Engr Momoh Presentation

11/09/2018
INSPECTION OF DISTRIBUTION
NETWORK
BY
ENGR. USMAN OMOZUAFO MOMOH
(BEng. (Elect.), MNSE, COREN)
VENUE: NATIONAL POWER TRAINING

INSTITUTE, ABUJA
DATE : 5th September, 2018
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT OF SAFETY

What is Safety?
Safety is defined as an act of ensuring that certain environment is made safe for people
to habituate, to work to live and carry out a normal business at all times. The
environment may be a house, an office, a construction site, a laboratory, classroom, a
kitchen, a store, etc.
Safety is the proper planning of work, proper usage of safety tools, exercise of good
judgement and intelligent supervision. Experience proves that majority of the accidents
are preventable.
Safety is a relative protection from exposure to hazards. A place is safe if it is judged to be
acceptable.
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR SAFETY

Responsibility of Individuals
Definite responsibility of individuals is act so as to provide:
 Safety to himself.
 Safety to his fellow employees.
 Protection to the Public.
 Protection to the Organization property.
NEMSA Induction Training for Engineers/Managers, Category A & B on 5th September, 2018
BY Engr. Usman Omozuafo Momoh MNSE, COREN at National Power Training Institute Nigeria (NAPTIN)
1
11/09/2018
What is Hazard ?
Hazard is something with the potential to cause harm.
Hazard can also be defined as an unsafe condition: a condition which if not
corrected can reasonably be expected to be results in fatality and injury, e.g broken
33KV wooden cross arm carrying conductor, falling HT pole etc.
What is Control?
A control is anything that will help to “control” the hazard by either preventing it
from occurring or minimizing its impacts if it does occur. If a hazard is cannot be
eliminated, steps should be taken so that the consequences of the hazard are as low
as reasonable (ALARP).
If a workplace hazard cannot be eliminated or replaced with a non-hazardous
substitution, it is necessary to implement hazard controls in order to protect the
worker.
Controls can be categorized into three main types:
Engineering (altering the hazard or access to the hazard )
Administrative (altering the way in which the job is performed) and
Personal Protective Equipments (PPE) (altering, the worker and his/her contact
with the hazard).
How do I identify workplace hazards?

A job safety is an exercise in detective work. Your goal is to discover the following:
What can go wrong?
What are the consequences?
How could the hazard arise?
What are other contributing factors?
How likely is it that the hazard will occur?
What is a risk?
A risk is the likelihood of an activity, or process or thing to cause harm. Risk can be
reduced and hazard controlled by good management.
Near Miss:
This is any accident that could have resulted in an accident.
This knowledge is very important as research has shown that, approximately, for
every 10 ‘near miss’ events at a particular location a minor accident will occur.
Dangerous occurrence:
This is a ‘near miss’ which could have led to serious injury or loss of life.
2
11/09/2018
Accident:
This is defined as any unplanned event that result in injury or damage or loss of
property, plant, material, equipment, or loss of a business and sadly, loss of life.
What is electrical Safety?

Electrical safety may be perceived only as a list of prudent actions to undertake or
not to undertake in the presence of energized objects, constituting the defence
against direct contact with live parts. However, the safety, of persons also depends
on their exposure to indirect contact with parts normally not energized, but likely
to become energized due to faults.
Thus, the attitude toward live parts is not the only key in preventing accidents but
also the installation design of the Engineer, the constructi0on of the overhead line
and substation, and the supervision of the construction and installation process.
Electricity is dangerous as it can cause shocks, burns, injuries, death. It can also
cause sparks, fire and explosion. Safety management is essential at every site to
avoid loss of life and property caused by electrical accidents during construction
stage and operation, maintenance stage of power/electricity plants.
Safety Management
Safety management is essential at every site to avoid loss of life and property
caused by electrical accidents during construction stage and operation,
maintenance stage of power/electricity plants.
Worldwide safety rules and design specifications are being implemented by safety
engineers, design engineers and electrical inspectors to ensure that all electrical
constructions conform to the country’s extant electricity rules and regulations
and it is safe for operation.
Safety Requirement:
Electrical hazards are primarily due to poor electrical installation and construction
works. Disobedience to safety rules and regulations also accounts for electrical
hazards. Our main concern is electrical hazard due to poor technical know-how
by the design and construction engineer which results in the damage of
electrical installations and in most cases loss of lives and properties.
 Poor or bad isolating mechanism
 Lack of adequate knowledge of regulation, safety practice and working principle
of equipment and materials used for the installation.
 Poor earthing system
3
11/09/2018
 Loose connection often due to oversight. Connection shall be made wrench tight
to always avoid low resistance or impedance which facilitates increased
operation of over-current devices.
 Use of over rated fuses for high voltage drop out fuses and feeder pillar fuses.
 Poor construction resulting in snapping of the overhead lines joints, kinks
points, jumper ends and other weak points along the line.
 Poor depth of pole (HT/LT)
 Poor positioning of transformer/ feeder pillar in the substation.
 Poor entrance gate positioning.
 Inadequate clearance of overhead line to ground and between phases as well as
lack of proper clearance from trees, buildings etc.
 use of undersized cables.
 Insulation breakdown of cables leading to leakages.
 Spiking HV and LV underground cables by site construction worker due to
improper protection of the cables.
 Flash over due to lightening strokes and over voltage surges due to non usage of
lightening arresters etc.
FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Distribution System
In general, the distribution system may be divided into:
 Primary Distribution: w.r.t PHCN: 33kVnetwork.
 Secondary Distribution: w.r.t PHCN: 11kV Network.
 Tertiary Distribution: 415v – 3 phase and 240v – 1 phase.
The conductors in the distribution system may be grouped under three headings:
 Feeders- 33kV or 11kV (lines): Connecting the injection sub-stations to the load
areas usually terminating in distribution transformer sub-stations.
 Distributors- 415v (lines): Connecting the distribution transformers to the load
areas by 4 wires, 3 – phase overhead lines/underground cables.
 Service mains- are the connecting links between the distributors and the
consumers meter terminals.
The type of supply to be provided for any consumers premises in a given depends on a
number of factors;
- The available grid system
- The type of premises
- The desired load
- The distance involved
- Safety of the people around
4
11/09/2018
There are two fundamental types of distribution schemes:

