NANOTECHNOLOGY

NANO NANOSTRUCTURES
Expresses a very tiny amount or size Structures that range between 1nm and
A unit meaning one billionth or ten raised to 100nm in the nanoscale
negative nine (10-9) exists also in nature
Illustrative examples: Cannot be seen by the naked eye
1 inch = 25, 400,000 nanometers Can only be observed using specialized
A sheet of newpaper =100,000 nanometers equipment
thick Scanning tunneling microscope
On a comparative scale Atomic force microscope
If a marble were a nanometer, the one
meter would be the size of Earth
Nanotechnology is a part of science and
technology about the control of matter on the
atomic and molecular scale - this means things
that are about 100 nanometers across.
• Refers to manipulation of matter on an atomic
to subatomic scale

NANOSCIENCE
Deals with materials that are very small using specialized microscopes and other
nanodevices.
Study of structures (NANOSTRUCTURES) and materials on the scale of nanometers
(Nanoscale)
 NANOTECHNOLOGY

NANOTECHNOLOGIES AND SOCIETY

Nanotechnologies may contribute to major changes to the US and global economy,
workforce, and way of living. Applications range from new electronic devices and the
means to fabricate them to materials for health and environmental uses.
Some nanotech products are already on the market while others are decades away from
realization outside the lab. These new nanotechnologies pose many uncertainties for
society. The risks that may accompany their use are largely unknown and their potential
social and economic effects raise questions regarding equity and fairness, many of which
are difficult to anticipate.
EVERYDAY APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

EVERYDAY APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

Medicine
One application of nanotechnology in medicine currently being developed involves
employing nanoparticles to deliver drugs, heat, light or other substances to specific types of cells,
such as cancer cells.
Particles are engineered so that they are attracted to diseased cells, which allow direct treatment of
those cells. This technique reduces damage to healthy cells in the body and allows for earlier
detection of disease.

EVERYDAY APPLICATIONS
Electronics
Nanoelectronics holds some answers on
expanding the capabilities of electronics
devices while reducing their weight and
power consumption.
These include improving display screens
on electronics devices and increasing the
density of memory chips. Nanotechnology
can also reduce the size of transistors
used in integrated circuits.
One researcher believes it may be possible
to put the power of all of today’s present
computers in the palm of your hand.
Environment
Nanotechnology is being used in several
applications to improve the environment.
This includes cleaning up existing
pollution, improving manufacturing
methods to reduce the generation of new
pollution, and making alternative energy
sources more cost effective. Potential
applications include:
Cleaning up organic chemicals
polluting groundwater.
Generating less pollution during the
manufacture of materials.
Increasing the electricity generated by
windmills.
Consumer products:
CONSUMER PRODUCTS
Sporting Goods
Increasing the strength of tennis
racquets by adding nanotubes to the
frames which increases control and
power when you hit the ball.
Filling any imperfections in golf club
shaft materials with nanoparticles; this
improves the uniformity of the
material that makes up the shaft and
thereby improving your swing.
Reducing the rate at which air leaks
from tennis balls so they keep their
bounce longer.
Mini drones
Lab-on-a-chip
nanosilver socks (kills 99.9% bacteria)
IMPACTS OF NANOTECH
Faster, smaller, and more powerful computers
with less power and longer-lasting batteries.
Circuits made from carbon nanotubes could be
vital in maintaining the growth of computer
power, allowing Moore's Law to continue.
Faster, more functional, and more accurate
medical diagnostic equipment. Lab-on-a-
chip technology enables point-of-care testing
in real time, which speeds up delivery of
medical care. Nanomaterial surfaces on
implants improve wear and resist infection.
Nanoparticles in pharmaceutical products
improve their absorption within the body and
make them easier to deliver, often through
combination medical devices. Nanoparticles
can also be used to deliver chemotherapy
drugs to specific cells, such as cancer cells.
Improved vehicle fuel efficiency and corrosion
resistance by building vehicle parts from
nanocomposite materials that are lighter,
stronger, and more chemically resistant than
metal. Nanofilters remove nearly all airborne
particles from the air before it reaches the
combustion chamber, further improving gas
mileage.
Nanoparticles or nanofibers in fabrics can
enhance stain resistance, water resistance, and
flame resistance, without a big increase in
weight, thickness, or stiffness of the fabric.
“nano-whiskers” on pants make them resistant
to water and stains.
SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
Values shape how technologies are both developed and adopted.
Technologies affect social relationships
Technologies work because they are part larger systems.
VALUES SHAPE HOW TECHNOLOGIES ARE BOTH DEVELOPED AND ADOPTED
Every time we make a decision about technology or science, we are making a values decision. When we
choose what to study, what to buy, or how to use a technology we are deciding what is most important to
our families, in our jobs, and for our communities. In this process—whether we are conscious of it or not—
we look at the possibilities, reflect on our values, and then change the world—even if it is in a very small
way.
This is perhaps most easily seen in the decisions we make as consumers. When we buy technologies we
are often motivated by our goals, hopes, and dreams. We buy a hammer because we want to fix our house
without having to pay an expensive contractor. We buy a computer so that our children can be better
prepared for school.
Values also shape what scientists and engineers do. A combination of different values can motivate
people to become scientists and engineers. They may do it because they find it fun. They may do it
because they think they can make a lot of money at it. And they may do it because they hope to make
the world a better place through innovation. Their work, in turn, has an impact on values— sometimes well
beyond their knowledge.
 ANTHROPOLOGY OF BIOLOGY
BIOLOGY
“Science of the 21st century
Twenty-first century biology aims to understand fully the mechanisms of a living cell and the increasingly
complex hierarchy of cells in metazoans, up to processes operating at the level of the organism and even
populations and ecosystems.

