern that
is mainly because of many conflicting interests which could well be characterized as vernacular. With the E.
justifies a limited action for integrating sustainability into Howard theory (Garden Cities of To-Morrow, 1898) of
urban planning. However, there are cities which have garden city, and the generalization of this model for
turned theory into practice such as Curitiba social housing developments in the U.S. and UK
(Brazil) and Portland (Oregon, USA). [Marie Lundqvist
2005] (Crawford, 1995) as well as the proliferation of
architectural movements, such as the Prairie School in
Urban Development as key factor- The development Chicago, are an example.
of cities has been based on ideas that natural resources Sprawl and Mega cities- Urban sprawl is characterized
such as air and water are free commodities. As a by mono functionality where housing, offices, malls and
consequence the origins of many global environmental industrial areas are separated in clusters, also called mono
problems caused by air- and water pollution are related to functional clusters. This type of development is

especially prominent in the USA. A part of the designated by the Census; Landsat worldwide, World
explanation to why these mono functional cities develop Night nighttime images (DMSP-OLS Nighttime Lights
is due to the market and the lower costs of large-scale Time Series ) of NOAA's National Geophysical Data
production compared to mixed-use developments. The Center (NGDC), ISA (Constructed Impervious surface
greater risks involved with mixed-use development also area), which identifies the sealed area. In a first review
affects the democratic process since it includes more and working with the database ISA (Constructed
actors with interests in the development plan. This can Impervious Surface Area) an image of the selected mega
affect the realization of the project. Laws that supports regions were obtained : New York-Philadelphia area has
sprawling development. The major change that sprawl 24.483 sq km and 24.521.188 inhabitants, Tokyo mega
brings is that cities are no longer planned for people but region has 9.823 sq km and 36.994.235 inhabitants,
rather for auto-mobiles. Consequently, sprawl increases Mexico City Metropolitan Area has 3.300,11 sq km and
commuting and reduces the amount of public spaces. It 19.073.825 inhabitants, Los Angeles Metropolitan Area
also exploits vast areas of land in an inefficient way has 7.962,38 sq km and 15.292.539 inhabitants, Chicago
contributing to major habitat losses. The problems when 10.093,20 sq km and 10.121.359 inhabitants, Barcelona
trying to solve issues of urban planning such as sprawling 1.429 sq km and 4.330.321 inhabitants, Madrid 2.451,58
lays in the fact those cities are economical systems which sq km and 6.086.016 inhabitants., Seoul 4.904,30 sq km
are dependent on their growth potential. In turn this is and 23.086.147 inhabitants., London.
stressed by national governments as the success of cities Indian Scenario The census of 2011 states that there are
is viewed as an indicator of the success of nations in the 53 million plus cities accounting for 43% of India’s
global economy. There is an important distinction to urban population. The census of 2011 also notes that the
make between growth and sprawl, as urban growth often number of towns in India increased from 5161 in 2001 to
is viewed as a sign of increasing welfare. Today some as many as 7935 in 2011. Most of this increase was in
cities are losing citizens at the same time as sprawl the growth of census towns rather than on statutory
increases. The average shrinkage rate of the cities in the towns. A large number of towns are born in the vicinity
world is 25 %. For instance 1970-1990 the population in of existing cities with million plus population. India’s
the city of Detroit decreased by 8 %, at the same time the urbanization, however is in smaller proportion as
political boarders of the city increased by 28 %. Another compared to other large developing countries such as
example is Kansas City which between 1990 and 1996 China (45%), Indonesia (44%), Mexico (78%) and Brazil
increased the city area by 70 %, when during the same (87%). (Source - 12th Five year plan – Planning
time the population increased by 5 %. This has been the commission of India5.680,53 sq km and 12.100.655
over all trend for cities in the US. The average population inhabitants., Sao Paulo 4.663,33 sq km and 22.026.935
density in US cities 1970 to 1990 decreased by 23 % at inhabitants. And finally Moscow has 3.323,73 sq km and
the same time the road mileage doubled.38 Often the 13.195.799 inhabitants. The main challenges as far as
focus of sprawl developments is on developed countries urbanization is concerned in India are the facts that there
in west but this development is also occurring in less is an urban housing shortage of 18.78 million. According
developed countries. The city of Lagos in Nigeria has 14 to the 2011 census, only 70.6% of urban population is
million inhabitants and is sprawling in a rate which covered by individual water connections compared with
according to the estimates made by the UN will make China (91%), South Africa (86%) and Brazil (80%).
Lagos the largest city in the world in 20 years.39 In Duration of water supply in India cities is only between
contrast to sprawl is the increase of mega-cities, with one to six hours. According to 2011 census, about 13% of
populations over 10 million. Most of the mega-cities are urban population defecate in the open, about 37% are
situated in developing countries where poverty is widely connected by open drains and 18% are not connected at
distributed all. The number of urban poor has increased by about
.Land consumption and urban sprawl In order to study the 34.4% between 1993- 2004. In so far as the urban
urban sprawl and land consumption in the selected transport is concerned, a Ministry of Urban Development
megacities the research investigates and provides owns study in 2010 based on sample of 87 cities has estimated
quantifications from the available databases. The that in about 20 years time, the expected journey speed of
databases analyzed until now are: Demography (2007 major corridors in many cities would fall from 26-17
onwards), for the USA, the Urbanized Area (UA), as kmph to 8-6 kmph. The air quality has also deteriorated

sharply carrying with it concomitant health costs. The per Delhi Following the promotion of Delhi as the capital of
capita emission levels in India’s seven largest cities have the British Indian Empire in 1911, the population of the
been estimated to be at least three times than WHO city rose from 238,000 in 1911 to 696,000 in 1947, while
standards. Kumar (2002) studied the process of quadrupling in area extent. After Independence, Delhi
metropolization in the urban agglomeration across India became the capital of the newly formed Indian Union and
and defines peri-urban in regional context as outgrowths. had to face a massive transfer of population following the
He looks on urban growth as an evolutionary process, and partition. During the 1941-51 period, the population size
in that sense, the villages engulfed in the process of grew from almost 700,000 inhabitants in 1941 to 1.4
urbanization, referred to as “urban villages”, are already million in 1951, corresponding to an annual growth rate of
part of the urban agglomeration. 7.5 per cent. (Map 3.2) The overall demographic change in
Delhi urban agglomeration conceals differences within the
Metropolitan cities in India In India, the Census
urban area. Between 1981 and 1991, the pattern of growth
Commission defines a metropolitan city as one having a in Delhi was “clearly centrifugal” (Dupont and Mitra,
population of over four million. Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, 1995), 35 continuing the trend highlighted by Kumar
Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat (2002) for the
and Nashik are those Indian cities that have over 4 million 1961-71 decade. An absolute fall in population size was
people. For these million plus cities the Census definition of reported in the historical city core, known as Old Delhi,
an urban agglomeration requires that it should be a
as well as in some parts of New Delhi (the area
continuous urban spread constituting a town and its
corresponding to the new capital built by the British). On
adjoining urban growths or two or more physically
the other hand, the highest growth rate (above 10%) was
contiguous towns together with adjoining outgrowths. There
recorded in the neighborhoods of the outskirts. During
are 53 urban agglomerations in India with a population of 1
the 1991-2001 period, these trends persisted.
million or more as of 2011 against 35 in 2001. Each of such
outgrowth may not satisfy the minimum population limit to
qualify it to be treated as an independent urban unit but
may deserve to be clubbed with the principal town as part
of an urban spread. However, the definition of
metropolitan areas adopted by the Planners in several
cities however, much larger areas including villages,
whether urbanizing or otherwise, but which are at the
Figure 1.0 Land use Delhi in 1992 and 2004
periphery or intervening in an urban agglomeration. As Source:shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/74277/13/13_cha
per the preliminary results of the Census 2011, released pter%203.pdf
by the Registrar General of India, Greater Mumbai with a The depopulation of the old city area continued (−1.91%
population of 18,414,288 continues to be India’s biggest in 10 years). Population growth has also been very low in
New Delhi (only +2.47% in 10 years), whereas the
city, followed by Delhi - 16,314,838 and Kolkata-
districts including the peripheral zones of the urban
14,112,536. These three cities are India’s mega-cities
agglomeration have recorded higher decadal growth (for
with 10 million plus population. But, when we consider
example, +62.52% in the north-east 37 district, +61.29%
Urban Agglomeration as an extended city comprising
in the south-west district, and +60.12% in the north-west
built up area of central core and any suburbs linked by district). During the 1991-2001 period, these trends
continuous urban area, we have a change at the top. Delhi persisted. The depopulation of the old city area continued
NCR, with the inclusion of Gurgaon, Faridabad, Noida (−1.91% in 10 years). Population growth has also been
and Ghaziabad becomes the No.1 Urban Agglomeration very low in New Delhi (only +2.47% in 10 years),
with a population of 21,753,486, ahead of 20,748,395 whereas the districts including the peripheral zones of the
Mumbai Metropolitan Region comprising Mumbai, Navi urban agglomeration have recorded higher decadal
Mumbai, Thane, Vasai-Virar, Bhiwandi and Panvel. growth (for example, +62.52% in the north-east 37
Kolkata has clocked moderate growth. district, +61.29% in the south-west district, and +60.12%
in the north-west district).

Mumbai Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) has an such as Thane (with a population of more than one
area of 4355 sq.km and a population of approx. million) into the Greater Mumbai urban agglomeration
17,700,000 (2011 Census). The MMR consists of 8 area. This had special impact in terms of pressure on
municipal corporations, 11 municipal councils as for ecologically sensitive land, encroachment of open spaces,
urban municipalities, and 995 village panchayats (rural conversion of agricultural land, etc. The new areas often
local bodies). Its administrative region includes entire came up on reclaimed land, wetlands and mangroves
district of Greater Mumbai (consists of Mumbai city and affecting the flora and fauna of Mumbai.
Mumbai suburban district) and parts of Thane and
Kolkata -Kolkata is now a happening city, facilitated both
Raigad districts. Population in Thane and Raigad
by external and internal factors. Its importance in the eastern
districts has increased at a higher rate than that in
India has always been immense. The hinterland of Kolkata
Greater Mumbai in recent decades. Mumbai, the
extends much beyond and also to the neighbouring countries
economic capital of India, has been growing in terms of
of Nepal, Bangladesh, and Bhutan. The Kolkata Port and the
population as well as space. In 2001, the urban
international Airport in Kolkata connect Kolkata to the rest
agglomeration of Greater Mumbai reached 16.4 million.
of the world. The first spell of industrialization in the
In spatial terms, it is expanding on reclaimed land from
country had taken place in the areas in and around Kolkata
the sea and eastward expansion in the mainland.
and resultantly the traditional industries like jute, chemicals,
engineering etc. were located in and around Kolkata. In
terms of not only the manufacturing industries, but also the
wholesale and retail trades Kolkata occupies a pre-eminent
position in eastern India, primarily helped by Kolkata Port.
Agglomeration of all these major economic activities here
have rendered 43 Kolkata the character of a metropolitan
city, which is by far the largest in eastern India in terms of
demographic, social and economic parameters. The total
area (2011) of Kolkata is 1887 sq.km. It comprises 42 urban
local bodies (including Kolkata Municipal Corporation) and
24 panchayat samitis (rural local self government units). Its
population (2011) is 17,251,000
Figure2.0 Landuse map greater Mumbai Source:

shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/74277/13/13_chapter%2
03.pdf
The population growth rate in the municipal corporation

area has been declining during the past two census
decades (from 44% during 1981-91 to 15% during 1991-
2001). However, its periphery has been witnessing
Figure 3.0 Landuse map Kolkata Source:
dramatic population increase and is still growing at a shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/74277/13/13_chapter%203.p
faster rate (63% during 1991-2001) as compared to the df
core area. This impressive growth is due to the
Conclusion The land consumption as quantification
development of new areas and projects by the City and
of sprawl, is an essential indicator of the sustainability of urban
Industrial Development Corporation of Maharashtra
ecosystems, not only because it allows the evaluation of land
(CIDCO) in the east and the inclusion of peripheral towns consumption, an scarce resource, but also, it allows an indirect

evaluation of energy consumption, CO2 production, and thus Informal Council of Ministers responsible for
the ecological footprint. It is recommended that there is a need Spatial Planning in Potsdam, May 1999.
for a long term pan geographic approach to planning and that it European Commission.
shouldn’t be ad hoc. At the same time there was an emphasis 7. Ewing, R. (1997): Is Los Angeles-style
on the fact that the dynamic nature of the peri urban area and sprawl desirable?, Journal of the American
urban sprawl of cities should be kept in mind and that here must Planning Association, Volume 63, Issue 1,
be provisions made for that. Further, this must be done by December 1997, Pages 107-126
evolving mechanisms to actively involve the local people based 8. Ewing, R., et.al.,(2002): Measuring Sprawl and its
on a needs assessment and in making all the plans, environment Impact, Smart Growth America.
must be a major concern. It was suggested by some of the 9. Fulton, W., et.al. (2001): Who Sprawls
interviewees that at present despite many efforts by many
Most? How Growth Patterns Differ Across
agencies in the peri urban area, there is gap in addressing the
environmental problems of these areas of Ahmedabad. The idea
the U.S., Center on Urban & Metropolitan
is that the city limits are being drawn and re-drawn based on Policy, July 2001, The Brookings Institution,
public and private real estate planning for commercial, housing Survey Series.
and industrial purposes. And the fact remains that while there 10. Galster, G.,et.al.,(2001): Wrestling sprawl
are several bodies working in parallel for many causes in the to the ground: Defining and measuring an
peri urban areas of Ahmedabad, there is a need to bring in more
elusive concept, Housing Policy Debate,
correlation among the various bodies and to understand the
needs of the peri urban inhabitants, thus making the planning Volume 12, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 681-717.
process more comprehensive and inclusive. It was thus 11. Giuliano, G., Redfearn, C., Agarwal, A. et al.
highlighted that there must be a conscious, concentrated and (2007): Employment concentrations in Los Angeles,
coordinated effort by all the stakeholders as well as the other 1980–2000, Environment and Planning A, 39, pp. 2935–
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7/13/13_chapter%203.pdf

Hydrogen Production from Biomass- A Review
Prashant Singh Chauhan Chayut Nuntadusit Anil Kumar

Department of Mechanical Department of Mechanical Department of Energy
Engineering Engineering (Energy Centre) Maulana Azad
Prince of Songkla University, Hat Prince of Songkla University, National Institute of Technology,
Yai, Songkhla Thailand-90110 Hat Yai, Songkhla Thailand-90110 Bhopal-462003 (India)
prashant_srit@yahoo.co.in chayut.n@gmail.com anilkumar76@gmail.com
The most of hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels such as coal,
natural gas and oil. With the help of renewable sources only 4% of
hydrogen production occurs [7]. As the estimation of researcher fossil
Abstract— In this study, different procedures for transformation fuels would be depleted by 2050 therefore it is necessary time to look
of biomass into hydrogen gas are discussed on the basis of two for other source of hydrogen generation for continuous hydrogen
basic principles as (i) thermo-chemical conversion and (ii) production [8].
biological conversions. Biomass-based hydrogen generation is
The renewable sources for hydrogen production are biomass,
discussed about their energetic and exergetic viewpoints. In the
hydel, solar and wind. Among them only biomass has potential to
study various governing factors for hydrogen production is also
generate hydrogen directly. Other forms of the renewable sources have
discussed in brief. Considering the effect of hydrogen, this review
to undergo electrolysis process for hydrogen production. The
article is gone for giving a knowledge into the rudiments of
utilisation of biomass for production of hydrogen protects the
hydrogen generation from biomass for the up and coming inquires
environment and provides a sustainable source for hydrogen
about to take after. The extent of the work is to examine about production [9]. Various technologies exist for converting the energy
different thermo-chemical strategies for hydrogen generation rich biomass into hydrogen. Hydrogen healing from biomass is
from biomass and to discover the most appropriate technique. The relatively sufficient to satisfy the present and future hydrogen demands
work further spotlights on exploring the impact of principle [10]. The economics of hydrogen generation from different sources are
procedure parameters on the hydrogen yield. presented in Table 1 [11-14].
Keywords—Hydrogen; biomass; thermo-chemical Table 1: Cost analysis of hydrogen production methods [11-14]
conversion; biological conversion.
1. Introduction Producti
Energy H2 Major Major
Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical element contains about on scale
75% of the earth’s elemental mass and it is the lightest of all elements Method efficien product advant disadvan
size/curr
in the world [1]. The weight of the hydrogen is lighter than the air thus cy ion cost ages tage
ent trend
it is not freely available in the earth and naturally available hydrogen
is almost rare on earth [2]. The hydrogen can be produced from a large CO2 by-
product,
range of sources like coal, natural gas, oil, water by using various Proven
Limited
modern process technologies. Steam technolo
$0.75/kg methane
methan gy,
Hydrogen has maximum energy density as 122 kJ per kg, which is (without Large/cur supply,
e High
about 2.75 times greater than other hydrocarbon fuels [3]. Due to high 83% CO2 rently Global
energy density, during combustion hydrogen does not give any reformi Efficien
sequestr available warming,
emissions. Moreover hydrogen can be use as in internal combustion ng cy,
ation) dependen
engines and in fuel cell technologies. Hydrogen is used as a feedstock (SMR) Econom
ce of
in automobile industry for the generation of lubricants and gasoline ical
fossil
& Hydrogen is mainly used in the synthesis of ammonia in fertilizer fuel
industries. In the hydrogenation of unsaturated oils of soyabeans, CO2 by-
coconut, fish and peanut hydrogen is used in food process industries. product,
Hydrogen is used in cosmetics sector for hydrogenating greases and Establis
Lower
oils for soap manufacturing. Hydrogen plays also a very important role Partial $1.39/kg hed,
in the electronics field for the processing and production of silicon. It Large/ava efficienc
oxidatio 70-80% (residual cost-
works as an excellent refinement agent in metallurgical industry [5]. ilable y than
n oil) effectiv
Hydrogen is a primary element in fuel cell manufacturing. SMR,
e
Global
Hydrogen has a wide range of property like high energy density, warming
high-octane number, zero harming potential and rapid burning speed Autothe Proven CO2 by-
which make it as more effective and most preferred fuel in the near Large/cur
rmal technolo product,
future in the transport sector. Hydrogen offers an inexhaustible, non- 71-74% $1.93/kg rently
polluting, cost attractive and efficient energy carrier. Various programs reformi gy, Less Limited
available
and many national governments all over the world proposed the ng capital methane
hydrogen as fuel for the future [6].
This work is supported by Post Doctoral Fellowship Prince of
Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand. Authors are highly grateful to
PSU Hat Yai, Thailand for their support.

