1.

The Primary function of aldosterone is to:

a. Increase the amount of water and sodium lost thru the kidneys.
b.Decrease the amount of water and sodium lost thru the kidneys.
c. Dilate peripheral blood vessels to decrease blood pressure.
d. Decrease the absorption of water along the digestive tract.
e. Increase the absorption of hydrogen thru the kidneys.

2. The most potent stimulus for the secretion of aldosterone is:

a. ACTH.
b.Increased plasma potassium levels.
c. Decreased plasma sodium levels.
d. Decreased plasma potassium levels.
e. Increase plasma sodium levels.

3. An abdominal computed tomography (CT) in a patient with Conn’s syndrome (primary

hyperaldosteronism) shows multiple small adrenocortical masses. Which of the following
clinical findings are most likely present?
a. Hypertension.
b. Hyperkalemia.
c. Decreased extracellular fluid volume.
d. Acidosis.
e. Increased hematocrit.

4. Glucocorticoids (cortisol);
a. Increase osteoblastic activity in the bone.
b. Decrease the breakdown of proteins.
c. Increases the mobilization and breakdown of fats.
d. Increase inflammation.
e. Decrease blood glucose levels.

5. Which of these is expected in Cushing syndrome?

a. Low blood glucose levels.
b. Low blood pressure.
c. Hyperkalemia.
d. Weight loss.
e. Severe muscle weakness due to increased protein catabolism.

6. Regarding mineralocorticoids:
a. They are not essential for life.
b. They are secreted by cells of zona fasciculata.
c. They lead to increased gluconeogenesis in the liver.
d.Their absence leads to shock and death within a few days.
e. The reduce loss of potassium ions.

7. In secondary adrenocortical insufficiency:

a. Cortisol and aldosterone levels will be depressed.
 b. There is primary defect in the adrenal gland.
c. There will be hyperpigmentation.
d. Symptoms will be similar to Cushing’s diseases.
e. There will be hypertension and hypokalemia.
8. Adrenal androgens are:
a. Are secreted from the zona fasciculata.
b. Protein in nature.
c. Can cause virilization in females.
d. Have a direct effect on sodium reabsorption in the renal tubules.
e. Increase gluconeogenesis in the liver.
9. Cortisol exerts anti-inflammatory effects by:
a. Increasing the secretion of histamine and bradykinin from the mast cells.
b.Decreasing the permeability of the capillaries.
c. Increasing migration of white blood cells.
d. Increasing release Interleukin-2.
e. Increasing the migration of phagocytes.
10. Excessive exogenous glucocorticoid administration causes:
a. Grave’s disease.
b.Cushing’s syndrome.
c. Conn’s syndrome.
d. Addison’s disease.
e. Addisonian crisis
.
11. Insulin increases:
a. The breakdown of proteins.
b. The breakdown of fats.
c. Glycogen breakdown in the liver.
d.The uptake of glucose by its target tissues.
e. The plasma glucose levels.
12. Patients of Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus:
a. Do not need to exercise.
b.Develop insulin resistance.
c. Only require Insulin injections.
d. Are very rarely obese.
e. Usually belong to the younger age group.
13. The pancreatic cells that secrete insulin are the:
a. F-cells.
b. Principal cells.
c. Alpha cells.
d.Beta cells.
e. Delta cells.
14. The mechanism of action of insulin is:
a. Glucose enters of the β-cells, Voltage-gated calcium channels open, Ca influx occurs, ATP
is released and exocytosis of Insulin vesicles occurs.
b. Glucose enters the β-cells, Glucokinase converts Glucose in to G-6-phosphate, Voltage-
gated Ca channels open, ATP is released and exocytosis of Insulin vesicles occurs.
 c. Glucose enters the β-cells, Glucokinase converts in to G-6-phosphate, which oxidizes to
form ATP, ATP inhibits ATP-sensitive channels, which depolarizes the cell membrane,
Voltage-gated Ca channels open, Ca influx occurs and exocytosis of insulin vesicles occurs.
d. Glucose enters the β-cells, ATP inhibits the ATP sensitive channels, which depolarizes the
cell membrane, voltage-gated Ca channels open, Glucokinase converts Glucose to G-6-
phophate and exocytosis of insulin vesicles occurs.
e. Glucose enters the β-cells, cAMP is generated and exocytosis of insulin vesicles occurs.
15. The direct control of insulin secretion occurs:
a. Via the sympathetic nervous system.
b. Via the hypothalamus.
c. Via the pituitary gland.
d. Via the para sympathetic nervous system.
e. Via Blood glucose.
16. In Diabetes Mellitus Type I:
a. There is increased production of Insulin.
b.The only treatment is Insulin injections.
c. Oral hypoglycemic drugs should be immediately started.
d. Desensitization of the insulin receptor occurs.
e. Usually older age group is involved.
17. Insulin:
a. Inhibits the permeability of cell membrane of different cell for glucose.
b.Increases the activity of Glucokinase enzyme.
c. Inhibits deposition of fats in the adipose tissues.
d. Raises the blood glucose levels.
e. Inhibits inflammation.