 Radial system.
 Network system (also called the Ring system, Mesh or Loop system)
Radial System
A radial system has a single simultaneous path to power flow to the load. Economical for a
small and widely sparse network but with low degree of reliability hence service continuity
cannot be guaranteed.
Network system
A network system has more than one simultaneous path to power flow to the load. Suitable
for all complex and large scale networks, offers highest degree of reliability and service
continuity.
Choice of network system

The choice of any particular scheme will depend upon:
a) Size and capacity of load area to be covered.
b) Continuity of service – if mandatory / required: for interconnectivity.
c) Voltage Regulation – if essential: for voltage stability
d) Permissible voltage drop.
e) Reliability of service: for ease of maintenance
Note:
RADIAL – All loads after line of fault will be affected
RINGS – Line fault at one point does not affect other loads.
More loads on ‘’radial” leads to voltage drop, thus people at the end of the network suffer this
drop in voltage.
DESIGN REQUIREMENT AND CONSIDERATIONS:
Preliminary Survey:
The proposed area is visited to access the nearest available grid system and identify the voltage
level. This gives you the knowledge of materials you will need for the construction and
installation work (33 or 11kV).
The route is surveyed taking note of the terrain and the nature, the length between the existing
system and the new site/area and also the length of the LT distribution network if any. Based
on this, the proposed/preliminary route of the overhead line (pole positions), transformer
substation will be drawn noting the total number of spans involved, poles, position of the poles
(straight line, angle, section and intermediate) with the required stays.
Load Survey:
Load Requirement determines the transformer, Feeder pillar and associated materials that will
be needed for the installation. This is usually based on the existing dwelling houses, offices,
hostel, premises, hospital and cottage industries giving room for expansion. The kW or kVA
load is calculated.
5
11/09/2018
OVERHEAD LINES (33/11/0.415 kV)

Main Components of overhead Lines:
Line support:
Line support is to support the conductors. It must be capable of carrying the load due to
insulators, conductors including wind loads on the conductors along with the wind load on
the support itself. There are different types including wood, steel, reinforced concrete and
steel towers either of the rigid or flexible type.
A distinction is drawn between straight poles which lie in direct line of the distribution and
normally support the conductors and the special poles which may carry some load due to
conductor tension.
The three main requirements of the line support;
High mechanical strength to withstand the weight of conductors and wind loads
 Light in weight without loss of mechanical strength.
 Cheaper in cost
 Longer in life
 Good looking
 Easy accessibility for painting and erection of line conductors
The choice of line supports depends upon the line span, cross sectional area, line voltage,
cost and local conditions.
Transverse wind pressure occurring upon the conductors and upon the support itself is
also considered during design.
The longitudinal pull of the conductor is normally balanced on either side of the support.
Pole Supports:
Poles are of different heights for HV and LV.
 Materials- wooden, concrete, pre-stressed and steel pole.
The wooden pole is being phased out because there are no properly
treated poles in the market.
 Types
 LV poles- 8.54m (28.74ft) in height, used for the secondary feeders.
Conductors in vertical formation with 300mm spacing between
them.
 HV poles- 10.36 (34.53ft) in height used for sub-transmission and
primary feeders 11kv and 33kv lines. Conductors in horizontal
configuration with spacing of 1.3m for 11kv and 1.4m for 33kv.
 HV/LV- HV poles within the town used to carry both HV and LV
lines.
 Special poles- 18/21m or above in the height, used for special
areas.
 Classification- According to geographical layout and the angle of
bends;
NEMSA Induction Training for Engineers/Managers, Category A & B on 5 September, 2018
th
 Intermediate poles-
BY Engr. Usman Omozuafo erected
Momoh MNSE, CORENinat near
Nationalstraight line
Power Training route
Institute Nigeria (NAPTIN)
 Angle poles- erected on line route of angle 5⁰ - 6⁰ with line stays
6
11/09/2018
 Tee off poles- where another line branches off from a traversing line. Stay is
provided.
 Section or tension poles- where lines are tensioned. Normally of two poles (H)
structure for HV lines and shackle point where lines from different sources are
separated for HV lines.
Reinforced concrete Poles:

They are poles made of reinforced concrete usually called concrete poles are extensively
used for LV and HV distribution lines up to 33kV. Their dimension should not be less
than 25 X 25cm at the bottom and 13 X 13cm at the top. There are different types having
different materials such as pre-stressed iron rods etc. Normally used in urban areas but
no more limited.
If a pole is struck by lightning it may shatter causing failure of the line but this can be
prevented/ reduced by grounding all the metal works that support the insulator at each
pole position or by connecting same to a continuous earth wire running along the entire
line.
Distance between two HT poles used as section poles carrying cross arm:
11 kV - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 feet apart
33 kV - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 feet apart
Lattice Steel Structure:

They are fabricated from painted or galvanized angle sections which can be
transported separately and the erection done at the site. They can also be
designed for double circuit giving further assurance against discontinuity of
supply. The height of the tower depends on the line voltage and the length of
span. Forces to be taken into account in the design are vertical loads of
conductors, insulators, fittings, the tower itself, wind pressure on conductors
and wind pressure on the tower itself.
Classification:
 Tangent and deviation towers;
 Tangent towers or standard can be used for straight runs of lines and up to 2⁰
line deviation from the straight runs. Insulators used are the suspension type.
 Deviation towers or special angle towers are used for deviation exceeding 2⁰.
They have broader base and stronger members as they are to withstand the
resultant force due to change in direction in addition to the forces to which
the tangent towers are subjected. Insulators are used are strain type.
The cost of deviation tower is more than tangent tower because it is designed to
withstand heavy loading. It can also be used in 33KV especially for river crossing
and for a dedicated line for reliability of the network
7
11/09/2018
OVERHEAD LINE INSULATORS:

