LESSON 10: FREEDOM Example: If a person regrets taking a particular

career, then that means he/she recognizes that

- A human person is free to make choices he/she could have decided against it and could
and perform actions, and is have taken a different course. That means they
consequently accountable for these have freedom.
choices and actions.

THREE MAIN PHILOSOPHICAL POSITIONS

ON THE POSSIBILITY OF HUMAN “Determinism”
FREEDOM.

 Hard-determinism maintains that every

event in the universe, including every
action of a human being, is the “Free Will”

predictable consequence or result of an

antecedent or prior causes. A person’s
actions are products of previous events.
 Determinism denies a person of his/her
 Compatibilism is the belief that free will
sense of freedom.
and determinism are mutually
 One’s actions have already been
compatible and that it is possible to
determined by past actions and are
believe in both without being logically
constantly influenced by external
inconsistent.
factors.
 Compatibilists believe freedom can be
present or absent in situations for
reasons that have nothing to do with
“Free Will” metaphysics.

Example: A river that flows down a hill

necessarily follows a channel, but it is also at
liberty to flow within the channel.
“Determinism”

“Determinism”

Example: Waking up every morning and

sleeping at night is determined by the rising
and setting of the sun not our own’s free “Free Will”
choice.

 Libertianism is the doctrine that

maintains that people have freedom and
it rejects the position of determinism.
 Whatever course of action one takes or
decision one makes one will not be
inconsistent with what happened in the
past.
 MAAYOS NA VERSION LOL Moral Recipients
FREEDOM DETERMINISM FREE WILL
Hard Determinism   Hirap mag-hanap ng meaning about this
pakshet kasi ee wala rin nakalagay na
Libertarianism 
meaning sa ppt lmao so useless haha
Compatibilism  
choz.
 Btw, in my own understanding, yung
LESSON 11: ACCOUNTABILITY moral recipients, sila nag-rereceive nung
mga morals from moral agents and they
 Refers to our deservingness of blame or
can also be moral agents kapag meron
praise.
na sila ng characteristics ng moral
(INTELLIGENCE + FREEDOM = ACCOUNTABILITY) agents lololol. (Correct me if I’m wrong)

 Intelligence – to distinguish or to know Responsibility as:

good and bad.
 Duty –
 Freedom - Actions we ought to do
 Agency –
and/or to not do.
 Accountability –
Moral Accountability
CONDITIONS FOR ACCOUNTABILITY
 Sanctions that are usually internal like
Interminating Conditions:
guilt, remorse, sorrow, self-
condemnation, and the like. 1. Choice Condition –
Legal Accountability 2. Knowledge Condition –
 Sanctions are usually external such as
fines, imprisonment, suspensions, etc.
THE PROCESS
Moral Agents
Step 1: State the scenario
 Person who has the ability to recognize
right from wrong and to be held Step 2: Identify the choice condition
accountable for his or her own actions.
Step 3: Identify the knowledge condition
 Moral agents have a moral responsibility
not to cause unjustified harm. Step 4: Is he/she accountable or not?
 Traditionally, moral agency is assigned
 Irresponsible Ignorance –
only to those who can be held
responsible for their actions.  Real Ignorance –
 Children, and adults with certain mental MITIGATING/AGGRAVATING FACTORS
disabilities, may have little or no
capacity to be moral agents.  Degree of difficulty or pressure
 Intensity of the wrongdoing
 Degree of one;s involvement
 Degree of one’s knowledge
LESSON 12: BEING WITH OTHERS Ethical Theory

Intrapersonal/Intersubjective Relationships Principles of Respects for Persons

Person as an Object: “When we act in an ethical manner towards

other persons or as we works toward the
- Unconscious and has definite essence. perfection of our own nature, while treating
- Seen as nothing mere representation of an them as ends as we work toward their
object. happiness, that will make us deserving or
worthy of happiness” – Immanuel Kant
- “It” – Martin Buber
LESSON 13: CARING FOR THE
- Being-in-itself ENVIRONMENT

- Being-alongside Existential Crisis

Person as a Subject: It is a very concrete problem that threatens the

existence of the various species inhabiting this
- Conscious and free.
world.
- Lacks a defined identity or fixed essence.
Environmental Issues
- “You” – Martin Buber
- Overpopulation
- Being-for-itself – Jean Paul Satre - Soil Contamination
- Loss of Biodiversity
- Being-with – Martin Heidegger - Pollution
- Deforestation
OBJECT SUBJECT
Martin Buber “It” “You” - Loss of Clean Drinking Water
(Experience) (Encounter)
FOUR TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS
Martin Being - Being-with
Heidegger alongside 1. Physical Causes - refers to those causes
that can in principle be studied by the
PERSON AS MEANS sciences.

 After your own interests. - Natural Physical Cause - Brought

PERSON AS AS ENDS
 After the other person’s interests.
Informed voluntary consent – To avoid using
a person as means.
about solely by the processes of nature.
- Earthquakes, Tsunamis, Forest Fires,
Volcanic Eruptions, and Dry Seasons.
- Human-induced Physical Cause -
Brought about by human intervention in
the processes of nature.
- Pollution, Global Warming, Depletion of
Natural Resources, Oil Spill.
2. Legal Causes – includes existing laws of
the land that have something to do with the
environment.
- Absence of laws that effectively prohibit
environment-unfriendly practices.
- Absence of legal mechanisms effectively
punishes those that violate existing
environmental laws.
3. Socio-economic Causes – Factors that are
brought about by social arrangements and the
economic status of human persons.
- Poverty
- Over-population
4. Attitudunal Causes – Refers to the beliefs
and values held by humans about nature that
allow them or make it permissible for them to
cause damages to the natural environment.
- Homo Economicus – Belief that
economic well-being is primary and will
bring about well-being in all other areas.
- Progressivism - Belief that the human
condition will gradually improve through
abundance.
- Industrialism – Belief that mass-
production and rationally designed
institutions and programs are the best
way to perfect human society.
- Consumerism – Belief that well-being is
achieved through abundance and
consumption.
THREE MAIN THEORIES IN
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
 Homocentric or Human-Centered
View - Claims that the moral duty of
humans to protect the natural
environment derives from their moral
duty to respect the rights of their fellow
humans.
 Utilitarian View – Holds that only
sentient entities or organisms with the
capacity for experiencing pleasure and
pain, which include humans and
Animals can be said to be endowed with
moral rights.
 Biocentric View – Holds that every
member of an ecological system has the
moral right to a sustainable ecological
system.
LESSON 14: DEATH
Human Death
 The assumption is once a person’s
cardiopulmonary organs, the person’s
heart and lungs, cease to function, the
other organs of the body, especially the
brain will naturally cease to function as
well.
1. “What will happen to us after death?”
- Socrates
 Possibility 1 – Dreamless Sleep
 Possibility 2 – Passage to another life
2. “Therefore, death is nothing to fear!”
- Aristotle
3. “We are just our body.”
- Epicurus (Materialist)
Materialist – Someone who believes
that you, equals to your body.
4. “Fearing non-existence is stupid but it
gets in the way of enjoying life”
5. “Thus, we fear death not because we
fear pain but because we fear not
experience happiness“
- Thomas Nagel (FOMO)
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LESSON 11.: ACCOUNTABILITY
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