costs supply, ed d oxygen
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source)
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- 42% (Sulphur Under n free, extreme
o
chemica (850 C) e Iodine research alternate operating
l cycle) source condition In this way hydrogen energy is unavoidable. To meet out the
s, Highly increasing energy interest of the world, hydrogen generation must be
corrosive from an economical and renewable source. Biomass could be the
Renewa Pricy, perfect answer for this. Considering the effect of hydrogen, this review
Photo 10-14%
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catalyti (theoret $4.98/kg
research alternate efficienc generation from biomass for the up and coming inquires about to take
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Low chemical strategies for hydrogen generation from biomass and to
Renewa
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Biologic Under ble, on exploring the impact of principle procedure parameters on the
(specula $5.52/kg y, High
al research alternate hydrogen yield.
tive) capital
source
cost
2. Hydrogen generation from biomass
Bio- Renewa Strong
photoly ble, inhibitio Here, different strategies for biomass-based hydrogen generation
Under
sis of sustaina n effect are explored and classified as far as applications, including some
research
water ble, CO2 of experiment information on working and execution. Numerous
by algae consum generate researchers from multi discipliner programs as biological,

o
mechanical, chemical and ecological have contemplated on biomass- around 800 and 900 C leaves as meager as 10% of the material as
based hydrogen generation. Some of them have concentrated on strong burn and changes over exactly 60% into gas rich in hydrogen
thermo-chemical techniques, natural microbes or expanding the and carbon monoxide. This makes quick pyrolysis a contender with
productivity of procedures parameters or enhancing catalyst. Fig 1 is ordinary gasification strategies [15].
presenting the process flow diagram of hydrogen production system.
Pyrolysis might be characterized as a fragmented thermal
degradation of carbonaceous materials to burn, condensable fluids (tar,
oils or bio-oils) and non-condensable gasses without air or oxygen.
Quick pyrolysis is a thermal or thermo-catalytic change process, which
can be described by fast warming rates, snappy extinguishing, and
rejection of oxygen from the reaction zone. It yields significant
chemical intermediates and additionally blend gas from biomass [16].
Quick pyrolysis is intriguing as a fluid is delivered that offers favorable
circumstances away and transport and adaptability in applications, in
spite of the fact that it is still at moderately early phase of
improvement. Bio-oil has a higher heating value of around 18 MJ/kg
as created with around 25%wt. water that can't be isolated [17].
Fig.1. Process flow diagram of hydrogen production
system [14]. Pokorna et al. directed a study on the generation of pyrolysis oil
from three kinds of sewage sludge. The flash pyrolysis was done at
These studies included hydrogen generation by gasification of o
biomass, while some of them are compressed underneath. 500 C, the greatest oil yield was 43.1%, and the water content in bio-
oils got from auxiliary sludge was generally low, e.g., 10.3%–17.0%,
37. Thermo-chemical conversions individually [18].
38. Biological conversion 2.1.2. Gasification
Gasification is the transformation of biomass into a flammable gas
blend by means of the fractional oxidation at high temperatures,
2.1 Thermo-chemical conversions o
ordinarily differing from 800 to 900 C. Biomass is converted into CO
2 2
Biomass includes all the living matter present on the earth. It is and H and some proportion of CO , water and different hydrocarbons
gotten from developing plants including trees, crops and algae or from incorporating methane in a perfect gasification. Fig 2 is showing the
animal manure. The biomass assets are the natural matters in which the biomass gasification system.
sunlight based vitality is put away in substance bonds. It for the most
part comprises of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen. Sulfur is
likewise present in minor extents. Some biomass additionally
comprises of huge measures of inorganic species. Plants, through
photosynthesis, produce starches which frame the building pieces of
biomass [15].
Thermo-chemical change includes a progression of patterned

compound response for discharging hydrogen. There are fundamental
three techniques for biomass-based hydrogen generation by means of
this change: (i) pyrolysis, (ii) routine gasification, and (iii) SCWG,
individually.
2.1.1. Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is change of biomass to fluid, solid and vaporous portions
o
by warming the biomass without air at around 500 C temperature.
Notwithstanding vaporous product, pyrolysis delivers a fluid product
called bio-oil, which is the premise of a few procedures for the Fig.2. Schematic diagram of biomass gasification in
improvement of the different vitality energizes and chemicals. a downdraft gasifier [18].
Pyrolysis response is an endothermic response.
The char obtained in the quick pyrolysis of biomass and can be
gasified with gasifying agents. Air, oxygen and steam are generally
Pyrolysis is an imperative procedure for acquiring energy from utilized gasifying specialists. Response conditions along with heating
biomass. Significant hydrogen-rich gas can likewise be created by qualities are:
pyrolysis. There are three strategies for delivering hydrogen rich gas. 26. Oxygen gasification: It yields a superior quality gas of
Firstly, hydrogen can be delivered by steam improving of pyrolysis 3
heating value of 10–15 MJ/Nm . In this procedure, the temperatures
fluid acquired from the pyrolysis of biomass. Also, the pyrolysis o
o somewhere around 1000 and 1400 C are accomplished [4].
procedure is completed around 700 C and including the evacuation of
tar substance of the gas and enhancing the nature of the product gas. In 27. Air gasification: It is broadly utilized innovation as being
the second stage impetuses, typically dolomites and Ni, high single, economical produce framed at high effectiveness and without
temperatures, steam and oxygen could be utilized. In the third stage, requiring oxygen. A low heating quality gas is formed containing up
o 3
the pyrolysis happens at a lower temperature (<750 C) and impetus is to 60% N2 having heating value of 4–6 MJ/Nm with by-produce, for
joined in the same reactor where the pyrolysis of biomass happens. example, water, hydrocarbons, CO2, nitrogen gas and tar. The reactor
o
Reactant pyrolysis/gasification is one of the promising alternatives for temperatures somewhere around 900 and 1100 C have been
tar disposal from the produced gas. Quick pyrolysis of plant material, accomplished [4].
for example, wood or nutshells, at temperatures somewhere

12. Steam gasification: Biomass steam gasification changes over being yet the fundamental strides are comparative [23]. In Fig 3
carbonaceous material to lasting gasses (H2, CO, CO2, CH4 and light photosynthetic conversion of carbon dioxide to biomass is shown.
hydrocarbons) and tar. This strategy has a few issues, for example,
consumption, harming of impetuses and minimizing tar parts [4].
Ahmed and Gupta researched tentatively primary qualities of
vaporous yield from steam gasification. Consequences of steam
gasification were compared with that of pyrolysis. The temperature
o
range researched was 600-1000 C. For steam gasification runs, steam
stream rate was kept consistent at 8.0 g/min. Material demolition,
energy yield and hydrogen yield was better with gasification when
compared with pyrolysis. On the energy side, gasification of 35 g of
white paper yielded 250 to 440 kJ when evaluated with 50 to 300 kJ if
there should be an occurrence of pyrolysis, for reactor temperature
o
running from 700-1000 C [18].
Florin and Harris [19] examined steam gasification of biomass,
within the sight of a calcium oxide (CaO) sorbent for CO2 capture, as
a promising pathway for renewable production of hydrogen (H2). H2
fixations is accounted for the steam gasification of biomass, without
CO2 capture around 40 and 50 % vol, when CaO is utilized to expel
CO2 from the produce gas, it increment 40 to 80% vol.
Fig.3. Photosynthetic conversion of carbon dioxide to biomass
2.1.3. Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) [46].
The properties of water showed past critical point assume a 2.2.3. Biological water gas shift reaction
noteworthy part for synthetic responses, particularly in the gasification
procedure. Underneath the basic critical point, both the gas and fluid The biological water gas shift reaction is a relatively new method
stages display diverse properties, despite the fact that it is evident that for hydrogen production. Some bacteria (certain photo-heterotrophic
these properties turn out to be progressively similar as the temperature bacteria), such as Rubrivivax gelatinosus, are able of performing water
emerges. At last, when it achieves the critical point (temperature >374 gas shift reaction at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure.
o Such bacteria can survive in the dark by using CO as the sole carbon
C, Pressure >220 bar), the properties of both fluid and gas get to be source to generate adenosine triphosphate coupling the oxidation of
indistinguishable. Over the critical point, the properties of this +
CO with the reduction of H to H2. The purple non-sulfur bacteria
supercritical water gasification fluctuate in the middle of fluid like or
perform CO–water gas shift reaction in darkness’ converting 100% CO
gas-like conditions. Supercritical water gasification is totally miscible
into nearstoichiometric amount of hydrogen. CO may also be utilized
with natural substance and with gasses. The use of supercritical water
in the presence of other organic substrates. The biomass available in
gasification medium in biomass gasification has a few focal points. It
can manage high moisture content biomass (>50%). Hence, biomass the nature can easily be converted to water gas (CO and H2O) by
drying can be kept away from [21]. thermo-chemical conversion [23].
2.2. Biological conversion The biological water gas shift reaction is a generally new technique
for hydrogen generation. Few microscopic organisms for example,
Another technique for biomass-based hydrogen is biological Rubrivivax gelatinosus, are able for performing water gas shift
conversion. These are reviewed as fermentative hydrogen generation, reaction at surrounding temperature and atmospheric pressure. Such
photosynthesis procedure and hydrogen generation by biological water microscopic organisms can get by oblivious by utilizing CO as the sole
gas shift reaction. All procedures rely on upon hydrogen generation carbon source to produce adenosine triphosphate coupling the
enzymes. +
oxidation of CO with the decrease of H to H2. The purple non-sulfur
microscopic organisms perform CO-water gas shift reaction in
2.2.1. Fermentative hydrogen production darkness changing over 100% CO into near stoichiometric measure of
Bio-hydrogen generation can be acknowledged by anaerobic and hydrogen. CO may likewise be used within the sight of other natural
photo-heterotrophic microorganisms utilizing sugar rich biomass as a substrates. The biomass accessible in the nature can without much of
renewable asset. The initial step is the enzymatic or acidic hydrolysis a stretch be changed over to water gas (CO and H2O) by thermo-
of biomass to exceptionally concentrated sugar solution which is compound transformation [23].
further fermented by anaerobic living beings to deliver volatile fatty
acids, CO2 and hydrogen. The natural acids are further fermented by 3. Governing parameters and their effects
the photo-heterotrophic microbes to deliver CO2 and H2 which is The process parameters influence different execution perspectives
known as the light fermentation. Consolidated usage of photo and dark like product gas quality, efficiency, energy and exergy inputs.
fermentations was accounted for to enhance the yield of hydrogen Enormous studies have been attempted to examine the ideal
generation from starches [22]. parameters to get most extreme hydrogen yield or syngas. Some
governing parameters and their effects are-
2.2.2. Photosynthesis process
3.1. Effect of temperature
Numerous phototropic living beings, for example, purple
microbes, green microscopic organisms, Cyanobacteria and a few The gasification temperature influences the product yield as well
algae can be utilized to deliver hydrogen with the sunlight based as represents the procedure energy input. A high gasification
energy. Microalgae, for example, green algae and Cyanobacteria, o
temperature, especially somewhere around 800 and 850 C, creates a
consume sunlight and produce electrons. The electrons are then gas blend rich in H2 and CO with little measures of CH4 and higher
exchanged to ferredoxin utilizing the sunlight consumed by photo- hydrocarbons. At low temperatures, solid carbon and methane are
system. Even so, the mechanism differs from living being to living available in the produced gas. It is important to make sure that the
produced gas is free of any solid carbon. At temperature addition,
o over into CO and H2. This clarifies the expansion in hydrogen mole
both carbon and methane are changed. At around 727 C both are
decreased to little sums (≤ 0.04 moles) and in the process get changed numbers. At around 757 oC, the H2 yield achieves a greatest value of

around 1.33 moles. At higher temperatures the H2 yield begins moisture, dust and tar. Gas composition is reliant on feedstock
lessening. This is ascribed to the Water–Gas Shift (WGS) response creation, kind of gasification reactor, gasification agents and working
[24]. condition.
3.1.2. Effect of pressure 3.1.8. The effect of oxidation zone temperature on hydrogen
production
Pressure increases equilibrium H2 and CO yields lessen.
Simulations accomplished to concentrate on the impact of diminishing As demonstrated in, the estimations of the stream flow rate of
the pressure below 1.01 bar on equilibrium product yield demonstrated hydrogen gas and temperature of oxidation zone changes with feed rate
that expansion in H2 yield is irrelevant (<0.2%) despite for pressures of wet biomass. The downdraft gasification of wet biomass, it was
as low as 0.1 bar [24]. accepted that the chemical compound reaction happens in the reactor
bed: water gas reaction and water gas shift reaction. The essential
3.1.3. Effect of steam biomass ratio o
water gas reaction gets to be huge at temperatures of 1000 C to 1100
o
The steam biomass ratio (SBR) signified by β, alludes to moles C and sometimes upward. The auxiliary water gas reaction starts and
of steam bolstered per mole of biomass. In steam biomass ratio, o o
prevails between 500 C and 600 C while the water gas shift reaction
temperature affects both energy input and product gas composition. At is simply a gaseous reaction. Since occurring in the reactor bed, an
low value of SBR, solid carbon and methane are produced. As endothermic reaction, which produces hydrogen gas, utilizes the heat,
more steam is supplied, both of these species are transformed to CO and which is created by the exothermic reaction at the oxidation zone, and
H2. For β > 1, solid carbon and methane moles decrease to little along these the temperature of oxidation zone reduces. When an
values and H2 and CO2 yields increment monotonically; CO then exothermic reaction delivering hydrogen gas in the reactor bed, then
again lessens monotonically [24,25]. the heat produced raises the temperature of oxidation zone. The
generation of hydrogen gas requires the endothermic reaction at above
3.1.4. Effect of equivalence ratio o
1000 C and the heat required to determine these reactions is given
The equivalent ratio is a measure of the measure of outside oxygen from exothermic reactions. [28].
supplied to the gasifier, while it is gotten by isolating the genuine 3.1.9. Turndown ratio
oxygen to biomass molar proportion by the stoichiometric oxygen to
biomass molar proportion. Oxygen is supplied as a gasifying and It was observed that turndown ratio goes up almost linearly with
fluidizing medium. Utilizing air in place of oxygen, however the increase of the capacity of dry fuel as well as the amounts of the
temperate, has the negative impact of weakening the product gas produced wet gas and combustible gas [28]. So, the Turndown ratio is
because of the presence of nitrogen. calculated by the following equation:
Air gasification is an exothermic procedure and consequently Turndown is characterized as the capacity of the gasifier to react
utilizing air as a gasifying medium lessens the net energy utilization to the adjustments in demand for the delivered wet gas with various
and enhances the thermodynamic effectiveness. However supplying capacity of biomass and in the meantime, worked with a steady
more air weakens the product gas in this manner decreasing the H2 reaction zone. Turndown ratio is regularly cited in the gasifier
yield. The ideal equivalent ratio would supply enough air for the exchange pamphlets however a large portion of these are uncertain. It
biomass to be in part oxidized without weakening of the product gas was watched that turndown ratio rise up straightly with the dry fuel
[24,25]. and in addition the measures of the delivered wet gas and burnable gas
[28].
3.1.5. Effect of gasification agents
4. Conclusions
Biomass can be gasified utilizing different gasifying medium, the
decision of which relies on upon the fancied product gas energy and In this article, some potential biomass-based hydrogen generation
composition studies. Testing and commercial gasifiers largely utilize strategies have been discussed about under two fundamental
air as the gasifying medium. Air gasification is an exothermic classifications: thermo-chemical and bio-chemical changes. The
procedure, which delivers a low heating value gas rich in CO and working pressure fluctuates from 1 to 50 bar while the working
o
having little measures of H2 and higher hydrocarbons. Steam temperature ranges from 480 to 1400 C for different thermo-chemical
gasification then again is an endothermic procedure, which creates a procedures. The SBR and ER ideal qualities are in the range of 0.6 to
medium heating quality gas rich in H2 and CO [24]. 10 and 0.1 to 0.4. Steam is generally utilized as the gasifying agent
with the produced gas heating value of around 10 to 15 MJ/Nm3
3
compared with 3 to 6 MJ/Nm for air gasification of biomass. Quick
3.1.6. Characteristics of biomass o
pyrolysis is done at a temperature range of 480 to 790 C. Energy
Characteristics of biomass are resolved through physical efficiency values of the gasification reaction differ from 40-47%.
properties, ultimate and proximate examinations. Physical properties
contain the total thickness, particulate size and mass density. References
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segments. The high moisture fuel causes of decrease in gasifier
efficiency [26]. The higher limit of moisture content of a downdraft
reactor must not be more than 30% wet basis. The most extreme
molecule size is prescribed to be utilized in the downdraft gasifier as
one-eighth of the reactor diameter across [27].
3.1.7. Flow rate of produced wet gas
The produced gas contains the flammable for example CO, CH4,
C2H2, C2H6 & H2 and noncombustible gasses for example, N2 & CO2