Insulators: are insulating features used to secure the conductors to the supporting structure to
prevent current leakage to the earth through the supports.
They must not allow substantial amount of current to flow through them to earth at the working
voltage i.e they must provide very high insulation resistance to the leakage of currents to
unwanted parts which might be harmful.
They are mounted on the cross arms and the line conductors are attached to the insulators so as to
provide the insulator proper insulation and necessary clearances against the highest voltage in
worst atmospheric condition to which the line is likely to be subjected. The insulators also prevent
short circuiting between the different phase conductors and provide necessary mechanical
support for the line conductors.
Two types of materials used to make insulators;
 Porcelain
 Glass
Types of Insulators:
 Pin (pot) insulator – used for 11/33kV lines
 Suspension type (Disc) – used for 11/33kV and higher voltage levels in a flexible manner,
used to take tensions of the line
 Shackle or bobbing insulators – used for LV lines
 Egg or Stay insulators – used on pole line to insulate the stay wire.
Insulators: Creepage distance is the shortest distance between two conducting parts along
the surface of the insulating materials.
 Atmosphere dust sticks to the insulator surface forming a conducting layer.
 Leakage current flows from the line conductor to the earth through such surface layer.
 The leakage properties (creepage properties) of an insulator are characterized by the
length of the leakage path. The leakage property (creepage) is the shortest distance along
the insulator surface between the metal parts at each end of the insulator.
 When AC voltage is applied on a dusty surface insulator, the dust particles have a
tendency to align along the direction of the electric field liners on the surface of the
insulator. On a clean, smooth well grazed surface the particles tend to fall down. With
continuous voltage application leads to slow alignment of these particles.
It thus provides a continuous conducting path (track) which can lead to flashover along the
surface by tracking.
Conductors:
The conductor is one of the most important items in a transmission and distribution system
of electric power. The cost of the conductor material accounts for a major part of the total
cost. Therefore proper choice and size of conductor material is of utmost importance.
8
11/09/2018
They must have the following properties;

 High electric conductivity i.e low specific resistance
 High tensile strength in order to withstand the mechanical loss
 Low specific gravity in order to give low weight/unit volume
 Low cost in order to be used over long distance usually involved in transmission lines
 Easily available
 It should not be brittle
Because of use of larger span, the number of support may be reduced by almost 25%. Thus the overall
cost of support, foundation, insulator and erection is considerably reduced.
Materials – choice influenced by the conductivity of the material, mechanical strength, resistance to
corrosion and cost. Two major materials are;
 Copper – the best but very costly
 Aluminium – lower conductivity and weaker mechanical strength than copper but cheaper in terms
of cost. To improve the strength and conductivity, various types are manufactured;
 All Aluminium Conductors (AAC)
 Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR) – Steel is to strengthen the aluminium when used for
ITC.
 All Aluminium Alloy Conductor (AAAC) – used for EHV lines
The commonly used types of conductors are AAC, ACSR, and AAAC. Conductors used are preferably
stranded in order to increase flexibility. Stranded conductors usually have a central wire around which
there are successive layers 6, 12, 18, 24 wires.
Aluminium:
Aluminium conductors
Size: 35/50/70/100/150
Type: AAC (All Aluminium Conductor)
ACSR (Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced)
Steel light conductor shall be Aluminium of size 25mm² (7/2.34mm)
ACSR: Consist of a core of galvanized steel strand surrounded by a number of aluminium strands. The steel
is galvanized in order to prevent rusting and electrolytic corrosion.
The steel core takes a greater percentage of the mechanical stresses while the aluminium carries the bulk
of the current. ACSR being of high tensile strength and lighter in weight produces small sag and therefore
longer spans can be used. Corona losses are reduced in ACSR because of its large diameter. Stronger
support is required because of its weight.
CONDUCTORS CONFIGURATION, SPACING, AND CLEARANCES
Conductor Spacing:
The spacing of conductors is determined by considerations partly electrical and partly mechanical. Larger
spacing causes increase in inductance of the line and hence the voltage drop, so that to keep the latter
within a reasonable value the conductor should be as close together as in consistent to prevention corona.
Conductors have got the tendency to move about in elliptical path thus basic consideration regarding
minimum spacing is that the electrical clearances between conductors under worst
9
11/09/2018
condition (maximum temperature and wind pressure) shall not be less than the
limit of safety particularly at the mid span.
Dielectric stress is the highest near conductor surface at sharp conversion high
stress zone. Corona/flashover originates at such points.
CROSS-ARMS:
The function of a line support (pole) is to support the line conductors at a safe
distance from ground whereas the function of cross arm is to keep the conductors
at a safe distance from each other and from the pole.
Cross arm is a cross piece fitted to the pole top portion by means of bracket, bolts
etc. for supporting insulators. Cross arms are of various types; channel iron,
angle iron or wooden. They may be straight , U-shaped, V-shaped or zig-zag
shaped.
Wooden cross arms are preferred due to their insulating property which provides
safety to line staff and minimize flash over due to birdage.
Length and cross section – 1.8m X 125mm X 125mm for 11kV lines
2.7m X 125mm X 125mm for 33kV lines
Wooden cross arms need replacement owing to decay after every 5-7 years
depending on weather condition.
STEEL CROSS ARMS:

They are stronger than wooden cross arms and are generally more suited in today’s times. The
channel iron and the angle iron are the two main steel cross arms.
Length and Cross section:
The length of the cross arms shall be suitable for the spacing of the conductors. They shall be
suitable and strong enough to withstand the resultant forces caused by insulator, their pins and
dead weight of insulator attachment.
Tie strap:
These are formed of galvanized flat bars used for firmly holding the cross arms in position on the
high tension electric poles. Some are in angular shape while some are plain flat. They cannot be
bent by the use of the hands. Any tie strap that can be bent is not good. Interestingly and
unfortunately these are the lot in the market today.
Guys and Stay:
It is important to stay overhead line support at angle and terminal position as the poles takes the
pull due to conductors. The theoretical angle between pole and stay should be 45⁰, but in general
practice it is not always possible to obtain this, and so stay designs are generally based on a minimum of
30⁰ between stay and pole.
Stay rod is embedded in cement concrete (1:3:6) to a depth of not less than 1.67m keeping length of 46cm
of the rod projected above the ground level. One end of the stay wire is fixed to the stay rod at the bottom
and to the stay clamp to the pole by means of well spliced joints with a strain
10
11/09/2018
Insulator which is inserted at least 3m from ground level to prevent

danger of possible leakages. The egg type insulator is inserted in the
guy wire for safety.
Precaution:
Note: when installing stays, no stalling stays, no stay shall be installed at a
distance of less than 8 feet( 2.4m) from the road verge.
The stays are provided to angle poles. Terminal poles, H-Poles structures,
where the span on the two sides of the pole are very much different and
to supports subjected to uprooting pressure.
Fuses and Isolation Switch: To isolate different part of the overhead
system.
Danger Plate: Provided on each pole as a warning measure indicating
the working voltage of the line and the word danger provided at a
height of 2.5m from the ground .
Barbed wire: Wrapped on a pole at a height of about 2.5m from the
ground prevents
Mid Span Joints:

It’s use not recommended but where they are unavoidable shall be of
compression sleeve only. There shall not be more than one joint in a
conductor in any one span and where a joint occurs in more than one
conductor in the same span there shall be a horizontal distance of not less
than 5ft (152cm) between the joints.
Joints are not permissible in spans crossing major roads, rivers, railways etc. or
in the immediate adjacent span on either side of the crossing.
Minimum height of Conductors:
The lowest conductor of an LT overhead line which is the neutral in any situation
shall not be less than;
Over roads and street ---------------------------------- 18 feet (5.50m)
Along rods or other places accessible-------------- 16 feet (4.91 m)
to vehicular traffic only
Over places normally accessible to ----------------- 14 feet (4.30m)
pedestrian traffic only
11
11/09/2018
OVERHEAD LINE CONSTRUCTION : SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

During survey the engineer must take the following into consideration;
 The standard span length is as follows;
 45/50m for LT overhead lines and for HT/LT overhead line (dual reticulation) within
built up area or passing through built up areas.
 60/70m for inter town HT overhead lines (ITC) but can get up to 80/90m depending on
the nature of area or terrain or for special application and construction, or there is a
river/stream etc.
 Proximity of the overhead line to buildings and other existing structures,
 Pole depth must be 6 feet but where the soil is hard or rocky 4 feet and concrete from the
base will be accepted.
 After planting the pole it must be backfilled and rammed properly.
 The conductor sag must be within stipulated limit.
 The cross arms should be either fibre glass or channel iron type, and if channel iron type
they must be earthed. The length must be 9 feet for 33kV and 6 feet for 11kV overhead
lines,
 The earthing lead for channel iron cross arms should be a maximum of 50mm2 bare
copper conductor and adequately protected with PVC pipe of length 9 feet,
 The tie straps must be of V-formation,
 The insulators are properly bolted to the cross arms.

 For sharp angles H – poles with disc insulators are to be used to dampen the
angle and reduce the tension,
 All trees in proximity of the overhead line must be cut down not trimmed a
distance of 1.8m on both sides,
 For H-pole at an angle it must have 5 stay wires,
 Stay wires must be at an angle of 45 degrees to the pole,
 Stay insulators must be at a minimum of 3m from the ground for it to
function,
 Pilot/Jumper insulators should be used for jumper conductors,
 Anti-climbing devices and danger sign should be fixed on the poles at a height
of not less than 6 feet,
 If the overhead line must pass in proximity of houses with metal roof tops, all
the roof tops must be earthed with at least a minimum of 50mm2 insulated
copper conductor.
 If the HT overhead line passes through a town its span length reduces to
between 45/50m for dual reticulation,
12
11/09/2018
 When the HT overhead line is to pass under an EHV

overhead line, it must be taken underground,
 Lightning arresters must be placed at both ends of the
overhead lines where it is taken underground,
Repair work on HT lines on poles where LT is also

running under HT should be carried out only after
switching off the LT effectively. Work on the LT lines
should not be carried out unless there is an efficient
earth screen between HT and LT lines or in the absence
of such a screen, unless the HT line is switched off or in
the opinion of the Supervisor, the work is otherwise
safe.
LT overhead lines:
Checklists;
 The length on an LT pole is 8.54m,
 The pole depth is 1.2m of 4 feet,
 Ensure after the planting of the pole it is properly backfilled and rammed
 The span of length for an LT network is 45m except in difficult terrains,
 When an HT overhead line passes through a town it should be used for the
dual reticulation (45m span length) thus no need to plant LT poles along the
route of the overhead line,
 Bimettalic line tap must be used for the interconnection between, the upriser
cables and the aluminium conductor used for the LT overhead line,
 The jumper cables must be neatly terminated using line taps,
 The last conductor in the arrangement of the overhead line conductors is the
neutral conductor,
 Wooden poles are no longer used in our distribution network,
 Protective multiple earthing should be carried out on every fifth pole from the
substation and terminal poles.
13
11/09/2018
 All tree and flowers growing under or in