NATURE VS. NURTURE

“human behavior is rooted in biology rather than culture”

ANTHROPOLOGY OF BIOLOGY
HUMAN INTERVENTION AND MANIPULATION OF LIFE at the molecular level.
study of the past and present evolution of the human species and is especially concerned with
understanding the causes of present human diversity.
BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES THAT COULD SHAPE SOCIETY
Genomics & proteomics
Biotechnology including cloning, genetic engineering, CRISPR
Synthetic Biology

CENTRAL DOGMA OF BIOLOGY

DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid, hereditary material, double helix, sugar phosphate backbone, stored as code
made of nucleotides: nitrogenous bases (PURINE: adenine, guanine; PYRIMIDINES: cytosine and thymine)
and 5-C sugar. G-C, A-T
RNA - ribonucleic acid, single-stranded nucleic acid, ribose sugar instead of a deoxyribose sugar like
DNA,uracil base instead of thymine
Protein - made of amino acids, examples of proteins are enzymes, antibodies, messenger, structural
component, storage, most common molecules in cell
DNA replication - semiconservative (each strand in the double helix acts as a template for synthesis
of a new, complementary strand), new DNA made by DNA polymerase
proteins find "origin of replication" and open DNA. two Y-shaped structures called replication forks
(whole, replication bubble)
replication forks will move in opposite directions as replication proceeds
strand continously- leading; lagging - in fragments
Purpose -cell division during growth or repair of damaged tissues, ensures that each new cell has own dna
Transcription - first step in gene expression, DNA sequence of a gene is copied into RNA.
RNA polymerase binds to a promoter
RNA polymerase uses one of the DNA strands (the template strand) as a template to make a new,
complementary RNA molecule
ends w termination
transcription bubble - region of opened up DNA
Significance
Translation
Significance
BASIC INFO
instructions to make proteins are in DNA
DNA contains genes
gene is a continous string of nucleotides containing a region that codes for RNA molecule
region begins w promotor region and eneds w terminator region
gene has regulatory sequences that are near the promoter or at a distant location
for some genes, encoded RNA is used to synthesize protein in process called, gene expression