18. A 14-year old boy with an autoimmune disease that destroyed his pancreatic β-cells in most
likely to exhibit which of the following signs and symptoms?
a. Hyperglycemia and diuresis.
b. Hyperkalemia.
c. Enhanced protein storage in muscle.
d. Decreased circulating fatty acid levels.
e. Enhanced glucose uptake by adipocytes.

19. Major importance of maintaining a minimum blood glucose concentration seems to be:
a. To prevent increase in osmotic pressure of ECF.
b.To assure continuous glucose supply to brain.
c. To assure supply of glucose to muscles.
d. To prevent cellular dehydration.
e. To prevent loss of glucose in the urine.

20. Which of the following is most likely to produce the greatest increase in insulin secretion?
a. Amino acids.
b.Amino acids and glucose.
c. Amino acids and somatostatin.
d. Glucose and somatostatin.
e. Somatostatin.
21. The elevated PTH concentration leads to:
a. Increased osteoclastic activity.
b. Increased hepatic formation of 25-hydroxycholealciferol.
c. Increased renal phosphate reabsorption.
d. Increased urinary calcium excretion.
e. Decreased calcium absorption form intestine.

22. Secondary Hyperparathyroidism is seen in:

a. Osteopetrosis.
b. Acromegaly.
c. Rickets.
d. Dwarfism.
e. Conn’s Syndrome.

23. Hypercalcemia can cause:

a. Tetany.
b.Constipation.
c. Hyperactive reflexes.
d. Laryngeal stridor.
e. Carpopedal spasm.

24. Regarding vitamin D:

a. It is converted to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the kidney.
b. 24, 25 hydroxycholecalciferol is the most active form of vitamin D.
c. It increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate.
d. Osteomalacia is caused by excess vitamin D.
e. Alpha 1-hydroxylase converts 7-dehydrocholestrol to 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol.

25. The ionized diffusible calcium form of the plasma constitutes:

a. 50% of the total plasma calcium
b. 10% of the total plasma calcium
c. 100% of the total plasma calcium
d. 40% of the total plasma calcium
e. 90% of the total plasma calcium

26. Secretion of Calcitonin in human is associated with:

a. Hypercalcemia.
b. Hypocalcemia.
c. Deficiency of vitamin D.
d. Calcium deficit diet.
e. Decreasing bone remodeling.
27. Which of the following is not involved in regulating plasma Ca levels?
a. Kidneys.
b. Skin.
c. Liver.
d.Lungs.
e. Intestine.
 28. A 40-year-old woman comes to the emergency room with a fracture in the neck of femur.
Radiographs reveal generalized demineralization of the bone in the area. Her plasma calcium
ion concentration is significantly greater than normal: 12.2 mg/dl. What is the diagnosis?
a. Osteoporosis.
b. Rickets.
c. Hyperparathyroidism
d. Renal failure.
e. Cushing’s disease.

29. Which of the following stimulates the secretion of Parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
a. Increase in extracellular calcium ion activity above the normal value.
b. Increase in calcitonin concentration.
c. Respiratory acidosis.
d. Increased secretion of PTH-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus.
e. None of the above.

30. The chemical nature of Parathyroid hormone is:

a. Protein.
b. Steroid.
c. Tyrosine derivative.
d. Iodinated tyrosine.
e. Cholesterol derivative.