proximity to the LT overhead lines should be
cut down not trimmed.
 The earthed armour protection for the LV
cables should not be relied upon as earthing, it
serves only as a reinforcement to the main
earthing system.
 Aluminium to copper connection fails due to
rapid insulating layer formation at contact.
DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION
Distribution substation;
This is where the transformer switching and protection equipment are installed.
Two Types at the distribution Level
Primary injection substation, ( 33/11kv system)
Distribution substation , ( 33/0.415kv or 11/0.415kv system)
Line/transformers operating at low voltages below 100kv are usually referred to as
distribution system i.e they are part of electric utility system, between the bulk power
source and the customer service entrances (loads). There voltage levels are
6.6/11/33/22kv and 240 and 415v respectively.
The distribution substation have step down transformers, a few incoming high voltage
transmission lines and several outgoing medium voltage overhead lines for underground
cables.
Distribution substation serves as a source of energy supply for the local areas of distribution
in which they are located. There main function is to receive energy transmitted at high
voltage, reduce the voltage to a value appropriate for local distribution.
They also provide points where safety devices may be installed to disconnect equipment or
circuits in the event of fault.
They step down voltages from 33/11kv to 415/230v .
14
11/09/2018
 Classification of substation:
 Indoor type
 Underground type
 Outdoor type
 Pole mounted type
 Compact unit type
Substation location:
Things to consider during location of substation:
 The community/ locality
 Availability of suitable and sufficient land
 The spread of houses
 Proximity of source of supply
 Safety of the transformers
TRANSFORMER
The distribution transformers are generally 3-phase AC power transformers rating 50
up to 500KVA. They are located near the load areas. Primary distribution circuits
have 33/11kv, 3-phase 3-wire AC, on the primary side of the distribution
transformer while the secondary side of the transformer has 415V, 3-phase, 4-wire
secondary circuit. The capacity of the transformer needed is determined by the load
requirement.
Transformer Capacity ;
25, 100,200, 300,500, 750, 1000kVA respectively
Distribution transformer,
Primary transformer – power ratings of 1 MVA to 7.5 MVA, 33/11kV voltage
ratio
Secondary transforemer – rated 25kVA to 500kVA, 11/0.415kV or 33/0.415kV
voltage ratio
Fuses - used for over current protection. For HV are of rewireable drop-out
expulsion type while for LV, are of high-rupturing capacity type.
Line switches or isolators – 11kV and 33kV are of the single break, three pole,
and centre-pole tilting type.
Lightning Arrestors – used for over voltage protection to discharge excessive
current built upon the line to earth due to lightning voltage surges and are
outdoor type.
Cables – used to connect the transformers to the overhead lines.
HV cable – Paper insulated, lead covered, steel armoured, PVC sheathed or cross
linked Polyethylene (XLPE) insulated, PVC sheathed.
LV cable – Usually 4-core, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) insulated and sheathed.
15
11/09/2018
Feeder Pillar:
They are distribution transformer cabinet boards used by the power authority for supplying
3-phase and single phase loads to feed residential and some small scale commercial
consumers in our towns, cities, etc. at 415v and 240v respectively in a safe, economical and
convenient way for operational and maintenance purposes. They also have fuse protection
(HRC fuses).
It gets its supply from the secondary side of the transformer.
Have provision for one fused incoming and different number of fused outgoing feeders called
“WAYS” (2,4,6,8 etc.). Busbars ratings are 100A, 200A, 400A, 800A, for transformers from
100kVA up to 500kVA. While the outgoing units to the LT overhead line are protected with
fuses between 200-400A fuses.
Ring Main Unit:
They are distribution load breaks switches used on voltages up to 40KV to service feeder
loads area in compliment of feeder circuit breakers. They have fuses for protection purposes
and oil cooled.
But these types have been phased out. The new type is SF₆ type where SF₆ is used as the arc
quenching medium instead of oil.
They ensure that there is constant power supply even when there is a problem on any of the
legs. They can perform both switching and protection operations.
Load shedding in FP because of the overloading of phases with constant power supply in
order to save the distribution transformer should be done every three months.
RMU serves the following purposes;

 Breaking rated (load current)
 Making rated (load) current
 Carrying specified short-circuit current
Fuses:
 To isolate different parts of the overhead system.
 Overhead high voltage fuses of appropriate rating should be used for 33/11kv overhead lines.
 Fuses are mainly used for the transformer protection.
Line isolator:
 Adequate means of isolating a faulty section of the grid system is very important. This aid
maintenance and also prevent total shutdown of a town or an area due to a fault occurring on a
part of the grid system.
 Isolators should be placed on at the point of Tee-off or the overhead line or at the terminal pole
at the substation.
Transformer and Feeder Pillar Plinths:
These are the mounting bases for the transformer and Feeder pillar. They are made of reinforced
concrete so that they can withstand the weight of the transformer or Feeder pillar as the case may
be. The transformer plinth has a height of 4 feet minimum for external bushing type of the
transformer and 1 foot minimum for internal bushing type while the feeder pillar is 1 foot to
ensure the base is not too open for easy coverage and protection.
16
11/09/2018
Surge effect: In underground system, surge effect is smoothened down as surge energy is
absorbed by the sheath.
Voltage drop: In underground system because of less spacing between conductors inductance is
very low as compared to overhead lines therefore, voltage drop is low in underground system.
Charging Current: on the account of less spacing between conductors, the cables have much
capacitance so draw higher current.
EARTHING SYSTEM:
The reason for earthing a connection to the general mass of the earth is to ensure or provide a
means of ensuring that a path is created for the immediate and safe discharge of fault current to
earth so that the protective devices can operate and isolate the faulty circuit.
The basic reasons for earthing are;
To limit voltages due to lightning strikes
To stabilize the voltage to earth during normal operation
To facilitate the operation of the over current device in case of ground fault.
To limit voltage due unintentional contact of the supply with higher voltage lines
To limit voltages due to line surges.
Soil Treatment:
Fresh animal dropping should be avoided. The larger the stay of the animal droppings before use,
the better the soil improvement. The mixtures are used because they help retain moisture (H₂O)
around the electrodes at all times.
Earth rod/ soil:

 The longer the earth rods, the better the earth values and the better the
for it to discharge the earth fault current to ground.
 Importance for the soil to be water retentive.
 Soil resistivity is lower in the deeper strata of the earth which is reasonably
met all year round.
 The earth rods should be at a distance longer than the length of each earth
rods. This is to avoid earthing areas overlapping.
Protective Multiple Earthing (PME):
This is recommended to ensure the neutral conductor of the upriser cables are
connected to the general mass of the earth at several location points.
The neutral of the incoming supply also forms the earth return path. It is thus
referred upon as earth. It is done to ensure very low resistance in any path of
the neutral conductor as much as possible.
It is carried out in accordance with the electricity regulation that is at every 5th
pole position from the substation, terminal poles, and open points.
17
11/09/2018
Neutral and Equipment Earthing:

Earth (Ground) is a huge conducting mass (with a condition that station earthing system in
the power plant/ substation has low resistance less than 2.0Ω). The earth (ground) is
treated and all neutral and equipment bodies and enclosures, supports are connected.
Earth metallic part assumes earth potential.
Earth fault leakage current easily flows to earth through the earth connection.
Earth provides good return path current-safety earth discharge earth reference.
Neutral Earthing: is connecting 3-phase star points of transformer and 3-phase
generators and neutral bus/wire to station earthing system.
System Neutral earthing: it is the practice of earthing the star-point or neutral of the
electrical power system.
System neutral has the following merits;
Elimination of arcing grounds, stable neutral point, voltage of phase to earth do not rise
during earth faults.
Surges are discharged
Insulation failure are reduced
Earth fault protection becomes simple and easy
Equipment Earthing: is connecting non-current carrying metallic parts of electrical
plant to station earth (treated earth/ ground). Equipment earthing is mandatory as per
safety rules. It prevents severe electric shock and the following
 Reduction of electromagnetic interference by chassis earthing.

 Easy detection and protection of equipment from earth leakage current and discharge of
earth fault currents and capacitive charging currents prior to maintenance work permit.
Every substation/power plant/electrical plant and appliance has provision of equipment and
body earthing.
Advantages of Neutral Earthing
The neutral point remains stable in ungrounded system. The neutral point floats the phase to
earth voltages of 3-phase vary with time.
EARTHING OR GROUNDING IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Earthing is the provision of low impedance (maximum of 10 ohms) path for earth fault
current which is most readily achieved by a continuous metallic conductor from the point of
fault back to the supply transformer. The earthing of equipment is provided by connecting
the equipment to the earth through an earthing rod driven by an earthing lead. Earthing is
to;
 Provide the earth connection for the grounded neutral for transformers and equipment.
 Provide the discharge path for lightning.
 Ensure safety to operating personnel or such other persons who may be in contact with
the electrical appliances by limiting the potential difference which can exist in the system.
 Provide means of discharging and de-energizing equipment in order to carry out
maintenance on the equipment.
18
11/09/2018
 Provide a sufficiently low resistance path to minimize rise in ground potential with
respect to remote ground.
OVERHEAD LINE EARTHING
 HV Lines – All steel cross arms, top portion stays, channel irons, support brackets or
any other support materials made of steel.
 LV lines – The neutral conductor is earthed at each transformer pole, tee-off pole,
section or shackle point, terminal pole each 300m or every fifth pole along the line
HT Pole: if a pole is struck by lightning it may shatter causing failure of the line but this
can be prevented/ reduced by grounding all the metal works that support the insulator at
each pole position or by connecting same to a continuous earth wire running along the
entire line.
SUBSTATION EARTHING
The lightning arrester is separately earthed with an insulated earthing lead.
All HV steel works, transformer tanks, switchgear and substation fence.
The transformer LV neutral conductors of the feeder cables are bonded together in the
distribution cabinet at the neutral busbar.
PERMISSIBLE RESISTANCE OF EARTHING SYSTEM
Small substation – 2 ohms
EHV Substation up to 220kv – 1 ohm
Power station and 400KV substation – 0.5 ohms
Distribution transformer substation – less than 5 ohms
POINTS TO BE EARTHED IN A SUBSTATION

 The neutral point of each separate system should have an independent
earth in turn interconnected to substation earthing system.
 The lightning arresters should have independent earth in turn
interconnected to the substation earthing system. All extraneous
metallic part/framework not associated with equipment framework
and other non-current parts.
 Equipment framework and other non-current parts.
 All extraneous metallic framework not associated with equipment.
 Operating handles of isolators with an auxiliary earth mat
underneath, if necessary.
 Peripheral fencing .
 Building inside the substation, if any.
 Transformer neutrals shall be connected directly to earth electrode.
19
11/09/2018
IMPORTANCE OF GRANITE CHIPPINGS

 Prevention of step and touch potential
 To provide high resistance for working personnel
 To minimize hazards from reptiles.
 To discourage growth of weeds
 To maintain resistivity of soil at lower value by retaining moisture in the
underlining soil
 To prevent substation surface from being muddy and water logged.
TOUCH POTENTIAL
Potential difference between two points, one on the ground where a man may
stand, and any other part which can be simultaneously touched by hand.
STEP POTENTIAL
Potential difference between any two points on the ground surface which can be
simultaneously touched by feet.
DESIGN AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT

Substation Design/ Construction:
Checklist;
 The location of the substation is very important it must be determined by the strength of
the houses in the town.,
 It must not be close houses, marketplace, or place of gathering.
 If it is close to houses, transformers with internal bushing should be used and more
protection provided for the substation,
 The size of substation is 10 feet X 10 feet,
 The transformers should be centralized inside the substation, thus providing rooms for
free movement around it,
 The transformer plinth for transformers with external bushing is a minimum of 4 feet in
height, while the internal bushing should be lower.
 The feeder pillar must be placed facing the entrance gate of the substation,
 The down drop cables must be a minimum of 4 feet if it is more than, XLPE cables should
be used,
 All cable in the substation must be properly buried,
 Feeder pillar plinth must be properly covered to prevent intrusion of rodents and reptiles,
 They must be an adequate fuse protection for the incoming supply cables from the
transformer and for outgoing supply cables to the consumers.
20
11/09/2018
 The transformer and the feeder pillar neutral must be earthed,