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Synthesis of Porous Si Lalit Kumar Dusad

by Top-Down Process Department of ECE, GECA,
Ajmer, 305025, India
Using Silver as 2013rec9572@mnit.ac.in
Catalyst Material
ABSTRACT— In this paper, a detailed analysis of currently the best compromise among the various
chemical etching process for the growth of porous competing materials.
silicon layer and growth of nanostructures over the A variety of silicon based devices have been
silicon substrate have been done using noble metal Ag fabricated so far. Porous silicon is one such candidate
as a catalyst. This porous silicon layer has been which exhibits exciting electro-optical properties.
synthesized in the research laboratory by top-down Porous silicon (PSi) is one of the most promising
approach over a p-type silicon (100) substrate anode materials for next generation lithium ion
material. Characterization of the synthesized porous Si batteries [1]. Researchers Thomas Mark Hakey et al.
was performed by field emission scanning electron presented that porous silicon is an interesting platform
microscope (FESEM). It has been observed by from which drug delivery devices can be built because
FESEM observations that this process renders a large it is nontoxic, biodegradable, and can be prepared to
surface to volume ratio. It has also been observed that have high surface area ratios for drug loading [2]. It is
the concentration of chemicals, duration of the useful in micromachining applications as well [3].
chemical reaction, temperature etc. are the major Moreover, photoluminescence properties of porous
parameters which govern the synthesis of porous silicon have also attracted considerable research.
silicon and these parameters can further be optimized Researchers O. Bisi et al. presented an overview of the
for getting better results. Porous silicon exhibits experimental characterization and theoretical
various electro-optical properties. It finds diversified modeling of porous silicon, from the preparation up to
applications in biomedical field, sensors, batteries etc. various applications [4]. Researchers Scott Gold et al.
Besides its exciting electro-optical properties, porous presented acid loaded porous silicon as proton
silicon exchange membrane for micro-fuel cells [5].
exhibits some interesting features for
micromechanical applications also. Researchers all around the world have suggested a
verity of methods for the fabrication of porous
Keywords — Porous silicon, Nano-structures, Top-down silicon [6-11]. Both top-down as well as bottom-up
process, Noble metal, Sensors. methods can be utilized for the synthesis of porous
silicon. By Bottom-up method, porous silicon can
be synthesized chemically from silicon tetrachloride,
& Introduction using self-forming salt byproducts as templates for
Silicon is widely utilized tetravalent metalloid pore formation [12]. On the other hand top-down
semiconductor material for device fabrication. After method involves etching of the substrate for the
oxygen, silicon is the second most abundant element formation of nanostructures. Metal assisted chemical
in the earth crust. This is one of the major reasons etching (MACE) is one of the top-down processes for
why silicon is widely used in electronic industry. the synthesis of nanostructures
Although, the material of first transistor invented in 39. In this work, we have utilized the top-down
1947 was germanium, but advantages like relatively method for the synthesis of porous silicon. Noble
simple processing, low raw material cost and a metal silver has been used as catalyst. The overall
useful temperature range make silicon

process comprise of cleaning of substrate, analytical technique in which the field emission
deposition of Ag layer over substrate and then scanning electron microscope images a sample
chemical etching. surface by raster scanning over it with a high-energy
beam of electrons. FESEM is widely used by
researchers all over the world in the field of biology,
chemistry and physics. It was observed that the
chemical etching resulted in the formation of porous
silicon layer and silicon nanostructures in the form
of nano-rods over the substrate. The FESEM images
are shown in figure 2(a) and 2(b).
Figure1: Schematic of Ag catalyst deposition.

II. Experimental Work
The porous silicon has been synthesized in the
research laboratory by wet chemical etching process.
The p (100) type silicon wafer is firstly cut into small
pieces of dimensions 1cm×1cm. The samples were (a)
then cleaned by ultrasonication in 2-propanone and
then in ethanol. Sonication is the act of applying sound
energy to agitate particles in a sample, for different
purposes. Sonication has both chemical and physical
effects. The silicon wafer pieces were then immersed
in solution of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide at
the temperature of 750- 800C. The samples were then
treated with the boiling solution of deionized water
(DI) water, liquor ammonia and hydrogen peroxide.
The Si pieces were then treated with dilute HF acid.
Then a thin layer of noble metal Ag of 10nm uniform
thickness is deposited over the cleaned silicon samples
by physical vapor deposition (PVD) as shown in figure
1. The samples were then annealed in split tube high
temperature furnace. It resulted in the layer of well (b)
spaced Ag particles over the silicon substrate as shown Figure 2: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of porous
in figure 1. The samples are then treated with solution silicon and silicon nanostructures.
of HF acid and hydrogen peroxide. Field emission
scanning electron microscope (FESEM) has been used
to study the surface topography of the samples. It is an III. Conclusion
Here, an experimental analysis of chemical etching
process for the growth of porous silicon layer and

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Issues 1–3, pp. 1-126, April 2000.
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quantumspongestructureforsiliconbased

A Comphrensive Analysis on Wind Resource Assessment – A Review
Siraj Ahmed
Pramod Kumar Sharma Vilas Warudkar
Prem Kumar Chaurasiya Professor
Research Scholar Research Scholar Assistant Professor Mechanical Engg. Deptt
Mechanical Engg deptt. Mechanical Engg. Deptt. Mechanical Engg. Deptt. MANIT, Bhopal, India
MANIT, Bhopal, India MANIT, Bhopal, India MANIT, Bhopal, India
ABSTRACT— This paper reviews the effect of RIX factor for parameter Weibull distribution. Katinas et.al, 2014 [12] had
assessing the performance of wind farm.. The present study based done wind resource assessment in Lithuania. Ayodele et.al,
on unsteady wakes on the aerodynamic performance of Individual 2014 [13] investigated the wind characteristics and potential at
wind turbine or on the whole wind farm for a complex terrain. The Johannesburg from 2005 to 2009 at a height of 10 m. Different
effect of wake on the wind power technology and RIX (Ruggedness methods of Weibull parameter estimation had proposed by
Index factor) of complex terrain had also been discussed. Further several researchers such as Justus and Mikhali, 1976 [14]
the research had been extended to analyze the wind power suggested MOM (moment method) to calculate the Weibull
scenario on onshore as well as on offshore Indian condition (As a parameter. Justus et.al, 1978 [15] had proposed four different
Case Study). It has been found from the measurements through method and graphical method estimation of Weibull parameter
Mast, SODAR (Sound detection and ranging) and LIDAR (Light based on the least squares concept and compared. Silva, 2003
detection and Ranging) at Gujarat and Tamilnadu coasts that 8) investigated the EEM (equivalent energy method) to
there is a great potential along these sites to generate wind power. obtain the theoretical energy density. Seguro and Lambert,
2000 [17] compared the GM, MLM (Maximum likelihood
Keywords— Weibull, RIX factor, Wake effect, SODAR and Method) and MMLM (Modified Maximum likelihood
LIDAR
Method). Clifton et.al, 2012 [18] had seen the effect of
turbulence, wind shear and wake on the performance of wind
9) INTRODUCTION turbine for a particular region. Monnich et.al, 2010 [19] study
the effect of air density and leading edge contamination on the
The 2015 marks the end of the beginning for the low carbon turbine loading. Baker and Walker, 1984 [20] used a kite type
economy. As per the report of REN21 Global Status Report anemometer to estimate the wake effect behind the turbines in
(GSR) 2016, 173 countries across the world launched the target Washington, USA and found the asymmetric behavior of wake
policy, 110 countries had in place either feed in policy. effect. Elliot and Barnard, 1990 [21] measured the same effect
Accurate measurement of wind resource is necessary to erect at same location by bivane type of anemometers and get the
any wind farm. Earlier method uses cup anemometer and wind linear relationship between deficit velocity and downstream
Vane to measure the wind velocity and direction (IEC, 2005 distance. Subramanian et.al, 2015 [22] installed a sophisticated
[6]). Due to advancement of Wind Power technology attention drone to estimate the wake effect behind a single turbine at
of researchers had turned to increase the hub height. To measure Mont Crossin in Switzerland.
the wind data at more than 100 m height by using conventional
method through met mast is now becoming the costly and time Ebert and Wood, 1997 [23-24-25] had developed an formulated
consuming process. From the last few years, the use of SODAR a 3D wind turbine wake model conserving the wake effect only
(Sonic Detection and Ranging) and LIDAR Light Detection and at the tip and hub in several working conditions.
Ranging has taken a lot of popularity for measurement of Wind RIX (RUGGEDNESS INDEX FACTOR) ANALYSIS
resource at a higher level of hub height for commissioning. FOR COMPLEX TERRAIN
Banta et.al, 2015 [7] and Emeis et.al, 2007
[8] had carried out ground based measurement by LIDAR of a A. Introduction
swept area of the rotor. Prem Chaurasiya et.al, 2017 [9] had The concept of RIX (Ruggedness Index Factor) has been
carried out comparative analysis of Weibull parameter though evolving over the last few years in the field of wind resource
met mast and LIDAR technique for Indian condition. [10] assessment in complex terrain. RIX factor is applicable to that
Victor S. Indasi et.al, 2016 used WAsP to verify the wind data terrain where linear flow model are not applicable such as
from LIDAR by installing three met mast on three different WAsP. RIX factor signifies the measurement of flow separation
sites at Kalkumpei, Nyiru and Sirima. Chong Li et.al, 2016 from the hill, ridge and mountain and thereby, the amount by
[11] evaluated wind resource potential at two location in China which the terrain violates the WAsP requirement,
and calculated Weibull shape and size factor using two

Mountain terrain which does not follow the linearism such as III. INDIA AT A GLANCE (ON SHORE WIND POTENTIAL)
WAsP. IEC 61400, 2014 [26] defines the criteria of complex As per survey from wind resource assessment, Government
terrain and provides guidelines to compensate the effect of of India set a target to reach 175 GW of non conventional
(CCT) turbulence correction parameter. Measnet, 2009 [27] energy from the wind in the country by 2022 of which 60 GW
suggests the guidelines related to complex terrain during the should be from wind. The goal is further extended to produce
measurement from Met Mast. Now, WAsP is used to apply the 40 % of the electricity by non-fossil fuel source by 2030.Being
RIX factor for compensating the biased prediction of AEP of a a clean energy wind energy has been playing a key role to meet
complex terrain. Hyunseok Oh et.al, 2005 [5] investigated the the challenges of climate change.
RIX factor in the region of Gangwon Province, a mountainous
inland region of South Korea (for five locations) as 0.3, 29.3, Wind power production capacity of the country reached the
32.3, 33.5, 36.1, 42.3 respectively. Result shows the percentage level of 26,777 MW as on 31st March, 2016 and ranked 4th in
error for the AEP of the turbine 3 and 4 was found to be 11.0 % terms of wind power installed globally. The share of the wind
and the power verification curve was ± 4.12%. in the total power installation has been increased by 9%. As per
TABLE 1 BRIEF REVIEW ON RIX (RUGGEDNESS INDEX FACTOR) recent survey from NIWE (National Institute of Wind Energy,
FACTOR CALCULATION OF DIFFERENT COMPLEX TERRAIN Chennai) India has a potential for onshore wind at a hub height
of 100 m above the ground is 302 GW. In order to harness cost
Author Technique/Tool RIX Site Detail Year Conclusion effective wind power grid integration, Ministry has Now,
factor Ministry has adopted a multidimensional approach. It includes
(%)
Daeyoung CFD 1.0 1.0 Sumang 2016 The results
Research & Development, Wind resource assessment
Kim et.al 2.91 2.0 shows the programme, capacity to manufacture and conductive policy
[1] 2.0 Gangjeong Increment of formation. For selecting the potential sites an extensive Wind
0.0 3.0 Susan LIDAR error Resource Assessment is necessary due to highly intermittent
3.0 Jeju Island, with the
2.05 Korea increment of
nature of wind. Currently, 800 wind monitoring stations are
RIX factor operating across the country.
J.M.L.M. CFD 2.2 The island 2008 Measurement

Palma of Madeira shows the IV. OFFSHORE WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT IN INDIA
et.al [2] is located in variation in
the Atlantic wind speed A. Gujrat
Ocean, and direction
Africa. of a complex India is now reached the biggest wind energy markets globally.
300N, 160 W terrain. In 1986 Gujarat was one of the Indian states to install a wind power
project. Total Installed capacity in Gujarat was 3.093 MW in
D. WRF mesoscale 5.9 Northern 2013 The result
Carvalho and WAsP 8.2 Portugal shows that February 2013.There are many contradicting wind resource
et.al [3] microscale Central (for the quality assessments exist for India. Due to the uncertainty in the region of
models two site) and these existing wind energy assessments, this study uses the
characteristics
of the meso
Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to reproduce the
scale models wind at current hub heights for one year to provide more precise
affects the estimates of wind resources in Gujarat .This method of study
turbine power permits accurate simulations of winds at the surface of the earth
curve.
and at higher height for wind energy purposes. The simulations
Hyunseok WAsP 0.3 Gangwon 2014 The results had compared for five locations throughout the country. The
Oh et.al 29.3 Province, a percentage results are also validated through root-mean-squared error
[4] 32.3 mountainous error for the (RMSE), CRMSE, normalized RMSE, distribution error (WDE
33.5 inland AEP of the
36.1 region of turbine 3 and
and against rank correlation. From the study over Gujarat regions
42.3 South Korea 4 was found the average wind speed found to be more than 8 m/s. The area of
(for five to be 11.0 % assessment consisted in the Gulf of Kutch and near the south coast
locations) and the power of the peninsula. It has been found from the previous literature that
verification
curve was the maximum wind energy potentials are concentrated in the
±4.12% northwestern part of the state.
Lucy C. WRF mesoscale 128 Ayrshire 2014 From

Cradden and WAsP 15 The Wash investigation
et.al [5] microscale 107 Central it is clear the
B. Tamil Nadu
models 170 Wales variation of NIWE (National Institute of Wind Energy) had assessed the
146 South wind speed
Waled depends upon wind potential along the coast by installing 74 Met Mast at
Yorkshire type of terrain different coastal locations which is shown in fig. 03.From the
and locations. past research along the coast line of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu it
had revealed that there is a great potential in the region of
Rameshwaram and Kanyakumari. 14 days wind study had
carried from 2009 by using Remote Sensing technique known
as SODAR (Sound detection and ranging) by NIWE at

Dhanushkodi, Rameshwaram. The result reveals to the possible REFERENCES
wind speed of 6-8 m/s in the offshore region at 80 m height from
the wind profile measurement conducted by INCOIS (Indian 4. Daeyoung Kim et.al, “A comparison of ground-based LiDAR and met
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National Centre for Ocean Information service, Hyderabad) and terrain conditions.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 158 (2016) 109–121.
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Coast. Till now NIWE had collected the wind data by between guaranteed and measured wind turbine power performance in
complex terrain.” Energy 85 (2015) 23-29
commissioning 100m higher lattice mast from October 2013
8. Lucy C. Cradden et.al, “ Consideration of Wind Speed Variability in
Creating a Regional Aggregate Wind Power Time Series,” Resources
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Overall this paper provides the platform to the new researches Consulatation.”
to identify the problems regarding wind resource onshore and 10. Banta, R.M., Pichugina, Y.L., Brewer, W.A., Lundquist, J.K., Kelley,
offshore assessment for a particular site. In this study, the N.D., Sandberg, S.P., Alvarez, R.J., Hardesty, R.M., Weickmann, A.M.,
criteria of complex terrain as per IEC 61400-1 and RIX factor 2015. 3D volumetric analysis of wind turbine wake properties in the
atmosphere using high-resolution Doppler lidar. J. Atmos. Ocean.
provided by WAsP to examine the complexity of a Technol. 32 (5), 904–914.
commercially wind farm had been discussed. While, 11. Emeis, S., Harris, M., Banta, R.M., 2007. Boundary-layer anemometry by
international standard specify the conditions of installing and optical remote sensing for wind energy applications. Meteorol. Zeitschrift
measuring the wind data using met mast to evaluate the 16 (4), 337–347.
performance of wind turbine, yet it is complicated to apply it to 12. Prem Kumar Chaurasiya, Siraj Ahmed, Vilas Warudkar, Comparative
the power performance verification on commercial wind farms Analysis of Weibull parameters for wind data measured from Met-Mast
and Remote sensing techniques, Renewable Energy (2017), doi:
owing to numerous design constraints. In this paper many 10.1016/j.renene.2017.08.014.
researchers had discussed different mathematical technique to
13. Victor S. Indasi et.al, “WAsP model performance verification using lidar
estimate Weibull parameter. The following conclusion can be data.” Int J Energy Environ Eng (2016) 7:105–113.
drawn from the review- 14. Chong Li et. al, “Evaluation of wind energy resource and wind turbine
1. It has been found from the survey that Modified characteristics at two locations in China.” Technology in Society 47
(2016) 121-128.
Maximum Likelihood method is more convenient to
calculate Weibull shape and size factor at a particular 15. V. Katinas, D. Sankauskas, A. Markevicius, E. Perednis, Investigation of
the wind energy characteristics and power generation in Lithuania,
site. Renew. Energy 66 (3) (2014) 299-304.
2. In general, it is not advisable to implement the WAsP 16. T.R. Ayodele, A.A. Jimoh, J.L. Munda, J.T. Agee, Viability and
model outside its operating envelope. The limitations economic analysis of wind energy resource for power generation in
of the flow model in WAsP are straightforward to Johannesburg, South Africa, Int. J. Sustain. Energy 33 (2) (2014) 284-
303.
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assessment in Indian condition; there are many sites in 18. Justus CG, Hargraves WR, Mikhail A, Graber D. Methods for estimating
India like Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra where wind wind speed frequency distributions. J Appl Meteorol 1978;17:350-3.
turbine can be located at a more than 100m higher 19. Silva GR. Características de vento da Regi~ao Nordeste, an_alise,
height. modelagem aplicaç~oes para projetos de centrais e_olicas [Master's
thesis, Recife Pe]. 2003.
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speed found to be more than 8 m/s. The area of 20. Seguro JV, Lambert TW. Modern estimation of the parameters of the
Weibull wind speed distribution for wind energy analysis. J Wind Eng Ind
assessment consisted in the Gulf of Kutch and near the Aerod 2000;85:75-84.
south coast of the peninsula. It has been found from 21. Clifton Andrew, Flening Paul, Kilcher Levi, Lundquist Julie K. Effects of
the previous literature that the maximum wind energy changing atmospheric conditions on wind turbine performance. National
potentials are concentrated in the northwestern part of Renewable Energy Laboratory; 2012.
the state. 22. Westernhellweg Annette, Monnich Kai. Evaluation of operational data
in respect to production losses due to icing. DEWI GmbH; 2010.
5. The results obtained the measurement at Dhanushkodi
indicates the possibility of achieving greater than 45% 23. Baker, Robert W., Walker, Stel N., 1984. Wake measurements behind a
large horizontal axis wind turbine generator. Sol. Energy 33 (1), 5–12.
capacity utilization factor with the current onshore
24. Elliott, D.L., Barnard, J.C., 1990. Observations of wind turbine wakes and
turbine technology. Due to large investment for surface roughness effects on wind flow variability. Sol. Energy 45
offshore project at Dhanushkodi and intermittent (5), 265–283.
nature of wind climate, NIWE has extended the time 25. Subramanian, B., Chokani, N., Abhari, R.S., 2015. Drone-based
for measuring the wind data. experimental investigation of three-dimensional flow structure of a

multi-megawatt wind turbine in complex terrain. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 137 [25] Ebert PR, Wood DH. The near wake of a model horizontal-axis wind
(5), 051007. turbine – 3: properties of the tip and hub vortices. Renew Energy 2001;
[23] Ebert PR, Wood DH. The near wake of a model horizontal-axis wind 22 (4):461–72.
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RECENT DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS OF EVACUATED

TUBE SOLAR COLLECTORS
1*
Manoj Kumar Gaur, 2Gaurav Saxena, 3Anand Kushwah, 4Ankur Gupta, 5Krishna dutta Pandey,
2
C.S.Malvi
1, 2 Mechanical Engineering Department, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior,India
3, 4, 5 Automobile Engineering Department, Rustamji Institute of Technology, B.S.F. Academy, Tekanpur, Gwalior,India
E-mail: 1gmanojkumar@rediffmail.com
Contact number: +9194250203181
Abstract: Solar energy is the most easily available, environmental friendly energy source and having potential to maintain the
growing energy demand. A historical introduction into the application of solar energy is attempted followed by a description of the
various types of collectors including flat-plate, compound parabolic, evacuated tube, parabolic trough etc. Solar energy is captured
by solar collectors and an evacuated solar collector is the most efficient and economical collector among various types
of solar collectors. In this paper, an exclusive literature on preference of evacuated collector, types of evacuated collectors,
their construction, applications and challenges have been reviewed. Applications of evacuated solar collectors as a heat assisting
device in heat engines, solar cooker, air conditioning, swimming pool heating, water heating, steam generation and solar drying for
residential and industrial sectors have been summarized. The thermal model used by recent researchers for evaluating exergy and
energy efficiency of evacuated tube solar collectors (ETSC) and other performance parameters are also summarized in present
article. The review shows the advantages as well as challenges in the field of application of evacuated tube heating technology by
researchers. The present review article will be useful for researcher and scholars working in field of enhancement of
performance of various solar heating systems by application of ETSC.
Keywords: ETSC, Applications, Challenges, Thermal models, Performance parameters.
& INTRODUCTION
Excessive usage of fossil fuels has caused many energy however it is free and non depleting. As solar
problems such as the release of CO2 ,CO and NOx also radiation is only present for the period of daytime, the
to the atmosphere and causing its consequent effects on energy must be collected in an efficient manner to make
our environment. It can be changed if our dependence is use of most of the daylight hours and then should be
decreased on fossil fuels by using alternative renewable stored. These Solar thermal collectors are the accessible
energy sources [1]. Due to its lesser impacts on apparatus to capture solar radiation, which is then turned
environment solar energy can be considered as one of the to thermal energy and transferred to a working fluid
most favorable option for the growing energy demand subsequently. For that reason, such components like
with extensive applications in industry [2]. A large solar collectors are the major and most significant
amount of existing source of renewable energy on earth components of any solar system [4]. There are generally
is solar energy ,as the earth receives millions of watts of two kinds of collectors first one is stationary and second
energy every day imminent from solar radiation. one is tracking [5]. Classification of solar collector is
Though, only a fraction part of it in the form of day shown in Fig. 1.
lighting and photosynthesis is used by the natural world, Various types of collector configurations can be of
one third is reflected back into space and the rest is assistance to attain a large range of temperature for
absorbed by oceans, clouds and land. As a result, it is example, 20–80°C is the operating temperature range
very reasonable to collect solar energy and utilize it of a flat plate collector (FPC) [6] and 50–200°C is for
efficiently to generate electric power, heat and also for an evacuated tube solar collector (ETSC) [7,8]. The Flat
cooling purposes in a viable way. By using solar energy Plate Collector [FPC] are most productive and are
the effect of it on the atmosphere for a variety of widely used solar collectors. But these collectors have
applications is negligible as it produces no dangerous
comparatively low efficiency and outlet
pollutants. Besides environmental realization, dwindling
temperatures. Due to its low maintenance cost and
of traditional energy sources marks solar energy as the
appropriate energy source to meet the increasing demand simple construction design FPC is popular. Though,
of energy worldwide. Researchers have investigated and FPC has two main drawbacks:
proposed technologies on how to harvest solar energy to 21. Absence of sun tracking.
serve human beings and are still considering new 22. Convection heat loss through glass
technologies to maximize the collection and exploitation cover from collector plate.
of solar energy [3]. It is very difficult task and also ETSCs have comparability lower cost and also heat loss
challenges for effective collection and storage of solar than the standard FPCs [9, 10]. In another way , an ETSC

overcomes above mentioned both these drawbacks due capacity of water-in-glass evacuated tubes in China in
to the presence of vacuum in annular space between two 2003 was estimated to be 60 million tubes per year
concentric glass tubes, which by there is no need of sun (China Industry, 2003) [17].
tracking by its tubular design. Conventional FPCs are
generally designed for sunny and warm climates. Their
performance affected in the period of cold, windy and 2.1 Necessity of ETSC
cloudy days and they are greatly predisposed by the Most of the researchers have concluded that ETSC
weather as moisture and condensation cause early
is having much higher efficiencies than FPC [5, 18,
erosion of internal materials which might cause system
19]. ETSC can receive both types of radiations direct
failure. In compare, ETSCs have terrific thermal
performance, easy transportability and expedient and diffuse. Besides excellent thermal performances,
installation. In addition, ETSCs are suitable for ETSC have convenient installation and easy
unfavorable climates [11, 12]. transportability.
2. EVACUATED TUBE SOLAR COLLECTOR

(ETSC)
Numerous variety of technologies exists to
collect solar radiation, out of these ETSC is preferred.
The constructional detail of an evacuated tube is shown
in Fig 2. Evacuated tube solar collector (ETSC) have
better performance than flat-plate collectors(FPC) for
high temperature operation due to reduced convection
heat loss because of the vacuum envelope around the
absorber surface. First presented by Speyer (1965) [13],
the market development for evacuated tube solar Fig. 1. Types of solar collectors [5].
collectors was initially hampered by the high cost of
manufacturing complex metal heat extraction manifolds Applications like desalination of sea water,
or difficulties creates in sealing the glass-to-metal joints refrigeration building heating, air heating
at the ends of the tube. The market for evacuated tube refrigeration, and industrial heating require higher
solar collectors increased rapidly after the development temperature and the performance of an ETSC is better
of low cost sputter coating machines for applying a than that of an FPC for high temperature operations
selective surface to the glass absorber surface of all-glass [20]. ETSCs are also able to operate other higher
tubes. A number of heat extraction manifold designs for temperature applications such as instantaneous gas
single-ended evacuated tubes were investigated by heater, boost element integrated single solar tank
Window (1983) [14] and Yin et al. (1984, 1985) [15, 16].
system, and boost tank incorporated solar pre-heaters
The manifolds can be classified into ‘fluid-in-metal’ or
[21]. Mangal et al. [22] mentioned that the peak
‘fluid-in-glass’ designs. The water-in-glass collector is
the most widely used design in China because of its high energy output is provided by an FPC only at mid-day
thermal efficiency, simple construction design and also when the sun is perpendicular to the surface of the
low manufacturing cost. collector whereas the evacuated solar tubes are able
A water-in-glass collector normally made of 15–40 to track sun passively throughout the day because of
flooded single-ended tubes which are directly cylindrical shape of the evacuated tube. The incident
connected to a horizontal tank. These tubes consist of angle of sunlight on the cylindrical tubes is at 90
two concentric glass tubes sealed at one end with a throughout the day; hence the peak absorption is
vacuum in the annular space between the tubes and a always for an ETSC. It was also noted that the ETSC is
selective surface coated on the outer surface of the less affected by low temperature and wind because of
inner tube. The heat transfer in this collector is the vacuum envelop between the inner and outer
determined simply by natural circulation of water tubes of evacuated pipe. The vacuum is formed to
through the single-ended opening into the tank. reduce convective and conductive heat loss by
Water is heated in the tube by solar radiation, which evacuating the air inside the interior tube of the ETSC.
then rises along the top of the tube to the storage tank They also reported that the maintenance of an ETSC is
and is replaced by colder water from the tank entering easy and inexpensive. If a tube is damaged or broken,
into the bottom of the tube opening. The production the system does not leak or stop working, the
collector still operates at lower efficiency. In case of

evacuated collector, without shutting down the whole
system, it is possible to replace the damaged tube,
whereas for the FPC if the collector is damaged, the
entire system needed to be shut down to replace the
collector. Thus FPCs have much higher repair and
maintenance cost than ETSC [23]. ETSC water heating
system is shown in Fig 2.
Fig.3. construction of Evacuated tube [26]

2.3 Application of ETSC
ETSCs have become more popular day by day for their
exclusivity since they are able to gather energy from
the sun all day long at low angles due to their tubular
shape. Many researchers have done researches on
ETSCs that can be used for heating as well as cooling
purposes in residential home and also in industries
like drug and pharmaceutical, paper, textile and
leather and also for swimming pool, hostel, boiler
Fig.2. ETSC water heating system
house, hospitals and nursing home. The use of ETSC
can be classified in two categories those are domestic
2.2 Classification of ETSC
and industrial applications. Table 1 summarizes
Available types of evacuated-tube solar collector
various research work carried out on the applications
can be categorized into two groups; one of them is the
of ETSC.
single-walled glass evacuated-tube and the other one
is the Dewar tube. There are many variations of the
two basic types; for instance, heat extraction can be
through a U-pipe, heat pipe or direct liquid contact.
The single-walled glass evacuated-tube is popular in
Europe. An analytical steady-state model has been
developed to study the thermal performance of an
Individual single-walled evacuated-tube with coaxial
piping (direct-flow-type) incorporating both single
and two-phase flows (Badar et al., 2012) [24].
A Dewar tube is consisting of two thin borosilicate
glass walls that form the inner and outer tubes. A
selective absorbance coating is deposited on the
outside wall of the inner tube to collect solar energy,
and the layer between the inner and outer tubes is
evacuated to reduce heat loss Nkwetta et al.(2013)
Fig.4. Graph of efficiency (η) and temperature (T) ranges of
[25]. Construction of evacuated tube is shown in Fig. various types of collectors [27].
3.
. 2.3.1 Domestic Application
ETSC is a much more popular as well as efficient
technology for domestic applications that can be
operated over a wide range of temperatures from
medium to high according to the requirement and
also according to sun position.
2.3.1.1 Swimming Pool

Sakhrieh et al. [28] performed an experiment on .The aim of the this experimental study was to replace
different types of solar collectors which are copper the heating system of the swimming pool at
thermo syphon with black coating(Type I), copper Hashemite University of Jordan by a more efficient
collectors with blue coating(Type II), Copper solar and cost effective solar heating system from the
collector(Type III) Aluminum solar collectors(Type IV) experimental investigation. It was investigated that an
and ETCs (Type V) for heating a swimming pool based ETSC has the highest efficiency.
on generally performance ,proficiency and reliability
TABLE: 1 Summary of significant research carried out on evacuated tube solar collectors applications.
S. Resea Yea Typ Typ Worki Object Significant Contribution
N rcher r es of es of ng
o. Exp ETS Fluids
erim C
ent
1. Gill et 201 Anal Glas Water The performance of The study has shown that the
al. 6 ytica s an evacuated tube system produced 1216 kWh of
[42] l ETS solar hot water useful heating energy at a
C system, installed in a system efficiency of 62.8%.
domestic house.
2. Ersöz, 201 Expe HPE Hexan Effects of different Heat pipe solar collectors have
Musta 6 rime TSC e, ether working fluids on a high potential regarding both
fa Ali ntal s etc. the energy and state of the art collector
[43] exergy performance development and new
for evacuated tube collector concepts and
solar collector with applications.
thermosyphon heat
pipe.
3. Mahe 201 Expe ETS Nano Determined the Results shows higher value
-- 4 rime Cs fluid efficiency of ETSC of thermal conductivity
ndran ntal using water based compared to base liquid. The
et titanium oxide nano efficiency of the collector
al.[44 fluid. estimated using TiO2 nano
] fluid of 0.35% concentration
is about 0.73 as compare to
water that is about 0.58.
4. Kuma 201 Expe One Air Investigated the Use of reflector increased the
r et 3 rime end production of hot air performance of ETSC.
al[45] ntal evac at different air flow Efficiency, outlet temperature
uate rate and efficiency and temperature difference
d without using any also increased with the use of
tube medium. reflector.
5. Nkwe 201 Expe HP- Water Experimental Concentrator augmented
tta et 3 rime ETS investigation carried solar collector arrays proved
al.[25 ntal C out of the to be more economical for
] ‘concentrator providing heating and
augmented solar cooling demands due to the
collector array’, a reduced number of ETHPA
component of solar (evacuated tube heat pipe
collector. array). Reduction in reflector
size and related reflector
losses.

6. Lamn 201 Expe ETA Air Investigated the Can be used for drying
a-tou 2 rime C thermodynamics products in huge quantities
et al. ntal performance of a for both industrial as well as
[46] solar dryer using agricultural sectors. Suitable
ETAC. for solar drying applications
without preheating the outlet
air.
7. Cagla 201 Theo ETS Water Developed a solar Efficiency of ETSC varies
r and 2 retic C assisted heat pump from 0.728 to 0.807 which is
Yama al as (SAHP) with ETC more efficient. From the
l [47] well for getting much point of cost analysis,
as higher efficiency. electricity consumption gets
Expe reduced by 19–45% for
rime space heating application by
ntal using the designed SAHP
with ETSC.
8. Xu et 201 Expe All Air Carried out the Energy balance analysis
al. 2 rime Glas thermal performance revealed that the proposed
[48] ntal s of all glass ETC dynamic method (steady
ETS under dynamic state) is effective to solve the
C outdoor conditions. operational limitations of
steady state test caused by
uncontrollable weather
conditions.
9. Diaz 201 Num ETS Materi To study the thermal ETC based on mini channels
et 1 erica C al performance of solar has higher efficiency than a
al.[6] l base collector based on similar ETSC.
d on mini channels.
mini
chan
nels
1 Haye 201 Expe WG Water The eastern coast of HPETC has 15-20% higher
0. k et al. 2 rime ETS the Mediterranean efficiency than WGETSC.
[49] ntal C was considered for[2] HPETC has better design
and overall performance
HPE of solar collectors
than WGETSC.
TC under local weather
conditions.
2.3.1.2 Air Conditioning heat pipes as regenerator for a liquid desiccant

In recent researchers are investigating based solar collector. They performed that the
environmental friendly as well as pollution free collector at 100 how much saturated steam
technologies for air conditioning as producing generate which offers 51–60% efficiency for
electrical energy causes some pollution. Mehta and average 9h. The average thermal COP of 0.82 was
Rane [29] proposed the liquid desiccant based air achieved as there is no heat loss to air and the
conditioning system that is adaptable to solar power consumption was less than 40W because of
energy, a pollution free renewable energy source. low pressure drop and flow rate of liquid desiccant
The solar radiation is highly available in summer at collector.
that time the demand of air conditioning is also Another one experiment was carried out by Morthy
higher which makes it reasonable to use solar [30] on the performance of solar air conditioning
energy source for air conditioning. They system by means of HP-ETC. due to that
experimental a new approach of using an ETSC with investigation it was concluded that to power the air

conditioning system, the solar system is most 2.3.2 Industrial Application
efficient and also capable of producing tolerable A higher temperature range is required in
energy. The efficiency of heat pipe evacuated industrial application as compared to domestic
tube[HP-ETC] varies from 26% to 51% and the applications. Then an ETSC is able to generating
overall system has efficiency from 27% to 48% temperature up to 200 °C [8].Due to this unique
.Using solar air conditioning system with evacuated property EYSC can be used for industrial application.
tube is very economical as zero energy cost is 2.3.2.1 Steam Generation
provided by the solar powered chilled water An ETSC can be used for applications where
required high range temperature such as steam
system. Besides, solar air conditioning system is a
cooking, laundry, boilers etc. Due to this is known as
possible solution to overcome environmental
the best alternative thermal technology for generating
pollution. Due to this reason this technology are high temperature up to 200°C [7]. Vendan et al. [32]
going in trends in recently. carried out the design of an ETSC for high temperature
steam generation for the applications of steam
2.3.1.3 Solar Water Heater cooking, boilers, laundry, etc.
Since the previous decade ,the world market is 2.3.2.2 Heat Engine
rapidly increasing for solar water heaters which Madduri et al. [33] proposed a profitable
results in great range developments of improved evacuated tube solar hot water system that was
quality products by various new technologies .A used in a thermodynamic engine as a thermal
Solar water heater is a device which is used for power source. In his opinion, it is significant to use
heating water by using solar energy to produce concentrators to achieve high efficiency solar
steam for domestic as well as industrial purposes. thermal conversion to a heat engine from a
Solar energy comes from the sun in infinite amount commercial evacuated tube system which supplies
as the form of solar radiation which falls on in put thermal powers at temperatures of 180 –
absorbing surface and then gets converted into heat 220°C. It was concluded that at higher
which is used for water heating. When evacuated temperatures, the concentrated evacuated tube is
tube solar collectors are used to heat water, it is very efficient to convert incident solar radiation to
called evacuated tube solar water heater. There are thermal power.
various kinds of solar water heaters such as flat 2.3.2.3 Solar Drying
plate solar water heater, concentrated solar water The much more simply and generally technique to
heater and evacuated tube solar water heater. One preserve agricultural products is sun drying in open on
of them concentrated solar water heater is used for the roof, but this procedure has many drawbacks and
very high temperature water or steam and in the weaknesses since products can be spoiled by dust,
recent the flat plate solar water heaters have been wind, rain and moisture or loss of products due to
replaced by evacuated water heaters due to their animals and birds. Decomposition can also cause
frequent advantages [22]. Arefin et al. [31] carried deterioration in the harvested crops, fungi and insect
out the individuality and the performance of various also can attack the products, etc. Besides, the process
kinds of ETSCs for solar water heating systems of open sun drying requires large area to spread the
harvested crops which is time consuming and labor
throughout the year. Moreover determining the
demanding. Thus, to process the agricultural products
maximum operating temperature for the solar
such as vegetables and fruits with zero energy costs in
water heater, they also determined its feasibility by hygienic, clean and standard conditions, solar drying
calculating the payback time. They also conclude technology is an alternative and commonly used
that all glass evacuated tubes are the cheapest and solution. For small amount food processing industries
simplest and more efficient and the heat loss is less or for agricultural purposes, solar dryer technology is
than heat pipe collectors as the glass tube collector convenient, environment friendly, and reliable to
are directly attached with the tank. Comparatively produce hygienic and good quality food products as
small area is required for the system as the tank is this technology requires less area, saves time, energy
mounted over the collectors and also less time is and labor costs and also improves the product quality
required for heating of water hot due to thermo Sharma et al. [34] also proposed that the solar drying
siphon process. system is faster, healthier, cheaper, more hygienic and
efficient than traditional drying systems.. Fudholi et
al. [35] also mentioned about chemical heat pump
dryer with evacuated tube for drying agricultural and
marine products. Pirasteh et al. [36] studied the

performance of stationary collectors (FPCs, CPCs and 3.2. Vulnerability
ETSCs) for agricultural and industrial products drying, Due to fragility, glass tubes can be shattered
presented in Table 1. Industries like textile, cement, easily due to small hail, jostling or poor handling.
clay brick production, wood and timber, waste water Therefore, extra care must be required while
treatment and dairy etc. can use solar drying in order transporting from one location to another location or
to decrease fossil fuel consumption and to become handling ETSCs. Hence two layers of annealed
more economical, environmental friendly and borosilicate glass are used to make the ETSC and the
pollution free. glasses those are made of annealed glass are much
2.3.2.4 Solar Ponds more fragile than tempered glass.
Kumar and Kishore [37] proposed to build a
model of 6000 m2 solar pond at Bhuj in India with 3.3 Cost and Maintenance
alternate clay and LPDE lining to supply heat and Cost and Maintenance both play an
demonstrate technical and economic viability of important role for using any product. According to
solar pond technology in Indian context. The pond Mangal et al. [22], evacuated tubes are strong and long
had a failure in lining and was re-designed and lasting. In case if any tube is broken, it just requires
replacing the broken tube which is cheap whereas for
established successfully .Hassairi et al.[38] built a
an FPC it is expensive as the whole collector is needed
small laboratory solar pond of 2m×2m×1m utilizing
to be replaced Tang et al. [50] also mentioned that the
the natural brine salt from south of Tunisia and manufacturing costs of evacuated tubes are decreasing
evaluated the efficiency of the pond by measuring recently. Budihardjo and Morrison [51] mentioned
the temperature and solar radiations evolved. that the water in glass ETSC is mostly used collector
Angeli et al. [39] studied the problem of among other evacuated collectors in solar water heater
development of salt concentration in a solar pond due to its simple construction and low manufacturing
with thermo diffusion contribution using cost. Morisson et al. [52] mentioned that the world
Computational Fluid Dynamics. market of solar water heater with ETSCs is
2.3.2.5 Solar Architecture significantly expanding due to the low cost
Kummert et al. [40] investigated the application manufacturing process of tubular solar collectors.
of optimal control to auxiliary heating of a passive 3.4 Snow Removal
solar commercial building based on the principle of ETSCs do not shed snow as the collector
anticipating the building behavior using a model and surface is not always warm, the tubes are insulator in
forecasting of disturbances in order to compute the nature and the collector surface is irregular which lets
control sequence that minimizes a given cost function the snow stick on tubes for a long time. As the glass
over the optimization horizon resulting in significant tubes are brittle, it is not possible to scrape off the
energy savings while improving the comfort level in accumulated snow which might make the system
the buildings. He. J et al. [41] presented the solar ineffective.
cooling strategies for tackling long, hot and humid 4. ETSC AS A REPLACEMENT FOR FPC
summer which consisted of a multi-functional solar ETSC has not provided any existent competition to
system and a method for indoor ventilation; the design FPC in the precedent years while ETSC has
included double walls and a triple roof in order to commercially existed for more than 20 years. In recent
remove heat by ventilation of the building envelope. times, there has been a major expansion of the
3. LIMITATIONS OF USING ETSC evacuated tube solar water heater market in China,
3.1 Over Heating Europe, and Japan as a result of globally growing
Generally there are various advantages, one of the industries of evacuated tube collectors. Several
advantages of ETSCs is that they are able to produce researchers have made an attempted to identify the
high range temperature and become much hotter than economic advantages of ETSC over FPC by
other collectors. This advantage become limitation for comparing the initial and maintenance cost as well as
domestic solar water heating or for solar space heating the payback period. Pappis et al. [53] carried out a
system as the high temperature can cause considerable research in Brazil regarding the economic and
problem when it exceeds boiling point of water hence environmental comparison between FPC and ETSC.
it is suggested for commercial applications. For They concluded that the ETSCs are the best option
domestic use, it is necessary to maintain the from the environmental perspective due to least impact
temperature below 100°C which continuously requires generated during the manufacturing process. Though,
plenty load on the system; otherwise weaknesses will FPC is preferable from the economic point of view as
be exposed in the material of evacuated tube due to greater investment is required for an ETSC system.
overheating and eventually the vacuum will be lost. Installing an ETSC is expensive in some countries but

it is an advanced technology at competitive price range of temperature due to negligible
which requires very less maintenance afterwards. convection and radiation losses, using Nano
Mostly used FPC is an old technology with higher fluids in ETSC is predictable to increase the
price and it requires high maintenance as well. Recent efficiency significantly.
huge production and large scale implementation of
evacuated tubes have proven this technology as 6. CONCLUSION
matured with 3 years payback period without any This paper mainly deals with the recent
subsidies. studies of ETSC and shows that this type collector has
5. FUTURE PROPOSED WORK ON ETSC great amount of potential in industrial, housing and
a. The working fluids such as Nano fluids, agricultural field. ETSC has been used for water
inside the evacuated pipe are in motion at heaters, solar cooker, solar pond, solar architecture, air
a slow speed as the fluid boundary layer conditioning, heating swimming pool, drying
agricultural products and for many other purposes.
is close to the pipe wall. For that reason, Generally an ETSC is highly recommended for higher
the heat transfer coefficient in heat temperature applications at the same time they can get
exchangers is limited as well as less. The higher temperatures effortlessly and are also able to
thickness of the boundary layer can be preserve heat even when the outside weather is cold.
reduced by creating a turbulent flow For the countries with good sunshine, an ETSC shows
excellent efficiency and the countries with cold
which requires turbulator to be located weather ETSC are very cost effective with outstanding
inside the pipes and here by the heat efficiency because of their freezing protection
transfer coefficient can be increased. characteristics. Using various kinds of working fluids
the performance of an ETSC is also evaluated and is
b. Previous studies have shown that the use summarized in this paper after analyzing the available
of Nano fluids in solar collectors reduces literatures on ETSC analysis. Performance of ETSC is
outstanding with Nano fluids as working fluid rather
CO2 as well as CO emissions and also than conventional working fluids such as water and
yearly electricity cost [54]. Since it is air. Some recommendations are drawn out for future
predictable that the efficiency of ETSC research. It is expected that it will be very useful for
will increase by using Nano fluids, an research scholar and professional working in the field
economic psychiatry can be done to get of exploration of new prospects in ETSC.
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RECENT ADVANCEMENT , APPLICATIONS AND
PERFORMANCE STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SOLAR DRYERS

1*
Manoj Kumar Gaur, 2Gaurav Saxena, 3Ankur Gupta, 4Anand Kushwah, 5Bachhoolal
1, 2 Mechanical Engineering Department, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, India
3, 4, 5 Automobile Engineering Department, Rustamji Institute of Technology, B.S.F. Academy, Tekanpur, Gwalior, India
E-mail: 1gmanojkumar@rediffmail.com
Contact number: +9194250203181
Abstract: Agricultural products are the essential need for human being, but due to increasing population of world, resources are
limited to fulfill requirements of everyone. Now a day’s solar drying is working efficiently for increasing the quality and life of
product by preservation of food and agriculture product such as fruits, vegetables, beans, rice, pulses, and nuts. Conventionally
agriculture products drying were accomplished by burning wood and fossil fuels or open sun drying under sun light. Although sun
is the ultimate source of energy and there is a need of exploit to sustain the growth of mankind. Solar dryer can reduces significant
amount of moisture and conservation of the products for longer time periods. Solar crop drying method gives more efficiency,
uniformity, healthy foods, low cost natural foods and need for sustainable income. Solar dryer is very useful in terms of energy
conservation point of view, but also saves a lot of time, occupying less area, improves product quality and personnel life style.
Application of dryers is not much popular due to high capital cost, long payback period, lack of awareness, and poor weather
condition. This review is an attempt to explore various kinds of solar drying system in terms of recent trends, performance study
and application to give practical knowledge to the researchers.
Keywords: Solar drying, Active mode solar dryer, Passive mode solar dryer, Direct solar dryer, Indirect solar dryer, Hybrid solar
dryer.
since many centuries for food preservation. It gives
1. INTRODUCTION microbiological stability and improves the quality of
Solar energy is huge source of energy available product. We can control the drying rate of product with
on the earth without any cost. We can use this energy the help of many factors such as solar radiation,
for storage and to dry the products. India is leading humidity, wind speed etc. [4]. Solar drying systems
country for agricultural products production i.e. about provide preservation process of domestic and
150 million tonnes per annum. Due to the increasing industrial sector food and agricultural products. It
rate of fuel consumption in agriculture it not only makes the food more useful, enhance the storage
become essential to save energy by application of the capacity, protects from environmental effects and
solar drying process but also by making significant reduces the cost of transportation. Solar dryer could be
usage of solar energy as a source for drying processes more efficient of the human being and give more profit
[1]. Various conventional techniques used in food to use it for drying purposes [5].
preservation are drying, refrigeration, freezing, The electricity consumption of agricultural field is
salting, sugaring, smoking, pickling but drying is growing very rapidly in the India as shown in Fig.1.
particularly most significant for developing countries
with low investment of money and thermal processing
facilities. It gives a dominant and practical output for
preservation to minimize the agricultural losses and
increase the life of product to reduce the shortage of
food [2].
Open sun drying is economical, but the product
obtained by it is of comparatively lower in quality due
to fouling by dust, insects, birds, pets and rain and loss
of vitamins, nutrients value and also colour changes
due to direct contact to ultraviolet rays, and it takes
more time to dry. Solar dryers are designed for
controlling the drying process and preservation of the
agricultural products from damage by insect pests,
dust and rain [3].
Drying is a process of removing the moisture
content from the food up to the safe limit. It is used
Source: Central Electricity Authority 2015

Fig.1. Sector wise electricity consumption growth in India
(GWh) [5].
The continual increase in demand of energy in the field 2. PREVIOUS STUDIES ON SOLAR
of agricultural applications shows the potential need of DRYERS
solar applications in agricultural field. Applications The researchers have studied on various models of
and performance of solar energy in drying is needed to solar dryers, experimental analysis on both passive as
be explored. well as active modes are done ,which are summarized
in Table 1.
Table 1: Summary of articles on development and significant research on solar dryers.
S. Researcher Year Significant Contribution/Outcomes
no.
1 Tiwari et al. [4] 2016 Reviewed development and recent trends in green house dryers.
2 Kant et al. [5] 2016 Reviewed and discussed about thermal energy storage based drying system.
3 Kumar et al. [6] 2016 Reviewed on different solar drying system in India.
4 Patil et al. [7] 2016 Reviewed on solar tunnel and greenhouse types dryers operating in natural and
forced convection mode.
5 Kumar et al. [8] 2016 Progresses in solar dryers for drying various commodities were studied.
6 Pirasteh et al. [9] 2014 Reviewed on development of solar drying application for industrial and
agricultural purpose.
7 Prakash et al. 2014 Reviewed on solar green house dryer for both active and passive mode.
[10]
8 Mustayen et al. 2014 Studied design, performance and application of different types of solar dryer for
[11] agricultural products.
9 Shalaby et al. 2014 Reviewed on various solar drying system using phase change materials as an
[12] energy storage medium.
10 salve et al. [13] 2014 Reviewed experimental analysis on various solar drying technologies for food
product.
11 Mehdi Hajian. 2013 Various aspects of Solar energy utilization in solar dryer were discussed.
[14]
12 Patel et al. [15] 2013 Reviewed Performance and development of various solar dryer.
13 Paul and Singh. 2013 Developments of Solar dryers for agricultural drying are discussed.
[16]
14 Pardhi et al. [17] 2013 Development and performance evaluation of mixed mode solar dryer with
forced convection are studied and presented.
15 Venkata Raman 2012 Reviewed on different types of solar drying technologies in developing
et al. [18] countries.
16 Gutii et al. [19] 2012 Presented Solar drying as an effective tool for food product preservation.
3. CLASSIFICATION OF SOLAR be divided into passive mode and active mode type of
DRYERS dryers. Classification of solar dryers is shown in Fig.
Solar drying is generally classified in two categories, 2.
open sun drying and closed sun drying. Solar dryer can

Fig.2. Classification of solar dryers [4].

3.1 Passive Mode Solar Dryer generate heat by absorbing solar radiation [4]. In direct
In passive mode solar dryers heated air flows solar dryer solar radiation is received by transparent
through the crop by buoyancy force and with the help material to heat up the drying product and decreases
of wind pressure. The heated air moves in upward the moisture content in the product. A part of the solar
direction due to thermosyphic effect and it is radiation is absorbed by the drying cabinet and other
exhausted through the roof of greenhouse or through part is reflected back. Absorbed radiation circulates in
the ventilation [4]. Jain and Tiwari [32] have drying chamber naturally or by wind pressure [30].
developed the green house dryer under passive mode Gbaha et al. [20] developed direct type of solar dryer
to dry cabbage and peas and repeated the same to perform experimental analysis and to analyse the
experiment for the same time and same amount of drying and heat balance behavior of cassava, bananas,
cabbage and peas dried in open sun drying as shown and mango as shown in Fig. 5.
in Fig. 3. Experimental analysis shows that drying rate
is much faster in open sun drying than the natural
convection. Various researchers have developed
different types of thermal models and conducted
experimental analysis in passive modes of solar drying
(summarized in Table 3).
Fig.5. Direct solar dryer using a thermal circulator developed

by Gbaha et al. [20].
3.4 Indirect Solar Dryer

Fig.3 Experimental setup for open sun drying and greenhouse In indirect solar dryer solar radiation is
drying under passive mode [32].
received by solar collector and transferred to the dryer
3.2 Active Mode Solar Dryer cabinet. Mohanraj and Chandrasekar [21] designed
In active mode solar dryer crop is dried with an indirect solar dryer incorporated with various
the help of forced circulation generated by a fan or sensible heat storage materials for chili drying as
blower operated by electrical energy. This requirement shown in Fig. 6. The results of experimental analysis
is fulfilled either by the PV module or grid energy [4]. shows that moisture content of chili was reduced to
Tiwari et al. [33] have developed the thermal model 9.1% wb at an air flow rate of 0.25kg/s in a day. The
under the active mode for drying jaggery, setup shown drying efficiency obtained was 21%. Moisture content
in Fig. 4. Result shows that drying rate is high in active present in the various crops is listed in Table 2.
mode than the natural convection. The various
researchers have developed different types of thermal
models and conducted experimental analysis in active
mode of solar drying (Summarized in Table 4).
Fig.4. Setup of green house dryer under active mode [33].
3.3 Direct Solar Dryer

Direct solar dryer is a box type or cabinet
Fig.6. Indirect forced convection solar dryer [21].
type dryer covered with transparent material used to

Table 2: Moisture content present in different types
of crops [40].
Crop Initial Final Maximum
moisture moisture allowable
content content temp. (°c)
(wb %) (wb %)
Paddy raw 22-24 11 50
Paddy, 30-35 13 50
parboiled
Maize 35 15 60
Wheat 20 16 45
Corn 24 14 50
Rice 24 11 50
Pulses 20-22 9-10 40-60
Oil seed 20-25 7-9 40-60
Green peas 80 5 65
Fig.7. Setup of conventional PVT mixed mode dryer [23].
Cauliflower 80 6 65
Carrot 70 5 75 4. ADVANCES IN SOLAR DRYER
Green beans 70 5 75 Solar drying is most effective process for
Onion 80 4 55 drying the products. But it is not much reliable due to
Garlic 80 4 55 the varying nature of solar energy. This difficulty can
Cabbage 80 4 55 be overcome by storing solar energy in the form of
Sweet 75 7 75 sensible and latent heat [50].
potato Sensible heat storage system stores the thermal energy
Potatoes 75 7 75 by raising the temperature of a liquid or solid. The heat
Chilies 80 5 65 capacity of the material is used by the system, in this
Apricot 85 18 65 temperature of the material increases during charging
Apples 80 24 70 and decreases during discharging. The amount of heat
Grapes 80 15-20 70 stored depends on the amount, specific heat and
Bananas 80 15 70 temperature change of the material [51]. Jain [52]
Guavas 80 7 65 studied on natural air flow solar crop dryer with
Okra 80 20 65 reversed absorber plate type collector. Study shows
Pineapple 80 10 65 that the thermal storage of materials affect natural
Tomatoes 96 10 60 mass flow rate in the drying system. The reversed
Brinjal 95 6 60 absorber, packed bed, inclined absorber and dryer are
shown in Fig.8.
3.5 Mixed mode solar dryer
Mixed mode solar dryer is a combination of
both direct and indirect type of solar dryer and it is
used when faster drying rate is required. In this type of
dryer solar radiation is absorbed by both flat plate air
collector and drying chamber [22]. Tiwari et al. [23]
evaluated the performance of a conventional PV/T
mixed mode dryer under no load condition as shown
in Fig. 7. Experimental analysis in terms of thermal
energy, exergy, and electrical energy for five different
cities of India (New Delhi, Bangalore, Mumbai,
Srinagar, and Jodhpur) shows that the Jodhpur is the
best place for installing mixed mode dryers. The
percentage variation of annual performance gain for
four types of weather conditions are 15.5%, 23.9%,
35.3%, and 25.1%, respectively in respect to national
city New Delhi.
Fig.8. Schematic view of reversed absorber natural convective
solar crop dryer with thermal storage system [52].

Table 3: Summary of significant review / research carried out on passive mode greenhouse solar dryers.
S. no. Researcher Year Product/Crop Significant Contribution/Outcomes
1 Mennouche 2014 Deglet nour Direct solar dryer with chimney was developed to vaporize hard
et al. [24] dates deglet nour dates.
2 Prakash and 2012 Jaggery ANFIS model was used to predict the jaggery temperature,
kumar [25] greenhouse temperature and mass of jaggery during drying.
Experimental analysis shows that ANFIS is better than thermal
modeling.
3 Ronoh et al. 2010 Amaranthu Amaranthu creuntus grain was dried in solar tent dryer under
[26] creuntus grain natural drying. Results shows that drying process was more
effective and crop was more nutrient and hygienic in natural
mode.
4 Tiwari et al. 2009 Fish Exergy and energy analysis of green house solar dryer was done
[27] for drying of fish.
5 Madhlopa 2007 Pineapple slice Experimental analysis of natural convection in indirect type solar
and Ngwalo dryer is done. Tests were carried out for three modes of heat
[28] transfer.
6 Kumar and 2006 Jaggery Thermal modeling was proposed for greenhouse solar dryer of
Tiwari [29] even span roof for jaggery drying. Mass of jaggery, and green
house temperature during drying process were studied.
7 Koyuncu 2006 Pepper Carried out test on two new different type of heavy duty green
[30] house solar dryer for drying pepper. Result shows that
performance of drying was 2.5 times more efficient than OSD.
8 Sacilik et al. 2006 Tomato Proposed ten different mathematical model of Solar tunnel green
[31] house dryer for drying the tomato, find out effect of low drying
rate on nutrient of food.
9 Tiwari and 2004 Cabbage and Experiment was carried out to find convective heat transfer
jain [32] pea coefficient (ℎ𝑐 ). The value of (ℎ𝑐 ) was high in passive drying than
OSD for both crops.
10 Tiwari et 2004 Jaggery The drying of low moisture content crop such as jaggery in the
al.[33] greenhouse dryer were studied .Initially the value of ℎ𝑐 is high
but as drying process continued, value of ℎ𝑐 decreased.
11 Farhat et al. 2004 Pepper Carried out analysis on pepper dried in polyethylene greenhouse
[34] dryer. In this process moisture was reduced by 83%.
12 Nijmeh et al. 1998 Dried food for Two types of dryers was investigated one of them is radiative
[35] animal convective type and second was solar boiler dryer. Proposed that
Solar boiler type dryer is more efficient in prospects of food
quality and quantity.
13 Shove [36] 1977 Grain Reviewed on grain drying with the help of different types of solar
collectors and concluded that suspended flat plate is more
effective than the bared or cover plate collector.
Latent heat storage system is another advancement in

solar dryers and is based on the absorption or rejection
of latent heat at a constant temperature. In this system
storage material changes own phase from solid to
liquid, liquid to gas or vice versa hence phase change
materials are used in latent heat storage system [53].
Dina et al. [54] studied the effectiveness of solar dryer
combined with absorptive thermal energy storage for
drying cocoa beans. Result shows that the drying times
for intermittent directs sun drying, solar dryer
integrated with an adsorbent and solar dryer integrated
with absorbent were 55 h, 41 h, and 30 h, respectively.

Fig.9. Experimental setup of solar dryer (a), drying tray (b) and
thermal resistance analogy of solar collector (c) [54].
Table 4: Summary of significant review / research on active mode greenhouse solar dryer.
S. No. Researcher Year Product/Crop Significant Contribution/Outcomes
1 Mustayen et 2014 Crops The research was focused on solar dryer models that are
al. [11] applicable for producing better quality dried product.
2 Mustapha et 2014 Fish Reviewed that solar dryer are best device for better product
al. [37] quality, environment and socio-economic. Solar dryers can be
useful for less payback period and low cost.
3 Rathore and 2010 Grapes Carried out analysis on drying of chemically untreated grapes in
panwar [38] walk-in type cylindrical tunnel dryer under active mode and OSD.
Results shows that dried grapes under active mode are more
hygienic than OSD, including shortage period of drying time.
4 Janjai et al. 2009 Peeled longan Concluded that drying rate is much better in forced convection
[39] and banana than OSD.
5 Sharma et 2009 Crops Concluded that active drying system are best system, to improve
al. [40] product quality reduces spoilage and also hygiene in rural area.
6 Nayak and 2008 Air Conducted energy and exergy analysis of photovoltaic thermal
Tiwari [41] integrated greenhouse dryer. Exergy analysis calculations show
an exergy efficiency level of approximately 4%.
7 Das and 2008 Fish Study of convective heat mass transfer coefficient (hc) under
Tiwari [42] active mode is done by means of moisture evaporated, fish
temperature, wind velocity and reactive humidity. Result shows
that drying rate is faster in active mode.
8 Mohamed et 2008 Gelidium Effect of air flow rate and air temperature on the Gelidium
al. [43] Sesquipedelis Sesquipedelis drying kinetics was carried out in solar dryer.
9 Barnwal and 2008 Grapes Analysis of drying in a large size hybrid PV/T green house solar
Tiwari [44] dryer under active mode was done for grapes drying. The drying
performance was much better than natural green house dryer.
11 Hussain and 2007 Red and green Experimentally calculated the reduction in drying time as
Bala [45] chili compared to OSD.
12 Kumar and 2007 Onion Experimentally shows that there is a significant effect of mass on
Tiwari [46] convective mass transfer coefficient for open as well as
greenhouse drying in a green house of even span
roof under active mode.
13 Kumar and 2006 Jaggery Presented the thermal modelof green house solar dryer under
Tiwari [47] active mode for jaggery having even span roof .This model was
used for predicting jaggery temperature, green house room
temperature and mass of jaggery.
14 Condori et 2002 Pepper Result shows that double drying chamber are 83% more effective.
al. [48]
15 Condori and 2001 Sweet Pepper Conducted study on low cost tunnel dryer under active mode of
Saravia [49] and Garlic drying for sweet pepper and garlic .Result shows that drying rate
more efficient for proposed design.

5. APPLICATON OF SOLAR DRYER
Solar drying is used in various commercial and pharmaceutical processes. Some studies are available
agricultural applications. Different types of crops are on the application of solar drying in the industries, and
dried with the help of heated air such as paddy, oil more research works on drying are required for
seed, carrot, herb and spices, and vegetables. different materials and processes. We can save
Commercial applications includes industrial approximately 12% of the total energy used in the
applications of solar drying such as drying of porous manufacturing process which is consumed by the
materials, bricks, leather, wood and timber, textile, drying system by using solar dryer [55]. Summary of
cement, polymers, paper and allied products, tea, dairy different application of solar dryer is listed in Table 5.
products, waste-water treatment, sewage sludge, and
Table 5: Summary of research on various applications of solar drying.

S. Researcher Industry Significant Outcomes
no. Name
1 Hasanbeigi Textile To manufacture 1tonn of textile products, around 20m3 of water is required.
[56] industry Solar drying could be accomplished for drying and saving of large amount of
water wastage in textile industry.
2 Hajizadeh et Clay brick In the manufacturing process of clay brick initially clay brick contains
al. [57] production approximately 20–25% (wet basis) moisture and during placing of kiln
industry moisture content approximately between 8% and 12% (wet basis). Energy is
required 100 kcal/kg for drying brick. which can be saved efficiently by solar
application.
3 Madlool et Cement Dryers can automatically increase the thermal efficiency in the cement industry.
al. [58] industry Suggested Pre-heater which can be used heat for drying the raw materials
before entering them into the kiln.
4 Bennamoun Waste water Suggested that drying process which is initial phase after the mechanical
[59] treatment dewatering in waste water treatment. It can be completed by filtration or
centrifugation. In sewage sludge dry solid content can be reduced to less than
5% and the cost of storage, handling, transportation, and land filling can be
reduced.
5 Rosen [60] Wood and The energy required for drying solid wood and timber products is around 1.5–
timber 3 times more than the heat of vaporization of pure water, that is, 2.3MJ/kg
industry (1000Btu/lb).Suggested the application of solar drying in wood and timber
industries.
6 Ruslan et Biomass fuel Conducted study on solar drying of oil palm fronds using a solar dryer
al.[61] consisting of a double-pass solar collector with finned absorber, blower,
auxiliary heater, and dry chamber. The proposed setup decreases the moisture
content of the fronds from 60% (wet basis) to 10% (product basis), and the
collector, drying system, and pick-up efficiencies were 31%, 19%, and67%,
respectively.
7 Atkins et al. Dairy In the dairy industry milk contains approximately 13% of the total solid, after
[62] industry concentration process this amount reaches 50% before entering the spray dryer
at 80°C. Proposed the usage of 200°C hot air in spray dryer to transform the
milk into powder .The final moisture content of the milk powder can be reduced
up to 3%.
8 Ekechukwu Agricultural Provided a comprehensive study of the behavior of large scale, integral type,
et al. [63] crops drying and natural circulation solar energy dryer for use in tropical regions.
6. CONCLUSION
This paper deals with the study of design, advances, direct, indirect, mixed-mode, active, and passive
performance and application of various types of solar dryers used for drying various agricultural
solar dryers presently available. These are the products such as fruits, vegetables, oil seed, herbs

and spices. Significant research and development of and reduces the losses of solar dryer during night
solar drying technology are progressively discussed. time. Researchers have suggested that heat storage
Solar drying technology has become popular in system can be used in different types of commercial
developing country and solved the problem of open and domestic applications of solar drying. Solar
sun drying (OSD). The main problem occurring in dryers are emerging as an alternative for
solar dryer is the storage of the heat. In recent conventional methods of heat generation and are
years advance research is going on in the field of also beneficial in industrial and agricultural sector
heat storage system and this is also emerging as a such as food, dairy, cement, waste water treatment,
popular area of research in solar drying. In solar textile, wood and timber for achieving better drying
drying storage of energy is done in the form of heat performance. It is important to mention that solar
and it gives the higher thermal energy storage energy is available in ample amount to fulfill the
density. This heat is used to improve the efficiency, need of energy consumption of various applications
energy stability, drying time, thermal conductivity of solar dryer, reviewed in the article.
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HOMER optimization review and performance of hybrid energy systems

electrification in Rapadiya village
Anand Singha*, Prashant Baredara
a
Energy Centre, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal – 462003, India.
*
Corresponding Author Email.Id. anand24883singh@gmail.com
Abstract: - In this paper review and performance sources consisting of biomass, photo voltaic PV,
analysis of hybrid energy system has been wind, micro hydro plants, battery, super
proposed for Rapadiya village. The data related capacitor, fuel cell sources are extra tremendous
to solar diffraction of the thorp at some point of as these can suppress rapid modifications of the
the 12 months has additionally been collected. output electricity and additionally produce
Based over it history data, the dictation is greater secure power [5]. Fig.1 shown that block
optimized the usage of HOMER software, diagram of biomass gasifier and solar
subjected after a number constraints, and photovoltaic HRES. The literature noted exhibit
optimum sizing about the dictation components up to expectation various studies, as good
bear been select therefore namely in accordance greatness methodologies, or practicability yet
with limit the per unit cost. The near feasible techno- financial analyses concerning photo
HES consists regarding a eighth kW downdraft voltaic /fuel cell/biomass/battery power
biomass gasifier accept care of year monitoring structures are conducted along mathematical
technology 26386 kW, 16 kW solar photovoltaic strategies or HOMER simulation code within
through 12 months limit era 28510 kW various countries. At some stage in this study, an
Keywords: Biomass gasifier, Solar PV, exam is made according to keep outdoors a
Optimization, Hybrid Energy. techno- economic feasibility study and an
1 Introduction excellent style over an self-sufficient hybrid
Energy has been universally diagnosed namely biomass gasifier, solar photovoltaic and battery
some about the just imperative parameters installation victimization HOMER simulation
because of financial boom and ethnical software, so well as much the mathematical
development. [1]. globally, electricity sectors model adoption into idea the outcomes
basically on conventional strength assets (coal, concerning close temperatures, the load
oil, gasoline etc.) for its electricity requirements variations or PV module bank angles for an
[2]. However, the use of conventional energy Makroniya muhal village. The reminder of the
assets leads to environmental and social troubles paper is organized as follows. Site description,
such as global warming, acid rain, health issues resource assessment and load profile in section 2.
to human beings etc. Renewable power assets Proposed simulation model and economic
(solar, wind, biomass, micro hydro etc.) offer analysis discuss in section 3. Results discuss in
substantial economic, environmental and social section 4. Finally, the conclusion of this work is
benefits [3]. The application of renewable presented in section 5.
electricity can furnish a sustainable access to
electricity to customers in householder in rural
area, irrigation, food preservation, cooling and
small scale industries [4]. The other extra
promising renewable electricity systems are the
off grid or standalone hybrid energy system. This
device combines multiple renewable power
sources in imitation of extend the reliability that Fig.1. shown that block diagram of biomass gasifier and
solar photovoltaic HES
can't stand ensured along an odd renewable
power source. The combination of multiple

2. Literature Review Sendangsari village, Minggir sub district. Fish
Bahramara S et.al. . In this paper World energy farming carried out by individuals or groups. By
consumption is rising due to population growth and 2010, this area accounts for 77.2 % of total fish
increasing industrialization. Traditional energy resources
cannot meet these requirements with notice to their
production in Sleman, Yogyakarta. One of the
challenges, e.g. Greenhouse gas emission and high problems of fish growing in ponds is the
lifecycle costs. Renewable energy resources are the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the
appropriate alternatives for traditional resources to meet water. In the fish farming business, the ability to
the increasing energy consumption, especially in electricity maintain water quality is the key of improving
sector. Integration of renewable energy resources with
traditional fossil-based resources besides storages creates
fishery production capacity. The solution to
Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRESs). To access maintaining water quality is the implementation
minimum investment and operation costs and also meet the of the aeration with renewable energy source.
technical and emission constraints, optimal size of HRES's Based on the geographical region, fish pond
equipment should be determined. One of the most powerful located away from power lines. So, it is necessary
tools for this purpose is Hybrid Optimization Model for
Electric Renewables (HOMER) software that was
to use local potentials of renewable energy such
developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory as solar energy. The annual average solar
(NREL), United States. This software has widely been used radiation in Indonesia is 4.5 kWh/m2/day with
by many researchers around the world. In this paper a 9% monthly variation. The main objective of the
review of the state-of-the-art of researches, which use present study is to design the optimum sizing of
HOMER for optimal planning of HRES, is
presented[6].Mahbub MS et.al. in this work Energy plays
electric power design to support the electricity
a key factor in the advancement of humanity. As energy demand of fish pond aeration system. Applied
demands are mostly met by fossil fuels, the world-wide methodology provides a simple approach for
consciousness grows about their negative impact on the sizing electricity system using HOMER software
environment. Therefore, it becomes necessary to design (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric
sustainable energy systems by introducing renewable
energies. Because of the intermittent availability of
Renewables) to fulfill the requirement of 450
different renewable resources, the designing of a Wh/day primary load with 1.692 Wh/day peak
sustainable energy system should find an optimal mix of load. The result of the analysis is a list of feasible
different resources. However, the optimization of this configuration power system sorted according to
combination has to deal with a number of possibly the cost of energy (COE). The result show the
contradictory objectives. Multi-objective evolutionary
algorithms (MOEA) are widely used to solve this kind of
optimal sizing of photovoltaic 1 kW, 8 battery of
problems. As optimizing an energy system by using a 200 Ah and inverter 0,2 kW. This is the most
MOEA is computationally costly, it is necessary to solve economically feasible and least cost of energy
the problem efficiently. For this purpose, we propose the (COE) is about 0,769 $/kWh[8].Silveira EF et,al.
incorporation of domain knowledge related to energy This work presents different hybrid energy
systems into different phases (i.e., initialization and
mutation) of a MOEA run. The proposed approaches are
scenarios for local electricity supply in Fernando
implemented for two widely used MOEAs and evaluated de Noronha Archipelago-Brazil. One considers
on the Danish Aalborg test problem. The experimental different generating solutions for energy systems
results show that each approach individually achieves ranging from totally fossil fuel based to all
significant improvements of the energy systems, which is renewable sources. The scenarios are constructed
expressed in better trade-off sets. Moreover, a state-of-the-
art stopping criterion is adapted to detect the convergence
using local database measurements; real
in order to save computational resources. Finally, all equipment data and a micro-grid hybrid system
proposed techniques are merged within two MOEAs with modeling (using HOMER Software). The
the result that our combined approaches yield significantly modeling and simulation consider the evaluation
better results in less time than generic approaches[7] of different sizes and quantities of energetic
Prasetyaningsari I et al. Aquaculture centers in components and the variation in the availability
Yogyakarta located in Sleman District. The main of the natural resources (wind and solar). A
contributors to fish farming in Sleman came from Hybrid solution with 67% participation of

renewable energy was found feasible for the of hybrid energy system, while guaranteeing the
island and the impact of changing the local availability of energy. A diesel generator is added
vehicle fleet from combustion to electric traction to ensure uninterrupted power supply due to the
was also addressed [9].Sadrul Islam et, al. intermittent nature of wind and solar resources.
St.Martins island is the small island in the Bay Due to the complexity of the hybrid energy
of Bengal about 9km south of the main land of system design with nonlinear integral planning,
Bangladesh live there and fishing is their BBO algorithm is used to solve the problem. The
primary livelihood. Since the island is far away developed BBO Algorithm has been applied to
from the main land grid connection is almost design the wind/ PV hybrid energy systems to
impossible in terms of cost and geographic supply a located in the area of Jaipur, Rajasthan
location. However, the electricity demand is (India). Conventional methods require
partly fulfilled by stand alone diesel generators. calculation at every single combination of sizing,
In this study, an attempt has been made to model operation strategy and the data for each variation
a hybrid electricity generation system for a small of component needs to be entered manually and
community of the island. This system execute separately. Results show that the hybrid
incorporates a combination of solar PV, wind energy systems can deliver energy in a stand-
turbine, battery and diesel generator. HOMER alone installation with an acceptable cost. It is
software is used to analyze and find out the clear from the results that the proposed BBO
optimum configuration among a set of systems method has excellent convergence property,
for electricity requirement for 100 households require less computational time and can avoid the
and 10 shops. The system must satisfy the shortcoming of premature convergence of other
requirements of 78 kWh/day primary load with optimization techniques to obtain the better
20 kW peak load. Sensitivity analysis is also solution [11].
done to see the impact of solar insolation, PV
investment cost, wind speed and diesel fuel price 3. Identification of Site
on the optimum result. Solar PV (8 kWp), 2 wind
turbines (3 kW) each, diesel generator (15 kW) The selected site for the research work is
and 25 batteries (800Ah each) hybrid system is Rapadiya, which is a small unelectrified village
found to be the best among all the configuration located Madhya Pradesh .Misrod railway station
in terms of cost of electricity (COE).This is the nearest railway station from Rapadiya[10].
configuration gives lowest COE Tk 26.54 / kWh The straight line distance from Rapadiya to
(US$ 0.345/kWh) and total net present cost Misrod railway station is around 5.6 kilometer
(NPC) of Tk 10,620,388 (USD$ 137,927) with a Bhopal district in Madhya Pradesh, India.
renewable fraction of 31%. This system can 4. Estimation of Load Profile
reduce CO 2 emission by about14 tons per year For the identified un-electrified village, an
compared to diesel generator only[10].Kumar R Hybrid energy system based on Solar PV and
et, al The stand-alone energy system having a Biomass gasifier has been proposed for reliable
photovoltaic (PV) panels or wind turbines have power supply. Based on the population of the
low reliability and high cost as compared with village and their energy requirement, the load
wind/PV hybrid energy system. In this study, profile is estimated. The energy requirements in
Biogeography Based Optimization (BBO) such areas can be classified as domestic,
algorithm is developed for the prediction of the agricultural, commercial and street lighting. For
optimal sizing coefficient of wind/ PV hybrid domestic purposes, electricity is required for
energy system in remote areas. BBO algorithm is appliances like tube light, compact fluorescent
used to evaluate optimal component sizing and lamp (CFL), fan, radio, TV etc. For agricultural
operational strategy by minimizing the total cost purposes, electricity is mainly required for water

pumping system. Commercial applications
include CFL, fans, flour mill etc. The street light
load is considered to be CFL based. Figure 3.1HOMER Simulation Model of the Proposed
HES
The energy requirements in the village vary from
season to season. Therefore in this study, yearly
data has been divided into three seasons, 6. SIMULATION RESULTS
depending on the demand and energy As per the above given input parameters and
consumption pattern: winter season (October to constraints, simulation has been carried out using
January), summer season (February to May), HOMER and the results of the same have been
rainy season (June to September). The peak given in fig.4.
requirements of the load dictate the system size
and hence the operation of both the water pumps
and flour mills are staggered so that, the peak
load of the system is 8 kW
Fig.4. Net present cost of proposed hybrid

energy system
Figure 2: Load Profile for a one day

5. Homer Simulation Model
The simulation model developed using HOMER
consists of a solar PV array, Biomass gasifier and
battery there are two main sources of energy in
this system: solar PV and Biomass gasifiers is Fig.5. power sharing and load analysis of
operated when there is a lack of power generated proposed hybrid energy system
by the solar PV system. Although the battery is 7. Conclusions
an energy storage device, it acts as a source of In this paper aH Solar PV-Biomass gasifier
energy when the load demands additional energy hybrid energy has been proposed for Rapadiya
which cannot be satisfied by the two main hamlet then its burden sketch has been estimated.
sources. The system architecture of this Hybrid The records related to solar painting regarding
energy system is shown in Figure 3. the village throughout the year has additionally
been collected. Based on this background data,
the law is optimized the use of HOMER
software, subjected according to various
constraints, and choicest sizing about the law
components hold been selected hence as after
decrease the by soloist virtue .HES consists
concerning a eighth kW downdraft biomass
gasifier set per yr power generation 26386 kW,
sixteen kW photo voltaic photovoltaic by yr limit
era 28510 kW .total control era 54896 kW by

year along according to achieve the minimal total energy systems using HOMER: A review.
internet existing virtue yet worth over electricity Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2016;62:609–20.
with nothing percentage capacity shortage.20 doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.039.
years cost analysis regarding HES one of a kind [7] Mahbub MS, Wagner M, Crema L.
component. The NPC regarding the HES yet CoE Incorporating domain knowledge into the
are 61494 $, 0.117$/kWh . optimization of energy systems. Appl Soft
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Theoretical and experimental comparison of inside and outside surfaces of

glass cover temperatures in a single basin single slope solar still in climatic
condition of central part of India
Abhay Agrawal 1,* , R. S. Rana 2
1. Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rewa Engineering College, Rewa, MP, India
2. Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology,
Bhopal, MP, India
abhayagrawalgec@gmail.com
ravindrarana74@gmail.com
*Corresponding author at: P-2, Engineering College Colony, University Road, Rewa, M.P. 486002, India.
Tel.: +91 9425755188 (mobile).
E-mail address: abhayagrawalgec@gmail.com (Abhay Agrawal)
Abstract: A theoretical and experimental 1. Introduction

study was conducted at Rewa, M.P., India Pure drinking water is very necessary
(Latitude: 24°33' 20.81'' N, Longitude: for all living species. It is the essence of life.
81°18' 49.1'' E). This paper presents the It is most important constituent of the
theoretical and experimental comparison of environment. Water is a basic human need
inside and outside surfaces of glass cover for domestic, industrial and agricultural
temperatures in a single basin single slope purposes. Fresh and healthy water
solar still. For 4 cm basin water depth, the availability is still one of the major problems
theoretical and experimental values of inner in our vindhy region (Rewa). More than two-
and outer glass cover temperatures of solar thirds of the earth’s surface is covered with
still are obtained greater than the basin water water. Most of the available water is either
depth of 8 cm. Inner glass cover temperature present as seawater or icebergs in the Polar
is slightly higher than the outer glass cover Regions. More than 97% of the earth’s water
temperature due to cooling of outer side of is salty; rest around 2.6% is fresh water. Less
glass cover by atmospheric air. For solar still, than 1% fresh water is within human reach
daily distillate output decreased with increase and nearly all of this is polluted by both
in basin water depth. The theoretical value of diseases and toxic chemicals. For this reason,
daily distillate output for 4 cm and 8 cm basin purification of water supplies is extremely
water depth is 3.90 kg/m2 and 3.17 kg/m2 in important. Solar Energy is freely available
day hours respectively, and for the same and can be used as a very cheap option to
basin water depth, experimental value is convert saline ground water through solar
around 2.61 kg/m2 and 2.1 kg/m2 in day distillation, by using solar stills. Solar still is
hours respectively. A good agreement easy to fabricate, can be done by local people
between the theoretical and the experimental from locally available materials, simple in
results are observed. operation by unskilled Personnel, no hard
maintenance requirements and almost no
Keywords: Single sloped solar still; Inner operating cost. It is very suitable for the
and outer glass cover; Distillate output; Basin undeveloped and remote areas where electric
water depth power is not available. Solar still working is
very simple; a transparent cover

(glass/plastic) encloses a pan or box of saline black ink and observed an increase in the
water and latter store solar energy within the distillate yield between 35 to 60 per cent. The
enclosure. This heats up the water, causing influence of the wind speed on some designs
evaporation and condensation on the inner of solar still was investigated by Sebaii et al.
face of the sloping transparent cover. This [10].
distilled water is generally drinkable; the Different absorbing surfaces and
quality of the distillate water is very high materials were tested by many researchers.
because all the salts, inorganic and organic The use of black rubber sheet and black
components and microbes are left behind in
the pan. gravel as storage media gave a daily distillate
A lot of researchers have studied the output of 3.5 Kg/m2 as observed by Nafey et
various designs of solar still to enhance the al. [11]. Naim and Abdelkawi [12] obtained
amount of distillate output and efficiencies. an increase in the evaporation rate by using
Therefore, many modified designs of solar charcoal particles as heat absorber medium.
still are proposed in the literature. Dunkle [1]
proposed the heat equations of heat and mass The sponge cubes were applied in saline
transfer relations and empirical relations of water by Hijleh and Rababa’h [13] to
convective and evaporative heat transfer improve the rate of evaporation. Tiwari and
coefficient for a single basin solar still. The Tiwari [14] had investigated the effect of
calculation of glass cover temperature for a water depth on heat and mass transfer of a
given ambient and basin water temperature
had been solved by heat balance equations passive type solar still and observed that the
with the help of trial and error method. Lof et productivity varies inversely with the basin
al. [2] had analyzed the climatic and water depth. Velmurugan et al. [15]
operational parameters on the various designs augmented the output of a solar still by
of solar still for improving the working and integrating the fins at the basin plate of the
productivity. Morse and Read [3] proposed
the graphical method for determining the solar still. The effect of PCM as storage
performance of a solar still by means of material on the performance of the solar still
characteristic chart. Cooper [4-5] determined was studied by Sebaii et al. [16]. Tanaka [17]
the maximum efficiency of single effect, had conducted an experimental study with
horizontal solar stills and investigated the the internal and external reflectors and
various parameters of still under transient
operation with greenhouse effect by observed an increase in the yield by 70 to 80
simulation technique. Experiments were percent in the winter season, when the
carried out on the output of a solar still by reflector was inclined slightly forward.
using of the different dyes by Sodha et al. (6) Eldalil [18] achieved an enhancement in the
found that black and violet dyes are more still performance by using vibratory
effective than other dyes for large basin water
mass. Kumar and Tiwari [7] had conducted a harmonic effect due to which the productivity
study on the estimation of convective mass increased to 5.85 l/m2 per day and average
transfer in the solar distillation system. Hijleh daily efficiency to 60%. Sakthivel et al. [19],
[8] got an increase in the still performance by worked on a regenerative solar still, in which,
water film cooling of the glass cover. Akash the jute cloth was used as energy storage
et al. [9] applied different types of absorber
materials like rubber mat, black dye and medium and the latent heat of condensation

accumulated within the air gap was utilized. In the present work, theoretical and
The effect of fins and wicks was investigated experimental study on solar still glass cover
by a number of scientists. Murugavel and temperatures (inner and outer surfaces)
conducted during the summer season in
Srithar [20] investigated the effect of central Indian location. The results obtained
different wick materials on the performance from the theoretical and the experimental
of a double sloped solar still. They found that study are compared and presented
the rectangular aluminum fins covered with
black cotton cloth and arranged in lengthwise 2. Theoretical model of a solar still
direction were more effective than the other Thermal models can be developed
orientations. Setoodeh et al. [21] applied based on the energy balances for various
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for components of the still. The following
modeling and determining the heat transfer assumptions have been made in writing the
coefficients in a basin type still. Omara et heat balance equation for the different parts
al.[22] conducted an experimental study with of the design.
the fins and compared the performances of (i) No leakage of vapor from solar still.
the finned and corrugated stills with the (ii) The thermal capacity of glass cover and
conventional still at the same water depth and insulating material are negligible as compare
the same water quantity. They observed that, to basin water.
the finned and the corrugated still performed (iii) Heat loss from the sides and bottom is
better than the conventional still due to negligible.
increased absorber surface area. (iv) The inclination of glass cover of a solar
Rajamanickam and Ragupathy [23] had still is very small.
investigated the effect of water depth on the The energy balance in the solar still
internal heat and mass transfer in a double can be expressed as,
slope solar still. Srivastava and Agrawal [24]
had investigated the adverse effect of 𝛼𝑔 𝐼 + 𝛼𝑤 𝜏𝑔 𝐼 = 𝑞𝑏𝑤𝑎 + 𝑞𝑔𝑎 +
crookedness of the distillate channel and the 𝑑𝑇
𝑐𝑤 ( 𝑑𝑡𝑤 )
scattering of incident sunrays by the
condensate droplets on the glass cover of a (3.1)
low cover slope still. They observed that a
slight upward bend of the distillate channel at
the mid section may significantly reduce the
The glass cover receives heat from the basin
performance of a solar still and more
water and the incident radiation. The heat
predominantly in the summer season. balance for the glass cover can be expressed
Srivastava and Agrawal [25] had conducted a as,
theoretical and experimental study on basin
type still with multiple low thermal inertia
floating porous absorbers and had observed
an increase in the distillate output by 68%.

𝑞𝑔𝑎 = 𝑞𝑐𝑤𝑔 + 𝑞𝑒𝑤𝑔 + 𝑞𝑟𝑤𝑔 + 𝛼𝑔 𝐼 𝑞𝑟𝑤𝑔 = ℎ𝑟𝑤𝑔 (𝑇𝑤 – 𝑇𝑔 )
(3.2) (3.6)
The convective heat transfer between the Where, the radiative heat transfer coefficient
basin water and the glass cover can be
can be obtained by the relation,
calculated from the following expression,
𝑞𝑐𝑤𝑔 = ℎ𝑐𝑤𝑔 (𝑇𝑤 – 𝑇𝑔 ) ℎ𝑟𝑤𝑔 = 0.9 𝜎 [(𝑇𝑤 + 273)4 – (𝑇𝑔 +

273)4 ] / (𝑇𝑤 – 𝑇𝑔 )
(3.3) (3.7)
The energy balance equations of the inner

Where the convective heat transfer surface and outer surface of glass cover are
coefficient is calculated by an empirical
relation, which is given by Dunkle [1] given as,
ℎ𝑐𝑤𝑔 = 0.884 [ (𝑇𝑤 – 𝑇𝑔 ) + 𝑇𝑔𝑖 = (𝛼𝑔 𝐼𝑎𝑣 + ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑔 𝑇𝑤 + ℎ𝑡𝑔𝑎 (𝑇𝑎 )𝑎𝑣 )/
(𝑃𝑤 − 𝑃𝑔 ) (𝑇𝑤 + 273)

1/3 (ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑔 + ℎ𝑡𝑔𝑎 )
]
(268.9 ×103 − 𝑃𝑤 ) (3.8)
(3.4)
𝑇𝑔𝑜 = [(𝐾𝑔 /𝑡𝑔 )𝑇𝑔𝑖 + ℎ𝑡𝑔𝑎 𝑇𝑎 ]/((𝐾𝑔 /𝑡𝑔 ) +

The evaporative heat transfer between the
ℎ𝑡𝑔𝑎 )
basin water and the glass cover can be
obtained from the relation, (3.9)
𝑞𝑒𝑤𝑔 = 16.28 × ℎ𝑒𝑤𝑔 × (𝑇𝑤 – 𝑇𝑔 )

The amount of distillate per hour per square
meter can be obtained from the relation,
(3.5)
𝑞𝑒𝑤𝑔
𝑚𝑤 = ℎ𝑓𝑔
The radiative heat transfer between the basin
water and the glass cover can be given as,
(3.10)

The overall efficiency of the still is given by sheets. A PVC tube is fitted at the rear wall
of the still for feeding the water for the basin.
the relation,
Underground water with total
dissolved solids (TDS) of around 1043 mg/l
𝑞𝑒𝑤𝑔 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
is used in the experiments. Hourly variations
η= of the solar intensity, ambient temperature,
𝐼∫ 𝑑𝑡
basin water temperature and the glass cover
temperatures were recorded from 7A.M. to 6
(3.11) P.M. Temperature is measured by calibrated
Ni – Cr thermocouples connected with
multichannel digital thermometer at various
3. Experimental setup and procedure points of solar still viz basin water
temperature (Tw), glass cover temperature
(Tg), basin temperature (Tb). A digital solar
power meter is used to measure the solar
intensity, whereas the ambient air
temperature is measured with the help of a
mercury thermometer. The distillate is
collected in the graduated glass bottles. The
experiment is carried out in a solar still for
inner and outer surface of glass cover
temperature for two different water depth (4
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of single basin single slope solar cm and 8 cm) for two days. The collection of
still [26] distillate and all the required reading of the
The schematic diagram of single basin, single solar still is noted in every hour from 7A.M
slope solar still is shown in Fig. 1. Single to 6 P.M.
sloped basin type solar still is designed and
constructed to investigate the effect of
different climatic and operating parameters at
Rewa, India (Latitude: 24°33' 20.81'' N,
Longitude: 81°18' 49.1'' E). The experimental
study is conducted at Rewa during typical
summer season for two days 09/05/2016 and
11/05/2016. Solar still is constructed of 1mm
thick galvanized iron sheet, with the basin
area of (0.8 m x 0.6 m) as shown in Fig. 2.
The solar still is kept with its glass cover Fig. 2. Experimental setup of single sloped, single
basin solar still
facing south. The glass cover is of plain
window glass of 4mm thickness. Rubber 4. Results and discussion
gasket is applied at the edges of the glass The experimentation is conducted for
cover, for obtaining a leak proof fitting. A two days having two different basin water
slope of 24o [7] is given to the glass cover, depths of ground water on single basin, single
which is nearly equal to the latitude of Rewa. slope, solar still under the typical summer
The base and the walls of the still is insulated climatic condition at Rewa, India. Fig.3
with the help of 8 mm thick polystyrene illustrates the hourly variation of solar

80
intensity and ambient air temperature for a 4cm Basin Water
70 Depth (Theoretical)
clear day of the month of May. The solar 60
intensity is increasing up to 12 Noon from the
Glass Cover Temp.(Tgi) °C

4cm Basin Water
50
Depth
morning and thereafter it starts to decrease up 40 (Experimental)
to evening, whereas ambient air temperature 30
is reached around 15 h. 20
10
0
1000 45 Solar 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
900 40 Intensit Local Time (hr)
Ambient Air Temp. (Ta) °C

800 y
35 09/05/ Fig.4. Comparison of theoretical and experimental
Solat Intensity I(t) W/m2
700 30 values of inner surface glass cover temperature

16
600 Solar with different basin water depths.
25 Intensit
500
20 y 80 4cm Basin
400 Water Depth
11/05/ 70
Glass Cover temp. Tgo °C

300 15 (Theoretical)
16 60 4cm Basin
200 10 50 Water Depth
(Experimental)
5 40 8cm Basin
100 Water Depth
30
0 0 (Theoretical)
20
7 9 11 13 15 17 19
10
Local Time (hr)
0
7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Fig. 3. Hourly variation of solar intensity and Local Time (hr)
ambient air temperature on a typical
summer days Fig.5. Comparison of theoretical and experimental
values of outer surface glass cover temperature
Fig. 4. and Fig. 5. show the hourly variation with different basin water depths.
of theoretical and experimental values of
Fig. 6. describes the comparison of hourly
inner and outer side of glass cover
variation for theoretical and experimental
temperatures for 4 and 8 cm basin water distillate output for two different basin water
depths respectively. It is observed that the depths. The maximum distillate output is
theoretical inner and outer side glass cover obtained for 4 cm basin water depth,
temperatures is closer to the experimental theoretically and experimentally both while
at 8cm water depth the values of distillate
values of the inner and outer side glass cover
output are reduced.
temperature for different basin water depths. 0.8 4cm Basin Water
Depth
Morning and evening temperature attained by 0.7 (Theoretical)
0.6 4cm Basin Water
the low basin water depth is lesser than the
Hourly Yield (Kg/m2)
Depth
0.5 (Experimental)
temperature of high basin water depth. Inner 0.4 8cm Basin Water
Depth
surface glass temperature is slightly higher 0.3 (Theoretical)
than the outer surface glass temperature due 0.2
0.1
to cooling of outer side of glass cover by 0
atmospheric air. 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Local Time (hr)
Fig. 6. Comparison of theoretical and

experimental values of hourly distillate output for
different basin water depths
h). The theoretical and experimental values
5
4cm Basin Water Depth
(Theoretical)
of cumulative distillate output for 24 hours at
4.5
4cm Basin Water Depth low basin water depth (4 cm) are 3.90 kg/m2
Cumulative Distillate Output (Kg/m2)
3.5
(Experimental)
and 3.17 kg/m2 respectively. For higher basin
8cm Basin Water Depth
3 (Theoretical) water depth (8 cm), corresponding values are
2.5 8cm Basin Water Depth
(Experimental)
2.61 kg/m2 and 2.1 kg/m2 respectively. It is
2
found that the cumulative distillate output
1.5
decreases with increasing basin water depth.
1
0.5
5. Theoretical values of inner and outer side
0
glass cover temperatures and distillate output
7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Local Time (hr)
of solar still are closer to the experimental
values respectively for different basin water
Fig. 7. Comparison of theoretical and depths.
experimental values of cumulative distillate 6. In the countries like India, where there are
output for 24 hours (7 A.M. - 6 P.M) for large parts of remote and rural areas with
different basin water depths sufficient high incident solar energy input.
Solar distillation can be a feasible option for
Fig. 7. shows the Comparison of theoretical
obtaining potable water.
and experimental values of cumulative
distillate output at 7 A.M. to 6 P.M for
Nomenclatures
different basin water depths. Cumulative
distillate output decreases with increase in hfg Latent heat of vaporization of
water, J/kg
water depth. At 4 cm and 8 cm water depths
hcwg Convective heat transfer coefficient
the theoretical and experimental value of from basin water to glass cover, W/m2K
cumulative output are 3.9 kg/m2 , 3.1 kg/m2 hewg Evaporative heat transfer coefficient
and 2.6 kg/m2, 2.1 kg/m2 respectively at 7 from basin water to glass cover, W/m2K
A.M. to 6 P.M. of a day. hrwg Radiative heat transfer coefficient
from basin water to glass cover, W/m2K
hw Wind heat transfer coefficient,
5. Conclusion W/m K2
Based on the results obtained, the I Solar Intensity, W/m2

following conclusions can be drawn. Kb Base heat loss coefficient, W/m2K
1. The inner and outer glass cover mw Distillate output rate, kg/m2h
temperatures of solar still for 4 cm basin pw Partial pressure of water vapor at
water depth operates at higher temperatures temperature Tw, mm of mercury
as compared to 8 cm basin water depth pg Partial pressure of water vapor at
2. Morning and evening temperatures of temperature Tg, mm of mercury
inner and outer glass cover are attained by the Tg Glass cover temperature, °C
4 cm basin water depth is lesser than the Tw Basin water temperature, °C
temperature of 8 cm basin water depth. qcwg Convective heat transfer from basin
3. Inner surface temperature of glass cover is water to glass cover, W/m2
slightly higher than the outer surface qewg Evaporative heat transfer from basin
temperature of glass cover. water to glass cover, W/m2
4. The theoretical and experimental values of qrwg Radiative heat transfer from basin
cumulative distillate output for day hours (12 water to glass cover, W/m2

[12] Naim Mona M, Abdelkawi A. Non
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[6] M.S. Sodha, A.Kumar, G.N. Tiwari and
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Experimental investigation of some design

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Smart Technologies for Green and Sustainable Future (STGSF-2017)

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal (M.P.)

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 1

Dr. Rajesh Gupta

Dr. Deepak Singh Tomar

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Contribute to the development of next generations of highly qualified and ethical

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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE – STGSF 2017, MANIT BHOPAL

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9.30 AM -10.30 AM REGISTRATION G-9

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STGSF-68 USE OF SOLAR ENERGY IN HUMIDIFICATION-DEHUMIDIFICATION

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STGSF -59 ANALYSIS OF ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT- TRANSFER AND FRICTION FACTOR

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Empirical Formulation of Jump Characteristics in

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IV. RESULT & DATA ANALYSIS

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E Fr 3.2 Fig 5 Validation empirical correlation 2 with Bhutto (1987)

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Design, Development and Fabrication of e-Chaupal

ABSTRACT (8.72%) . The electricity consumption in Industry

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approximately produce an electrical energy of about

Figure 2: CAD Model of e-Chaupal

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Table-4: WiFi Router

The said device has wide ranging utilities. Since it

Table-1: Solar Module (Panel) Model ECO 040 5. CONCLUSION

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3. Jiang Fan “Study on the impact of different

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