31. Parathyroid hormone:

a. Causes localized dissolution of bone.
b. Lowers the renal threshold for calcium.
c. Increases the effect of calcitonin.
d. Is a steroid.
e. Is secreted from the Thyroid gland.

32. Which of the following is a characteristic of Hyperparathyroidism?

a. Hypercalcemia
b. Hyperkalemia.
c. Hypokalemia.
d. Hyponatremia
e. Decreased plasma volume.

33. Exposure to UV light directly facilitates which of the following?

a. Conversion of 7-dehydrocholestrol to cholecalciferol.
b. Conversion of 25-hydroxycholicalcierol to 1, 25- dihydroxycholecalciferol.
c. Transport of calcium into the extracellular fluid.
d. Formation of calcium binding protein.
e. Storage of vitamin D3 in the liver.

34. Action of PTH on kidney is:

 a. To increase calcium excretion.
b. To reduce calcium reabsorption by the tubules.
c. To increase phosphate reabsorption.
d. To reduce calcium excretion.
e. To inhibit the enzyme alpha-1-hydroxylase.

35. A characteristic diagnostic finding seen in primary hyperparathyroidism is:

a. Diarrhea.
b. Malabsorption.
c. Decreased plasma calcium levels.
d. Prolonged QT interval in ECG.
e. High level of plasma alkaline phosphates activity.

ENDOCRINES
a. Regarding Pituitary gland
a. It is divided into adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis***
b. Three important peptide hormones are secreted by anterior pituitary gland
c. It controls the secretions of hypothalamus
d. Embryologically, posterior pituitary originates from Ruthke’s pouch
e. ADH secretion is related to anterior pituitary

b. Regarding Somatotropic hormone

a. It is released from the cells of posterior pituitary gland
b. It is not diabetogenic in nature
c. Its excess causes Gigantism
d. Its deficiency causes Gigantism
e. Its excess may cause dwarfism

c. Which factor inhibits Growth Hormone secretion

a. Decreased blood glucose level
b. Trauma or stress
c. Exercise
d. Obesity***
e. Sleep

d. This hormone helps in the contraction of gravid uterus

a. Progesterone
b. HCG
c. Oestradiol
d. Oxytocin***
e. Testosteron

e. Which of the following can not be a feature of Hyperpituitarism

a. Acromegaly
b. Gigantism
c. Dwarfism***
d. Hyperglycemia
e. Increased rate of metabolism

f. Which one is not an anterior pituitary hormone

a. TSH
b. TRH***
c. GH
d. FSH
 e. LH

27- Adrenal glands secrete

a) Glucocorticoids
b) Mineralocorticoids
c) Both the Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids
d) Adrenaline
e) Nor adrenaline
28- Heat is not lost from the skin to the surrounding tissues by
a) Radiation
b) Evaporation
c) Shivering*
d) Convection
e) Conduction
29- A hormone that promotes the growth of all tissues due to increase in cell size and mitosis is
a) Thyroid stimulating hormone
b) Nor adrenaline
c) Somatotropic hormone*
d) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
e) Follicle stimulating hormone
30- TRH is the
a) Thyrotropin relaxing hormone
b) Thyroxine regeneration hormone
c) Thyrotropin releasing hormone*
d) Thyroid releasing hormone
e) Thyroid relaxing hormone