 Granite chippings must be adequately spread on the substation floor,
 For supply to an estate 3-pole gang isolator should be provided,
 The overhead high voltage fuse protection must be of the correct amperage,
 All channel iron cross arms used at the substation terminal poles must be
adequately earthed
 The lightning arresters earthing lead must be 70mm2,
 When an XLPE cable is used, it must be properly brazed and piped with a PVC
pipe to hold it firmly in place,
 An earthing system must be provided for the substation with a value of less
than 5 ohms,
 A separate earthing system must be provided for the lightning arresters,
transformer and feeder pillar of separate connection must be made from the
earth pit,
 The substation must be fenced round with a height of not less than 2.5 meters
 When a metal wire mesh is used for the fence it must be earthed,
 The substation gate must be opened outside and must have lock and key,
 A bold danger sign must be fixed on the substation entrance gate,
 Where a substation is in proximity to houses the top of the fence must be

covered with broken bottles of barbed wire,
 A block wall fence must have spaces to allow for free flow air,
 The LV cable must be adequate for the expected load,
 The upriser cable should be buried at the point of entering the substation,
 Bimetallic line taps must be used for the interconnection between the
Aluminium overhead line and the overhead high voltage D-fittings when the
jumper conductor is copper,
 The upriser cable must be piped with a PVC pipe,
 The upriser cable must not be stripped of its armoured protection,
 The jumper and down drop cables should not be coiled to avoid large fault
current that can damage the transformer windings,
 The transformer gauge must be in good condition, and the transformer oil the
conservator must not be full,
 The transformer must have silica gel and it must not be saturated,
 The polarity of the transformer phases of the HV bushings and LV bushings
must be clearly marked,
21
11/09/2018
NOTE:
When one overhead high voltage drop-out fuse drops, it leads to over
voltage.
When there is neutral failure it also leads to over voltage.
When there is a fault from the HV line, the overhead high voltage drop out
fuses protects the transformer.
When there is a fault from the LV side, the HRC fuses in the feeder pillar
protects the transformer.
In a situation the fault passes the feeder pillar, transformer overhead high
voltage, drop out fuse protects the HV line from the fault current coming
from the transformer which is usually higher than the voltage on the line.
Thus the overhead high voltage drop out fuses can serve as a fault
protection fuse as an overload protection fuse.
Mid span joints

The use of mid-span joints is not recommended, but where they are unavoidable
they shall be of the compression sleeve only.
There shall not be more than one joint in a conductor in any one span and where a
joint occurs in more than one conductor with the same span, there shall be a
horizontal distance of not less than 5 feet (152cm) between joints,.
Joints are not permissible in spans crossing the major roads, railways, rivers, and
any other aerial lines or in the immediate adjacent span on either side of the road
crossing.
Clearance to buildings:
Unless the conductor are fully insulated, the minimum to building shall be 24 feet
(8m).
The subject of earthing may be divided into two;
- General Equipment Earthing: it is the practice of earthing the metallic frames of
electrical equipment.
Purpose – improves safety to ;
- operational staff
- the general public
22
11/09/2018
REFERENCES
Adebisi A. (2010) Distribution Network Maintenance
Ewesor, P.O (2003), Practical Electrical System Installation: Work and practice
Gupta, J.B (2010), A course in Electrical Power
Gupta, J.b (2007), Transmission and Distribution of Electrical Power
NAPTIN (2012), In-country Training Programme on Operation and Maintenance of Rural
Electrification in Nigeria Training Manual sponsored by Japan International Cooperation
Agency.
Phil Hughes, Ed Ferrent, (2009), Introduction to Health and Safety at Work
Rao, S. (2006), Testing, Commissioning, Operation & Maintenance of Electrical
Equipment
UNIDO, (2010), Capacity building Training course: Operation and Maintenance of SHP
Plants
 Summary and Discussion
23
11/09/2018
THANKS FOR
LISTENING
24
11/09/2018
Bucholz is a brand (GEC) name for gas detector relay just like J&P is brand name for
overhead drop out fuses.
Transformer oil test:

Pass voltage for
New oil >= 60kv r.m.s @ 2.5mm2 gap
Old/used oil >= 30kv r.m.s @ 2.5mm2 gap
This is the minimum break down voltage (BDV) of the transformer oil. Note that
this doesn’t depend on the transformer operating voltage.
Moisturized oil can be reheated and reused but carbonized decomposed oil must be
changed. Most oil stored are moisturized because of their hygroscopic nature thus
thy can be heated, vacuumed (dry-out), tested and used.
Testing transformer oil

Collect sample of oil from transformer keep and let it settle for a day. This is to see the
sedimentation process where if there is moisture it will settle and the oil too will settle.
Shake it and then use a little of it to rinse the test container before pouring in all the oil
Use filter gauge to burst any bubble that might be formed.
Carry out your test.
25
11/09/2018
3 samples are taken from the transformer for testing;

 From the sump
 From the main valve
 From the conservator
Note: It is not compulsory that all 3 test must be good because sedimentation plays
a great role in the test results. Thus sometimes different readings are got for the 3
different samples.
Note: don’t carry out megger insulation test before 10am because of condensation
as meggering is to tell us how dry the insulation is.
Most transformers of today come with inbuilt ground resistors, which makes the
insulation resistance test readings look so fantastic. If you can open the transformer
you will see the ground resistor bypass it and redo the test.
Insulation resistance varies with seasons i.e raining and dry season.
Earthing System
 Points to be earthed in a substation are as follows;
 The neutral point of each separate system should have an independent earth, in
turn interconnected with the station grounding mat.
 Equipment framework and other non-current parts.
 All extraneous metallic frame work not associated with equipment.
 Lightning arresters should have independent earths, in turn connected to the
stations grounding grids.
 Operating handles of isolators with an auxiliary earth mat underneath, if
necessary.
 Peripheral fencing.
 Building inside the substation, if any.
 Transformer neutrals shall be connected directly to the earth electrode.
Granite chippings/ Gravels/ Crushed rocks (15mm to 20mm size) importance;

 To provide high resistivity for working personnel’s
 To minimize hazards from reptiles.
26
11/09/2018
 To discourage growth of weeds.