TRANSCRIPTION
occurs in nucleus where DNA is used as template for mRNA w help of RNA polymerase
3 stages
Initiation
promoter region of gene functions as recognition site for RNA polymerase
majority of gene exp is controlled, permitting or blocking access to site by rna polymerase
binding causes dna to unwind and open
Elongation stage
rna polymerase slides along dna template strand
complementary bases pair up, the rna polymearse links nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing rna
molecule
termination
rna polymerase reaches terminator region, messenger rna transcript is complete
rna polymerase, dna strang dissociate fr eahc other
mRNA made during transcription has exons (coding sections for protein) and introns (non-coding)
5'cap and 3' poly-A tail is added and intron is removed (intron splicing) and done by proteins and RNA
called spliceosome
revmoes introns and joins exons together to make amture mRNA and leaves nucleus thru nuclear pore and
enter cytoplasm

TRANSLATION
in cytoplasm, info in mRNA is used to make polypeptide
nitrogenous bases are grped into 3 letters called codons
genetic code has 64 codons
AUG start
UGA, UAG, UAA for stop
mRNA binding to small ribosomal subunit
amino acid is brought w transfer RNA
type of amino depends on anti-codon of tRNA
codon of mRNA and anti codon of tRNA
large ribosomal subunit binds to form translation complex INITIATION COMPLETES HERE
3 regions - E,P,A
brought to mRNA by tRNA by pairing codon and anti-codon
charged tRNA goes to A and peptide bond forms with P site and A site
complex sides one to right, uncharged molecule leaves by E site
ELONGATION continues until there is stop coodon, and polypeptide leaves thru p site
polypeptide may be modified by golgi complex and secreted using vesicles
stomach - RER< golgi, vesicles
function: to produce polypeptide quickly and accurately
GENOMICS
field of genomics deals w DNA sequence, organization, function and evo of genomes
how genome interacts with environment
study of genomes
GENOME - stored in cells, coded book to build and grow an organism, all dna in our body
DNA- code made of 4 letters (bases), codes changes a bit per person, all DNA in 1 cell is 3B long, all dna in
body, earth to moon 6k times; coils into chromosome
genomics was made possible by the invention of techniques of recombinant DNA, aka gene cloning or gene
engineering
studying whole genomes (complete sets of DNA in cell) 3.2B base pairs in humans

PROTEOMICS
proteomics aims to identify all proteins in a cell or organism inc any posttranslationally modified forms, as
well as their cellular localization, functions and interactions
studies sets of protein sequences (proteins are functional aspects of cells) 20-25k human proteins (1/4 are
unstudied, found but not sure of function)
BOTH
made possible by DNA sequencing
get protein from nucleotide sequence
Universal genetic code (known base pair seq or nucleotide seq to known amino acid seq

IMP?
allows faster identification of new drug targets (many proteins are needed for cell processes,
understanding protein (which must b increased)
better understandind of genetics (before genome was sequences, majority of genome as protein but less
than 2% codes for proteins only)
better understanding of evolution (comparing whole genomes w other species, phylogenic trees can be
made)
Variances - makes us diff from others, help contribute to certain health conditions
Copy number variation - until recently, human genome contains 2 copies of any segment of DNA BUT now
we know large segments can be duplicated or delted in genome
Combating the Mt Pine Beetle- beettle has fungus that kills trees, studying genome how fungus is made,
how trees can be resistant will save pine trees
genomes of animals are compared to see how common
free genomics resources (open access)
holistic -all genetic info of organism and how that genome interacts w environment
high through put- reads and analyzes high amts of data
resource generating - further understanding

GMOS
selective breeding- hoping for lucky hits
genetic engineering- choose what traits we want
GM crop and non-GM - introduce unwanted new uncharacteristics
terminator seed - make sterile plants
GM crops have buffer zone to not cross with non-GM
Same risk as eating non-GM and GM crop
coffee kills insects, choco kills dogs
BT crops are deadly for insects but not to us
plants that collect nitrogen or carbon dioxide (both speed up global warming, former poisons groundwater

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

started 1990
read entire human genome
can fill 400 standard dictionaries
new tools needed to analyze and share data so lots of research happened
published 2001 and 13 yrs duration
used $3B or $2.7B
WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING
each trillion of cells, DNA is present
carries info to function and who u are
packaged into 46 structures called chromosome
complete set of DNA is genome
DNA is made of A,G,C,T
human genome has 3B of these letters
humans have 20k genes
have instructions to make proteins
same w other humans except 1%
tech that allows scientists to read your genome
saliva or blood is taken and lab breaks up dna and reads code. researches compares the standardized ref
sequences. identify variances and interpret
can reveal differences in genome (physical traits), give clues to ancestors, getting diseases, how you might
respond to medication (pharmacogenomics) and can reveal if you're genetic carrier
2003 was when they first made it
voluntary and written consent needed
PROS
prevention, monitoring and further understand
anonymous contribution to research - understand what causes diseases
CONS
loss of privacy
say if you have a high chance of getting a disease but now know when you'll get it or when

BIOTECHNOLOGY
before, 80%chance worm inside corn but biotech fixed
sci based on biology
tech application of bio oriented to serve our life
modifying dna, make corn healthier and resistant to pests
med field, select vitamins and minerals we want host plant to have (food u eat is ful of minerals, combat
malnutrition
high yielding crops and so helps farmers and economy (GMO food)
Gene therapy (get code from other organism)
Gene crossing and Silencing (silence genes to get existing biological traits)
tech = use of techniques and sciences to make prods or modify processes
biotech = use of living organisms (bio) to make prods or modify processes
biology breakthrough -> novel biotechnology
biology principle: Genetics (DNA) or life code
Life code -> protein and life
letters -> words

GLOW IN THE DARK PLANTS

not synthesizing whole genome, just specific oart
added luciferase (enzyme fr fireflies) acts on luciferin (molecule) to plant
transformation (method), 1% only worked
MIT made glowing plant that glows for 4 hrs can be for any plant (aruga, kale, spinach, watercress)
co-enzyme A helps by removing byproduct that inhibits luciferase activity
suspended particles in solution then exposed to high pressure and put into tomata
Biotechnology via gene cloning gene cloning simplified

BIOTECHNOLOGY – (CHAPTER 9- STS BOOK- MCNAMARA,SJ ET AL.)

The Biodiversity International has released a module entitled ”Law and PoIicy of relevance to the
management of plant genetic resources” (Bragdon et al., 2005) which aims to help professionals in: u
Managing
Conserving
Using plant genetic resources for food and agriculture
Biotechnology uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify
products or processes for a specific use
Genetic engineering is a technique that allows genes and DNA to be transferred from one source to
another
It leads to the production of living modified organisms (LMOs) or genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
Modern biotechnology gives scientists molecular tools for obtaining a better understanding of the
structure and function of genes in living organisms.
AIMS
Develop new precision tools and diagnostics;
Speed up breeding gains and efficiency;
Develop pest- and disease-resistant crops;
Combat drought, and problems of agriculture
Enhance the nutritional quality of food;
Increase crop varieties and choice;
Reduce inputs and production costs;
Increase profits

C.R.I.S.P.R. TECHNOLOGY
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
HISTORY
selective breeding - what we did before
1960s scientists put radiation on plants to cause random mutations and get smth useful by chance
(worked sometimes)
1970s scientists inserted DNA snippets into bacteria, plants and animals to study and modify them for
research, med, and agri
1974 - earliest genetically modified animal, making mice a standard tool for research
80s - first patent was given for microbe engineered to absorb oil
1994 - Flavr Savr tomato , first food modified in lab went on sale, longer shelf life where an extra gene
surppresses the build-up of a rotting enzyme
1990s- brief foray into human engineering, to treat maternal infertility, babies were made that had genetic
info from 3 humans
now- super muscled pigs, fast growing salmon, featherless chicken, see-thru frogs, glow in dark zebrafish
CRISPR
cost of engineering shrunk by 99%
fr yr, it became few weeks to do experiment and everyone w lab can do it
can change humanity forever
bacteria and virus
bacteriophages or phages hunt bacteria (kills 40% every day)
insert genetic code into bacteria, fail to resist bc too weak
some bacteria survive and store genetic info into crispr so when virus attacks again, bacterium makes
rna copy from dna archive and makes protein CAS9
protein scans the bacterium's insides for virus invader by comparing every dna to same from archve
when it finds, it activates and its out dna
cripsr is programmable, give it a copy of dna u wanna modify and put into living system
ability to use on live cells, switch genes on and off and study particular dna sequences
works for every cell
2015- scientists used cripr to cut out HIV virus out of living cells, tried on rats w 99% HIV, 52% HIv was
gone (injecting)
can edit immune system to cure cancer
2016 cancer treatment crispr and one month later china allowed for lung cancer
genetic diseases
3k diseases are caused by 1 wrong letter
CAS9 will cut the DNA, cell will try to repair using any available DNA, so, we inject the new gene
use microscope ad tiny needle to inject or punch holes in cells with electric currents and let it float in
or introduce them encapsulated in bubbles of fat that fuse w cell membrane and let them release
their contents inside
recently, new CRISPR can deliver enzyme to gene and alter it, no need to cut
DESIGNER BABIES
edit genome of human embryo
manipulates fertilized egg before in-vitro fertilization
genetic makeup has been altered or chosen to proveide the desired genome
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
choosing viable eggs, can be used to screen diseases and gender
1988 used for human pregnancies
Transcription activator-like effector nucleases - enzymes that remove certain parts of dna strand and
replace the dna strand
used on plants, fuels, and pets
CRISPR
in DNA sequence of bacteria
has dna sequence of virus
allows edits to be made in any genome
eggs can be screened for:
gender
appearance
intelligence
disease (most common)
personality
3 person babies
healthy mitochondria of 1
prevent muscular dystrophy and certain heart and liver conditions
may be possible to change everything: new abilities, new eye color, new hair color, higher intelligence
2015 and 2016 chinese experimented w human embryo and 1/2 successful in 2nd attempt
can edit whole gene pool
modified humans can be the new standard
2/3 of 150k people who died today died of age-related causes
Lobster, planarian, turritopsis nutricula - "immune" to aging
BENEFITS
reduce genetic and inherited diseases
better chance to succeed in life
life span may increase
children given genes their parents dont have
CONS
who decides if the trait is good or bad? individuality is eliminated

GENETIC ENGINEERING
eliminate diseases of civilization like obesity
modified immune system that could make us immune
equip for extended space travel and cope with diff environments
92% of pregancies that detect trisonomy 21 or down syndrome are eliminated
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY
defined as the design and construction of new biological parts, devices and sytems and the re-
design of existing, natural biological systems for useful purposes
"engineer's approach to biology"
design and fabrication of biological components and systems that dont exist in natural world and
the redesign and fabrication of existing biological systems
IGEM - detect and kill fungus that kills banana supplies, competition for synthetic biologu
use BioBricks more than 25k
cost of DNA sequence is plummeting
Half pipe of doom - really scared and really cool -Drew Endy
Rob Carlson "Garage Biohacker"- a lot operate in secret
DIFF
Genetic Engineering is the direct modification of the genes of an organism which results in capabilities
being added or taken away. Synthetic Biology aims to modify the behaviors of an organism or integrate
the behaviors of multiple organisms into a singular whole

EVOLUTION
HISTORY OF EVOLUTIONARY THOUGHT
Cuvier and Catastrophism
theory was based on the assertion that there Occurrence of Descent
have been violent and sudden natural
catastrophes such as great floods and other
very sudden physical changes to the earth
George Cuvier (1769-1832)
Organisms living in those areas where these
sudden, violent changes had occurred were
often killed off and replaced by new life
forms moving in from other geographic
areas.
Lamarck’s Theory of Use and Disuse
proponent of spontaneous generation, the
belief that life can appear spontaneously
from inanimate materials and then
gradually change into more complex forms of natural selection
through a constant striving for perfection
Jean Baptiste Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-
1829)
giraffe
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Darwin's general theory presumes the
development of life from non-life and
stresses a purely naturalistic (undirected)
"descent with modification
Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882)
The Origin of Species 1859
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
“descent with modification”
Organisms share many characteristics,
leading to perceive a unity in life.
He attributed the unity of life to the descent
of all organisms from an ancestor that lived
in the remote past.
thought that as the descendants of that
ancestral organism lived in various habitats,
they gradually accumulated diverse
modifications, or adaptations, that fit them
to specific ways of life
An adaptation is a trait that helps an organism
become more suited to its environment - prod
Natural Selection and Adaptation
process in nature by which organisms better
adapted to their environment tend to
survive and reproduce more than those less
adapted to their environment.
Individuals have heritable variations.
Many more individuals are produced each
generation than the environment can
support.
 Some individuals have adaptive characteristics
enabling increased survival and reproduction. Anatomical Evidence
Increasing proportion of succeeding
Darwin was able to show a common descent
generations have these characteristics.
hypothesis offers a plausible explanation for
Populations become adapted to their local
anatomical similarities among organisms.
environment.
Despite dissimilar functions, all vertebrate
Natural Selection
forelimbs contain the same sets of bones in
The organisms that reproduce are selected by
similar ways.
the environment.
Homologous Structures are anatomically similar
The result is unpredictable.
because they are inherited from a common
The species will be better adapted to the
ancestor.
environment
Vestigal Structures are fully-developed
Artificial Selection
anatomical structures developed in one group of
Selective breeding
organisms, but reduced, and may have no
Humans select the organism that reproduce
function, in similar groups.
The result is predetermined.
whales have pelvic bones that do not attach to
The species will be more useful for humans.
legs
Galápagos Islands
Vestigial nails on flippers of manatees
Tortoises
Darwin wondered if tortoise speciation on Biochemical Evidence
islands could be correlated with a difference Almost all living organisms use the same basic
in vegetation among the islands biochemical molecules.
Finches –same DNA triplet code and same 20 amino
Darwin speculated that all the different acids in their proteins
types of finches could have descended from When the degree of similarity in DNA base
a single type of mainland finch sequences are compared, the data suggest
common descent.
Evidences for Evolution
Fossil evidence
history of life recorded by remains from the
past.
fossil record documents the pattern of
evolution, showing that past organisms
differed from present-day organisms and
that many species have become extinct.
Biogeographical evidence
Biogeography - is the study of the
geographic distribution of life forms on
earth
Darwin saw how similar species replaced
each other, and reasoned related species
could be modified according to the
environment
Geographic distributions of organisms are
influenced by many factors, including
continental drift
Distributions of many plants and animals
throughout the world are consistent with the
hypothesis that when forms are related, they
evolved in one locale and then spread to
accessible regions.
Embryological Development
Embryos of different species develop in
almost identical ways

Controversial Theories
People perceived this theory as contradictory to
the church’s teachings that the source of life is a
powerful creator.
This theory emerged at a time when most of the
population believed and accepted the biblical
version of the Earth’s creation.

Results of the conflict

The people were divided – some believed that the
theory explained the origin of life, but the
religious and the faithful strongly refuted it.
After a massive debate between science and
religion, Darwin’s theory of evolution was
understood to be not against the teachings of the
church and believed that both can coexist.