27- A child born with the deficiency of Growth Hormone may suffer from
a) Cretinism
b) Dwarfism*
c) Cushing syndrome
d) Grave’s disease
e) Addison’s disease
28- Supra-optic nuclei of hypothalamus synthesize
a) Vasopressin*
b) Glucagon
c) Cortisol
d) Thyroxine
e) Insulin
29- GH-secreting tumors of anterior Pituitary gland in an adult, may cause
a) Cushing syndrome
b) Dwarfism
c) Diabetes Insipedus
d) Gigantism
e) Acromegaly*
30- Insulin secretion is increased by
a) Fasting
b) Low blood glucose
c) Growth hormone deficiency
d) Use of sulphonylurea drugs*
e) Somatostatins
27- Insomnia, diarrhea, palpitation and weight loss in a young female may be due to
a) Addison’s disease
b) Myxedema
c) Thyrotoxicosis***
d) Cushing’s syndrome
e) Acromegaly
28- In case of Hyperthyroidism you may not find
a) Rise in Basal Metabolic Rate
b) Tachycardia
c) Palpitation
d) Heat intolerance
e) Excessive gain in the body weight*
29- Pancreas secretes two very important hormones
a) Insulin and Thyroxine
b) Insulin and Glucagon*
 c) Insulin and Trypsin
d) Glucagon and Chymotrypsin
e) Trypsin and Chymotrypsin
30- Parathyroid hormone is closely related with
a) Calcium and Potassium metabolism
b) Calcium and Phosphate metabolism*
c) Sodium and Calcium metabolism
d) Sodium and Magnesium metabolism
e) Sodium and Phosphate metabolism

ENDOCRINOLOGY
16- Endocrine hormones are
a. Released by dendrites of neurons into the synaptic junction
b. Released by glands into the circulating blood**
c. Always secreted into the circulating blood
d. The waste products excreted out of the body
e. Abnormal body secretions released in stress
17- All the following are general classes of hormones EXCEPT
g. Proteins and polypeptides
h. Steroids
i. Derivatives of Amino acid Tyrosine
j. Polysaccharides and Nucleic acid hormones**
k. Fatty acids

18- Following are the major functions of Leptin

a. To stimulate gall bladder contraction and release Pancreatic enzymes
b. To inhibit appetite and stimulate thermogenesis**
c. To stimulate HCL secretion by Parietal cells
d. To increase bone mineralization
e. To increase water absorption from kidneys

19- All of the following use Adenylyl cyclase-cAMP second messenger system EXCEPT
a. ACTH
b. Calcitonin
c. TRH**
d. TSH
20- Which factor stimulates the Growth hormone secretion
a. Aging
b. Sleep***
c. Obesity
d. GHIH
e. FSH
16- Regarding crushing disease
a) It is caused by excessive cortisol secretion by adrenal cortex
b) It is due to excessive ACTH secreting tumor of pituitary gland**
c) It is due to deficiency of cortisol
d) It is due to ACTH deficiency
e) It is found in females only
17- Adrenocorticotropic hormone releasing hormone is secreted by
a) Anterior pituitary gland
b) Posterior pituitary gland
c) Adrenal cortex
 d) adrenal medulla
e) Hypothalamus*

18- Regarding diabetes Mellitus

a) TypeII diabetes usually occurs before the age of 20years
b) Type II diabetes is more common in thin, lean people
c) Insulin is the treatment of choice in type I diabetes**
d) Insulin is contraindicated in type II diabetes
e) Exercise and diet have no role in the treatment of type II diabetes

19- Steroid hormones include

a) Growth hormone
b) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
c) Aldosterone*
d) Thyroid stimulating hormone
e) Acetylcholine

20- A hormone formed in the supra optic nuclei of hypothalamus is

a) Vasopressin*
b) Prolactin
c) Cortisol
d) Insulin
e) Relaxin

21- Effects of Thyroxin on cardiovascular system include

a) Decreased cardiac output
b) Decreased force of contraction of cardiac muscles
c) Tachycardia***
d) Decreased pulse pressure
e) Bradycardia
21- Which of the following statements concerning milk production by the breast is true
a. It is stimulated by prolactin.*
b. It takes place in myoepithelial cells.
c. It begins during the last month of pregnancy.
d. It is not responsive to changes in demand for milk from the breast
e. None of the above
22- In the circulatory system of a fetus, which of the following is greater before birth than after birth
a. Arterial PO2.
b. Right atrial pressure.*
c. Aortic pressure.
d. Left ventricular pressure.
e. Systemic arterial pressure
23- What is the principle site of estrogen synthesis in the male
a. Leydig cells.
b. Osteoblast.
c. Liver cells.*
d. Prostate cells.
e. Kidneys

24- Which of the following is greater after birth than before birth
a. Flow through the foramen ovale.
b. Pressure in the right atrium.
c. Flow through the ductus arteriosus.
d. Aortic pressure.*
e. Pressure in pulmonary artery