 To maintain resistivity of soil at lower value by retaining moisture in the under
laying soil
 To prevent substation surface muddy and water logged.
THE SLIDES BELOW ARE THE NEWLY ADDED

SLIDES
27
11/09/2018
 Encroachment of vegetation on power lines & feedeer pillars:

 Endangering lives and property.
 Leading to constant power loss.
 Leading to system & network collapse
 Loose terminals, contacts & bad connections causing
 Overheating
 Sparking/ loss of power
 Wrong switching and fusing in substations and switchyards.
 Non-provision of bimetal line taps on copper and aluminium connections causing:
 Constant arcing and sparking at the connections.
 Eventual detachment of the connections leading to loss of power.
 Poorly tensioned lines with attended consequences of:
 Over sagging of overhead lines
 Bridging and sparking
 Electrical fires,
 Eventual snapping/ detachment of conductors etc.
 Poor installation/construction and network maintenance practices.

 Use of extended steel cross-arm to raise pole height with attendant consequences of
sudden failure & network collapses.
 Using 33kv main feeder lines to injection substations for point loads – with each of the
point loads becoming a fault location.
 Bad and substandard cross arms:
Fibre-glass ,
Non-galvanized steel
 Multiple voltage lines criss-crossing one another constituting:
Danger/risk, leading to accidents,
Maintenance challenges
Disruptions/ loss of power supply over a long period of time.
Long down time
 Electric poles seen leaning dangerously due to
Incorrect planting depth and
Failed stay wires
Improper positioning of stay wire and improper alignment of poles.
28
11/09/2018
Mixed grid networks 11KV and 33KV networks within the same community and on same
poles.-
Pose danger and risk to utility companies, maintenance teams.
Increase downtime on any of the systems when carrying out maintenance.
Use of improper/ substandard materials and equipment:
Use of split conductors for O-H line works,
Use of undersize cables for the connection of output of a transformer,
Equipment and material mismatch
Transformer and load mismatch
Other safety issues with Distribution networks:

 Missing bracings, bolts and nuts on towers resulting in sudden collapses of network.
 Severe kinks and unstranding of conductors resulting in arcing/ sparking, melting
and eventual detachment of the conductors.
 Sections with multiple joints especially across expressways, rivers, etc.
 Lines too close to communication masts and other structures.
 33KV O-H lines constructed over railway lines, waterways, without earthed cradle
guards.
 Poorly constructed ITC’s with a combination of untreated wooden / broken electric
concrete poles erected on the line.
 Non-observance of the right-of-way (ROW) of transmission lines by public and
Development Control Agencies.
 Transmission lines crossing dangerously over factories, schools, residential and
commercial premises.
e.g. – ROM oil Ibadan: Faith Academy Ogba; Tarred road in Obanle Lagos
 Inadequate line corridors with lines passing over residential buildings.
29
11/09/2018
Pre- Commissioning Inspection and Testing
This phase concludes the process of putting a safe, stable, reliable and efficient power
supply network in place by the utility companies and other executors for the benefit of the
user/ consumer.
In this phase, the necessary checks and tests to ensure that the projects comply with the
design and statutory requirements are executed by experienced & competent inspecting
engineers/technical officers.
30

Engr Momoh Presentation

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Engr Momoh Presentation

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

11/09/2018

VENUE: NATIONAL POWER TRAINING

DATE : 5th September, 2018

UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT OF SAFETY

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR SAFETY

How do I identify workplace hazards?

What is electrical Safety?

FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

There are two fundamental types of distribution schemes:

Choice of network system

OVERHEAD LINES (33/11/0.415 kV)

 Angle poles- erected on line route of angle 5⁰ - 6⁰ with line stays

Reinforced concrete Poles:

Lattice Steel Structure:

OVERHEAD LINE INSULATORS:

They must have the following properties;

STEEL CROSS ARMS:

Insulator which is inserted at least 3m from ground level to prevent

Mid Span Joints:

OVERHEAD LINE CONSTRUCTION : SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

 The insulators are properly bolted to the cross arms.

 When the HT overhead line is to pass under an EHV

Repair work on HT lines on poles where LT is also

 All tree and flowers growing under or in

RMU serves the following purposes;

Earth rod/ soil:

Neutral and Equipment Earthing:

 Reduction of electromagnetic interference by chassis earthing.

POINTS TO BE EARTHED IN A SUBSTATION

IMPORTANCE OF GRANITE CHIPPINGS

DESIGN AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT

 The transformer and the feeder pillar neutral must be earthed,

 Where a substation is in proximity to houses the top of the fence must be

Mid span joints

 Summary and Discussion

Transformer oil test:

Testing transformer oil

3 samples are taken from the transformer for testing;

Granite chippings/ Gravels/ Crushed rocks (15mm to 20mm size) importance;

 To discourage growth of weeds.

THE SLIDES BELOW ARE THE NEWLY ADDED

 Encroachment of vegetation on power lines & feedeer pillars:

 Poor installation/construction and network maintenance practices.

Other safety issues with Distribution networks:

Pre- Commissioning Inspection and Testing

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen